2 HEALTHY LIVING

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LET’S BEGIN

1 Look at the people in the photo.

What are they doing?

What are they eating?

Do you eat any of these foods for breakfast?

2 Why is it important to have breakfast everyday?

3 Are these different breakfast menus healthy or unhealthy?

Why?

biscuits and chocolate milk natural yoghurt with oats

whole grain cereal with milk donuts with cream filling

4 Listen to the Healthy habits song. In your notebook,

write the words in the order you hear them.

hands exercising happy sleep laugh

5 Sing the song.

What do you know? Let’s find out!

Useful language
I think it’s important
because ...
Breakfast (helps) you ...

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21
 People who made a difference

Gertrude Elion
Listen, read and act out.

1 2
Gertrude became interested in science in But it was difficult to find work in science as
1933 when her grandfather died of cancer. a woman, especially in what she wanted to do.
What? Well at
least I’m working
in a lab ...

Please test
Have you decided the acidity of
Chemistry, so one
what you want to these pickles,
day I can find a
study at university? Miss Elion.
cure for cancer.

3 4
Later, she joined an important medical company In 1988, she won the Nobel Prize for creating medicine
and worked on new ways of creating medicine. for leukaemia, cancer, herpes, malaria and many more.

Accept this
award for all your
If we do it this way, Thank you. And I hope
Wow, you’re a fast contributions.
we can produce for more to come.
learner, aren’t you?
medicine that works!

1 Listen to a radio reporter talking about Gertrude Elion’s life and

write the correct answers in your notebook.

a Elion invented 25 / 45 / 23 different types of medicine.

b The drugs Elion invented included a drug for laryngitis / cancer / pneumonia.
c Elion was the first / fourth / fifth woman to join the National Inventors
Hall of Fame in the USA.

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 Work together

Looking after your teeth

Think first
Teeth are essential for eating and speaking clearly, so it is very
important to look after them. Eggshells are similar to teeth
because both are made up of calcium. You are going to test
the possible effects sugary and acidic drinks can have on your
teeth by putting eggs in the drinks for 24 hours. Think about
the following questions individually. Then discuss them as a
group. Take notes on your group’s answers.

a. What will coloured drinks make the eggs look like?

b. How will sugary and acidic drinks affect the eggshells?

Materials: three hard-boiled white eggs, three clear plastic cups,

water, orange-flavoured juice, fizzy drink, toothbrush, toothpaste.

Steps

1 Carefully put one egg into each plastic cup.

2 Pour the fizzy drink into the first cup, orange-flavoured juice
into the second cup and water into the third cup.

3 Put the cups together in a safe place and wait for 24 hours.

4 Take the eggs out of the cups. What do they look like? Record
your observations.

5 Brush the eggs carefully with the toothbrush and toothpaste.

What do they look like now? Record your observations.

Reflect
Revise your answers to the Think first questions. What
happened to the eggs after you brushed them? Did they
return to their normal colour? What do you think this
experiment shows you about your teeth and the different
liquids you drink?

Evaluate your cooperative learning.

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 Healthy eating How many food groups
are there?

An important way to stay healthy is to eat well. A balanced

diet consists of eating the correct amount from each food
group everyday.
1 2
1 Fruit and vegetables give you lots of vitamins
and minerals to keep you healthy. They are full
of antioxidants, which protect your cells and
fight off cancer. They also contain fibre, which
helps the digestive system stay healthy.

2 Bread, pasta, cereals, and potatoes contain

fibre and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide
your body with long-lasting energy.

3 Olive oil, seeds, avocados, and nuts contain

healthy fats and oils which can help lower 5
cholesterol and improve blood circulation. They 3
also provide lots of energy. 4

4 Meats, poultry, fish, eggs and pulses contain proteins 5 Dairy products contain protein and
which help your body build and repair muscles and calcium, which is good for healthy bones
organs. They also have iron, which helps your body and teeth.
transport oxygen.

What happens if you eat unhealthy food?

If you do not eat a balanced diet, your body can suffer. Eating
too much sugar can cause obesity and is bad for your teeth.
Having too much salt in your diet can give you high blood
pressure, which is bad for your heart.

1 Which food groups provide energy? 4 Listen to a nutritionist talking about

What do fibre and antioxidants do? breakfast. What does she say?

2 In pairs, find out ways you can • Breakfast gives you nutrients to grow.
reduce the amount of salt in your diet. • Breakfast makes you nervous in class.

• Breakfast helps you concentrate.

