1

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Popular navigation services like Waze and Google Maps are utilized

by drivers both to plan routes and to navigate around congested roads. These

navigation services collect crowdsourced traffic information in areas of

interest and so can take real time traffic conditions, which are incalculable to

individual drivers, into account when computing optimal route

recommendations (Vasserman, Feldman, & Hassidim, 2015).

A common issue when it comes to applications utilizing

crowdsourcing like road navigation apps is the ability to ensure the

reliability and validity of data collected by participants, directly contributing

to the assessment of the data quality of some existing authoritative dataset

(Foody & Boyd 2012). There have been instances all around the world

wherein users of road navigation apps like Waze have spread false reports

regarding traffic information. This has the possibility to negatively impact

the existing routes of drivers who decide to take detours to avoid the false

traffic congestion report. One effective way to counter false reports is by

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implementing voting and reputation systems to deter users from posting

false reports. A pre-processing step is also necessary for the data to be ready

for the next step to ensure that accuracy can be maintained for anyone who

wishes to utilize the data.

Aside from considering the reliability of data received for road

navigation services, adverse weather is also another problem that road users

consider when making plans to travel. Adverse weather conditions are

considerable factors that can affect road conditions, increase the risk of

traffic accidents and inhibit traffic flow (Kilpeläinen & Summala, 2006).

Road users can be faced with unfavorable road conditions especially during

heavy rains and the onset of typhoons where roads can be flooded or

obstructed by debris. The onset of unfavorable weather can also cause

drivers to reschedule, postpone plans, or take detours which can cause

congestions on previously uncongested roads.

The “RoadWatch” application will be able to provide weather forecast

and information to road users along with the essential road navigation

features which removes the need for drivers to rely on separate apps to stay

updated on weather information. By combining essential road navigation

functions and real-time weather information overlay, road users can

efficiently switch between checking current road condition and weather

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information. Users will also be able to help improve the quality of

crowdsourced data by confirming or deny the validity of the report and

reflect the results of their reports through their app reputation. To ensure the

successful development of the app, the researchers will gather data from

respondents regarding their profile and existing or new features for the

proposed app in order to improve the relevance of the app to the present

needs of users.

Theoretical Background

This study is anchored on the Light-Level Geolocation Theory by

Hill, Roger D.; Braun, Melinda J. (2001), on how users locate and measured

the location of an object or place. It was first measured by the elephant seals

to track where they go. The researchers during this time mounted a

transmitter on the seal’s head. The researchers concern was the seals when

they dive deep that the instrumentation must be solid or have substantial

pressure housing, a container that holds gasses or liquids in a different

ambient pressure. It is applicable whenever there are periods of night and

day.
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There are three elements of Geolocation: Geo-Referencing, Geo-

Tagging, and Geo-Coding. Geo-Referencing defines as finding the physical

location of an object or a person that is relative to the map, Geo-Coding is

finding the type of object and services that is listed by the location, and Geo-

Tagging is inserting geographic data into the object’s metadata for future

reference.

According to Lash et al. (2012), Geo-Referencing processes the

following components: input records, reference datasets or gazetteers, and a

Geo-Referencer that uses to standardize to match the input match to the

reference dataset. Results are improved by both supplementing geographic

reference information, and consulting a variety of information sources to

check and validate input data. The overall match rate improved considerably

between the automated method and the worked and researched methods

because the latter two methods utilized additional geographic reference

information beyond a single gazetteer (e.g. Global Navigation System or

GNS). While the overall match rate between the worked and researched

methods were similar, the researched method used more authoritative

geographic information resources. The worked method included the Falling

Rain digital gazetteer for which there is no metadata about its data sources or

standards. In comparison, the researched method made extensive use of the

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Joint Operation Graphic (JOG) maps, which have very detailed standards

and specifications.

According to Cao et al. (2013), Geo-Tagging as “the process of

adding geographical identification metadata to various media files such as

photos, videos, websites, messages, and tweets”. Technically, geotagging is

similar geo-referencing. It works by adding spatial metadata, an object that

has, usually latitude and longitude, to various digital media. It is similar to

marking waypoints in a global-positioning system (GPS) receiver, with the

difference that geotaggingsoftware adds the metadata to a digital media

rather than adding it to a point on the map as you do in the GPS. The most

geotagged digital media has been found to be photographs, but an increase in

geotagging of other digital media such as micro-blog updates and videos has

recently been noted.

