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C
C or c is the third letter in the English and ISO basic Latin
alphabets. Its name in English is cee (pronounced /ˈsiː/), plural C
cees.[1]

Cc
Contents (See below)

History
Later use
Pronunciation and use
English
Other languages
Other systems
Digraphs
Related characters
Ancestors, descendants and siblings
Usage
Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols
Writing system Latin script
Computing codes
Type Alphabetic
Other representations
Language of Latin language
See also
origin
References
Phonetic usage [c]
External links [k]
[t͡ʃ]
[t͡s(ʰ)]
History [d͡ʒ]
[ʃ]
Phoenician Arabic Hebrew Greek Etruscan Old Latin
gaml ǧīm gimel Gamma C C (G)
[s̝]
[ʕ]
[ʔ]
[θ]
Others

"C" comes from the same letter as "G". The Semites named it gimel. Unicode value U+0043, U+0063
The sign is possibly adapted from an Egyptian hieroglyph for a staff Alphabetical 3
sling, which may have been the meaning of the name gimel. Another position Numerical
possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which
value: 3
was gamal. Barry B. Powell, a specialist in the history of writing,
states "It is hard to imagine how gimel = "camel" can be derived History
from the picture of a camel (it may show his hump, or his head and Development
neck!)".[2]
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In the Etruscan language, plosive consonants had no contrastive

voicing, so the Greek 'Γ' (Gamma) was adopted into the Etruscan
alphabet to represent /k/. Already in the Western Greek alphabet,
Gamma first took a ' ' form in Early Etruscan, then ' ' in Classical
Etruscan. In Latin it eventually took the ' ' form in Classical Latin.
In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters ' ' were used to
represent the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/ (which were not differentiated in
writing). Of these, ' ' was used to represent /k/ or /ɡ/ before a
rounded vowel, ' ' before ' ', and ' ' elsewhere.[3] During the 3rd
century BC, a modified character was introduced for /ɡ/, and ' '
itself was retained for /k/. The use of ' ' (and its variant ' ') replaced ‫ج‬
most usages of ' ' and ' '. Hence, in the classical period and after, ' ' Γγ
was treated as the equivalent of Greek gamma, and ' ' as the
equivalent of kappa; this shows in the romanization of Greek words, 𐌂
as in 'ΚΑΔΜΟΣ', 'ΚΥΡΟΣ', and 'ΦΩΚΙΣ' came into Latin as ' ', Cc
' ' and ' ', respectively.

Other alphabets have letters homoglyphic to 'c' but not analogous in Variations (See below)
use and derivation, like the Cyrillic letter Es (С, с) which derives Other
from the lunate sigma, named due to its resemblance to the crescent
Associated 3
moon.
numbers

Later use
When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, ⟨c⟩ represented only /k/, and
this value of the letter has been retained in loanwords to all the insular Celtic
languages: in Welsh,[4] Irish, Gaelic, ⟨c⟩ represents only /k/. The Old English Latin-
based writing system was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence ⟨c⟩ in C in copyright
Old English also originally represented /k/; the Modern English words kin, break, symbol
broken, thick, and seek all come from Old English words written with ⟨c⟩: cyn,
brecan, brocen, þicc, and séoc. However, during the course of the Old English period,
/k/ before front vowels (/e/ and /i/) were palatalized, having changed by the tenth century to [tʃ],
though ⟨c⟩ was still used, as in cir(i)ce, wrecc(e)a. On the continent, meanwhile, a similar phonetic
change had also been going on (for example, in Italian).

In Vulgar Latin, /k/ became palatalized to [tʃ] in Italy and Dalmatia; in France and the Iberian
peninsula, it became [ts]. Yet for these new sounds ⟨ ⟩ was still used before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. The
letter thus represented two distinct values. Subsequently, the Latin phoneme /kʷ/ (spelled ⟨ ⟩) de-
labialized to /k/ meaning that the various Romance languages had /k/ before front vowels. In addition,
Norman used the letter ⟨k⟩ so that the sound /k/ could be represented by either ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩, the latter of
which could represent either /k/ or /ts/ depending on whether it preceded a front vowel letter or not.
The convention of using both ⟨c⟩ and ⟨k⟩ was applied to the writing of English after the Norman
Conquest, causing a considerable re-spelling of the Old English words. Thus while Old English candel,
clif, corn, crop, cú, remained unchanged, Cent, cǣᵹ (cēᵹ), cyng, brece, sēoce, were now (without any
change of sound) spelled Kent, keȝ, kyng, breke, and seoke; even cniht ('knight') was subsequently
changed to kniht and þic ('thick') changed to thik or thikk. The Old English ⟨cw⟩ was also at length
displaced by the French ⟨qu⟩ so that the Old English cwēn ('queen') and cwic ('quick') became Middle
English quen and quik, respectively. The sound [tʃ], to which Old English palatalized /k/ had advanced,
also occurred in French, chiefly from Latin /k/ before ⟨a⟩. In French it was represented by the digraph
⟨ch⟩, as in champ (from Latin camp-um) and this spelling was introduced into English: the Hatton
Gospels, written c. 1160, have in Matt. i-iii, child, chyld, riche, mychel, for the cild, rice, mycel, of the Old
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English version whence they were copied. In these cases, the Old English ⟨c⟩ gave way to ⟨k⟩, ⟨qu⟩ and
⟨ch⟩; on the other hand, ⟨c⟩ in its new value of /ts/ appeared largely in French words like processiun,
emperice and grace, and was also substituted for ⟨ts⟩ in a few Old English words, as miltse, bletsien, in
early Middle English milce, blecien. By the end of the thirteenth century both in France and England,
this sound /ts/ de-affricated to /s/; and from that time ⟨c⟩ has represented /s/ before front vowels either
for etymological reasons, as in lance, cent, or to avoid the ambiguity due to the "etymological" use of ⟨s⟩
for /z/, as in ace, mice, once, pence, defence.

