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In Vitro Color Stability of Provisional Crown and Bridge Restoration

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Article  in  Dental Materials Journal · October 2005

DOI: 10.4012/dmj.24.342 · Source: PubMed

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 Dental Materials Journal 24 (3) : 342 —350, 2005

In Vitro Color Stability of Provisional Crown and Bridge Restoration Materials

Gulfem ERGUN1, Lamia MUTLU-SAGESEN2, Yalcin OZKAN3 and Erol DEMIREL1

1Departmentof Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University
2Ankara Education and Research Hospital of Health Ministry
3Divisionof Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gulhane Military MedicalAcademy, Ankara, Turkey
Corresponding author, E-mail:gulfem@gazi.edu.tr

Received April 22, 2005/Accepted June 15, 2005

Discoloration of provisional restorations can be an esthetic problem, especially when the treatment plan requires long-term

provisionalization. In this study, therefore, we examined the effects of staining solution on the color stability of these pro-
visional crown and bridge restoration materials: Structur, Temdent, and Tab 2000. Treatment solutions were namely carrot

juice, tea, cola, light cola, and distilled water. Thirty samples were prepared for each type of provisional material, such that
a total of 90 samples were prepared. The color value of each sample was measured with a colorimeter at baseline and after

one day, one week, two weeks, and four weeks of immersion in various treatment solutions. Results were determined using

the CIELAB system. Color change data were calculated and subjected to two-way analysis of variance. To examine signifi-

cant interactions, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test were performed to identify differences between the

solutions (p < 0.05) .

After four weeks of treatment, color difference values were found to range from 0.20 to 3.99•¢E* units. The highest

color difference values were obtained in carrot juice, cola, and tea with Structur samples after four weeks, where these values

were categorized as "noticeable" and "unacceptable" color change values. Based on the results of this study, we do not rec-

ommend amine-containing Structur to be used as a provisional crown and bridge restorative material for treatments of a
longer duration.

Key words : Color stability, Provisional restoration materials, Staining

dentist, thereby translating to additional replacement

INTRODUCTION
expense6) .
To achieve esthetic and functional excellence in fixed When choosing a temporary restorative material,
prosthodontics is the ultimate reward for meticulous minimized color change should be a key considera-
attention to the minutest detail at each stage of the tion7) . In general, there are three types of provi-
treatment. A crucial factor to this success is a high- sional restorative material (PRM) discoloration: 1)
quality provisional restoration. The interim crown external discoloration due to the accumulation of
or fixed partial denture must be a mirror image of plaque and surface stains; 2) surface or sub-surface
the definitive restoration, where the only variable is color alteration implying a superficial degradation or
the material1) . In addition, a provisional restoration a slight penetration and reaction of staining agents
provides protection for the dentin-pulpal system, sta- within the superficial layer of PRM (adsorption) ; or
bilizes occlusal relationships, serves as a temporary 3) body or intrinsic discoloration due to physico-
measure for periodontal prophylaxis as well as for chemical reactions in the deeper portions of the res-
functional and esthetic concerns until the fixed resto- toration8-14) . For external staining, it can be caused
ration is ready2) . by compounds which are incorporated into the pellicle
The mean duration of a provisional fixed pros- and which produce staining due to their basic color,
thesis is approximately 20 to 30 days. However clini- or it can be caused by compounds that induce stain-
cal delay, disease, and financial considerations may ing due to chemical interaction at the tooth or provi-
prolong this period, thus leading to substantial color sional restoration surface15).
alterations3) . Ideally, provisional restorative materi- Direct staining has a multi-factorial etiology
als should not change in color or appearance follow- with chromogens derived from dietary sources or
ing fabrication, but clinicians are familiar with the being habitually placed in the mouth. These organic
color alteration problem of provisional restorative chromogens are taken up by the pellicle, and the
materials4). In particular, if the provisional material natural color of the chromogen determines the color
is to be used in an esthetically critical area, color imparted. Tobacco smoking and chewing are known
stability of the material is a primary concern and to cause staining, as are particular beverages such as
significant criterion5) . This is because discoloration tea and coffee. The color seen on the tooth and
of provisional material for fixed prosthodontics may PRM is thought to be derived from polyphenolic
lead to dissatisfaction of both the patient and the compounds which provide the color in food. Indirect
 ERGUN et al. 343

