Republic of the Philippines

RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Iba, Zambales

GRADUATE SCHOOL
2nd Semester 2019-2020

Name: RODISON FERNANDEZ

Course: MaEd Science
Emailadd: rodison.fernandez@deped.gov.ph
Subject: CHEMISTRY
Elements
CHAPTER 4: ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
Definition of an element
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by any
ordinary chemical process.

Properties of elements
 Elements constitute the building blocks of all known substances. An element is made up of its
own types of atoms and each element has a name and a chemical symbol. 118 elements are
known to scientists, out of which 94 elements are naturally found on Earth, while the remaining
24 are artificially made elements.
Examples and uses of some common elements
The table below summarises the symbols, nature, appearance, physical states as well as the uses of
some common elements:

METALLIC PHYSICAL
ELEMENT SYMBOL APPEARAN US
NATURE STATE
CE ES

Aluminium Al metal grey, shiny solid To make aircraft

Bromine Br non-metal reddish, brown liquid In flame retardants

Carbon C non-metal black solid To make steel

Chlorine Cl non-metal yellowish-green gas To kill germs in water

reddish-
Copper Cu metal solid To make water pipes
brown,
shiny
golden, shiny
Gold Au metal solid To make jewelry

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Note: The Swedish scientist Berzelius proposed that chemical symbols be based on the Latin names of
some elements like Potassium (K), sodium (Na), etc.

Classification of elements
As solids, liquids and gases
Elements can be classified as solids, liquids or gases. For example, iron and carbon are solids. Mercury
and bromine are liquids. Oxygen and nitrogen are gases.

As metals and non-metals

METALLIC PHYSICAL
ELEMENT SYMBOL APPEARANCE USES
NATURE STATE

Helium He non-metal colourless gas In airships and balloons

Hydrogen H non-metal colourless gas As a fuel in space shuttles

To make ships, bridges and

Iron Fe metal grey, shiny solid
buildings
Used in outdoor emergency
Magnesium Mg metal grey, shiny solid
fires
To make thermometers and
Mercury Hg metal silvery, shiny liquid
barometers
Nitrogen N non-metal colourless gas To make fertilisers

Used in hospitals for

Oxygen O non-metal colourless gas
breathing
Used to make parts for
Silicon Si non-metal grey solid
electronic equipment
Silver Ag metal grey, shiny solid Used in jewellery

Sodium Na metal grey, shiny solid Used in some street lighting

Sulphur or To make sulfuric acid,

S non-metal yellow solid
Sulfur which is used in car batteries

Tin Sn Metal grey, shiny solid To coat steel food cans

Zinc Zn metal grey, shiny solid To make dry cells

They can also be classified as metals and non-metals. Examples of metals or metallic elements are iron,
mercury, copper, gold, aluminium, etc. Examples of non-metals or non-metallic elements are carbon,
sulfur, bromine, chlorine, oxygen, etc.
In a table called the Periodic Table
Similar elements can also be grouped together in a table called the Periodic Table. The vertical columns
in a Periodic Table are called ‘Groups’. The horizontal rows in the Periodic Table are called
‘periods’. Metals are found on the left, while non-metals are found on the extreme right Group of the
Periodic Table.
 Periodic Table of the Elements
Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Transition Metals
hydrogen Other Metals C
solid Br
liquid He
gas Tc
synthetic helium
1 2
Nonmetals
H Noble Gases He
1.00794 4.002602
lithium beryllium
Lanthanoids element name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 Actinoids key atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be symbol B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012182 atomic mass 10.811 12.0107 14.00674 15.9994 18.9984 20.1797
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.98977 24.3050 26.981538 28.0855 30.97376 32.065 35.453 39.984
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.0983 40.078 44.95591 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.93805 55.845 58.9332 58.6934 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.798
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.4678 87.62 88.90585 91.225 92.90638 95.94 [98] 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.9045 131.293
caesium barium lutetium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.90545 137.327 174.967 178.49 180.9479 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.078 196.96655 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.980 [209] [210] [222]
francium radium lawrencium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium ununbium ununquadium
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114
Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uuq
[223] [226] [262] [261] [262] [266] [264] [269] [268] [271] [272] [285] [289]

lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
138.9055 140.116 140.90765 144.24 [145] 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.9253 162.50 164.930 167.259 168.934 173.04
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
[227] 232.038 231.0359 238.0289 [237] [244] [243] [247] [247] [251] [252] [257] [258] [259]