Thus, to show etymology, English spelling has advise, devise (instead of *advize, *devize), while advice,
device, dice, ice, mice, twice, etc., do not reflect etymology; example has extended this to hence, pence,
defence, etc., where there is no etymological reason for using ⟨c⟩. Former generations also wrote sence
for sense. Hence, today the Romance languages and English have a common feature inherited from
Vulgar Latin spelling conventions where ⟨c⟩ takes on either a "hard" or "soft" value depending on the
following letter.

Pronunciation and use

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Pronunciations of Cc
Most common pronunciation: /ts/
Language Dialect(s) Pronunciation (IPA) Environment Notes
Azeri /dʒ/
Berber /ʃ/ Latinization
Bukawa /ʔ/
/k/
Catalan
/s/ Before e, i
Crimean Tatar /dʒ/
Czech /ts/
/k/
English
/s/ Before e, i, y
Fijian /ð/
/k/
French
/s/ Before e, i, y
Fula /tʃ/
Hausa /tʃ/
Hungarian /ts/
Indonesian /tʃ/
/k/
Irish
/c/ Before e, i; or after i
/k/
Italian
/tʃ/ Before e, i
Kurdish Kurmanji /dʒ/
Latvian /ts/
Malay /tʃ/
Mandarin Standard /tɕʰ/ Pinyin latinization
Manding /tʃ/
Polish /ts/
/k/
Portuguese
/s/ Before e, i
/k/
Romanian
/tʃ/ Before e, i
/kʰ/
Scottish Gaelic
/kʰʲ/ Before e, i; or after i
Serbo-Croatian /ts/
Slovak /ts/

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Slovene /ts/
Somali /ʕ/
All /k/
Spanish European /θ/ Before e, i, y
American, Andalusian, Canarian /s/ Before e, i, y
Turkish /dʒ/
Welsh /k/
Xhosa /ǀ/
Yabem /ʔ/
Yup'ik /tʃ/
Zulu /ǀ/

English

In English orthography, ⟨c⟩ generally represents the "soft" value of /s/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ (including
the Latin-derived digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩, or the corresponding ligatures ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩), ⟨i⟩, and ⟨y⟩, and a
"hard" value of /k/ before any other letters or at the end of a word. However, there are a number of
exceptions in English: "soccer" and "Celt" are words that have /k/ where /s/ would be expected.

The "soft" ⟨c⟩ may represent the /ʃ/ sound in the digraph ⟨ci⟩ when this precedes a vowel, as in the words
'delicious' and 'appreciate', and also in the word "ocean" and its derivatives.

The digraph ⟨ch⟩ most commonly represents /tʃ/, but can also represent /k/ (mainly in words of Greek
origin) or /ʃ/ (mainly in words of French origin). For some dialects of English, it may also represent /x/
in words like loch, while other speakers pronounce the final sound as /k/. The trigraph ⟨tch⟩ always
represents /tʃ/.

The digraph ⟨ck⟩ is often used to represent the sound /k/ after short vowels, like "wicket".

C is the eleventh least frequently used letter in the English language (after G, Y, P, B, V, K, J, X, Q, and
Z), with a frequency of about 2.20% in words.

Other languages

In the Romance languages French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian and Portuguese, ⟨c⟩ generally has a
"hard" value of /k/ and a "soft" value whose pronunciation varies by language. In French, Portuguese,
Catalan and Spanish from Latin America and some places in Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ value is /s/ as it is in
English. In the Spanish spoken in most of Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ is a voiceless dental fricative /θ/. In Italian
and Romanian, the soft ⟨c⟩ is [t͡ʃ].

All Balto-Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet, as well as Albanian, Hungarian, Pashto, several
Sami languages, Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, and Americanist phonetic notation (and those aboriginal
languages of North America whose practical orthography derives from it) use ⟨c⟩ to represent /t͡s/, the
voiceless alveolar or voiceless dental sibilant affricate. In Hanyu Pinyin, the standard romanization of
Mandarin Chinese, the letter represents an aspirated version of this sound, /t͡sʰ/.