Spatial metadata commonly document geographic digital data

resource such as Geographic Information System (GIS) files, geospatial

databases, and earth imagery. But spatial metadata can also be used to

document geospatial resources that may include data catalogs, mapping

applications, data models and related websites. (Cao et al. 2013)

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Geo-Tagging has gone from including two separate devices: the GPS

receiver and a camera which are separately linked to time and date settings

on each device to further are linked together by a supplementary software

program on a stationary personal computer or a laptop, to today being

possible to conduct through only one, the second-generation smartphone. So

even though we still can conduct Geo-Tagging in the former way, advances

in the technology has made geotagging more accessible and simple for users

of a smartphone since it has both digital camera and a GPS device already

built in to the device. (Welsh et al. 2012)

Based on the Geo-Coding Theory by Cura (2018) Geo-Coding is an

inevitable step in any spatially-based study with considerable bodies of data.

This makes it a critical process in various contexts: public health,

catastrophe risk management, marketing, social sciences, etc. Many Geo-

Coding web services have been developed to fulfil this need, originating

from private initiatives (Google Geocoding API, Mapzen), public agencies

(the French National Address Gazetteer) or from the open-source

community (OpenStreetMap Nominatim, Gisgraph). These services can be

characterized in terms of their three main components: input/output data,

reference dataset, and processing algorithm. The input is the textual

description the user wants to refine into coordinates. It might take the form
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of a traditional address containing a building number, street name, city

name, or country (e.g., “13 rue du Temple, Paris, France”), but it may also

be incomplete, or simply refer to a landmark (e.g., “The Eiffel Tower,

Paris”).The reference dataset designates a gazetteer which pairs names of

geographical entities (places, addresses) with geographical features. Because

the main geocoding tools are provided by heavyweight actors of

geographical information such as Google, Microsoft, OSM, or the national

cartographic agencies, the geographical databases they produce are used as

the reference dataset for these geocoders. These databases are extremely

structured (hierarchy, normalization) and of high quality.

The processing algorithm consists of finding the best-matching

element from the reference dataset for the associated input description.

Finally, the output usually contains a geographical feature along ISPRS Int.

J. Geo-Inf. 2018, 7, 262 3 of 28 with its similarity score (e.g., perfect or

approximate match). Although the geometries of the matched features may

be complex, they are most often rendered into simple two-dimensional

points. (Cura et al. 2018)

According to the Graph Theory (Samanta, 2001), it states that graphs

are used to represent networks of communication, data organization,

computational devices, the flow of computation, etc. For instance, the link
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structure of a website can be represented by a directed graph, in which the

vertices represent web pages and directed edges represent links from one

page to another. One of the most important functions for users in

navigational system is the possibility of route planning (W.Kazimierski et al.

2015).

Review of Related Literature

Once a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver has been acquired,

the location identifying service is free and accurate to an average of 15

meters. However, the drawbacks for GPS receivers that have been integrated

into mobile phone handsets are that GPS receivers consume a considerable

amount of battery power, are fairly expensive, and location positioning does

not tend to work from inside buildings as a direct line of sight with satellites

is needed. In addition, in urban areas the GPS signal can bounce of building

walls and distort the result (Monmonier, 2002; Lyon, 2005).

Navigation Systems today rely on either a pure or an augmented

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), while only interplanetary

navigation relies on a totally ground-based navigation system. The major

areas utilizing GNSS are now transport, agriculture, science and spacecraft
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navigation, while hand-held GPS receivers are used for leisure activities

such as hiking and boating (Arjanoukhin, A. et al., 2002).

Weather radars improve aviation safety and increase the operational

efficiency of the entire air transport industry, and they contribute to

agriculture alerts and flood warnings through monitoring of rainfall

intensity. They are also used regularly for recreational planning and other

weather-impacted activities. Radar measurements have also been key to

many remarkable advances in our understanding of the atmosphere and to

better weather prediction over a variety of temporal and spatial scales. Such

advances have been enabled through a combination of progressive

improvements in radar hardware, signal processing, automated weather-

based algorithms, and displays.

