Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4 Pre-Requisite -NIL
5 Credit Value 3
6 Learning Outcomes
After completing this syllabus, student should able to :
• Analyses factors and situation that contribute to the overall investment decision
making of a company
• Apply basic technical tools for project and determine its minimum required rate
of return on investment
• Identify the processes and techniques of expansion through mergers and
acquisition
• Pre-empt financial distress symptoms and recommend appropriate ways of
overcoming them
7 Synopsis
This course focuses on the decision making process that a company usually adopt
before accepting any projects which are in line with the company objectives of
maximizing shareholder wealth. Greater emphasis is given on the determination
relevant cash flows from a project and the impact of financing these project has on
its capital structure. This course also focuses on the procedures and techniques
involve in the merger and acquisition exercise including the restructuring of
financially distressed company
8 Mode of Delivery
Lecture, Tutorial, Workshop, Seminar, etc.
9 Assessment Methods and Types
a) Quiz 35%
b) Assignment 10%
c) Mid Semester Test 25%
d) Final examination 30%
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10 Main references supporting the course
1. Gitman, Principles of Mangerial Finance (2009), 12th Edition, Pearson
International Edition
2. Roos, Westerfield, Jaffe, Jordan, Modern Financial Management (2009), 8th
Edition, McGraw-Hill International Edition
11 Other additional information - NIL
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FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 财务管理
Chapter 1 – The role of financial
management 财务管理的作用
What is the importance of Financial Management 财
务管理的重要性是什么?
Financial management is one of the most important aspects in business. In
order to start up or even run a successful business, you will need excellent
knowledge in financial management. So, what exactly is this form of
management and why is it important? Read on to find out more.
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Financial management is also made up of certain elements. These include:
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The financial management department of any firm is handled by a financial
manager. This department has numerous functions such as:
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Why is Financial Management important 为什么财务管理很重要?
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Why study financial management 为什么要学习财务管理?
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acquire in-depth knowledge of financial management systems and
financial management software once in this field. If you possess this
knowledge and great aptitude skills, this field is perfect for you.
• Corporate manager.
• Investment banker.
• Financial advisor.
• Financial analyst.
• Financial examiners.
• Financial managers.
• Personal financial planners.
• Budget analysts.
• Investor relations associate or executive.
• Credit analyst.
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The Role of Financial Management in
an Organization (财务管理在组织中的作
用)
Finance is an essential and indispensable part of any organization. It is
difficult for organizations, whether profit-making or otherwise, to sustain
themselves for long without proper finances. Not just that, the efficient
management of these financial resources is essential to be sustainable and
viable in the long run. Financial management helps organizations to do so.
Financial management refers to the effective and efficient planning,
organizing, directing and controlling of financial activities and processes of an
organization. This includes but is not limited to fund procurement, allocation
of financial resources, utilization of funds, etc. Considering the importance of
the finance function in organizations, the demand for professionals with these
skills has always been steady. Today, it is possible for even non-finance
professionals and entrepreneurs to learn finance concepts through a
certified financial analyst course.
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Capital Management ( 资 本 管 理 ): It is the responsibility of financial
management to estimate the capital requirements of the organization from
time to time, determines the capital structure and composition and makes
the choice of source of funding for the capital needs.
Allocation and Utilization of financial resources (财政资源的分配和利
用 ): Financial management ensures that all financial resources of the
organizations are used and invested effectively and efficiently so that the
organization is profitable, sustainable and viable in the long run.
Cash Flow Management (现金流量管理): It is extremely important for
organizations to have sufficient working capital and cash flow to meet their
operational expenses and emergencies. Financial management tracks
account payable and receivable to ensure there is sufficient cash flow
available at all times.
Disposal of Surplus (处置剩余): The decisions on how the surplus or profits
of the organizations is utilized is taken by the financial managers of the
organizations. They decide if dividends should be distributed and how much
as well as the proportion of profits that must be retained and ploughed back
into the business.
Financial Reporting ( 财 务 报 告 ): Financial management maintains all
necessary reports related to the finance of the organization and uses this as
the database for forecasting and planning financial activities.
Risk Management (风险管理): Sound financial management prepares the
organization to forecast risks, put in place mitigation plans as well as to meet
unforeseen risks and emergencies effectively.
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FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 财务管理
Chapter 2 – Review of Financial
Statement 财务报表审阅
To conduct financial management practice, it is essential for an individual to
understand what financial statements is, what elements involved in
the analysis and how you conduct the analysis.
What is a financial statement什么是财务报表?
A financial statement is the combination of the three major reports on a
business. It will contain the cash flow statement, the income statement and
the balance sheet of the business. All three together produce an overall
picture of the health of the business.
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When Will a Company Prepare a Financial Statement 公司
何时准备财务报表?
