EE113L Lab Manual 2nd Ed Q2sy1819

MAPUA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

LABORATORY MANUAL
Compiled
By:
Conrado F. Ostia, Jr.

August 2018
1
Fire prevention and safety instructions
“Prevention of fire is a primary concern of the MIT community”
In Case of fire:
1. Get the nearest fire extinguisher and make a quick attempt to put out the fire. If you fail shout “Fire” and
activate the fire alarm located along the hallway.
2. Do everything possible (within the limit of your safety) to put out the fire with the using the portable fire
extinguishers and hand hose lines. Close windows to prevent the fire from spreading.
3. Call the security at local “7100” to inform where the fire is.
Remember:
a. Not to use water on electrical fires.
b. That no domestic fire extinguisher can be expected to put out the fire once it has gained a firm hold.
When the fire is out of control they shall evacuate and clear the area for the fire department to take
over.
Evacuation or Exit Procedure In Case of Fire:

1. At the first stroke of the alarm, students must listen to announcements on the paging system and should
follow the instructions of the guards.
2. Secure important things like personal belongings, documents or other important matters.
3. Put chairs under or on top of the table for clear passageways and prepare for evacuation.
4. Unplug all electrical equipment as quickly as possible.
5. Close all doors and windows before leaving the laboratories or classrooms.
6. Proceed to the corridor or pre-designated area of assembly and wait for instructions.
7. Following the evacuation group, march in rapid, orderly manner away or out of the building.
8. Walk as fast as you can but do not run.
Evacuation Pointers:
1. Keep calm and do not panic.
2. Don’t lag behind.
3. Move out in an orderly manner, never scream or create confusion.

2
4. Know the exact location of the nearest fire exit.
5. Know the assembly place for evacuation.
6. Don’t stay inside the toilets.
7. Never return for your belongings or look for friends.
8. If trapped inside a room block the openings or cracks to prevent smoke and toxic gas from entering your
place.
9. Stay near the window, open it slightly for vent and breathing, then wait rescue to come. Don’t jump off
the building.
10. Of room is filled with smoke, sit down or lie flat on to the floor. Take short breath, cover face with wet
cloth and feel the door before opening. Crawl to safety.
11. Take no chances of entering a burning building to save property.
12. To slow down the spread of fire close the door as you leave but leave escape route open.
13. You got to go immediately to the MIT Health Clinic for medical treatment.\
Fire Evacuation Area: Baluarte de Dilao across Muralla Street.
EARTHQUAKE PLAN
3
I. General information about Earthquakes
A. Earthquakes are nature’s way of releasing dangerous strains that accumulate within the earth’s
crust.
B. They occur without warning and affect large areas.
C. The initial shock may last a few minutes. It may be followed by aftershocks which are generally
lesser in intensity than the initial shock.
D. Aftershocks may come in rapid succession immediately after the initial shock or may vary from
a few minutes to several hours or days.
E. Dangers from earthquakes are:
1. Collapse of structures.
2. Fire beginning from electrical short circuits or broken gas mains.
II. Individual Safety Measures
A. Pre-select a safe place in the laboratory area which you can automatically occupy in case of
earthquakes.
B. Remain calm and don’t panic.
C. Safety measures when inside the laboratory room:
1. Take cover under a heavy furniture like a table or bed. A furniture piece may absorb the
shock of falling objects, walls and the like.
2. Do not try to get out of the premises if there is danger of flying debris, falling objects and
high voltage wires.
3. Stay away from electrical fixtures and glass windows.
D. Safety measures when outside the buildings:
1. Take cover under a strong structure or inside a parked car until tremors subside.
2. Beware of electric wires and posts, trees, street signs and similar structures.
3. Stay away from hanging objects.
BURNS
4
The depth of a burn determines its severity. First degree burn damage the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and
cause pain, redness and swelling (erythema). Second degree burns damage the epidermis and the inner
layer, the dermis, causing erythema and blistering. Damage from third degree burns extend into the
thickness of skin with its nerve supply (numbness). Third degree burns leave scars and may cause loss
of function and/or sensation.
Depending on the type of exposure, the PERSON may have:

 Abdominal pain
 Bright red or Bluish skin and lips
 Breathing difficulty
 Convulsions (seizures)
 Dizziness
 Headache
 Hives, itching, swelling, nausea, vomiting, or weakness resulting from an allergic reaction
 Irritability
 Pain where the skin has come in contact with the toxic substance
 Rash, blisters, burns on the skin
 Unconsciousness
WHAT TO DO?
 Make sure the cause of the burn has been removed. Try not to come in contact with it yourself. If the
chemical is dry, brush off any excess. Avoid brushing it into your eyes. Remove any contaminated
clothing or jewelry.
 Flush the chemicals off the skin surface using cool running water for minutes or more.
 Treat the person for shock if he or she appears fain, pale, or if there is shallow, rapid breathing.
 Apply cool, wet compresses to relieve pain.
 Wrap the burned area with a dry sterile dressing (if possible) or clean cloth. Protect the burned area
from pressure and friction.
 Minor chemical burns will generally heal without further treatment. However, if there is a second or
third degree burn or if there is an overall body reaction, get medical help immediately. In severe
cases, don’t leave the person alone and watch carefully for systemic reactions.
Note: if chemical gets into the eyes, the eyes should be flushed with water immediately. Continue to flush
the eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical help immediately.
ELECTRIC SHOCK
LOOK OUT FOR:
- UNCONSCIOUSNESS
5
- BURNS
Establish site of entry and exit of electric shock.
DO NOT!
1. Touch the patient directly.
2. Go near the area if high voltage electricity is suspected.
CALL
- LOCAL 4102
BLOW
- TILT HEAD, LIFT CHIN, CHECK BREATHING
- GIVE TWO BREATHS
PUMP
- POSITION HANDS IN THE CENTER OF THE CHEST
- FIRMLY PUSH DOWN TWO INCHES ON THE CHEST 30 TIMES
CONTINUE WITH TWO BREATHS AND 30 PUMPS UNTIL HELP ARRIVES
WHAT TO DO?
1. Switch-off the main circuit breaker.
2. Break the contact between electrical source and patient using dry non-conductive object like wooden
stick.
3. Call for help.
4. If breathing and heartbeat has stopped begin Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (C.P.R.).
5. Treat any burns.
6. Treat for Shock.
GENERAL LABORATORY GUIDELINES