external staining, on the other hand, is associated sional crown and bridge materials at one day, one,
with cationic antiseptic and metal salts15). two, and four weeks after immersion in distilled
Several techniques have been employed to water, coca cola, light cola, tea, and carrot juice solu-
evaluate color changes of dental materials - using tions.
immersion solutions5-14,16-23) and through accelerated
aging5,24-26) For example, some researchers have
MATERIALS AND METHODS
coffee3,6,8,9,16,17,19,23),
used immersion solutions such as
light cola14,16,17),
tea9,16,17,19,23)
grape7), car- Table 1 lists the trade name, code, manufacturer,
, cola9,16,20,21),
rot12), orange juice8,16), distilled water6,s,9,14,16,18,23)
, composition, mixing ratio and polymerization time of
clorhexidine3,8) , artificial saliva and artificial saliva- the three provisional crown and bridge restorative
coffee22) over measured time intervals to compare the materials evaluated in this study.
effects on color stability of provisional and direct re- These three chemically polymerized provisional
storative resins. As for color measurement instru- crown and bridge restoration materials were im-
ments, spectrophotometers and colorimeters are used mersed in different staining solutions (carrot juice,
primarily in dental research but not in clinical prac- tea, cola, light cola) and distilled water, where the
tice. However, instrumental color analysis offers a detailed information of each treatment solution is
potential advantage over visual color determination given in Table 2. After one day, one week, two
in that instrumental readings are sensitive, repeat- weeks, and four weeks, their color changes were
able, objective, can be quantified, and are obtained measured with a Gardner XL 20 Tristimulus Color-
more rapidly27) . imeter (Gardner Lab. Inc. Bethesda MD, Maryland,
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the USA) .
color change of these chemically polymerizing provi- For each provisional fixed prosthesis material, 30

Table 1 Properties of the provisional crown and bridge materials used

Table 2 Solutions used in this study

344 COLOR STABILITY OF PROVISIONAL MATERIALS

samples (8 mm in diameter, 2 mm in height) were Table 3 NBS rating system

prepared. The powder/liquid ratio, mixing proce-
dure, and mixing time were done according to
manufacturer's instructions. As surface finishing has

a major influence on discoloration, samples were pre-

pared in polytetrafluoroethylene ring between glass

slides and Mylar strips (Du Pont, Wilmington, DE,
USA) to ensure uniform surface finishing. Sample

surfaces were polished by one operator using coarse

pumice, flour of pumice (Whip-Mix Corp., Louisville,

KY) , and a high shine compound (Green Polishing several individual samples to ascertain the
Compound, Dixon Mfg., Carlstadt, NJ) with a dental instrument's accurate repeatability of measurement.
lathe (KaVo Polishing Unit EWL 80, KaVo, Lake Zu- The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) 23,25,28,29)
rich, Ill) operated at 1500 rpm. After visually exam- rates the way a color change is evaluated by the
ining the sample surfaces, they were rinsed with dis- human eye (Table 3) . As such, the color change val-
tilled water to remove any debris before immersion. ues of all the three provisional restorative materials
Before immersing each sample into the solutions, in five different solutions were multiplied by a factor
they were stored in distilled water at 37 ± 1°C for 24 of 0.92 to obtain the NBS values. Interactions be-
hours. Six samples from each provisional restorative tween material and solution with respect to different
material were immersed in four different staining so- immersion times were compared using two-way
lutions at 37 ± 1°C for a month in a dark room. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) . As the interactions
remaining six samples of each material, used as con- were found to be statistically significant, the influ-
trol, were immersed in distilled water at 37 ± 1°C for ence of solution on each material was further deter-
a month in a dark room. Color measurements of mined using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple
these samples were done at baseline, then one day, comparisons tests. All variance analyses (p < 0.05)

one week, two weeks, and four weeks after immer- were performed using SPSS software package.
sion.

