VISUALISASI

TEMATIK
Judgment is inevitable when
making maps
 All maps involve decision-making process
 There is no “natural” way to draw a map
 Maps are not reflections of reality but
selections of reality
 Maps can be analyzed and critiqued just like
literature to determine what the cartographer
believed and thought about the world, and
his/her values, beliefs, objectives, etc.
Who might have made this map and why?
Thematic Maps
 Thematic maps represent one or two
variables (population, ethnicity, income,
language, religion, etc.) in map form
 The “language” of thematic maps is quite
varied, and involves the use of color, shape,
pattern, light and dark, etc.
 Thematic maps serve two main purposes:
 Analysis of data
 Presentation of data
Map with pie chart callouts

What are the

strengths and
weaknesses of
this cartographic
language?
Choropleth map

What are the

strengths and
weaknesses of a
choropleth map?
 Cartogram and choropleth

A cartogram is a
boundary map in
which the areas
are distorted
systematically:
every partition’s
area shows its
value for a
particular variable
Isoline map of population

Why use an isoline map for population rather than a choropleth map?
 Proportional Symbol Map
(Graduated Symbol)
 Created by scaling symbols in
proportion to the magnitude of
data occurring at point
locations
 Three different representations
of point features
 True points- specified xyz such
as a ground water, well, or
other stream sampling location
 Conceptual points- points set at
the center of enumeration units
of where the phenomena
occurred
 Off set points- points that are
geographically off set from
their true location
 Medical data
 Katrina statistics
 Proportional Symbol Map
(Graduated Symbol)

 Proportional symbol maps are generally used

to display raw totals
 Provides useful complement when compared
choropleth maps
 Importance of raw totals- proportion or rate
might not be meaningful if there is not also a high
raw total
 Isopleth Map
(contour map)

 Created by interpolating a
set of isolines between
sample points of known
values
 Most common: temperature /
air pressure / elevation
 Works well with continuous
data
 This method might be more
representative than the
choropleth
 In this example, using county
level data produces
questionable results
 Dot Mapping
 One dot is set equal
to a certain amount of
a phenomenon
 Dots are placed most
likely where the
phenomenon occurs
 The dot density map
most clearly represents
the distribution in
Kansas
Choropleth maps
From A to Z
Choropleth maps
 Tremendously common and useful
 Use some existing system of boundaries
(countries, states, counties, voting districts,
etc.)
 Group data into 2 or more levels or classes
using slicing values
 Show spatial variation of one or two variables
at a time by using color, shades of grey
and/or patterns
 Choropleth Maps
 Commonly used to portray data
collected from enumeration units
(e.g., counties, zip code area)
 Color is assigned to each class
 Appropriate for displaying data that
has sharp abrupt boundaries
 Two major limitations
 (1) Do not portray the variation found
within the enumeration unit
 (2) Boundaries of enumeration units
are arbitrary (paksaan), making them
unlikely to be associated with major
discontinuities in the actual
phenomenon
Percent of Population White
Percent of Population White

Variasi data lebih terlihat

dibanding peta sebelumnya
How can such different looking
maps show the same variable?
 Cartographic reasons
 Different slicing values
 Different levels of spatial aggregation
 Geographical reasons
 Uneven distribution of minorities at the state scale
as well as at the national scale
 Concentration of minorities in cities, particularly in
northern states
Different ways of “slicing”
data
 The Data {42, 50, 55, 57, 61, 77, 79, 97}

 Equal interval
 Three classes based on range 40 to 100
 {42, 50, 55, 57} {61, 77, 79} {97}

 Quantile
 Quartiles (lowest 1/4 of observations, next 1/4, …)
 {42, 50} {55, 57} {61, 77} {79, 97}
Different ways of “slicing”
data
 Natural breaks
Menurunkan variasi dalam
 {428505552574616772791897}
kelas, memaksimalkan
 {42} {50, 55, 57, 61} {77, 79} {97} variasi antar kelas

 Standard deviations -2 32.79517

 Mean = 64.75, Std. Dev. = 15.977 -1 48.77259
mean 64.75
 {42} {50, 55, 57, 61} {77, 79} {97}
1 80.72741
2 96.70483
Natural Breaks
Equal Interval
Quantiles (quantiles based on division into 5
classes)
 Which map would be
preferred by each of
the following users?