FOR STUDENTS
6
1. ONLY STUDENTS WITH OFFICIALLY SCHEDULED LABORATORY CLASSES ARE
ALLOWED TO ENTER THE LABORATORY ROOM WITH THE PRESENCE OF AN
INSTRUCTOR.
2. BAGS AND OTHER THINGS NOT NEEDED IN PERFORMING THE EXPERIMENT SHOULD BE
PLACED AT THE DESIGNATED AREAS (I. E. BAG COUNTER, TABES, ETC.) HOWEVER,
VALUABLES MUST BE KEPT SECURE. LABORATORY PERSONNEL WILL NOT BE
RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE TO PERSONAL BELONGINGS.
3. NO FOOD OR DRINKS ALLOWED INSIDE THE LABORATORY ROOM.
4. KEEP THE ROOM CLEAN AND NEAT.
5. STUDENTS ASSIGNED AS GROUP LEADERS MUST FILL OUT THE PERTINENT DATA IN
THE BORROWER’SSLIP AND HAVE SLIP SIGNED BY THE INSTRUCTOR BEFORE ANY
MATERIAL, INSTRUMENT, OR EQUIPMENT CAN BE LENT TO THE GROUP.
6. IN CASE OF ACCIDENTAL LOSS OR DAMAGE TO ANY LABORATORY MATERIALS,

INSTRUMENTS OR EQUIPMENTS DUE TO MISHANDLING BY STUDENTS, THE BREAKAGE
EXPENSES SHALL BE CHARGED TO ALL MEMBERS OF THE GROUP CONCERNED.
7. ALL BORROWED MATERIALS, INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT SHALL BE RETURNED IN

GOOD CONDITION TO THE LABORATORY ASSISTANT ATLEAST 15 MINUTES BEFORE
THE PERIOD ENDS.
8. A STUDENT WHO MISSED AN EXPERIMENT DUE TO A VALID REASON MUST FORMALLY

NOTIFY HIS/HER INSTRUCTOR IMMEDIATELY SO THAT A MAKE-UP EXPERIMENT CAN
BE SCHEDULED THE SOONEST.
9. ANY STUDENT NOT CURRENTLY ENROLLED WITH ANY LABORATORY CLASS WHO
WISHES TO BORROW INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT MUST BE FURNISH A COPY OR
REQUEST TO BE NOTED BY THE INSTRUCTOR.
How to use Fire Extinguisher?

P. A. S. S. – Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep
7
PULL the pin at the top of the extinguisher that keeps the handle from
being accidentally pressed.
AIM the nozzle toward the base of the fire.
Stand approximately 8 feet away from the fire and SQUEEZ the handle
to discharge the extinguisher. If you release the handle, the discharge
will stop.
SWEEP the nozzle back and forth at the base of the fire. After the fire
appears to be out, watch it carefully since it may re-ignite!
8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXPERIMENT NO: 1 - Familiarization of UCP and SCADA Software 10
EXPERIMENT NO: 2 - Flow, Pressure, Level and Temperature Control Loops (On/Off) 14
EXPERIMENT NO: 3 - Flow, Pressure, Level and Temperature Control Loops (Proportional) 19
EXPERIMENT NO: 4 –
Flow, Pressure, Level and Temperature Control Loops (Proportional + Integral) 25
EXPERIMENT NO: 5 –
Flow, Pressure, Level and Temperature Control Loops (Proportional + Derivative) 29
EXPERIMENT NO: 6 -
Flow, Pressure, Level and Temperature Control Loops (Proportional + Integral + Derivative) 34
EXPERIMENT NO: 7 -
Adjustment of the constant of a flow and temperature controller (Ziegler-Nichols) 38
9
EXPERIMENT NO: 1
FAMILIARIZATION OF UCP AND SCADA SOFTWARE
Objectives:
1. To familiarize the students in using the of UCP and SCADA software.
2. To control the flow that circulates through a conduction of water by a manual procedure.
3. To carry out the pressure control in a water tank by a manual procedure.
4. To control the level in a tank of water by a manual procedure.
5. To control the temperature in a tank of water by a manual procedure.
Theoretical Discussion:
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a system of software and hardware elements that allows
industrial organizations to 1. Control industrial processes locally or at remote locations 2. Monitor, gather, and
process real-time data 3. Directly interact with devices such as sensors, valves, pumps, motors, and more
through human-machine interface (HMI) software 4. Record events into a log file. SCADA systems are crucial
for industrial organizations since they help to maintain efficiency, process data for smarter decisions, and
communicate system issues to help mitigate downtime. [1]
The basic SCADA architecture begins with programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or remote terminal units
(RTUs). PLCs and RTUs are microcomputers that communicate with an array of objects such as factory
machines, HMIs, sensors, and end devices, and then route the information from those objects to computers with
SCADA software. The SCADA software processes, distributes, and displays the data, helping operators and
other employees analyze the data and make important decisions. [2]
Figure 1.1 Computer Controlled Process Control System with SCADA and PID Control [2]
10
Reference/s:
1. Instrumentation Reference Book (2009)
Author: Walt Boyes
2. http://www.edibon.com/ko/files/equipment/UCPCN/catalog
Equipment:
• UCP-UB. Base Unit
• UCP/CIB Control Interface Box
• SCADA software
• Water
Procedure:
1. Flow Control (Manual)
A. Connect the interface of the equipment and execute the program SCADA UCP-F.
B. Inside the program, select the option Control 1 and connect pump 1(AB-1)
C. In the manual regulation, the flow can be regulated by the manual adjustable valve VR1 placed in the
inferior part of the flowmeter. Vary its position and observe the adjustment of the flow in relation to its
position.
D. Select the option “Manual Control” of the software supplied with the equipment.
E. Connect pump 1 (AB-1) and vary the position of the motorized valve by the Slip bar or the command
associated to this action. Check a fixed position, the flow is regulated. Vary the position of the valve and
repeat the values to observe the reproduction of flow control.
F. Use the controls prepared in the software for controlling the solenoid valves AVS-1 and the ON/OFF
button of the pump. Observe how an on and off button also produces a flow control of the liquid.
2. Pressure Control (Manual)
B. Select the configuration option in the program and connect pump 1.
C. In Manual regulation, the flow may be regulated by the VR1 manual needle valve, set at the bottom of
the flowmeter. You may vary its position and see the adjustment of the pressure according to its
position.
D. Select the option “Manual Control” of the software supplied with the equipment.
E. Connect the pump 1 and modify the position of the motorized valve by the slip bar or the command
associated to this action. Check how the water pressure in the tank is regulated for a set position.
F. Modify the position of the valve and repeat the values to best observe the reproducibility of the control
pressure.
G. Use the controls set in the software for the control of the EV1 solenoid valves and the pump on/off
position. See how setting the pump in the on/off position causes a control of the fluid pressure.
3. Level Control (Manual)