Solutions were refreshed at the beginning of

RESULTS
every week. Additionally, to reduce precipitation in
each solution, all solutions were stirred twice a day. At baseline, the mean L*, a*, and b* values of three
Before each measurement, samples were ultrasoni- provisional crown and bridge restorative materials
cally cleaned (Ultrasonic Cleaner, HS Health-Sonics recorded from the colorimeter are presented in Table
Corp., Livermore, CA) in a non-ionic multi-purpose 4.
ultrasonic solution (HS Health-Sonics Corp., In Table 5, the mean and standard deviation of
Livermore, CA) for five minutes and blotted dry E* values and their corresponding NBS values •¢of
with tissue paper. This cleaning procedure was done all the three provisional restorative materials are
to remove any loose sediments on the sample surface shown.
as a result of the immersion solution. After which, In Figs. 1 to 4, the mean A E* values of all the
overall color arising from entire matrix discoloration three provisional crown and bridge restorative mate-
and stain adsorption on sample surface was meas- rials after each immersion period are presented in
ured. graphs.
Testing procedure was done be evaluating the Results of two-way ANOVA showed that there
light directed to and reflected from the sample sur- was an interaction between the three provisional re-
face at a constant angle. Using a tungsten-halogen storative materials (ST, TAB, and TEM) and the
lamp as a light source, all measurements were done five treatment solutions (CJ, T, CO, LCO, and DW)
according to CIE standards13,27,28) Light reflected to

the system was turned to electronic energy, and then Table 4 Color of provisional crown and bridge materials
computerized for evaluation purpose. The results before treatment
were presented in the CIELAB color system. Before
each measurement session, the colorimeter was cali-

brated according to manufacturer's instructions by

using the supplied white calibration standard.

For each immersion period, the mean and stan-

dard deviation of •¢E* values of each sample in each

of the five treatment solutions were calculated. The
colorimeter automatically generated three measure-

ments from which it calculated a mean color meas-

urement. Repeated measurements were performed on
 ERGUN et al. 345

Table 5 Color changes of provisional crown and bridge materials

Fig. 1 Color changes of provisional crown and bridge Fig. 2 Color changes of provisional crown and bridge
restoration materials in treatment solutions after restoration materials in treatment solutions after
one day. one week.

Fig. 3 Color changes of provisional crown and bridge Fig. 4 Color changes of provisional crown and bridge
restoration materials in treatment solutions after restoration materials in treatment solutions after
two weeks. four Weeks_
346 COLOR STABILITY OF PROVISIONAL MATERIALS

Table 6 Results of color change among materials for each treatment

after every treatment period: F=2.624, p=0.014 for

DISCUSSION
the first day; F = 5.000, p< 0.001 for the first week;
F= 4.365, p< 0.001 for the second week; F= 9.836, Color changes can lead to esthetic problems when

p< 0.001 for the fourth week. As significant interac- provisional crowns and bridges are intended to be

tion was found in every immersion period (first day, used for a longer period. Discolorations seen in pro-

first week, second week, and fourth week) , the effect visional restorations may be related to patient's die-

of solution on each provisional restorative material in tary habits, oral hygiene, and the structural proper-

every period was further examined by one-way ties of the material used.

ANOVA and Tukey's pair-wise comparison test. As Color perception by visual assessment of objects

seen in Table 6, after one day immersion for TEM, is a subjective, physiologic, and psychological process

ST, and TAB, the most staining solution was CJ that varies between and within persons. This vari-

(•¢E* = 0.73, 0.65, and 0.42 respectively) and the least ability in visual assessment is a result of several fac-

was — as expected - DW (•¢E* = 0.22, 0.21, and 0.20 tors, including observed object and illuminant posi-

respectively) . T treatment exhibited the strongest tion relative to the observer and to each other, color

staining effect on ST material (•¢E* = 0.42) (F = characteristics of the illuminant, metamerism, fa-

14.174; p< 0.001) . tigue, aging, and emotional state of the observer23,27)

After one week, the most staining solution for Colorimeters and spectrophotometers, on the other

TEM, ST, and TAB was CJ (•¢E* =1.14, 0.94, and hand, could potentially eliminate these subjective er-

0.68 respectively) (Table 6) . Following CJ, T showed rors of visual color assessment. Spectrophotometers

the strongest staining effect on TAB (•¢E* = 0.63) provide measurements in CIELAB units - which,

(F=11.966; p< 0.001) . when analyzed mathematically, can compare the color

After two weeks, the most staining solution for parameters of different objects27,28) . An equal dis-

ST, TEM, and TAB was again CJ (•¢E* =1.49, 1.41, tance across the CIE LAB color space represents an

and 0.88 respectively) (Table 6) . Following CJ, T approximately equal color difference (or •¢E) , an ar-

showed the strongest staining effect on TEM (•¢E* rangement that makes the interpretation of color
=0 .69) (F=40.173; p<0.001) . measurements more meaningful30,31).