• A scientist studying
the relationship
between ethnicity and
poverty
• A spokesman for the
Georgia branch of a
charitable assistance
association targeting
minorities
 Nebraska 87.3
Nevada 65.2
Percent of total
population; White New Hampshire 95.1
Geography New Jersey 66
alone, not Hispanic or
Latino New Mexico 44.7
Alabama 70.3 New York 62
Alaska 67.6 North Carolina 70.2
Arizona 63.8 North Dakota 91.7
Arkansas 78.6 Ohio 84
California 46.7 Oklahoma 74.1
Colorado 74.5 Oregon 83.5
Connecticut 77.5 Pennsylvania 84.1
Delaware 72.5 Rhode Island 81.9
District of Columbia 27.8 South Carolina 66.1
Florida 65.4 South Dakota 88
Georgia 62.6 Tennessee 79.2
Hawaii 22.9 Texas 52.4
Idaho 88 Utah 85.3
Illinois 67.8 Vermont 96.2
Indiana 85.8 Virginia 70.2
Iowa 92.6 Washington 78.9
Kansas 83.1 West Virginia 94.6
Kentucky 89.3 Wisconsin 87.3
Louisiana 62.5 Wyoming 88.9
Maine 96.5 Puerto Rico 0.9
Maryland 62.1
Massachusetts 81.9
Michigan 78.6
Minnesota 88.2 • Not very useful this way
Mississippi 60.7
Missouri 83.8 • Generally it helps to re-order the
Montana 89.5
Nebraska 87.3
data
Nevada 65.2
New Hampshire 95.1
New Jersey 66
New Mexico 44.7
 Colorado 74.5
Connecticut 77.5
Percent of total Arkansas 78.6
population; White Michigan 78.6
Geography
alone, not Hispanic or Washington 78.9
Latino Tennessee 79.2
Puerto Rico 0.9 Massachusetts 81.9
Hawaii 22.9 Rhode Island 81.9
District of Columbia 27.8 Kansas 83.1
New Mexico 44.7 Oregon 83.5
California 46.7 Missouri 83.8
Texas 52.4 Ohio 84
Mississippi 60.7 Pennsylvania 84.1
New York 62 Utah 85.3
Maryland 62.1 Indiana 85.8
Louisiana 62.5 Nebraska 87.3
Georgia 62.6 Wisconsin 87.3
Arizona 63.8 Idaho 88
Nevada 65.2 South Dakota 88
Florida 65.4 Minnesota 88.2
New Jersey 66 Wyoming 88.9
South Carolina 66.1 Kentucky 89.3
Alaska 67.6 Montana 89.5
Illinois 67.8 North Dakota 91.7
North Carolina 70.2 Iowa 92.6
Virginia 70.2 West Virginia 94.6
Alabama 70.3 New Hampshire 95.1
Delaware 72.5 Vermont 96.2
Oklahoma 74.1 Maine 96.5
Colorado 74.5
Connecticut 77.5
Arkansas 78.6
Michigan 78.6
Washington 78.9
Tennessee 79.2
Massachusetts 81.9
Rhode Island 81.9
Kansas 83.1
 21 Alabama 70.3
22 Delaware 72.5
23 Oklahoma 74.1

Percent of total quantiles: what is 52 ÷ 4 ?