A. Connect the interface of the equipment and execute the program SCADA UCP-L.
B. Inside the program, select the option Manual
C. In the manual regulation (no controller), the flow can be regulated by the manual adjustable valve V R1
placed in the inferior part of the flowmeter. This regulation, in combination with the opening of the tank
11
manual valves, does not allow you to set a level of water. Change its position and observe the adjustment
of the level in relation to their position.
D. Select the option “Manual Control” of the software supplied with the equipment
E. Connect pump 1 and vary the position of the motorized calve in the slip bar or execute the command
associated to this action. Open AVS-1 or AVS-2 and check how the level of water in the tank fixes, or
adjusts, for a given position.
F. Change the position of the valve and repeat the values to observe the reproducibility of the level control.
G. Use the controls prepared in the software for the control of the solenoid valves AVS-1, AVS-2, and
AVS3 and the switch on/off button of the pump. Observe how an on/off of the pump also produces a
level control of the liquid.
4. Temperature Control (Manual)

B. Inside the program, select the option configuration and connect pump 1 (refer to the software
instructions for operation details).
C. The temperature regulation of a tank of water can be carried out by two different procedure- that we will
identify as:
a.) Static; it consists on filling the left superior tank above the level alarm.
b.) Continuous or Dynamic; it consists on fixing a water level in the left superior tank but with an
inlet and outlet of constant water. In this second procedure, it is required that the incoming
and outgoing water flows are small to establish a thermal balance in the tank. Under these
conditions, it is also necessary to maintain the water level above the level alarm.
D. In the manual regulation (no controller), the temperature can be regulated by the on and off immersion
resistor placed in the tank.
E. Select the option “Manual Control” of the software supplied with the equipment.
F. Connect pump 1:
a.) Fill the tank above the level alarm. Disconnect pump 1 and close the valve VR1 manually.
b.) Connect pump 1 and fill the tank until reaching the level alarm. Once surpassed this, AVS-1
opens, and using VR1 fix a constant inlet and outlet water flow in the tank. G. Connect the
agitator given with the equipment.
G. By the connection and disconnection of the resistor, fix a temperature for the water. In the case b,
if it is necessary, fix the temperature varying the inlet and outlet of flow. So, open or close valve V R1 or
the AVS1.
Questions:
12
1. In flow control procedure, Part C, what will happen to the flow in the manual regulation if it can
be regulated by the manual adjustable valve VR1 placed in the inferior part of the flowmeter?
2. In flow control procedure, Part C, what did you observe in the adjustment of the flow in relation
to its position?
3. In flow control procedure, Part E, when varying the position of the valve, how did the values
change and what did you observe to the reproduction of flow control?
4. In flow control procedure, Part F, what did you observe in the flow control of the liquid in
turning on and off button?
5. In pressure control procedure, Part C, what will happen to the flow in the manual regulation if it
can be regulated by the VR1 manual needle valve, set at the bottom of the flowmeter?
6. In pressure control procedure, Part C, what did you observe in the adjustment of the pressure
according to its position?
7. In pressure control procedure, Part E, when changing the position of the motorized valve, how
did the water pressure in the tank is regulated for a set position?
8. In pressure control procedure, Part F, in repeating the values, what did you observe in the
reproducibility of the control pressure?
9. In pressure control procedure, Part G, what did you observe in the control of the fluid pressure
when the setting of the pump is in on/off position?
10. In level control procedure, Part C, what will happen to the flow in the manual regulation (no
controller) if it can be regulated by the manual adjustable valve VR1 placed in the inferior part of the
flowmeter?
11. In level control procedure, Part C, what did you observe in the adjustment of the level in relation
to its position?
12. In level control procedure, Part E, when changing the position of the motorized valve, how did
the level of water change when opening the AVS-1 or AVS-2 in the tank for a given position?
13. In level control procedure, Part F, in repeating the values, what did you observe in the
reproducibility of the level control?
14. In level control procedure, Part G, what did you observe in the level control of the fluid when the
setting of the pump is in on/off position?
15. In temperature control procedure, Part C, what will happen to the temperature maintained in a
certain water level in the manual regulation if it is in static procedure? if it is in continuous or dynamic
procedure?
16. In temperature control procedure, Part D, what will happen to the temperature in the manual
regulation (no controller) if it can be regulated by the on and off immersion resistor placed in the tank?
17. In temperature control procedure, Part H, by the connection and disconnection of the resistor,
how did the temperature of the water fix in case a? how did the temperature of the water fix when
varying the inlet and outlet of flow in case b?
13
EXPERIMENT NO: 2
Flow, Pressure, Level and Temperature Control Loops (On/Off)
Objectives:
1. To carry out a flow closed loop control by an on/off controller.
2. To carry out a pressure closed loop control by an on/off controller.
3. To carry out a level closed loop control by an on/off controller.
4. To carry out a temperature closed loop control by an on/off controller.
Figure 2.1 On/Off Control System

On-Off Control is simple and inexpensive and is often used where cycling can be reduced to an acceptable
level. With On-Off control, the controller is essentially a switch which is activated by the error signal and
supplies just an-off correcting signal. The controller output has just two possible values, equivalent to on and
off. [1][2]
Figure 2.2 ON/OFF Control Loop System
14
On-off control is not bad at maintaining a constant value of the variable. It also involves simple devices and so
is cheap. On-off control can be implemented by mechanical switches such as bimetallic strips or relays, with
more rapid switching being achieved with electronic circuits, e.g. thyristors or transistors used to control the
speed of a motor. [2]
Figure 2.3 ON/OFF Graph Control System
Graphically, ON-OFF control can be illustrated by Figure 2.4. and Figure 2.5 Sometimes, as shown, there
is a neutral zone around the set point. This is often intentional, to keep the components from wearing due to
opening and closing too often.
Figure 2.4 Block Diagram of ON/OFF control
Figure 2.5 Closed loop illustration of ON/OFF control

Flow:
By the ON/OFF control, we assume that the controller is not appropriate on the flow variable due to quick
variation of the magnitude before a small interference. Only with small values in the performance times and the
15
tolerances, we can obtain a flow control next to the set value. Although, we will have to stable value of the flow
in any case. [4]
Pressure:
By the ON/OFF control, we assume that the controller over the pressure variable is not the suitable one as the
variation of this magnitude dealing with a small perturbation is fast. Only if we take small values for actuation
time and tolerances we may obtain a pressure control close to the set point value, but we will never obtain a
stable value for the flow. [4]
Level:
By the ON/OFF control, we assume that this controller on the variable level has an acceptable behavior due to the
fact that the variation of this magnitude under a small interference is slow. If we also take a small value in the
performance times and in the tolerances, we can obtain a level control close to the set value. [4]
Temperature
By the ON/OFF control option, we can affirm that this controller on the variable of temperature has an acceptable
behavior due to the fact the variation of this magnitude before a small interference is slow. If we also take small
values in the performance times and in the tolerance, we can obtain a TEMPERATURE CONTROL, next to the
set value. [4]
Reference/s:
1. www.feedback-instruments.com/pdf/brochures/FB_Process_Control_range_2013.pdf
2. http://www.edibon.com/ko/files/equipment/UCPCN/catalog
3. https://sea.omega.com/ph/subsection/pid-on-off-controllers.html
4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285176112_Basics_of_process_the_on-
off_control_system
Equipment:
• SCADA software
• Water
16
Procedure:
1. Flow Control (ON/OFF)
B. Select the control option ON/OFF.
C. By a double click on the ON/OFF control, select the desired flow value. By defect there is a specified
flow, tolerance, and performance time. It allows the students to vary these parameters and view the
effects of each one of them.
D. It calculates the inertia of the system before an on/off responses and determines the limit time for an
exact control.
2. Pressure Control (ON/OFF)