3 What can cause diabetes? What do
people with diabetes do to stay healthy? • Breakfast helps you get better test results.

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Healthy hygiene Why do you need to brush
your tongue?

Food and drinks with lots of sugar can harm your teeth. They
can produce a layer of plaque on your teeth. Plaque contains
bacteria which can create holes in your teeth called cavities.
Cavities and too much plaque can cause tooth decay.

How to prevent tooth decay

• Brush your teeth after every meal for two minutes.

• Brush the outside and inside of your teeth and your tongue!

• Use floss to clean in between your teeth.

• Visit your dentist regularly.

Now wash your hands!

Do you know you touch your face about three times every
minute? Now think about how often you touch a door, a pencil,
a classmate’s rubber, etc. Germs can be on all types of objects,
especially if they are used a lot. Germs are viruses and bacteria
and can make you ill. If you wash your hands regularly, you
can stop from spreading germs.

Hand-washing rules
1. Rub warm water and soap together on your hands. Clean the
backs of your hands, between your fingers and under your
fingernails too.

2. Wash the soap off with clean water.

3. Dry your hands with hot air or a clean towel.

1 Make a list of four things you do to 3 Listen to a doctor speaking about

look after your teeth. Compare your list hygiene. How else can you keep your
with a partner. body clean?

• put on .....   • clean your .....

2 Why is it important to have a bath
• cut your .....
or shower?

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 Healthy lifestyle What is stress?

You can make sure to have a healthier lifestyle by following

some basic rules.

Have a check-up
• Have a check-up with your family doctor every year.
• Take the correct amount of medicine the doctor prescribes.
Taking too much can cause serious health problems.
• Visit your dentist regularly.
• See an eye doctor. If necessary, they can help correct your
vision with glasses or contacts. Without them, you can harm
your eyes even more.

Sleep eight hours a night

• When you sleep, your body releases hormones. These
hormones repair cells, control the body’s use of energy and
regulate appetite.
• During sleep, your heart and breathing slow down. This is so
blood can go to the muscles to repair and grow tissues.
• If you do not sleep well, you could forget things, feel stressed,
angry, depressed, hungry or have difficulty concentrating.

Keep your room clean

An organised room can make you feel more relaxed and
improve your mood. Also, a room with fewer objects collects
less dust. Breathing in too much dust can cause problems in
the respiratory system. This is why it is important to Beat stress
regularly clean all the surfaces in your room. Try this breathing exercise to
calm you down and control
your emotions.
1 In which ways do regular check-ups keep you healthy? 1. Breathe in through your
nose for three seconds.
2 What happens to your body when you sleep? Why? 2. Hold your breath for two
seconds.
3 Why must people not take antibiotics very often?
3. Breathe out slowly through
4 With a partner, talk about how many hours of your mouth.
sleep you get each night. Say how often you have a 4. Wait another three
check-up and why it is important. seconds and repeat.

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Do some exercise
When you exercise, your brain produces endorphins.
Endorphins are chemicals which make you feel happy and less
stressed. Exercise is also very good for your body. It makes your
heart stronger and your circulatory system work better. But
remember, too much exercise can be just as bad as too little!

Get into some good habits

• Organise your free time. Make a list of the things you enjoy
doing and do them!
• Watching TV and playing computer games can be fun, but
make sure you keep your mind and body active. Go for a walk
with your friends, read a book or play outside.
• Avoid junk food and fast food. These are full of chemicals and
food additives which harm your body.
• Learn and tell your friends about the health problems tobacco,
alcohol and drugs can cause. Being healthy is fun and makes
you feel great!

5 How does exercise positively affect your body? Which Project tips
chemical does your brain produce during exercise?
Physical activities, such as
going on a nature hike, can
6 Listen to the TV commentator. Which athlete is she
improve your well-being.
talking about?
This is a state of both good
a b c physical and mental health.

Useful language
7 Think about activities you like doing in your free Why don’t we put ... on our
time. Talk to your partner and make a list of five different list?
activities together. Share your list with the class. That’s a good idea!

8 What are food additives and why are they used? I don’t agree, because ...
What types of physical reactions can they produce? The activities we’ve decided
What other substances in food are harmful? to put on our list are ...