24 Colorado 74.5
25 Connecticut 77.5
population; White
Geography 26 Arkansas 78.6
alone, not Hispanic or
Latino 27 Michigan 78.6
1 Puerto Rico 0.9 28 Washington 78.9
2 Hawaii 22.9 29 Tennessee 79.2
3 District of Columbia 27.8 30 Massachusetts 81.9
4 New Mexico 44.7 31 Rhode Island 81.9
5 California 46.7 32 Kansas 83.1
6 Texas 52.4 33 Oregon 83.5
7 Mississippi 60.7 34 Missouri 83.8
8 New York 62 35 Ohio 84
9 Maryland 62.1 36 Pennsylvania 84.1
10 Louisiana 62.5 37 Utah 85.3
11 Georgia 62.6 38 Indiana 85.8
12 Arizona 63.8 39 Nebraska 87.3
13 Nevada 65.2 40 Wisconsin 87.3
14 Florida 65.4 41 Idaho 88
15 New Jersey 66 42 South Dakota 88
16 South Carolina 66.1 43 Minnesota 88.2
17 Alaska 67.6 44 Wyoming 88.9
18 Illinois 67.8 45 Kentucky 89.3
19 North Carolina 70.2 46 Montana 89.5
20 Virginia 70.2 47 North Dakota 91.7
21 Alabama 70.3 48 Iowa 92.6
22 Delaware 72.5 49 West Virginia 94.6
23 Oklahoma 74.1 50 New Hampshire 95.1
24 Colorado 74.5 51 Vermont 96.2
25 Connecticut 77.5 52 Maine 96.5
26 Arkansas 78.6
27 Michigan 78.6
28 Washington 78.9
29
What if you wanted to use quintiles?
Tennessee 79.2
30 Massachusetts 81.9
 Illinois 67.8 0.2
North Carolina 70.2 2.4
Virginia 70.2 0

How informative would “natural breaks” Alabama

Delaware
70.3
72.5
0.1
2.2
Oklahoma 74.1 1.6
be in this case? Colorado
Connecticut
74.5
77.5
0.4
3
Arkansas 78.6 1.1
Percent of total
Michigan 78.6 0
population; White
Geography Washington 78.9 0.3
alone, not Hispanic or
Latino difference Tennessee 79.2 0.3
Puerto Rico 0.9 Massachusetts 81.9 2.7
Hawaii 22.9 22 Rhode Island 81.9 0
District of Columbia 27.8 4.9 Kansas 83.1 1.2
New Mexico 44.7 16.9 Oregon 83.5 0.4
California 46.7 2 Missouri 83.8 0.3
Texas 52.4 5.7 Ohio 84 0.2
Mississippi 60.7 8.3 Pennsylvania 84.1 0.1
New York 62 1.3 Utah 85.3 1.2
Maryland 62.1 0.1 Indiana 85.8 0.5
Louisiana 62.5 0.4 Nebraska 87.3 1.5
Georgia 62.6 0.1 Wisconsin 87.3 0
Arizona 63.8 1.2 Idaho 88 0.7
Nevada 65.2 1.4 South Dakota 88 0
Florida 65.4 0.2 Minnesota 88.2 0.2
New Jersey 66 0.6 Wyoming 88.9 0.7
South Carolina 66.1 0.1 Kentucky 89.3 0.4
Alaska 67.6 1.5 Montana 89.5 0.2
Illinois 67.8 0.2 North Dakota 91.7 2.2
North Carolina 70.2 2.4 Iowa 92.6 0.9
Virginia 70.2 0 West Virginia 94.6 2
Alabama 70.3 0.1 New Hampshire 95.1 0.5
Delaware 72.5 2.2 Vermont 96.2 1.1
Oklahoma 74.1 1.6 Maine 96.5 0.3
Colorado 74.5 0.4
Connecticut 77.5 3
Problems with choropleth
maps
 Make it easy to slant data to suit the
cartographer’s purpose (by adjusting the
slicing values)
 Create the illusion of rapid breaks whereas
data varies continuously and gradually in the
real world
 Allow small areas (like major cities) to
overwhelm the data of large regions (like
states)
Mapping inequality in Africa
 Mapping economic inequality
 Variable used: GINI index
 No
. Country Gini(%)
1 Algeria 35.33
2 Botswana 66.7
3 Burkina Faso 46.85
4 Burundi 42.39
5 Cameroon 46.82
6 Central african republic 61.33 17 Mauritania 37.71