C. By a double click on the ON/OFF control, select the wanted flow. Specified flow, tolerance, and
performance time are set by default. This control allows the students playing with these parameters, so
they can see their influence.
D. Calculate the inertia of the system before an ON/OFF response and determine the limit time for an exact
control.
3. Level Control (ON/OFF)

C. Double click on the ON/OFF control, select the desired flow. By defect there is a specified flow,
tolerance, and performance time. It allows the students to vary these parameters and view the effects of
each one of them.
D. The level control can be carried out by the activation of a single actuator, or of several ones, to which
different tolerances are allowed. These controllers work as security system measure when the controlled
variable exceeds in a tolerance the set value. To activate or to disable each one of these controllers, you
must double click on each one of the mand press the button “PAUSE”.
E. Calculate the inertia of the system before an ON/OFF response and determine the limit time for an exact
control.
4. Temperature Control (ON/OFF)

C. Select the wanted temperature (SET POINT). By default, there is a set point, tolerance, and performance
time determine. It allows the student to modify these parameters and see the influence of each of them.
D. It calculates the inertia of the system before an ON/OFF response and determines the limit time for an
exact control.
17
Questions:
1. What is a process controller?
2. What is the difference between the required value signal and the feedback signal,
and an output of a signal?
3. Discuss what is an open and closed loop system.
4. Describe the On-Off control system.
5. Are the assumptions in flow, pressure, level and temperature control loops
(ON/OFF) the theoretical discussion was proved? Explain why.
6. Discuss and compare the relationship of the Flow, Pressure, Level and
Temperature Control Loops (On/Off).
7. Give an example of an on-off control system and explain how it works.
8. What is a control system?
9. What are the different types of control systems?
10.What are the elements of control system?
18
EXPERIMENT NO: 3
Flow, Pressure, Level and Temperature Control Loops (Proportional)
Objectives:
1. To regulate the set point (flow) by the employment of controllers that operate automatically on the final
element of the loop (control valves).
2. To regulate the set point (pressure) by the employment of controllers that operate automatically on the
final element of the loop (control valves).
3. To regulate the set point (level) by the use of the controllers that automatically operate on the final
element of the loop (control valves).
4. To regulate the set point (temperature) by the use of the controllers that automatically operate on the
final element of the loop (control actions).
Proportional control, in engineering and process control, is a type of linear feedback control system in which a
correction is applied to the controlled variable which is proportional to the difference between the desired value
(set point, SP) and the measured value (process value, PV). Two classic mechanical examples are the toilet
bowl float proportioning valve and the fly-ball governor. [1]
Figure 3.1 Feedback Control System Block Diagram
Figure 3.2 Control Loop Diagram (Proportional)
19
The proportional control concept is more complex than an on–off control system like a bi-metallic domestic
thermostat, but simpler than a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control system used in something like an
automobile cruise control. On–off control will work where the overall system has a relatively long response
time, but can result in instability if the system being controlled has a rapid response time. Proportional control
overcomes this by modulating the output to the controlling device, such as a control valve at a level which
avoids instability, but applies correction as fast as practicable by applying the optimum quantity of proportional
gain. [2][3]
P=K c + E (3.1)
Where,
P = Proportional Control Mode
K c = Controller Gain
E = Error
P=K p e p ( t )
Where,
P = Proportional output
K p = Proportional Gain
e (t )=error=SP−PV
t=time∨instantaneous time
A drawback of proportional control is that it cannot eliminate the residual SP − PV error in processes with
compensation e.g. temperature control, as it requires an error to generate a proportional output. To overcome
this the PI controller was devised, which uses a proportional term (P) to remove the gross error, and an integral
term (I) to eliminate the residual offset error by integrating the error over time to produce an "I" component for
the controller output. [2][3]
20
Figure 3.3 Proportional Control Action of Temperature
Graphically, proportional control can be illustrated by Figure 3.2. The amount of control action (valve change)
for a given error can be quite variable, but in Figure 3.2 it is shown as one to one. The valve would move 1% of
its travel for a 1% change in error.
Flow:
By modifying the set point in a remote way, the flow changes can be observed oscillating around the new value.
We can have a case that the set point is not reached if the range of the actuator (manipulated variable) is not
enough to control the interferences or the changes in the set point, so it will be stabilized only until maximum
that the available water allows. In this case, the manipulated variable is the water flow that circulates through a
motorized valve, managed automatically from the controller (0-10V signal), by means of superimposed actions
of proportional, integral and derivative type. [4]
Pressure:
By modifying the set point in remote mode, the pressure changes can be observed oscillating around the new
value. We can have a case that the set point is not reached if the range of the actuator (manipulated variable) is
not enough to control the interferences or the changes in the set point, so it will be stabilized only until
maximum that the available water allows. In this case, the manipulated variable is the water flow that circulates
through a motorized valve, managed automatically from the controller (0-10V signal), by means of
superimposed actions of proportional, integral and derivative type. [4]
Level:
By modifying the set point in a remote way, the level changes can be observed oscillating around the new value.
There is a possibility that the set point is not reached if the range of the actuator (manipulated variable) is not
enough to control the interferences or the changes in the set point, so it will be stabilized only until maximum
that the available water. In this case, the manipulated variable is the water level of that tank that, at the same
time, is determined by the flow that passes through a motorized valve, manipulated automatically from the
controller (010V signal), by means of superimposed actions of proportional, integral and derivative type. [4]
21
Temperature:
By modifying the set point in a remote way, the temperature changes can be observed oscillating around the new
value. There is a possibility that the set point is not reached if the range of the actuator (manipulated variable) is
not enough to control the interferences or the changes in the set point, so it will be stabilized only until
maximum that the available water. In this case, the manipulated variable is the water temperature of that tank
that simultaneously is determined through a PWM actuator, which acts as a temporizer, whose performance
time is proportional to the value of 0-10volts. A longer performance time of the resistor means a higher energy
given by the resistor to the liquid. [4]
Reference/s:
1. https://baniinstind23.wordpress.com/process-controls/control-loops-diagram/feedback-
control-system-block-diagram/
2. https://www.labvolt.com/downloads/86006_f0.pdf
3. http://blog.opticontrols.com/archives/344
4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285176112_Basics_of_process_the_proportion
al_control_system
5. https://www.scribd.com/document/250148992/Basic-Instrumentation-Process-Control
Equipment:

• SCADA software
• Water
Procedure:
1. Flow Control (Proportional)
A. Connect the interface and execute the control software.
B. Select the control option “Control PID” on the capture screen.
C. Select a set point, PID controller and a proportional constant.
D. Indicate a value of 0 for the integral and derivative performance E. Activate the PID controller and start
and go out and save the values. F. Connect pump 1 (AB–1).
E. The controller will modify the position of the AVP (Proportional Valve) to adjust the flow to the set
value. 2. Pressure Control (Proportional)

22
E. The controller will modify the position of the AVP (Proportional Valve) to adjust the flow to the set
value.
3. Level Control (Proportional)

E. Activate the solenoid valve AVS-2.
F. The controller will modify the position of the AVP-1 (Proportional Valve) to adjust the flow that
controls the level from the water tank to the set value.
4. Temperature Control (Proportional)

C. Indicate a value of 0 for the integral and derivative performance.
D. Activate the PID controller and start and go out and save the values.
23
Questions:
1. What is a process controller?
2. What is the difference between the required value signal and the feedback signal,
and an output of a signal?
3. Discuss what is an open and closed loop system.
4. Describe the proportional control system.
5. Are the assumptions in flow, pressure, level and temperature control loops
(Proportional) the theoretical discussion was proved? Explain why.
6. Discuss and compare the relationship of the Flow, Pressure, Level and
Temperature Control Loops (Proportional).
7. Give an example of a proportional control system and explain how it works.
8. What is a proportional control?
9. What is the proportional band of a controller?
10.What is a offset in proportional controller?
24
EXPERIMENT NO: 4
Flow, Pressure, Level and Temperature Control Loops (Proportional + Integral)
Objectives:
1. To observe the effect (flow) that an integral performance superimposed to a proportional action has in an
actuator.
2. To observe the effect (pressure) that an integral performance superimposed to a proportional action has
in an actuator.
3. To observe the effect (level) that an integral performance superimposed to a proportional action has in
an actuator.
4. To observe the effect (temperature) that an integral performance superimposed to a proportional action
has in an actuator.
A variation of Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control is to use only the proportional and integral terms
as PI control. The PI controller is the most popular variation, even more than full PID controllers. The value of
the controller output u(t) is fed into the system as the manipulated variable input. [1]
e (t )=SP−PV (4.1)
t
K
u ( t )=U bias + K c e ( t ) + c ∫ e ( t ) dt (4.2)
τI 0
The Ubias term is a constant that is typically set to the value of u (t) when the controller is first switched from
manual to automatic mode. This gives "bumpless" transfer if the error is zero when the controller is turned on.
The two tuning values for a PI controller are the controller gain, K c and the integral time constant τI. The value
of Kc is a multiplier on the proportional error and integral term and a higher value makes the controller more
aggressive at responding to errors away from the set point. The set point (SP) is the target value and process
variable (PV) is the measured value that may deviate from the desired value. The error from the set point is the
difference between the SP and PV and is defined as e (t)=SP−PV. PI control is needed for non-integrating
processes, meaning any process that eventually returns to the same output given the same set of inputs and
disturbances. A P-only controller is best suited to integrating processes. Integral action is used to remove offset
and can be thought of as an adjustable Ubias. [2][3]
Figure 4.1 Block diagram of a basic proportional and integral control algorithm (National Instruments) [1]
Common tuning correlations for PI control are the ITAE (Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error) method
and IMC (Internal Model Control). IMC is an extension of lambda tuning by accounting for time delay. The
25
parameters Kc, τp, and θp are obtained by fitting dynamic input and output data to a first-order plus deadtime
(FOPDT) model. [3]
Figure 4.2 Proportional Plus Integral Control Action [4]

The Proportional plus Integral modes are illustrated in Figure 4.2. Assume a step change in Set Point at a
point in time, as shown. First, there is an immediate change in valve position equal to K(E) due to the
Proportional Mode. At the same time, the Integral Mode, sensing there is an error, begins to move the valve
at a rate proportional to the size of that error.
Since the illustration pictures a constant error, the valve rate will be constant. It will be seen that after an
interval of time. T1, a change in valve position equal to the original proportional change has taken place. T,
is called the Integral Time. An adjustment that is made to an integral controller determines the slope of the
integral response portion of the graph. The dotted lines show other settings of the integral adjustment. When
time is used to express integral action it is called the Integral Time. This Integral Time is expressed in
Minutes per Repeat, abbreviated MPR. This term refers to the number of “Minutes per Repeat” that the
integral action is repeating the valve change produced by the proportional control alone. The larger the
number the slower the integral action and the smaller the number the faster the integral action.
Reference/s:
1. https://www.tetranex.com/process-control-part-1/
3. https://www.labvolt.com/downloads/86006_f0.pdf
26
Equipment:
• SCADA software
• Water
Procedure:
1. Flow Control (Proportional + Integral)
A. Connect the interface of the equipment and execute the control software.
B. Select the Option “Control PID” on the capture screen.
C. Select a set point, PID controller and a proportional constant and an integral value. The value for the
integral constant should be big so that the error accumulation is carried out smoothly and it doesn’t
generate an on/off performance in the actuator.
D. Indicate a value of 0 for the derivative performance. In this experiment, we want to observe the effects
of a proportional action plus an integral action.
E. Activate the PID controller; go out and save the values. The student will observe that the motorized
valve begins to work.
F. Connect pump 1 (AB-1).
G. The controller will modify the position of the AVP-1 (Proportional Valve) to adjust the flow to the set
value.
2. Pressure Control (Proportional + Integral)

C. Double click on the PID controller graph to configure the actuator’s parameters.
D. Select a set point value, a type of PID controller (position and velocity) and a proportional constant and
an integral value. The value for the integral constant may be big enough so the error accumulation will
be smooth and does not generate an on/off performance of the actuator.
E. Set a 0 value for the derivative performance. In this experiment we may want to see the effect of a
proportional plus an integral action.
F. Activate the PID controller; go out,and save the values. The student may see the motorized valve
starting to act.
G. Connect the pump 1.
H. The controller will modify the position of the AVP-1 (Proportional Valve) to adjust the flow to the set
value.
3. Level Control (Proportional + Integral)

27
D. Select a set point, PID controller and a proportional constant and an integral value. The value for the
E. Indicate a value of 0 for the derivative performance. In this experiment, we want to observe the effects
F. Activate the PID controller; go out and save the values. The student will observe that the motorized
valve begins to act.
H. Open the solenoid valve AVS-1.
I. The controller will modify the position of the AVP-1 (Proportional Valve) to adjust the flow that
controls the set value.
4. Temperature Control (Proportional + Integral)