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 Our world

You and I are the same

How empathetic are you?
Empathy is the ability to understand the experiences of other people
and to be sensitive to what they are feeling. Can you put your feet in
someone else’s shoes? Write the sentences in your notebook and choose
the option which best describes you. How empathetic will you be?
1. A classmate does not understand their 5. I see a classmate being bullied, so ...
classwork, so ... a. I walk away because I do not want to be
a. I ask the teacher to help them. bullied too.
b. I give them my book to copy. b. I go and tell a teacher.
c. I try to explain how to do it. c. I ask the bully to stop then comfort the
2. I see a horrible photo of a classmate and ... other person.
a. I laugh and show it to everyone. 6. I am busy with my own life and my own
b. I take it away so nobody else can see it. problems ...
c. I pass it to the next person. a. but I think positively and always try to
3. I meet someone for the first time and do not be kind.
think they are very nice, so ... b. but sometimes I stop and listen to other
a. I never talk to them again. people too.
b. I listen more and see what they are like. c. because my problems are really
c. I ask them questions to learn their story. important.

4. I see a friend who cannot carry a very

heavy bag ...
a. and I say sorry and that I think it is too
heavy for me.
b. and I keep walking because I am too
busy to stop.
c. and I walk over to them and say we can
try to carry the bag together.

Listen and check your answers. What is your score?

Empathy level:

6–9 Not very empathetic. You are more interested in yourself than in anyone else.

10–14 Quite empathetic. You sometimes think of other people’s feelings.

15–18 Very empathetic. You think about others and can understand what they are feeling.

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Free and equal

On 10 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly agreed

on a Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 1 says, “All
human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.”

On the inside, we are all the same

The children in the picture above look different, but this is just
on the outside. On the inside, these children are the same as Useful language
you: they each have a heart and brain, and they all have
feelings. Sometimes they get scared or nervous and others get If everyone was the same,
the world would be ...
happy or sad. Some are good at maths and others at sport.
These differences teach you about life and respecting one I would feel (bored).
another. Being different is fun and makes life more exciting!

1 Talk to your partner about the picture
above. What do you think all the
children have in common?
2 Tell your partner what you think
the world would be like if everyone was
the same. How would you feel?
3 Why should you respect others? Why
should others respect you?
4 “We are all equal in the fact that we
are all different.” Talk to your partner
about what this quote means.

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REVIEW

1 Copy and complete the table in your notebook.

drinking water playing computer games eating lots of salt

drinking fizzy drinks watching TV everyday getting check-ups
playing sports exercising three hours a day sleeping eight hours

healthy habits unhealthy habits

..... .....

2 Listen and write which habit from activity 1 the health specialist
is describing.

3 Write the name of missing food group or groups in your notebook.

a ..... provide you with antioxidants. c ..... provide you with energy.
b ..... provide you with fibre. d ..... provide you with calcium.

4 Look at the photos. Unjumble the letters and write the words
in your notebook.

a b c d

zyzif kinrd reeiscxe wehosr stla

5 Match and write sentences in your notebook about these health problems.
a Obesity
b Cavities • not washing your hands properly.
c The flu • not brushing your teeth properly.
can be caused by
d Plaque • not sleeping enough.
e Stress • a bad diet.
f Diabetes

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6 With a partner, say two reasons why you should ... Useful language
• wash your hands. • brush your teeth.
You should ... your ... so you
(don’t spread germs).
7 Read the text. Then copy and complete the sentences
in your notebook.

Many school children eat 1 ..... at school. Some take food from
home, like sandwiches and 2 ....., and others use the school
canteen. School lunches must include all the food 3  ....., for
example, fruit and 4 ....., dairy products (milk, 5 ..... or
cheese) and and food with carbohydrates, like rice and pasta.
There are many rules about how the food is cooked, how the
kitchen is cleaned and the 6 ..... of food which are served.

1 dinner / lunch / snacks 4 ice cream / apples / vegetables

2 fruit / toys / football 5 yoghurt / vitamins / bananas
3 families / groups / shops 6 unhealthy / good / types

Study skills

A report is a type of writing which examines information you

have investigated. To write a report, follow the tips below.
• Choose a topic you are interested in. This is
important!
• Find information from different places (the
internet, newspaper, scientific sources, etc.).
• Investigate different points of view
(interviews, statistics, etc.).
• Write an introduction to present your main
ideas.
• Use your research to write a body paragraph
for each main idea or argument.
• Summarise your main points in a conclusion.

What do you know now? Check your progress!

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TERM 1 Review

1 Listen and write the name of the body systems being

described.

2 Copy and complete the sentences in your notebook.

a You can stop the spread of ..... by covering your mouth when
you cough.
b Blood carrying oxygen enters the heart in the ..... atrium and
blood carrying carbon dioxide enters in the .....
c There are ..... types of blood vessel in the body and the .....
are the smallest ones.
d The small air sacs in the ..... are responsible for giving blood
oxygen. They are called .....
e Eating lots of salt is ..... for your heart.
f ..... last about nine months in humans.