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Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet, ⟨c⟩ represents a variety of
sounds. Yup'ik, Indonesian, Malay, and a number of African languages such as Hausa, Fula, and
Manding share the soft Italian value of /t͡ʃ/. In Azeri, Crimean Tatar, Kurmanji Kurdish, and Turkish ⟨c⟩
stands for the voiced counterpart of this sound, the voiced postalveolar affricate /d͡ʒ/. In Yabem and
similar languages, such as Bukawa, ⟨c⟩ stands for a glottal stop /ʔ/. Xhosa and Zulu use this letter to
represent the click /ǀ/. In some other African languages, such as Berber languages, ⟨c⟩ is used for /ʃ/. In
Fijian, ⟨c⟩ stands for a voiced dental fricative /ð/, while in Somali it has the value of /ʕ/.

The letter ⟨c⟩ is also used as a transliteration of Cyrillic ⟨ц⟩ in the Latin forms of Serbian, Macedonian,
and sometimes Ukrainian, along with the digraph ⟨ts⟩.

Other systems

As a phonetic symbol, lowercase ⟨c⟩ is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and X-SAMPA symbol
for the voiceless palatal plosive, and capital ⟨C⟩ is the X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal fricative.

Digraphs

There are several common digraphs with ⟨c⟩, the most common being ⟨ch⟩, which in some languages
(such as German) is far more common than ⟨c⟩ alone. ⟨ch⟩ takes various values in other languages.

As in English, ⟨ck⟩, with the value /k/, is often used after short vowels in other Germanic languages such
as German and Swedish (other Germanic languages, such as Dutch and Norwegian, use ⟨kk⟩ instead).
The digraph ⟨cz⟩ is found in Polish and ⟨cs⟩ in Hungarian, both representing /t͡ʃ/. The digraph ⟨sc⟩
represents /ʃ/ in Old English, Italian, and a few languages related to Italian (where this only happens
before front vowels, while otherwise it represents /sk/). The trigraph ⟨sch⟩ represents /ʃ/ in German.

Related characters

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

𐤂 : Semitic letter Gimel, from which the following symbols originally derive
Γ γ : Greek letter Gamma, from which C derives
G g : Latin letter G, which is derived from Latin C
Phonetic alphabet symbols related to C:
ɕ : Small c with curl
ʗ : stretched C
ᶜ : Modifier letter small c[5]
ᶝ : Modifier letter small c with curl[5]
ᴄ : Small capital c is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.[6]
ꞔ : C with palatal hook, used for writing Mandarin Chinese using the early draft version of pinyin
romanization during the mid-1950s[7]

Add to C with diacritics

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C with diacritics: Ć ć Ĉ ĉ Č č Ċ ċ Ḉ ḉ Ƈ ƈ C̈ c̈ Ȼ ȼ Ç ç ꞔꞒꞓ

Ↄ ↄ : Claudian letters[8]

Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols

© : copyright symbol
℃ : degree Celsius
¢ : cent
₡ : colón (currency)
₢ : Brazilian cruzeiro (currency)
₵ : Ghana cedi (currency)
₠ : European Currency Unit CE
ℂ : double struck C
ℭ : blackletter C
Ꜿ ꜿ : Medieval abbreviation for Latin syllables con- and com-, Portuguese -us and -os[9]

Computing codes
Character information

Preview C c
Unicode name
Encodings decimal hex decimal hex
Unicode 67 U+0043 99 U+0063
UTF-8 67 43 99 63
Numeric character reference C C c c
EBCDIC family 195 C3 131 83

ASCII 1 67 43 99 63

1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of
encodings.

Other representations
NATO phonetic Morse code

Charlie ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄

Signal flag Flag semaphore American Braille dots-14

manual Unified
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alphabet (ASL English Braille

fingerspelling)

See also
Hard and soft C
Speed of light, c

References
1. "C" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International
Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "cee", op. cit.
2. Powell, Barry B. (27 Mar 2009). Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization (https://
books.google.com/books?id=PZ2Gr3d9X2UC&pg=PA182&dq=Gimel+shaped+like+a+camel%27s+n
eck#v=onepage). Wiley Blackwell. p. 182. ISBN 978-1405162562.
3. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin (https://books.google.com/
books?id=IeHmqKY2BqoC) (illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-19-
508345-8.
4. "Reading Middle Welsh -- 29 Medieval Spelling" (http://www.mit.edu/people/dfm/canol/chap29.html).
www.mit.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
5. Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the
UCS" (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf) (PDF).
6. Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS"
(https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf) (PDF).
7. West, Andrew; Chan, Eiso; Everson, Michael (2017-01-16). "L2/17-013: Proposal to encode three
uppercase Latin letters used in early Pinyin" (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17013-n4782-latin.p
df) (PDF).
8. Everson, Michael (2005-08-12). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (ht
tps://www.unicode.org/L2/L2005/05193r2-n2960r2-claudian.pdf) (PDF).
9. Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft,
Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). "L2/06-027: Proposal to
add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.p
df) (PDF).

External links
Media related to C at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of C at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of c at Wiktionary

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