D. Select a set point, PID controller and a proportional constant and an integral value. The value for the
F. Activate the PID controller; go out and save the values. You will observe that the resistor begins to
work.
Questions:
1. What is a PI controller?
2. What are the tuning values for a PI controller? Describe each one.
3. What is offset in proportional controller?
4. What is the proportional band of a controller?
5. Describe the proportional + integral control system.
6. Explain the effect (flow, pressure, level and temperature) that an integral performance superimposed to a
proportional action has in an actuator.
7. Are the assumptions in flow, pressure, level and temperature control loops (proportional + integral) in
the theoretical discussion proven? Explain why.
8. Discuss and compare the relationship of the Flow, Pressure, Level and Temperature Control Loops
(proportional + integral).
9. Give an example of a proportional + integral control system and explain how it works.
10. What is meant by proportional gain?
28
EXPERIMENT NO: 5
Flow, Pressure, Level and Temperature Control Loops (Proportional + Derivative)
Objectives:
1. To observe the effect (flow) that a derivative performance superimposed to a proportional action has in
an actuator.
2. To observe the effect (pressure) that a derivative performance superimposed to a proportional action has
in an actuator.
3. To observe the effect (level) that a derivative performance superimposed to a proportional action has in
an actuator.
4. To observe the effect (temperature) that a derivative performance superimposed to a proportional action
has in an actuator.
A variation of Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control is to use only the proportional and integral terms as
PI control. The control actions of the proportional or integral controllers are based on the current error or past
errors. In derivative control the controller output is proportional to the rate of change of the error. The idea
behind derivative control is that the controller should react immediately to a large change in the control error; in
essence, predicting that the error will continue to increase (or decrease) and act accordingly. Although this
quick reaction can result in fast response times, it can also result in undesirable overreaction, especially if the
system output has significant stochastics. The derivative control law has the form [1]
u D ( k )=K D [e ( k )−e ( k −1 ) ] (5.1)
Where the derivative control gain KD defines the ratio of the input magnitude to the change in the error. Since the
derivative controller adjusts the control input according to the speed of error variation, it is able to make an
adjustment prior to the appearance of even larger errors. Practically, the derivative controller is never used by
itself since if the error remains constant, the output of the derivative controller would be zero. Prediction of the
behavior of error will always result in better stability. In order to avoid effects of the sudden change in load, the
derivative of the error signal taken in this mode to predict the trend of a controlled variable. So let us see in
detail, how PD Controller works. Almost all physical processes have transportation lag (Dead Time) in their
system (usually due to improper allocation of the sensor) since only proportional controller’s output will react
after some time to sudden change in load and which may result in a huge transient error. But, with the addition
of a derivative controller, this mode becomes capable of predicting error with consideration of dead time. So
that, sudden jerks or spike signals are not given to actuator, hence improves the life span of actuators. [1][2]
29
Figure 5.1 Block diagram of a basic proportional and derivative control [1]
d e p (t)
P=K p e p ( t ) + K p K D + P (0) (5.2)
dt
Where,
• P = PD controller’s output
• KP = Proportional Gain
• KD= Derivative Gain
• ep (t)= Desired Value of controlled variable – Measured Value
• P (0) = Controller’s output when error is zero
From the equation, we can say that this mode cannot eliminate the steady state error of proportional controller.
However, It can handle fast process load changes as long as the load change steady state error is acceptable.
Figure 5.2 Proportional Plus Derivative Control Action [3]
It can be seen on this graph that the valve position change with derivative action exceeds that which it would have
been with proportional action alone. It can also be seen that on a ramping error, the valve reaches any given
position at an earlier time than it would have with proportional action alone. This difference in time is the Rate
Time, or Derivative Time, Tp.
30
Reference/s:
1. https://www.globalspec.com/reference/51986/160210/chapter-9-3-proportional-
derivative-control
Equipment:
• SCADA software
• Water
Procedure:
1. Flow Control (Proportional + Derivative)
C. Select a set point, PID controller and a proportional and a derivative constant. The value for the
derivative constant should be small so that the performance is small and it does not generate an on/off
performance in the actuator
D. Indicate a value of 0 for the integral performance. In this experiment, we want to observe the effects of a
proportional action plus an derivative action.
E. Activate the PID controller; go out, and save the values. The student will observe that the motorized
value.
2. Pressure Control (Proportional + Derivative)

D. Select a set point value, a type of PID controller (position and velocity) and a proportional constant and
a derivative constant. The value for the derivative constant must be small so the performance may be
small as well and does not generate an on/off performance of the actuator
E. Fix a 0 value for the integral action. In this experiment we may want to see the effect of a proportional
plus an derivative action.
F. Activate the PID controller; go out, and save the values. The student may see the motorized valve
starting to act.
31
H. The controller will modify the position of the AVP-1 (Proportional Valve) to adjust the flow to the set
value.
3. Level Control (Proportional + Derivative)

D. Select a set point, PID controller and a proportional constant and a derivative value. The value for the
derivative constant should be small so that the performance is small and it doesn’t generate an on/off
performance in the actuator.
of a proportional action plus an derivative action.
F. Activate the PID controller; go out, and save the values. The student will observe that the motorized
valve begins to act. Connect the pump 1. Open the solenoid valve AVS-2.
G. The controller will modify the position of the AVP-1 (Proportional Valve) to vary the flow that controls
the set value.
4. Temperature Control (Proportional + Derivative)