Review of Related Technology

Besides the enhanced location finding services, Google Maps for

mobile includes various services supporting car and pedestrian navigation

such as Navigation(Beta), Places with Hotpot, 3D Maps, Compass Mode,

Offline Reliability, Latitude, Street View, Traffic, etc.(Google Maps for

Mobile, 2011).
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The Place with Hotpot service is provides an easy method of search

for POIs (Point of Interest) and even provides the personalized advices from

Google. The 34 Maps service provides 3D map view functionality, with

enhanced twist with two finger functionality. The Compass Mode service is

rotating the maps to direct the user. The Latitude service is supplying the

application with location sharing functionality which helps to find the

friends and allow friends to find own position. The Street View service

provides the service for enhancing the place finding by providing street-level

images and also helps the user to find one’s bearings on the ground. The

Traffic service provides online traffic situation and aids to find the fastest

route (Google Maps for Mobile, 2011).

All these services collectively are providing advance navigation

functionality to the user and as it was mentioned Offline Reliability and

further Offline Rerouting are assisting the user in the case of connection

failure; however the Internet connection is required to exhaust all the

services of the application (Google Maps for Mobile, 2011).

Review of Related Studies

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In one related study is the Real Time Kinematic Positioning:

Traditional Global Positioning System (GPS) uses the time differences

between signals transmitted from satellites to a receiver which then digitally

processes the data in order to find a location. This traditional method

however, has an accuracy error of approximately ~10m. In Real Time

Kinematic GPS, there is a Base station module on the ground as well as a

Rover. As long as the Rover and the Base maintain at least 5 satellites in

common, there can be a more accurate locational prediction of the Rover by

adjusting the corrections determined by the Base station. This RTK solution

can provide centimeter grade accuracy of the position, and should cause a

greater than 200 times increase in accuracy in comparison with traditional

GPS. The major benefits are the extreme precision of the GPS unit for any

application, with an option for real time tracking, it will be a crucial player

in the future of UAV technology. (Hosseinpoor et al, 2016)

Global Positioning System (GPS) Technology has been used in a

variety of applications to measure expos1ure or activities. GPS technology

has greatly expanded the scope of space-time analyses by allowing the

recording of not only trip origins and destinations, but also the routes

traveled. Traditionally, GPS technology has been used for business and

leisure applications. (Holton, 2000)

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Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM) system allows the guidance of

a missile, in various conditions, some similar to ours. We also have a

substantial difference between the material means envisaged on the aircraft

and those used by the army on a missile. The existence of this technology,

however, demonstrates that the registration between a shooting and a pre-

geo-localized image in a database is realistic and this technique is studied in

our study under the name of absolute image registration. It offers an

accuracy ranging from 30m to 90m. The implemented method processes the

data of the database but also the data of the shooting image and finally

carries out the image registration by correlation of these two types of

information. We thus note that the pretreatment aspect is essential to realize

the absolute registration of the images. This publication also mentions the

Digital Scene-Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) system, which makes it

possible to identify the target and to realize its approach more precisely by

relative image registration. The two methods of image registration (absolute

and relative) are thus used to guide the missile: TERCOM to achieve the

approach of the target, and DSMAC to reach it. Tomahawk missiles are

already using this technology. (KÜTEKIN, 2007)

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Conceptual Framework

Figure 3: RoadWatch Conceptual Framework

This framework is gathered from navigation application users in

regards of the traffic and weather conditions when travelling to their

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destination. This also includes the user’s reports to address other road users

of the hazards, which will be explained later in the study.

Road navigation is essential for road users who are constantly

travelling and to know warnings of the road conditions on where they are

heading. A mobile device is needed to use the road navigation application as

it is portable and easy to access navigation with the live update of the user’s

proximity.

The users are involved in the usability evaluation that generates the

two types of data: interaction data and design feedback. Interaction data are

the recordings of the actual use of the interactive system such as

observational data, system logs, or from other protocols. Design feedback

are the data on users’ reflections concerning on the interactive system, such

as comments, considerations, and the system’s suitability for its use,

problem predictions, and design suggestions. (Følstad, 2017)

In using RoadWatch, the user needs to register with their personal

information and it would give them as their personal account in their profile.