After four weeks, the most staining solution for In the present study, before test samples were

ST, TEM, and TAB was CJ (3.99, 1.67, and 1.22) immersed into each staining solution, L* values were

(Table 6) . Among the provisional restorative materi- positive (whiter), a* values were negative (greener) ,

als, ST also showed the highest color change values and b* values were positive (yellower) as shown in

in other treatment solutions (•¢E*co = 3.36, •¢E*T Table 4.

=3 .30,•¢E* Lco =3.14, and •¢E*Dw=2.60) (F=82.800; After one day, one week, and four weeks, the

p<0.001) . L* values of all tested materials decreased (to black) .

However, at second week measurement, all the L*

 ERGUN et al. 347

values increased (to white) , except in CJ. For all weeks) showed statistically significant differences.
immersion periods in CJ, the L* values of all test Until the end of the second week, all the materials
samples decreased (to black) . (ST, TAB, and TEM) subjected to CJ, T, CO, and
After one day and one week, the a* values of all LCO staining treatments did not demonstrate unac-
test samples, except ST, decreased (to green) after ceptable color changes. In fact, samples immersed in
immersion in LCO and DW. But, the a* values of DW also showed color changes, but they were not
all test samples, including ST, increased (to red) statistically significant. These changes were sug-
after two weeks and four weeks. gested to be attributable to the water absorption
After one day, the b * values of all samples im- characteristics of the sample material.
mersed in CJ and LCO increased (to yellow) , but de- Several in vitro studies indicated that the concen-
creased (to blue) after immersion in DW. After one tration of and the exposure time to a staining solu-
week and four weeks, the b* values of all samples in tion may affect the discoloration degree of provi-
all solutions increased (to yellow) . However, when sional restorative materials5-14,26,32)It is difficult to
immersed in CJ and T solutions, the b * values in- relate the results of these in vitro studies with clini-
creased (to yellow) after only two weeks. For the cal studies. Kaumjian et al.33) evaluated provisional
same period, the b* values of these samples, except complete dentures made of seven commercially avail-
ST, decreased (to blue) in LCO and DW solutions. able resins in vivo, and reported that tested materials
The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) estab- showed no observable stains after five weeks and
lished a sophisticated rating system to describe color some degree of stain after nine weeks. They also
differences by NBS units. Assuming that color stated that auto-polymerizing methyl methacrylate
changes of ĢE* <1 .0 are within discernible limit and resins had significantly less stain than bisacryl and
that ƒ¢ E* = 3.3 is an acceptable value, the tested color light-cured composite resins — but these could be sub-
changes were therefore within visible range but still jective evaluations of color changes made under the
acceptable13,25,28,29) In this study, discoloration above limitations of their study.
E* =3.3 was rated as unacceptable. Color differ-
Ģ Powder of chemically activated provisional
ence values of this in vitro study were converted into restorative resins contains beads of PMMA
NBS units to facilitate comparison with clinical stud- (< 50 , um) , a chemical initiator (often a peroxide)
ies. The results based on NBS rating system are and a pigment, whilst the liquid consists of
shown in Table 5. methylmethacrylate monomer and a chemical activa-
After one day of CJ treatment, TAB showed an tor (often tertiary amine) 34). It has been found that
"extremely slight" color change value ( Ģ E* =0
.42) . the color change of chemically activated materials is
However, after one week, two weeks, and four weeks associated with the type and quantity of amine in-
of CJ treatment, it revealed "slight" color change val- volved in the polymerization. Further, the inhibitor
ues ( ĢE * 1w = 0.68, ĢE * 2w = 0.88, and ĢE * 4w =1.22) . has been found to play a role. Besides amine and in-
For all of the immersion periods with the other four hibitor, it has been conjectured that the monomer
treatment solutions (T, CO, LCO, and DW) , color content and peroxide may be the leading causes for
change values of TAB material were under 1.00. internal discoloration14) . Although the use of stabi-
For TEM, after the first and second weeks of CJ lizers has decreased the occurrence of chemically in-
treatment, color change values were determined as duced color changes, provisional restorative materials
"slight
change" ( ƒ¢E* lw = 1.14 and ƒ¢E* 2W = 1.41) . are prone to absorbing liquids — from which staining
However, after four weeks, color change of TEM ma- can easily produce color changes8.9) .
terial was recorded as ĢE* =1.67 for CJ, ĢE* =1.16 Brauer26) compared the color stability of comp(s-
for T, and ĢE* < 1.00 for the other treatment solu- ites by exposing them to various energy sources. He
tions. found that visible light-cured composites were more
For ST, after two weeks of CJ treatment, a "no- color stable than chemically cured restoratives con-
ticeable" color change value of 1.49 was noted. After taining tertiary aromatic amine accelerators. Based
four weeks, ĢE* values of ST material were found on these observations, he reported that composites
to be 3.99 for CJ, 3.36 for CO, and 3.30 for T — all were more color stable. Likewise in this study,
of which considered as "marked changes" in NBS rat- amine-containing ST samples were the least color
ing system. stable material — an evaluation supported by previ-
In summary, for all the selected provisional re- ous studies8,9,14,26,34)
.
storative materials, their color change values after Polymethyl methacrylate tends to absorb water
first day, first week, and second week with T, CO, in its inhibition process. Its non-crystalline structure
LCO, and DW treatments were smaller than 1.00. As processes a high internal energy. As a result, mo-
such, their color changes during these immersion pe- lecular diffusion into the resin can occur since less
riods with these treatment solutions were barely no- activation energy is required. Furthermore, the
ticeable. On the other hand, ĢE* values calculated polar carboxyl group, even though esterified, can
after certain immersion periods (e.g., after four form a hydrogen bridge to a limited extent with
348 COLOR STABILITY OF PROVISIONAL MATERIALS

