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1. illocutionary Act
2. Locutionary Act
3. Perlocutionary Act
iIlocutionary acts are the real actions
which are performed by the
utterance. We form an utterance with
some kind of function in mind. This
communicative force of an utterance
is known as illocutionary force.
(Intention/desire of the speaker)
Locutionary act is the basic act of
utterance, or producing a meaningful
linguistic expressions.
We can say performing an act of
saying something or physical
utterances of words.
Perlocutionary act is the effect
produced on the listner when they
listen a locutionary act or this is the
hears response.
Desire Effect
Illocution Physical perlocution
utterences
locution
This theory was further classified by
John Searle. He states that the
taxonomy used by Austin is
defective, especially in its lack of
clear criteria for distinguishing one
kind of illocutionary force from
another.
Searle divides illocutionary acts into
five basic types.
1. Directive
2. Commissive
3. Representative/Assertive
4. Declarative
5. Expressive
It is conversation between 1st and 2nd
person here the speaker tries to
make the hearer do something, with
such words as: ask, order, command,
request, beg, plead, pray, entreat,
invite, permit, advise, demand etc.
Ex: Give me your pen.
Leave the town immediately.
Here the speaker commits himself or
herself to the future course of action,
with verbs such as: guarantee,
promise, swear, refuse, threating etc.
Ex: I will repay the money.
I swear to tell the truth.
Here the speaker asserts a
proposition to be true, using such
verbs as: affirm, believe, conclude,
deny, report, state. etc
Ex: The earth is round.
I think, he is saying the truth.
Here the speaker alters the external
status or condition of an object,
situation or context solely by making
the utterance.
Ex: Class dismissed.
You are fired.
We find defendant not guilty.
Here the speaker expresses an
attitude to or about a state of affairs,
using such verbs as: thanks,
congratulate, apologize, praise etc.
Ex: I am sorry for being late.
What a great day!
Congratulation!