The purpose of using an account is to report certain road conditions that the

user is currently in and to inform other users when travelling to the reported

route. The user gets their own reputation points to show that this user can be
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a reliable source for other users to know. In order to gain reputation points,

the user must report a valid condition of the road, and other users will prove

their report, thus gaining their reputation together with the user’s identity.

The more reputation points the user has, more users will trust that report.

From the reported route, other users are able to identify the type of

condition. If there are other users that are near that proximity and observe

the situation, they rate that report to indicate that the reported route is

reliable and the other users that are further away can trust that report. In

addition to sending a report of the road condition to other users, they can

also contact the user who reported to make them believe that the condition is

valid.

In regards to the weather forecast, the user can be able to classify the

type of weather that the navigation application is displayed. This can give

the user to reconsider about their travelling habits and take precautionary

measures.
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Objectives of the Study

This study aims to develop a mobile application called “RoadWatch”

that allows the user to provide data to road users with one another regarding

traffic conditions, road status, and hazards.

To achieve this aim, the specific objectives were:

1. To gather the following data from respondents through a

survey:

1.1 To profile respondents who are road navigation app

users within Cebu City

1.2 Identify improvable and new features that can be added

for road navigation apps

2. To create a report verification and user rating schemes to ensure

reliable crowdsourced data.

3. To identify existing geo-location APIs (application program

interface) with the most accurate and reliable street maps

information to be integrated into the application.

4. To integrate a weather condition overlay using a third-party

weather application API.

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5. To create a notification system for users in terms of:

5.1 Proximity to road obstructions/hazards

5.2 Current route hazard/obstruction updates

6. Identify application system requirements and compatibilities.

Significance of the Study

The outcome of the study will be beneficial to the following:

Commuters. Commuters who use road navigation apps are able to

benefit from this study by providing them with information through the app

like current weather condition to help them make better decisions on which

route to take when taking public transportation.

Motorists. Specifically those who use road navigation apps would

benefit from features implemented in the app which would contain improved

or new features based on the results of the survey conducted. Features that

majority of respondents wish to be improved or added would be

implemented in the RoadWatch application. Additional features like weather

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and precipitation overlay can also provide motorists with additional

information and allow them to plan ahead or change their current routes

accordingly based on the information provided.

Road Navigation App Users. In general, they are able to benefit

from this study by providing them an alternative application to utilize which

would contain features that are improved and/or new based on the results of

the conducted survey. Since there are few or close to no applications that

provide current weather condition overlays and peer-reviewed crowdsourced

data gathered, this provides an ideal alternative for road navigation app users

to utilize RoadWatch as their primary app to use for road navigation.

Road Workers. They will provide support to certain road

obstructions in order for them to control or repair roads for drivers. They

will also improve the roads where it has been reported by many users to

reduce the amount of complaints.

Researchers. The researchers’ goal is to guide commuters and drivers

who are encountering traffic hazards to an alternate route to get to their

destination. It is important to know this application for users who get to

know the hazards of the roads on the map.

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Future Researchers. This study will support upcoming researchers

about the concerns of traffic hazards and conditions. This can be their

foundation that can help them develop their research for further

improvements.

Scope and Limitations

This research aims to develop a road navigation mobile application

called "RoadWatch" which contains features that addresses data-reliability

issues regarding crowdsourced data, weather information and illustration

overlay, and additional or improvable features concerning road navigation

services. The population that is of concern in this research are existing users

of road navigation applications, like Google Maps and Waze, who are

currently residing within Cebu City.

The research output which is the RoadWatch mobile application can

mark a destination and from their current location, the app plots the shortest

available road route for users to navigate through with the use of the built-in

GPS feature in smartphones. The application takes into account the traffic

volume and reported road conditions when plotting a route to ensure that the

calculated route has the least amount of traffic congestion and that the roads

are passable. The traffic and road condition information is limited to the
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crowdsourced data gathered from the users themselves where they are given

the ability to post reports about current traffic and road conditions in their

current area. Taking into account the possibility of inaccurate user reports,

other users can vote up or down the submitted reports of other users which

serves as a measure of trustworthiness of a report. The amount of votes for

each report a user submits reflects on their overall reputation in the

application. The application also provides current weather condition and

forecasted weather through a third-party API. The users will be presented

with weather information regarding forecasted precipitation and the speed

and direction of winds.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study utilizes a descriptive-developmental research design to

gather data on the respondents in order to create the mobile application,

RoadWatch. To aid users and notifies the road hazards that the user is

directing to their destination along with the current weather conditions.