water. As both absorption and adsorption are in- However, caffeine forms complexes with the poly-
volved, the term sorption is usually used to describe meric constituents in tea and these complexes have
the entire phenomenon. Typical dental methacrylate poor solubility and often precipitate under cold stor-
resins show an increase of approximately 0.5 wt% age35)
after one week in water. Higher values have been re- Um and Ruyter13) evaluated the staining proper-
ported for a series of methyl methacrylate polymers. ties of resin-based materials in solutions like filtered
Though sorption of water is nearly independent of coffee, boiled coffee, and tea. They reported that tea
temperature from 0°C to 60°C , it is markedly affected produced a yellow-brown stain while coffee stain was
by the molecular weight of the polymers. The yellowish. Discoloration from tea was probably due
greater the molecular weight, the smaller the weight to the adsorption of polar colorant from tea at the
increase4) . surface of composite resin materials. However, in
In the present study, though the samples im- other studies3,16,19,20) , coffee was found to be a more
mersed in DW showed color changes, they were not chromogenic material than tea. Joiner et al.36) stud-
statistically significant. These color changes were ied the adsorption from black tea and red wine onto
assumed to be due to water absorption characteristics in vitro salivary pellicles. They concluded that tea
of the sample material. In DW, ST showed the most and red wine components had a profound effect on in
extreme color change after four weeks ( ĢE* = 2.60) . vitro pellicle maturation, causing build-up of thick-
The reason for ST samples having a higher color dif- ened layers of stained material which could not be
ference value higher than the other tested materials readily removed by mouth rinses.
was suggested to be a result of its relatively large Other factors that may influence color change re-
water sorption value than the other tested materials. sults include tea preparation and concentration of the
Seher et al.12) had stored 14 polymerized methacrylates staining solution. In the present study, the solutions
in different staining solutions (coffee, cur cumin, were prepared closer to real drinks. Nonetheless,
carotene) and then exposed them to UV. They de- present findings indicated that while TAB and TEM
scribed that PMMA and diurethane dimethacrylate showed acceptable color changes after four weeks, ST
had better color stability than the experimental res- showed unacceptable color change in tea.
ins. They reported that the smaller molecular size of Cola and light cola are low-pH media (acidic
coffee and cur cumin (as compared to carotene) cou- soft drinks) used in previous color stability
pled with the water absorption characteristic of the studies9,14,16,17,19-21) Abu-Bakr et al.14) evaluated the
tested materials created a stronger staining effect. effect of various media (orange juice and coca cola)
Carrot juice, a regularly consumed beverage, has on the color stability of compomers and reported
a serious staining ability. As such, it was selected as that low-pH media affected the surface integrity of
a treatment solution in the present study. Indeed, compomers. This was because under acidic condi-
based on our evaluation results, the most staining tions, the compomer surface was appreciably softened
solution proved to be carrot juice among the four by loss of structural ions from the glass phase.
treatment solutions — in accordance with the results Their study demonstrated that individual particles
of similar in vitro tests performed by Seher et al.12> dissociated from each other, thereby resulting in a
In carrot juice, ST showed the most discoloration at rough surface with the presence of voids. In the pre-
the end of four weeks ( Ģ E* =3.99) . The results of sent study, TAB and TEM showed slight color
this study indicated. that the higher staining suscep- change at the end of four weeks in two low-pH soft
tibility of ST could be primarily attributed to its drinks (CO and LCO) , while ST showed noticeable
chemically activator (amine) content, relatively high change in LCO and marked change in CO.
water sorption value and surface topography. In- As methacrylate resins are not filled, they are
deed, there were studies concluding that staining is a more subject to wear and hence more responsive to
result of the adsorption or absorption of beverages traditional polishing techniques. As such, a homoge-
like tea, coffee, cola, and light cola at the surface of nous, void-free surface can be obtained36) . Haselton
restorative materials1,6,9,12,14,16-18,20,21,23) et al.37) evaluated the surface roughness of five
Compounds present in tea play an important role methacrylate and seven bisacryl resins after storing
on the color characteristics of provisional restorative them in artificial saliva and artificial saliva-coffee so-
materials. Tea plants contain large quantities of lution for two weeks. There were significant differ-
flavonoids — phenolic methyl xanthine compounds ences in surface roughness among the provisional
which impact the unique flavor and functional prop- crown materials when polished under the same condi-
erties of tea. Tea then consists of flavonoids tions. They reported that methacrylate resins, in
(flavanols, and flavanol glycosides) , phenolic com- general, exhibited smoother surfaces after initial pol-
pounds (gallic acid, its quinic acid ester, and ishing. However, after storage in either moist envi-
theogallin) , caffeine (2.5-4% ) , other xanthines ronment, surface roughness increased for nearly all
(smaller quantity) , theanine (3%), and other amino the tested materials.
acids. Flavanols are water-soluble and colorless. Thus far, based on the results of the in vitro
 ERGUN et al. 349

