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THEORY OF STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 2 : DEFLECTION
(MOMENT AREA METHOD)
PART 3
by
Saffuan Wan Ahmad
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources
saffuan@ump.edu.my

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Chapter 2 : Part 3 – Unit Load
Method
• Aims
– Determine the slope and deflection by using Moment Area Method

• Expected Outcomes :
– Able to analyze determinate beam – deflection and slope by Moment
Area Method.

• References
– Mechanics of Materials, R.C. Hibbeler, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall
– Structural Analysis, Hibbeler, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall
– Structural Analysis, SI Edition by Aslam Kassimali,Cengage Learning
– Structural Analysis, Coates, Coatie and Kong
– Structural Analysis - A Classical and Matrix Approach, Jack C. McCormac
and James K. Nelson, Jr., 4th Edition, John Wiley

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

MOMENT AREA METHOD
 Moment area method: based on following theorem
where the relationship between bending moment,
slope and deflection
 Was developed by Otto Mohr in 1873
 Provide a semi-graphical technique for determining
slope and deflection

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

MOMENT AREA METHOD
Theorem I:
 Any point L is located to the left of any other point R
 The difference of slope between the points L and R is equal to the
area of (M/EI) diagram between the two points

Where,
L R L, R =slope at points L and R
L
R ALR = area of M/EI diagram
between points L and R

ALR
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
MOMENT AREA METHOD
a)Slope
We know that,
1 M

R EI
The slope at any point is tan  = dy/dx where  is
small then tan  =  so,

dy d  dy  d
       
dx dx  dx  dx
d 2 y d
2

dx dx
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
MOMENT AREA METHOD
We also know that the elastic curve equation:

d2y
EI 2  M
dx

Therefore,
d
EI M
dx
M
d  dx
EI
L1 xL
 LR   d   Mdx
R EI xR

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

MOMENT AREA METHOD
The sign are use in this method,

D
C  (-)
D
 (+) C

If the direction for 1st tangent line (normally left point)

to 2nd tangent line is counter-clockwise, the change of
slope become positive (+)

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

MOMENT AREA METHOD
Theorem II:
• The transverse (vertical deviation) displacement of any point A
measured from the tangent to the deflection curve at any other
point B is equal to the ‘moment’ about A of the area of (M/EI)
diagram between A and B (tA/B)

Where,
A ˉx = distance of centroid of
B AAB from A
tA/B tB/A
AAB = area of (M/EI) diagram
between points A and B

ˉx AAB

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

MOMENT AREA METHOD
a)Deflection
If d is small and the distance between centroid point to
AB is x, therefore:
M
dt  xd  x dx
EI tA
t AB   dt
tB
Integrating the equation from xA M
A to B, then we can write as:  x dx
xB EI
1 xA
  x Mdx
EI xB
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
MOMENT AREA METHOD
The sign are use in this method,

D
tDC (-)
C

tDC (+) C
D

If the point D located above tangent line at C, then

vertical distance between tangent line at D and C
(tDC) is become positive (+)
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
MOMENT AREA METHOD
Theorem I :
(Slope changing )
1
 xy  ( Area M x  y )
EI

Theorem II :
( Deflection changing ) x is the distance from the
vertical axis of the point
1 
to the centroid of the
t xy  ( Area M x  y )( x)
EI moment area
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
 EXAMPLE 1

DETERMINE THE SLOPE AT POINTS B AND C OF THE

BEAM SHOWN BELOW. TAKE E = 200 GPa AND
I = 360 x 106 mm4

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 B  B / A; C  C / A
• Applying Theorem 1, is equal to the area
under the M/EI diagram between points A &
B

 50kNm  1  100kNm 50kNm 

 B   B / A   (5m)    (5m)
 EI  2  EI EI 
375kNm 2

EI

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

• Substituting numerical data for E & I

375kNm 2
 6 2 6 12 4
 0.00521rad
[ 200(10 )kN / m ][360(10 )(10 )m ]

• The –ve sign indicates that the angle is

measured clockwise from A, Fig 8.15(c)
• In a similar manner, the area under the M/EI
diagram between points A & C equals (C/A)

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 1  100 kNm  500 kNm 2
C  C / A   (10 m )  
2 EI  EI
Substituti ng numerical values of EI, we have :

 500 kNm 2
6 2 6 12 4
 0 .00694 rad
[ 200 (10 ) kN / m ][ 360 (10 )(10 )m ]

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 EXAMPLE 2

Determine the deflection at C of the beam shown

as below. Take E = 200GPa and I=360E6 mm4.