INPUTS PROCESS OUTPUT

 User Report
Verification and
Rating Schemes  Descriptive-
 Profile of the developmental
respondents  Proposed
Research Design
 New features to be RoadWatch
 Data Gathering
added Mobile
 Data Processing
 Existing features that Application:
 Analysis and
can be improved Crowdsourced
 Geo-location API Interpretation of Data
 Weather Condition  Agile Software road condition,
Overlay using third- Development navigation, and
party Weather  Requirements weather
Application  Design navigation
 Notification System  Development
 Testing
monitoring mobile
of hazards and application.
updates  Deployment
 System  Review
Requirements and
Compatibilities
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The research flow is divided into three modules: The input is the

requirements that is needed in order to create RoadWatch mobile

application. The process module handles the development of the application.

And the output module presents the outcome from the input and the process

module.

Systems Engineering

The Software Development that the researchers use is the Agile

Development. Using this method to develop RoadWatch mobile Application

can improve the application through iterations.

Figure 2: Agile Development

Methodology
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Figure 2 represents the phases of the Agile Methodology. The Agile

Development comprises of requirements and solutions that improves the

development through evolving the cycle with collaboration between the

customer and the researcher. Each phase of this methodology describes the

steps for the development of RoadWatch mobile application.

Requirements: This first phase of the Agile Development lets the

researchers conduct a survey to their respondents who are currently using an

existing road navigation applications. The researchers’ survey helps finding

the possible requirements and features to be included to create the mobile

application. The researchers find a third party weather application to be

integrated to RoadWatch and examine the system requirements for the

mobile application to run.

Design: The researchers design the mobile application, including the

features to be added on the RoadWatch based on the survey. Researchers

analyze the type of weather overlay to be embedded to the mobile

application. The user interface for the mobile application is to develop and

design for the application to be understandable.

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Development: The researchers launch this phase to perform coding

for RoadWatch and construct on how the application flows. This phase

creates the physical design of the mobile application with all the design

interfaces fully functioned. The interface design from the Designing phase is

transferred to the Development phase to build RoadWatch application.

Testing: With the Development of RoadWatch, researchers tests the

application with care and fix any possible bugs as best as possible. In this

phase, efficiency is critical for the application as it needs to be optimized

with the least amount of memory used.

Deployment: After testing RoadWatch, researchers choose a few

users to test the mobile application. Users in this phase checks the mobile

application if the application meets the system compatibilities or there are

any errors that the researchers may have overlooked.

Review: From the Deployment, researchers get an evaluation of

RoadWatch from the selected users and examine any feedbacks. After

reviewing the application, researchers goes back to the Requirements phase

to reiterate the mobile application for further improvements.

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User Interface

Figure 3: RoadWatch Log in Screen

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Figure 3 shows the first page of the RoadWatch mobile application when the

user opens this app. It requires the user’s username and password in order to

access the features the mobile application can offer. In order for users to

open the mobile application again, the user can check the ‘Remember me’

checkbox in order to skip this page.

Figure 4: Sign-Up Screen

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Figure 4 displays the RoadWatch sign-up screen where the user does not

have an existing account to the mobile application and register. It needs the

username and password to log into the mobile application, a name to

represent the username’s real name and includes a phone number and e-mail

to receive notifications. Checking the box will let the user receive

notifications from the RoadWatch mobile application to send the latest

updates of the mobile application.

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Figure 5: RoadWatch Home Screen

Figure 5 shows the RoadWatch Home Screen where the user can identify the

weather conditions within the area. In this image, it shows the country of the

Philippines displaying the current temperature and the wind that is directing.

Users can also choose between different overlays such as Precipitation to

detect rainfall, Weather Radar to detect rainfall and clouds, and Clouds to

see the physical view of the clouds. Users can also find a specific location by
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tapping on the ‘Find Location’ Text. Tapping the profile picture on the top-

right of the screen directs the user to the User Profile.