3 In your notebook, write these sentences about pregnancy

in the correct order.

a The face begins to form. e The cells grow into an embryo.

b Organs begin to develop. f The baby is born.
c The sperm goes into an ovum. g The embryo grows into a foetus.

d It now has all its organs. h The mother’s pelvis expands.

4 Talk to your partner about the route of blood in the

heart and lungs. Include the:

• left and right ventricle • capillaries

• left and right atrium • lungs
• veins • arteries

5 Match and copy the correct sentences in your notebook.

a Antioxidants protect ... 1 ... keep your teeth and bones healthy.
b Iron helps ... 2 ... your cells and fight off cancer.
c Fibre helps ... 3 ... keep your digestive system healthy.
d Calcium helps ... 4 ... your body receive oxygen.

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6 Write the food group of these foods in your notebook.

a b c d

7 Talk to your partner about these habits. Say which

Useful language
ones you have and if they are healthy or unhealthy.
I do / don’t
doing exercise washing your clothes playing computer games (eat sweets).
eating breakfast eating sweets sleeping for eight hours (Eating sweets) is ...

Team test

1 Get into teams. Take turns guessing what the other team
is talking about.

Team 1 Team 2

1 T
 hese blood vessels carry blood to the 1 W
 hen you breathe in, your diaphragm
heart. does this.
2 T
 his chemical is produced when you 2 T
 his food group gives your body
exercise and makes you happy. long-lasting energy.
3 T
 his is where blood exchanges carbon 3 T
 hese are the main parts of the
dioxide and oxygen. respiratory system.
4 T
 his contains bacteria on your teeth 4 T
 his has four chambers and contracts
and causes tooth decay. about 70 times a minute.
5 T
 his food group builds and repairs 5 E
 ating too much sugar and not
your muscles. exercising can cause this.
6 T
 hese are the main parts of the 6 Y
 our heart and your breathing slow
female reproductive system. down when you do this.

2 Listen and check your answers.

3 Write two more definitions and test the other team.

Check your
progress!

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PROJECT Centre for well-being

Your local health committee wants the community to be healthier

and happier, so they want to build a centre for well-being. First,
they want to hear your ideas about which facilities to include in the
centre and why. Create a proposal and say which facilities you want
the centre to have and how each one benefits your well-being.
Then you will present your proposal to the health committee. Are
you ready? Let’s start!

1 Choose four different facilities you want for the new

centre of well-being. You can choose from the box.

health food market gym yoga studio outdoor activity areas doctor’s office
massage centre pool playground spaces for indoor sports cooking classes

Before you start, it is important to find out what you already know about health and well-being.

2 Answer the following questions in your notebook.

a What is a balanced diet? d Why is sleep so important?
b What is stress and how can you avoid it? e Why do you need to have regular check-ups?
c Which foods give you energy? Which help f What are the benefits of exercise?
you repair muscles?

3 Look at the photos. Which healthy habits can replace these unhealthy ones?

a b c d

Have you got a team? What are you waiting for?! Get together in groups of four.

4 Decide on the roles in your group.

coordinator secretary spokesperson materials manager

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 5 Choose how you want to present your proposal with
your group. Think of what you will need. Here are some
ideas.

short video presentation audio file leaflet

• tablet • computer • voice actors • paper

materials • actors • digital images • sound effects • photos
• fancy clothes • video clips • tablet • pens and glue

You can use many different sources to research your project: Units 1 and 2 from this book,
magazines, blogs, TV documentaries, or by asking your teacher, your family or your doctor.

6 Look at these questions individually. Do research and write

down the answers in your notebook.
a Which health benefits do the facilities have? e Do the facilities need a lot of space?

b Are they for all ages?
c What equipment do the facilities need?
d Must users bring any special equipment?
f Are the facilities expensive? Do they need
employees?
g Is there a limit to how many times you can
use the facilities a week? Why?

7 Share your individual findings with the group and

decide on what information to use in your presentation.
Is there any other information you need? Remember to
make a checklist of the things you need to include in your Useful language
project. The health benefits are ...
The facilities need ...
Your team will now show its most creative side!
You must bring ...
I found out that ... is / isn’t
8 Now it is time to create the presentation of your proposal. expensive because ...
Remember that each member of the team has to take part. You can only go (once) a
week.
9 Present your proposal to the class.

Evaluate your project.

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