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Roshankumar S Pimpalkar
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Need for valuing shares (or business)
As far as unlisted companies are concerned the price of shares of such company is not
readily available, so we need to determine the value of shares of such companies, but this is
not the case with the listed companies. The price of share of a listed company is already
available on the stock market. Then why do we need to calculate the value of shares or
business separately?
Methods of Valuation
The book value of a firm is based on the balance sheet value of owner's equity or in other
words Assets minus liabilities. For assets value to be useful, the target company should
have followed a regular depreciation, replacement and revaluation policy. The reasons for
using this method are
It is based on historical cost of the asset which do not bear a relationship either to
value of the firm or its ability to generate earnings.
Some entities may wish to sell only part of their business. In such case book value
may fall flat.
For example:
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Creditors 60000 Debtors 50000
Goodwill is worth nothing. Plant and machinery is valued at Rs 85000. Sundry debtors
declared insolvent owed Rs 5000. Compute value per share.
Solution:
Goodwill -
Stock 40000
Debtors 45000
Less:
Creditors (60000)
There are two methods here. Capitalization of earnings and PE based value.
Capitalization of Earnings
Example:
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Value per share (22.5/16%) = Rs 140.625 per share
PE based valuation
The market value of equity share is the product of "Earning per share (EPS) " and the "Price
Earnings Ratio". According to this approach the value of the prospective acquisition depends
on the impact of the merger on the EPS. There could either be positive impact or a dilutive
impact. Prima facie, dilution of the EPS of the acquiring firm should be avoided. However,
the fact that the merger immediately dilutes the current EPS need not necessarily make the
transaction undesirable. However the prevailing PE in the market may not always be
feasible. Some aspects that will influence the valuer's choice of PE ratio include:
A modified method of estimating value of the firm based on earnings is to use the market-
return on assets as a benchmark. The steps are as follows:
It should be remembered that the ROCE is meaningful only when expressed in current cost
figures. ROCE computed on current cost basis is more meaningful than historical cost basis.
Quite often, the amount of dividend paid is taken as the base for deriving the value of a
share. The value on the basis of the dividend can be calculated as
No growth in Dividends
S = D1/Ke
where,
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D1 - Dividend
Ke - cost of equity
S = [Do(1+g)] / (Ke-g)
where,
The Capital Asset pricing model can be used to value the shares. This method is useful
when we need to estimate the price for initial listing in the stock exchange. The crux of this
model is to arrive at the cost of the equity and then use it as the capitalization of dividend or
earning to arrive at the value of share.
where,
Ke - cost of equity
Rf - Risk free rate of return
Rm - market rate of return.
Free cash flow model facilitates estimating the maximum worthwhile price that one may pay
for a business. Free cash flow analysis utilizes the financial statements of the target-
business, to determine the distributable cash surpluses, and takes into account not merely
the additional investments required to maintain growth, but also the tie-up of funds needed to
meet incremental working capital requirements. Under this model value of the firm is
estimated by a three step procedure:
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However while estimating future cash flows, the sensitivity of cash flows to various factors
should also be considered.
Fair Value
Instead of placing reliance on a single method, it preferable to base our valuation on the
average of results of two or three types discussed above. Normally fair value is ascertained
as the average of net asset value (NAV) per share and the capitalized value of earnings per
share (EPS). This particular method is also known as Berliner Method.
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