Figure 6: User Profile

Figure 6 displays the user’s credentials where the user has registered. This

includes the Username, password, the user’s name, phone number, and

email. Tapping the username allows the user to change their own name, thus
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using the new username whenever they log back in. The thumb ratio

displays the user’s rating based on the report they have posted. This thumb

ratio displays by the number of likes divided by the dislikes, hence the larger

the number ratio, the user gets a higher value implying that this user can be a

reliable and well-trusted source. If the user gets a lower value on their thumb

ratio, chances are that other users would see this user as an unreliable. For

the user to increase their ratio, one must post a report that can be proven by

other users who are currently in the same situation, increasing the user’s

ratio. The user’s profile can also be altered by the user’s choice tapping the

‘Save’ button to confirm the changes.

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Figure 7: Find Location

Figure 7 lets the user find a specific location where they want to know the

information about the current weather condition. This user has set the

location to ‘University of Cebu – Banilad’. When the user taps on the ‘Find’

button, it directs them to the next page to know the information of the place

and the current weather condition.

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Figure 8: Found Location

Figure 8 shows the mobile application directs the user to the location they

desired. In this case, ‘University of Cebu – Banilad Campus’ was pointed to

display the weather condition. It displays the current temperature of the

location where it displays as ‘30° Celsius’ and the current weather as ‘Partly

Cloudy’. Tapping on the ‘Start Navigating’ button sets the user to direct

from the found location to the destination.

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Figure 9: Start Navigating

Figure 9 displays the current location and setting a destination where the

user has entered. Tapping the ‘Set’ button directs the user to the warning

signs of incoming road conditions.

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Figure 10: Warning signs

Figure 10 shows the reports from other users and the traffic congestion of

the direction that has been set. When tapping the red circle at the bottom left

of the screen, it displays the warning signs on where the user is traveling.

This gives the user to stay alert of the upcoming road hazards. When tapping

the red button, it displays the type of road hazard, the user who reported the

situation and the time the report has posted. Tapping on the username lets
 35

the user to see the information about the user. Tapping the ‘Start’ button lets

the user to start traveling where they set the destination.

Figure 11: User Profile from the Reported Street

Figure 11 represents the username whom the report was posted. This lets the

user see the background of the other user and the user rating based on the

thumb ratio. the user can also report this user whenever there is dispute.
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Figure 12: Report User

Figure 12 shows when the user reported the other user for certain violations.

The user can select between false reporting, inappropriate use of language,

contact abuse, to specifying a violation and send the report.

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Figure 13: Currently Traveling

Figure 13 shows the user currently travelling to their destination. The

interface displays the current road and weather condition the user is in and

the next direction to change, the total distance, and sending the report button

where the user can send a report in order to warn other users when traveling

in this road.
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Figure 14: Street Report

Figure 14 allows the user to report the condition of the road when tapping

the ‘Send Report’. The user can select the type of road hazard and describe

the situation.
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Business Model Canvass

This section outlines the strategic management of business activities

and plans. The elements of RoadWatch represented with a table describing

the system’s value proposition, features, customers, and finances.

This is valuable in demonstrating the objective market and alongside

the required expense. The elements are crucial factors in order for the system

to be successful. The value proposition portrays regarding on how the users

can benefit the system. The channel serves as the bridge of the system

between the users and the developers. The customer relationship shows how

the users negotiate with the developers of the system. The cost structure

expresses the things to be done and the costs that the developers should be

minded on to for the system to work. The revenue streams show how to gain

enough profit from the system.

Key Key Value Customer Customer

Partners Activities Proposition Relationships Segments
*Online Road *Updates will be *Drivers
*Gather data Navigation sent to user email.
*Google from road System *Road
Maps navigation app *User Feedback Navigation
users Features: App Users
*Social Media
*Windy *Develop and *Users can *Road
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design a system monitor road Workers

for road conditions
*Developers navigation app ahead
users
*Application
*Test and Run and the device
is intuitive
*Documentation
*User can
*Recommendati report the
on System current road
Key condition Channels
Resources
*Google Playstore
*Intellectual
*Social Media
*Financial Marketing

*Physical
Cost Structure Revenue Streams
*Promoting Advertisement through Social Medias *Advertisements

*Design and Construction *Online Promoting

*Application Deployment

*Fixed Cost

Table 1: Business Model Canvass

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Task Name Start End December January February March

Date Date
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Requirements
Design
Development
Testing
Deployment
Review
Table 2: Gantt Chart

