Discussion

• In the experiment we know that the speed control is achieved by

inserting a resistance Rc in the armature circuit of a shunt or series
motor as illustrated in the figure below.

• In a shunt, the field winding is connected directly across the full-line

voltage. The additional resistance in the armature circuit decreases
the back emf in the motor for any desired armature current.

• Since the flux in the motor is constant and the torque depends
upon the armature current, the decrease in the back emf forces a
drop in the motor speed.

• Any increase in the value of the control resistance Rc decreases the

speed of the motor.

The control method, therefore, is suitable to operate the motor at a speed

lower than its rated speed while delivering the same torque

• The disadvantages of this method of speed control are the

following:

– A considerable power loss in the control resistance R

– A loss in the efficiency of the motor

– Poor speed regulation for the shunt and the compound

motors

• The armature resistance control method is essentially based upon

the reduction in the applied voltage across the armature terminals
of a dc motor.

• Therefore, it should be possible to control the speed of a dc motor

by simply connecting its armature to a variable voltage source. This
method of speed control is known as the Ward-Leonard method
a) The use of variable resistor, also known as a regulator
of fields,the series with a shunt coil, can be
used only to compound andshunt motors. Because the more current flows
through the armatureand the increased torque that accelerates to enable
the armatureemf generated is equal to the applied voltage. With this
method,the rate may dinaikkankepada three or four times the value of the
full excitation, but the rate can not be reduced below the value
of aplace setting tersebut.bagi rate is approximately maintained at a
constant value of between zero and full load.

b) The use of resistors, known as a controller, in series with

thearmature. Installation of an electrical controller is similar to the
installation of the controller is the originator bezanyer resistors are
designed to carry continuous armature
current while the starter isdesigned to bring arustersebut for only a
short period it shall be noexcessive heat
Conclusion

As the DC motor starts to turn, the interaction of the magnetic fields inside
it causes it to generatea voltage internally.  This "back voltage" opposes the
applied voltage and the current that flows is governed by the difference
between the two.  So, as the motor speeds up, the internally generated
voltage rises, the effective voltage falls, less current is forced through the
motor and thus the torque falls.  The motor naturally stops accelerating
when the drag of the train matches the torque produced by the motors. To
continue accelerating the train, resistors are switched out in steps, each
step increasing the effective voltage and thus the current and torque for a
little bit longer until the motor catches up. This can be heard and felt in
older DC trains as a series of clunks under the floor, each accompanied by a
jerk of acceleration as the torque suddenly increases in response to the
new surge of current. When no resistor is left in the circuit, the full line
voltage is applied directly to the motor. The train's speed remains constant
at the point where the torque of the motor, governed by the effective
voltage, equals the drag - sometimes referred to as balancing speed.  If the
train starts to climb a grade, the speed reduces because drag is greater
than torque.  But the reduction in speed causes the back voltage to decline
and thus the effective voltage rises - until the current forced through the
motor produces enough torque to match the new drag.

On an electric train, the driver originally had to

control the cutting out of resistance manually but, by the beginning of the
First World War in 1914, automatic acceleration was being used in the UK
on multiple-unit trains.  This was achieved by an accelerating relay (often
called a "notching relay") in the motor circuit (see next diagram below)
which monitored the fall of current as each step of resistance was cut out. 
All the driver had to do was select low, medium or full speed (called
"shunt", "series" and "parallel" from the way the motors were connected in
the resistance circuit) and the equipment would do the rest.