7 Côte d'Ivoire 36.68 18 Morocco 39.46

8 Egypt 30.33 19 Mozambique 39.61

9 Ethiopia 39.96 20 Namibia 74.33

10 Gambia 50.23 21 Niger 50.61

11 Ghana 39.55 22 Nigeria 50.56

12 Kenya 44.93 23 Rwanda 28.9

13 Lesotho 63.13 24 Senegal 41.28

14 Madagascar 38.11 25 Sierra leone 62.87

15 Malawi 50.31 26 South africa 56.59

16 Mali 50.5 27 Swaziland 60.65

28 Tanzania 59.01
29 Tunisia 41.66
GINI index measures economic 30 Uganda 37.4
inequality in a society 31 Zambia 53.8
32 Zimbabwe 50.12
100% = completely unequal
0% = completely equal
 Gini(%) Gini(%)
28.9 28.9
Can you identify 30.33
35.33
30.33
35.33
36.68 36.68
the classification 37.4 37.4
37.71 37.71
schemes? 38.11
38.11
39.46
39.46
39.55 39.55
39.61 39.61
39.96 39.96
41.28 41.28
41.66 41.66
Equal 42.39 42.39
Interval 44.93 44.93 Quantiles
46.82 46.82
28-37.99 46.85 (Quartiles)
46.85
38-47.99 50.12 50.12 32 entries ÷ 4 = 8
50.23 50.23

48-57.99
50.31 50.31 4 groups of 8
50.5 50.5
50.56 50.56
58-67.99 50.61 50.61
53.8 53.8
68-77.99 56.59
56.59
59.01 59.01
60.65 60.65
61.33 61.33
62.87 62.87
63.13 63.13
66.7 66.7
74.33
74.33
 Gini(%) Gini(%)
28.9 28.9
Can you identify 30.33
35.33
30.33
35.33
36.68 36.68
an observation 37.4 37.4
37.71 37.71
that “jumps” two 38.11
38.11
39.46
classifications? 39.46
39.55 39.55
39.61 39.61
39.96 39.96
41.28 41.28
41.66 41.66
42.39 42.39
44.93 44.93
46.82 46.82
46.85
46.85
50.12 50.12
50.23 50.23
50.31 50.31
50.5 50.5
50.56 50.56
50.61 50.61
53.8 53.8
56.59
56.59
59.01 59.01
60.65 60.65
61.33 61.33
62.87 62.87
63.13 63.13
66.7 66.7
74.33
74.33
 Gini(%) Gini(%)
28.9 28.9
30.33 30.33
Can you think of a 35.33 35.33
36.68 36.68
scenario with: 37.4
37.71
37.4
37.71
38.11
• Two different map 38.11 39.46
39.46
users (think in terms of 39.55 39.55
organizations and 39.61 39.61
39.96 39.96
professionals) 41.28 41.28
41.66 41.66
• Opposite judgments of 42.39 42.39
44.93 44.93
what is the “best” map 46.82 46.82
46.85
for their purposes? 46.85
50.12 50.12
50.23 50.23
50.31 50.31
50.5 50.5
50.56 50.56
50.61 50.61
53.8 53.8
South Africa 56.59
56.59 South Africa
59.01 59.01
60.65 60.65
61.33 61.33
62.87 62.87
63.13 63.13
66.7 66.7
74.33
74.33
What would you guess…

Source: Wikimedia commons

 Process Maps
How can you map a process?
Map with pie chart callouts

To see the process

(growing American
dominance in the
movie theater) you
have to visually
compare each pair
of pies
Expansion of the EU

To see the
process
(expansion of the
EU) you have to
know what color
comes first,
second, third, etc.
Religious diffusion

To see the
process (religious
diffusion) you
must follow the
arrows
Mei-Po Kwan

To see the process

(human movement)
you must follow the
time-space path
from the bottom of
the lower blue line to
the top of the upper
blue line
Mei-Po Kwan
Charles Joseph Minard’s map of the disastrous
Napoleonic campaign in Russia (1812)