Comparative Matrix

Related Features Limitations Platform

Applications/ Details
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Software
Waze  Crowdsourced traffic  Issues with  Mobile-
information and other certain based
road-related smartphone platform
information models (Android
 Real-time traffic alerts  Route distance is and iOS)
 Create “planned drive” limited to 1000
schedules miles (1600 km)
 Social media and
messaging apps can be
used to send messages
about current location
and estimated time to
arrive
 Real-time optimal
route calculation which
avoids congested or
obstructed roads
 Sync Facebook and
phone calendars for
upcoming events and
automatically calculate
navigation options and
“planned drive”
schedule
Google  Downloadable offline  Accuracy of  Desktop
Maps maps traffic and
 Create ‘saved place’ information mobile
markers with varies from platform
customizable labels region to region
 Traffic information  Road
based on real-time condition/status
device feedback are not taken into
algorithm account when
calculating
routes
Maps.Me  Utilizes community-  Satellite map  Mobile-
based map from overlay image is
based
OpenStreetMap not available
 43

 Downloadable offline  Fastest/most platform

maps efficient route to (Android
 Compressed map data destination are
to speed up map not shown and iOS)
rendering in devices  Downloadable
 In-app hotel booking map regions are
 Comprehensive travel limited to certain
guides for certain areas and other
places areas may not be
available for
download

Research Environment

This study conducts on the Cloud or the Internet by using a web

browser from any devices to access the network such as social media and the

World Wide Web. There are web sites that traffic congestion and weather

forecast are being managed that broadcasts to the community to take

precautionary measures concerning to road hazards and conditions. The

study can be conducted at the respondent’s current location since the study is

through the Internet.

Research Instrument
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The researchers construct a survey-questionnaire as their research

instrument. The survey was made from Google Docs as it can connect to

people without the expense of transportation and travel. The content of the

survey consists of the questions if the respondent is currently living in Cebu

City and a navigation application user, the rating scheme of the importance

of using a navigation and weather application, and their feedback in relation

to unreliable road reports that affects their travel routine.

Research Respondents

The target of this study are the users of navigation applications. The

respondents come from the Internet, which they could come from any parts

of the world. The researchers have decided to collect the data from the

respondents who currently residing in Cebu City and using a navigation

application. The researchers distribute the survey-questionnaire on the

Internet through communication via social media and pick 100 respondents

from the survey. The researchers’ sampling technique is quota sampling as

they only choose from the respondents who are currently using navigation

applications and living within Cebu City.

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Research Procedures

Data Gathering

Since the researchers are conducting an online survey, they

forward to fellow peers who are currently living in Cebu City and

currently using any navigation applications. Respondents has adequate

time to be able to answer the survey. The data gathered is analyzed

and interpreted by the researchers to propose RoadWatch mobile

application.

Data Analysis

The researchers analyzes the respondents’ responses from the

questionnaire. When the responses are having common issues or

features that are needed from different respondents, determining the

crucial components in developing the RoadWatch application.

Percentage – uses to score the responses given by the

respondents from the questionnaire. This is computed by dividing the

number of responses from the questionnaire divided by the number of

respondents, then multiply by one hundred to give the percentage of

the responses.
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Ethical Considerations

1. The responses of the respondents are kept confidential.

2. The biased primary data must be avoided in order not to lead to

inaccurate information.

3. Full consent of the respondents are obtained prior to survey

distribution.

4. The integrity for the respondent is critical.

5. Any type of communication that is handed to the respondents must

apply with honesty.

6. Trustworthiness of the Research

DEFINITON OF TERMS

API. This term refers to application programming interface which is a set of

procedures or functions that direct how software components function and

interact with other software or applications to allow for easy maintenance

and integration between an applications and another application or system.

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GPS. This term refers to Global Positioning System which is a satellite

navigation system that enables the global location and time information

through a GPS receiver by transmitting unobstructed signals to and from

GPS satellites.

Navigation. The process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a

vehicle or the path a person takes from one place to another.

Road user. Any person who uses a road either by driving a vehicle or

walking.

Road worker. A person involved in building, maintaining, laying pipes or

other utilities in roads.

Weather radar. The weather radar is an integral part of modern weather

observation system and supports the operations of meteorological institutes.