staining tests performed under various physico- p.225-227.

chemical conditions, it has been shown that the stain- 3) Scotti R, Mascellani SC, Forniti F. The in vitro color
ing susceptibility of PMMA-based resins or chemi- stability of acrylic resins for provisional restorations.
cally activated provisional restorative materials was Int J Prosthodont 1997; 10: 164-168.
related to their composition, surface properties and 4) Anusavice KJ, Phillips R. Phillips' science of dental
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susceptibility was generally related to a low water 250.
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sional restorative materials after accelerated aging. J
ing. In addition, time was found to be a critical fac-
Prosthodont 2001; 10: 212-216.
tor that affected the color stability of ST material.
6) Sham ASK, Chu FCS, Chai J, Chow TW. Color stabil-
In the present study, results of the ST material
ity of provisional prosthodontic materials. J Prosthet
showed that as immersion time increased to four
Dent 2004; 91: 447-452.
weeks, its color changes in all the staining media be-
7) Crispin BJ, Caputo AA. Color stability of temporary
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suitable as a provisional crown and bridge restorative Color stability of denture base materials after soaked
material for treatments of a longer duration. in different aging solutions. Balk J Stom 2000; 4: 93-
Among the three tested materials, TAB showed 97.
the most color-stable results. However, to investi- 9) Mutlu-Sagesen L, Ergun G, Ozkan Y, Bek B. Color
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CONCLUSIONS
362.
Three commercially available provisional crown and 11) Turkun S, Turkun M. Effect of bleaching and
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kunststoffen durch farbstoffe and UV-Strahlung.
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Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1992; 47: 634-636.
1 . Factors that significantly affected color sta-
13) Um CM, Ruyter LE. Staining of resin-based veneering
bility were namely: composition of provisional mate-
materials with coffee and tea. Quint Int 1991; 22: 377-
rial, type of staining solution, and exposure time.
386.
2. Of the provisional materials tested, amine-
14) Abu-Bakr N, Han L, Okamoto A, Iwaku M. Color sta-
containing ST material showed the most discolora-
bility of compomer after immersion in various media.
tion, while TAB showed the least after exposure to
J Esthet Dent 2000; 12: 258-263.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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