C. Select a set point, PID controller and a proportional constant and a derivative value. The value for the
derivative constant should be small so that the performance is small, and it doesn’t generate in an on/off
performance in the actuator
D. Indicate a value of 0 for the integral performance. In this experiment, we want to observe the effects of a
proportional action plus a derivative action.
E. Activate the PID controller; go out and save the values. You will observe that the resistor begins to
work.
Questions:
32
1. What is a PD controller?
2. What are the tuning values for a PD controller? Describe each one.
3. Describe the proportional + derivative control system.
4. Explain the effect (flow, pressure, level and temperature) that an derivative performance superimposed
to a proportional action has in an actuator.
5. Are the assumptions in flow, pressure, level and temperature control loops (proportional + derivative) in
the theoretical discussion proven? Explain why.
(proportional + derivative).
7. Give an example of a proportional + derivative control system and explain how it works.
8. What is the difference between proportional band and gain?
9. Why there is offset in proportional controller?
10. What is a proportional control?
EXPERIMENT NO: 6
33
Flow, Pressure, Level and Temperature Control Loops (Proportional + Integral + Derivative)
Objectives:
1. To observe the effect (flow) that an integral and derivative performance superimposed to a proportional
action has in an actuator.
2. To observe the effect (pressure) that an integral and derivative performance superimposed to a
3. To observe the effect (level) that an integral and derivative performance superimposed to a proportional
action has in an actuator.
4. To observe the effect (temperature) that an integral and derivative performance superimposed to a
Proportional or P- controller gives output which is proportional to current error e (t). It compares desired or set
point with actual value or feedback process value. The resulting error is multiplied with proportional constant to
get the output. If the error value is zero, then this controller output is zero. Due to limitation of controller where
there always exists an offset between the process variable and set point, I-controller is needed, which provides
necessary action to eliminate the steady state error. It integrates the error over a period of time until error value
reaches to zero. It holds the value to final control device at which error becomes zero. Integral control decreases
its output when negative error takes place. It limits the speed of response and affects stability of the system.
Speed of the response is increased by decreasing integral gain Ki. I-controller doesn’t have the capability to
predict the future behavior of error. So, it reacts normally once the set point is changed. D controller overcomes
this problem by anticipating future behavior of the error. Its output depends on rate of change of error with
respect to time, multiplied by derivative constant. It gives the kick start for the output thereby increasing system
response. [1]
Figure 5.1 Block diagram of a basic PID control [1]
Combining all three modes of control (proportional, integral and derivative) enables a controller to be
produced which has no steady state error and reduces the tendency for oscillations. Such a controller is known
as a three-mode controller or PID controller. The equation describing its action is:
Controller output=K p (error ) + K 1 (integral of error )+ K D (rate of change of error ) (6.1)
where Kp is the proportionality constant, K1 the integral constant and KD the derivative constant. A PID controller
can be considered to be a proportional controller which has integral control to eliminate the offset error and
derivative control to reduce time lags. [2]
34
Figure 5.2 Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative Control Action [3]
Finally, the full three-mode controller is achieved by combining the three modes (Proportional + Integral +
Derivative) simultaneously, Thus the valve position will be determined by adding the effects of the three modes.
The graph in Figure 5.2 illustrates how an increase in the flow of the liquid to be heated will be responded to by the
various control modes in terms of the process variable, and liquid output temperature.
Reference/s:
2. https://circuitdigest.com/article/what-is-pid-controller-working-structure-applications
Equipment:
• SCADA software
• Water
Procedure:
1. Flow Control (Proportional + Integral + Derivative)
C. Select a set point, PID controller and a proportional constant, derivative and integral. The value for the
derivative constant should be small and the integral constant should be big so that the performance is
small, and it does not generate an on/off performance in the actuator.
D. Indicate a value of 0 for the derivative performance. In this experiment, we want to observe the effects
35
value.
2. Pressure Control (Proportional + Integral + Derivative)

D. Select a set point, PID controller and a proportional constant, derivative and integral. The value for the
E. Activate the PID controller; go out and save the values. The student may see the motorized valve
starting to act.
F. Connect the pump 1.
value.
3. Level Control (Proportional + Integral + Derivative)

valve begins to act.
F. Connect the pump 1.
G. Open the solenoid valve AVS-1.
H. The controller will modify the position of the AVP-1 (Proportional Valve) to adjust the flow that
controls the set value.
4. Temperature Control (Proportional + Integral + Derivative)

E. Activate the PID controller; go out and save the values. You will observe that the resistor begins to
work.
36
Questions:
1. What is a PID controller?
2. Describe the proportional + integral + derivative control system.
3. Explain the effect (flow, pressure, level and temperature) of PID control in the system
4. Are the assumptions in flow, pressure, level and temperature control loops (proportional + integral +
derivative) in the theoretical discussion proven? Explain why.
(proportional + integral+ derivative).
6. Give an example of a proportional + integral+ derivative control system and explain how it works.
7. What does integral do in PID controller?
8. What does derivative do in PID controller?
9. How do you tune a PID?
10. Where is a PID controller used?
37
EXPERIMENT NO: 7
Adjustment of the constant of a flow and temperature controller (Ziegler-Nichols)
Objectives:
1. To get familiarized with the most usual methods of optimizing the variables of a PID controller starting
from the characterization of the process.
2. To maintain the conduction of the system with a flow of 1 l/m using a P controller for the control of the
motorized valve.
3. To maintain the system with a constant level using a controller P for the control of the motorized valve.
4. To maintain the system with a constant temperature using a controller P for the control of the resistor.
The Ziegler–Nichols tuning method is a heuristic method of tuning a PID controller. It was developed by John
G. Ziegler and Nathaniel B. Nichols. It is performed by setting the I (integral) and D (derivative) gains to zero.
The "P" (proportional) gain, Kp is then increased (from zero) until it reaches the ultimate gain Ku, at which the
output of the control loop has stable and consistent oscillations. Ku and the oscillation period Tu are used to set
the P, I, and D gains depending on the type of controller used: [1]
Ziegler – Nichols method

Control Type Kp Ti Td
P 0.5Ku - -
PI 0.45 Ku Tu / 1.2 -
PD 0.8 Ku - Tu / 8
Classic PID 0.6 Ku Tu / 2 Tu / 8
Pessen Integral rule 0.7 Ku Tu / 2.5 3Tu / 20
Some overshoot 0.33 Ku Tu / 2 Tu / 3
No overshoot 0.2 Ku Tu / 2 Tu / 3
Table 7.1 Ziegler – Nichols tuning method
The ultimate gain (Ku) is defined as 1/M, where M = the amplitude ratio.
These 3 parameters are used to establish the correction u(t) from the error e(t) via the equation:
u ( t )=K p ¿ (7.1)
which has the following transfer function relationship between error and controller output:
1 T d T i s 2+ T i 8 +1
(
u ( s )=K p 1+
)
T e ( s )=K p
T i8 d8 ( T i8 )
e ( s) (7.2)
38
Figure 7.1 Ziegler – Nichols closed loop PI control [2]
Figure 7.2 Ziegler-Nichols Control Action [3]
Reference/s:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegler%E2%80%93Nichols_method
2. http://kurser.iha.dk/m/mtpri1/control/3_PID/f_ziegler/ziegler_nichols_method.html
Equipment:
• SCADA software
• Water
39
Procedure:
1. Adjustment of the flow controller constants (Ziegler-Nichols)
A. The data to be analyzed will be obtained configuring the controller only with the Proportional Band or
the proportional action. The Integral and Derivative Actions should be at zero.
B. The objective of the experiment is to maintain the conduction of the system with a flow of 1 l/m using a
P controller for the control of the motorized valve. With the motorized valve at the 50% of its complete
way, regulate the needle valve manually VR-1 until the flow of the system is at 1 l/min.
C. Pass now to an automatic control and observe how the flow stays constant at the 50% of the process
variable. Change the process variable for a partial opening of the needle valve, V R-1. As the process will
become stable, increase the value of the proportional constant and close the needle valve partially, V R-1,
observing the behavior of the process.
D. Continue increasing the value of the proportional constant and apply every time a step interference
(closing or opening VR-1), until the variable of the process oscillates continually. Write down the value of
the proportional constant (Limit Proportional Band, L.P.B.) when this happens, to measure the
oscillation time of the process. (O.T.)
E. The optimum values, depending on the control type that we are going to make on our process are:
Type of Control B.P. L.T. D.T.