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Solution
M/EI Diagram

B
A
C
ELASTIC CURVE
tC / B
C 
t A/B

Tan B

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

From the elastic curve

 t A / B t A/ B
  
3 6 2

t A/ B
C   tC / B 1
2

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Moment area theorem. ---- apply theorem 2

tA/B is the moment of the M/EI diagram between A

and B about point A

1 1  5kN .m 
t A/ B   6m   6m  
3  2  EI 

30kN .m 3
t A/ B 
EI

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

tC/D is the moment of the M/EI diagram between C
and B about the point C

1 1  2.5kN .m 
tC / B   3m   3m  
3  2  EI 

3
3.75kN .m
tC / B 
EI

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

SUBSTITUTING THESE RESULT INTO EQU 1

3 3
1  30kN .m  3.75kN .m
 C    
2  EI  EI
3
11.25kN .m
C 
EI

 C  0.0141m  14.1mm
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
 EXAMPLE 3

USE THE MOMENT AREA THEOREM TO DETERMINE

THE DEFLECTION AT C. EI IS CONSTANT.

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

solution

M/EI Diagram

Tan A
Elastic Curve

tB / A tC / A
Tan C

C

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Deflection at C

From elastic curve,

 t B / A

15 10
15
  t B / A
10
 C  t C / A  
15
 C  tC / A  t B / A
10
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
tC/A is the moment of the M/EI diagram between C
and A about C

 1   300    1   300  
tC / A   53.33    108.33
 2  EI    2  EI  

 15000kN .m 3
tC / A  A B C
EI

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 tB/A is the moment of the M/EI diagram between B
and A about B

 1   300  
tB / A   103.33
 2  EI  
3
 5000kN .m
tC / A 
EI

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

SUBSTITUTING THESE RESULT INTO C EQUATION

 15000 15   5000 
C    
EI 10  EI 
3
7500kN .m
C 
EI

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Bending Moment Diagrams by Parts

 Application of the moment-area theorems is practically

only if the area under the bending moment diagrams and
its first moment can be calculated without difficulty.
 The key to simplifying the computation is to divide the
BMD into simple geometric shape ( rectangles, triangles
and parabolas) that have known areas and centroidal
coordinates.
 Sometimes the conventional BMD lends itself to such
division, but often it is preferable to draw the BMD by parts,
with each part of the diagrams representing the effect of
one load.

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

Construction BMD by parts for simply supported beam

 Calculate the support reactions

 introduce a FIX SUPPORT as a convinient location.
A simply support by the original beam is usually a good
choice, but sometimes another point is more
convenient. The beam is now cantilevered from this
support.
Draw a BMD for each loading (including the support
reactions of the original beam. If all the diagrams can
be fitted on a single plot, do so. Draw the positive
moment above the x-axis and negative moment below
the x-axis
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
 Calculate the reactions
at support

Introduce fixed
(a) support at point C.. So
Now draw BMD due to
support 200 N and
UDL in parts

(d)

(b)

(c)
(a) Equivalent beam with fixed support at C,
(b) BMD due to support reaction at A, (c ) BMD
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad due to UDL,(d) combination BMD by parts
 If …
We introduce fixed
support at B, than the
BMD contains three parts

(d)
(a) 800

200
M(N.m) x
(b)
-600

(c)
(a) BMD due to reaction at A, (b) BMD due to
support reation at C, (c ) BMD due to UDL,(d)
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad combination BMD by parts
 EXAMPLE 4
USE THE MOMENT AREA THEOREM TO DETERMINE
THE DEFLECTION AT C.EI IS CONSTANT.

This example same to the previous

example. Try solve this problem by
developed BMD by part. Introduce
point A as fixed support
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
 Calculate the reactions
at support

900
Introduce fixed
support at point A.. So
Now draw BMD due to
M(N.m)
support 90 kN and x

point load of 60 kN in
300
parts
-900

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

From the elastic curve… refer to the previous example

15
 C  tC / A  t B / A
10
1
tC / A  (900)(10)(11.67)
2
1 2
 (900)(15)( )(15)
2 3

tC / A  52500 67500
by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
 15000
From the elastic curve… refer to the previous example

15
 C  tC / A  t B / A
10
1 2
t B / A  ( 900 )(10 )( )(10 )
2 3
1
 (  300 )(10 )( )(10 )
2
1 2
 (  600 )(10 )( )(10 )
2 3

t B / A  30000  15000  20000

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad
  5000
SUBSTITUTING THESE RESULT INTO C EQUATION

 15000 15   5000 
C    
EI 10  EI 
3
7500kN .m
C 
EI

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

THANKS

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad

 Author Information

Mohd Arif Bin Sulaiman

Mohd Faizal Bin Md. Jaafar
Mohammad Amirulkhairi Bin Zubir
Rokiah Binti Othman
Norhaiza Binti Ghazali
Shariza Binti Mat Aris

by Saffuan Wan Ahmad