© 1995-2020 Dushan [δβ] BOODHENA

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 Metals Non-Metals

Shiny appearance when pure Dull appearance (most non-metals)

Good conductors of heat Poor conductors of heat

Good electrical conductors Poor electrical conductors (except graphite)

They are malleable and ductile They are usually brittle

They are solids under room conditions (except They are solids or gases under room conditions
mercury) (except bromine)
Acids and neutral compounds are obtained from
Bases and alkalis are obtained from metals
non-metals
Experiment: Observing some metallic elements.
Experiment: Observing some non-metallic elements.

Comparing the properties of metals and non-metals

Compounds
Definition of a compound
A compound is a pure substance, which contains two or more elements chemically combined together.

Properties of compounds
 A compound is made up of more than one type of atoms and each compound has a name and a
chemical formula. For example, water is a compound containing two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen chemically combined together and it has formula H 2O. Carbon dioxide is another
compound having formula CO2; it contains one carbon atom chemically combined to two oxygen
atoms.
 When compounds are formed, energy is either given out or absorbed.
 A compound does not retain the properties of the elements it contains. Magnesium is a metallic
element and it appears as a grey shiny solid. Oxygen is a non-metallic element and it appears as a
colourless gas. When magnesium is burned in the oxygen of the air, a chemical reaction occurs
and a new substance is formed. This new substance, which is different from magnesium and
oxygen, appears as a white powder and is given the name magnesium oxide.
 Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances using heat (thermal decomposition) or
electricity (electrolysis). If we melt the white solid magnesium oxide and then pass an electric
current through it, we can get back the magnesium and the oxygen gas.

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Experiment: To demonstrate some common laboratory compounds.
Experiment: To show the formation of the compound magnesium oxide from its elements.
Experiment: To show that a compound can be broken down using electricity.

Mixtures
Experiment: To prepare and separate a mixture of iron filings and sulfur powder. Experiment:
Using decantation to separate and mixture of sand and water.
Experiment: Using filtration to separate clear water from muddy water.

 A mixture is an impure substance containing two or more elements or compounds which are not
chemically combined together. The elements or compounds present in the mixture may vary in
proportion, yet it will still be a mixture.
 A mixture retains the original properties of each element or compound present in it. For
example, air, which is a mixture of gases, will allow things to burn in it because it contains
oxygen. Air will also turn limewater milky because it contains carbon dioxide.
 When a mixture is prepared no heat or light energy is given out or absorbed.
 Examples of common mixtures are air (containing nitrogen, oxygen, rare gases, etc.), seawater
(containing water, sodium chloride, etc.), petroleum (containing bitumen, oils, fuels, etc.), soap,
beer, etc.
 The elements or compounds present in a mixture can be removed or separated by physical
means like decantation, filtration, magnetic separation, etc.
Comparing elements, compounds and mixtures
The table below summarizes the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures:
Element Compound Mixture
Impure substance in which
Pure substance in which
components (elements and/or
elements in it are
Purity Pure compounds) are mixed
combined in a fixed
substance. in varying proportions.
ratio.
Specific Specific melting and Have a range of melting and
Melting and
melting and boiling points for a boiling
boiling points
boiling point given compound. points.
for a
given element.
Elements have a Compounds have a
Mixtures do not have a specific
chemical name name and a formula,
Naming and naming system nor a specific
and a symbol, for example, water
shorthand shorthand notation.
for example, (H2O) and carbon
notation
hydrogen (H) dioxide (CO2).
and zinc
(Zn).
Can be easily separated into its
Can be broken down by
components by physical means
Cannot be thermal decomposition,
Breaking like filtration, distillation,
broken electrolysis or by other
down or chromatography, etc.
down by chemical means.
separation
chemical
means.
All metals and Water (H2O), carbon
Air, tap water, blood, etc.
Examples non- metals in dioxide (CO2), kitchen
the Periodic salt (NaCl), etc.
table.