P 2 (L.P.B.) -- --
P+I 2.2 (L.P.B.) O.T. / 1.2 --
P+I+D 1.7 (L.P.B.) O.T. / 2.0 O.T. / 8.0
Table 7.2 optimal values for the PI control type
2. Adjustment of the constants of a flow controller (Ziegler-Nichols)

A. The data to be analyzed will be obtained configuring the controller only the controller with the
Proportional Band or the proportional action. The Integral and Derivative Actions should be at zero.
B. The objective of the experiment is to maintain the system with a constant level using a controller P for
the control of the motorized valve. With the motorized valve at the 50% of its complete way, regulate
the needle valve manually VR-1, until getting that the level of the tank is constant.
C. Pass now to an automatic control and observe how the level stays constant at the 50% of the process
variable. Change the variables of the process for partial opening of the needle valve, V R-1. As the process
becomes stable, increase the value of the proportional constant and close the needle valve, V R-1, partially
observing the behavior of the process.
D. Continue increasing the value of the proportional constant, applying each time an interference in step
(closing or opening VR-1), until the variable of the process oscillates continually. Note down the value of
the proportional constant (Limit Proportional Band, L.P.B.) when this happens, measure the oscillation
time of the process. (O.T.).
E. The optimum values, depending on the control type that we are going to make on our process are:
P 2 (L.P.B.) -- --
P+I 2.2 (L.P.B.) T.O. / 1.2 --
P+I+D 1.7 (B.P.L.) O.T. / 2.0 T.O. / 8.0
Table 7.3 optimal values for the PD control type
40
3. Adjustment of the constant of a controller of temperature (Ziegler-Nichols)
A. The data to be analyzed will be obtained configuring the controller only the controller with the
Proportional Band or the proportional action. The Integral and Derivative Actions should be at zero.
B. The objective of the experiment is to maintain the system with a constant temperature using a controller
P for the control of the resistor. With the motorized valve at the 50% of its complete way, regulate the
needle valve manually VR-1, until getting that the level of the tank is constant.
C. Pass now to an automatic control and observe how the temperature stays constant at the 50% of the
process variable. Change the variables of the process for partial opening of the needle valve, V R-1. As the
process becomes stable, increase the value of the proportional constant and close the needle valve, V R-1,
partially observing the behavior of the process.
D. Continue increasing the value of the proportional constant and apply each time an interference in step
(close or opening VR-1), until the variable of the process oscillates continually. Write down the value of
the proportional constant (Limit Proportional Band, L.P.B). When this happens, measure the oscillation
(O.T.) of the process.
E. The optimum values, depending on the control type that we will make in our process are:

P 2 (L.P.B.) -- --
P+I 2.2 (L.P.B.) O.T. / 1.2 --
P+I+D 1.7 (B.P.L.) O.T. / 2.0 T.O. / 8.0
Table 7.4 optimal values for the PID control type
Questions:
1. What are the most usual methods of optimizing the variables of a PID controller?
2. How is a Ziegler Nichols tuning method performed?
3. What are the different control types for Ziegler-Nichols method?
4. How is the conduction of the system with a flow of 1 l/m using a P controller for the control of the
motorized valve maintained?
5. How is the system with a constant level using a controller P for the control of the motorized valve
maintained?
6. How the system with a constant temperature using a controller P for the control of the resistor
maintained?
7. How is the system with a constant level using a controller PI for the control of the motorized valve
maintained?
8. How the system with a constant temperature using a controller PI for the control of the resistor
maintained?
9. How is the system with a constant level using a controller PD for the control of the motorized valve
maintained?
10. How the system with a constant temperature using a controller PD for the control of the resistor
maintained?
41

EE113L Lab Manual 2nd Ed Q2sy1819

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EE113L Lab Manual 2nd Ed Q2sy1819

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MAPUA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Conrado F. Ostia, Jr.

Evacuation or Exit Procedure In Case of Fire:

4. Unplug all electrical equipment as quickly as possible.

8. Walk as fast as you can but do not run.

2. Don’t lag behind.

3. Move out in an orderly manner, never scream or create confusion.

5. Know the assembly place for evacuation.

6. Don’t stay inside the toilets.

7. Never return for your belongings or look for friends.

11. Take no chances of entering a burning building to save property.

Fire Evacuation Area: Baluarte de Dilao across Muralla Street.

B. They occur without warning and affect large areas.

E. Dangers from earthquakes are:

2. Fire beginning from electrical short circuits or broken gas mains.

II. Individual Safety Measures

B. Remain calm and don’t panic.

C. Safety measures when inside the laboratory room:

3. Stay away from electrical fixtures and glass windows.

D. Safety measures when outside the buildings:

3. Stay away from hanging objects.

Depending on the type of exposure, the PERSON may have:

GENERAL LABORATORY GUIDELINES

3. NO FOOD OR DRINKS ALLOWED INSIDE THE LABORATORY ROOM.

4. KEEP THE ROOM CLEAN AND NEAT.

6. IN CASE OF ACCIDENTAL LOSS OR DAMAGE TO ANY LABORATORY MATERIALS,

7. ALL BORROWED MATERIALS, INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT SHALL BE RETURNED IN

8. A STUDENT WHO MISSED AN EXPERIMENT DUE TO A VALID REASON MUST FORMALLY

How to use Fire Extinguisher?

AIM the nozzle toward the base of the fire.

EXPERIMENT NO: 1 - Familiarization of UCP and SCADA Software 10

Flow, Pressure, Level and Temperature Control Loops (Proportional + Integral) 25

Flow, Pressure, Level and Temperature Control Loops (Proportional + Derivative) 29

Adjustment of the constant of a flow and temperature controller (Ziegler-Nichols) 38

3. Level Control (Manual)

4. Temperature Control (Manual)

Figure 2.1 On/Off Control System

Figure 2.2 ON/OFF Control Loop System

speed of a motor. [2]

Figure 2.3 ON/OFF Graph Control System

Figure 2.4 Block Diagram of ON/OFF control

Figure 2.5 Closed loop illustration of ON/OFF control

2. Pressure Control (ON/OFF)

3. Level Control (ON/OFF)

4. Temperature Control (ON/OFF)

Figure 3.1 Feedback Control System Block Diagram

Figure 3.2 Control Loop Diagram (Proportional)

• UCP-UB. Base Unit

value. 2. Pressure Control (Proportional)

A. Connect the interface and execute the control software.

3. Level Control (Proportional)

4. Temperature Control (Proportional)

Figure 4.2 Proportional Plus Integral Control Action [4]

2. Pressure Control (Proportional + Integral)

3. Level Control (Proportional + Integral)

4. Temperature Control (Proportional + Integral)

u D ( k )=K D [e ( k )−e ( k −1 ) ] (5.1)

Figure 5.2 Proportional Plus Derivative Control Action [3]

2. Pressure Control (Proportional + Derivative)

3. Level Control (Proportional + Derivative)

4. Temperature Control (Proportional + Derivative)