Every business will ready a financial statement to go with their end of year
results, to give interested parties the overview of how the business is
functioning. If a business is looking to increase credit facilities with a bank
or trying to raise capital for an expansion, it will produce a financial
statement for the end of a fiscal quarter or the most recent month. When
preparing a financial statement for such purposes the best practice is to use
general accountancy language, understood by all parties. A financial
statement that may accompany an end of year report and read just by
employees, is often in terms familiar to just those involved.
Often a government body may request a financial statement for tax purposes
and the company will need to produce one of high quality using generally
accepted guidelines. A bank or investors may also request a financial
statement without warning, if they are concerned about the profitability or
otherwise of the company. For these reason alone it is vital for any business
to keep good and current records so that a financial statement is easy and
quick to produce.
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Example
Following is an illustrative example of a Statement of Financial Position
prepared under the format prescribed by IAS 1 Presentation of Financial
Statements.
Assets 资产
Assets are also classified in the statement of financial position on the basis
of their nature:
▪ Inventories balance includes goods that are held for sale in the
ordinary course of the business. Inventories may include raw materials,
finished goods and works in progress.
▪ Cash and cash equivalents include cash in hand along with any short
term investments that are readily convertible into known amounts of
cash.
Liabilities 负债
Liabilities are also classified in the statement of financial position on the basis
of their nature:
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▪ Trade and other payables primarily include liabilities due to suppliers
and contractors for credit purchases. Sundry payables which are too
insignificant to be presented separately on the face of the balance
sheet are also classified in this category.
▪ Short term borrowings typically include bank overdrafts and short term
bank loans with a repayment schedule of less than 12 months.
Equity 股份权益
▪ Retained Earnings comprises the total net profit or loss retained in the
business after distribution to the owners in the form of dividends.
Components 组件
Revenue 收入
Cost of sales represents the cost of goods sold or services rendered during
an accounting period.
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Hence, for a retailer, cost of sales will be the sum of inventory at the start
of the period and purchases during the period minus any closing inventory.
You may refer to the article on cost of sales for an explanation of its
calculation.
Other income consists of income earned from activities that are not related
to the entity's main business. For example, other income of an entity that
manufactures electronic appliances may include:
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▪ Legal and professional charges
This is essentially a residual category in which any expenses that are not
suitably classifiable elsewhere are included.
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It is therefore important that prior period comparative figures presented in
the income statement relate to a similar period.
▪ Change in gross profit margin, operating profit margin and net profit
margin over the period
Example
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Components 组件
Cash flow from operating activities presents the movement in cash during
an accounting period from the primary revenue generating activities of
the entity.
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For example, operating activities of a hotel will include cash inflows and
outflows from the hotel business (e.g. receipts from sales revenue, salaries
paid during the year etc.), but interest income on a bank deposit shall not
be classified as such (i.e. the hotel's interest income shall be presented in
investing activities).
Cash flow from investing activities includes the movement in cash flow as a
result of the purchase and sale of assets other than those which the entity
primarily trades in (e.g. inventory). So for example, in case of a manufacturer
of cars, proceeds from the sale of factory plant shall be classified as cash
flow from investing activities whereas the cash inflow from the sale of cars
shall be presented under the operating activities.
Cash flow from financing activities includes the movement in cash flow
resulting from the following:
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Example
Following is an illustrative example of a Statement of Changes in Equity
prepared according to the format prescribed by IAS 1 Presentation of
Financial Statements.
Components 组件
Issue of further share capital during the period must be added in the
statement of changes in equity whereas redemption of shares must be
deducted therefrom. The effects of issue and redemption of shares must be
presented separately for share capital reserve and share premium reserve.
Dividends 股利
Any other gains and losses not recognized in the income statement may be
presented in the statement of changes in equity such as actuarial gains and
losses arising from the application of IAS 19 Employee Benefit.
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Sample of Real-Life Financial Statement 真实财务报
表样本
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Five types of Accounts 五种账户
There are five main types of accounts in accounting, namely assets, liabilities,
equity, revenue and expenses. Their role is to define how your company's
money is spent or received. Each category can be further broken down into
several categories.
Asset accounts, for example, can be divided into cash, supplies, equipment,
deferred expenses and more. Equity accounts may include retained earnings
and dividends. Revenue accounts can include interest, sales or rental income.
The five major accounts relate to each other. If one changes, the others will
change too. For instance, if you purchase a new computer worth $1,000 with
a loan, then both the Assets and Liabilities accounts will increase by $1,000
each. These accounting categories are relatively new. Traditionally, the
accounts were classified into four types: valuation accounts, nominal
accounts, real accounts and personal accounts. However, most companies
nowadays rarely use this approach.
The assets account includes everything that your company owns. Assets are
divided into tangible and intangible. Examples of tangible assets include
desktop computers, laptops, cars, cash, equipment, buildings and more. Your
trademark, logo, copyrights and other non-physical items are considered
intangible assets.
When you're starting a business, it's your responsibility to list the types of
assets that your company has. Every time you purchase new products, add
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them to your list. Let your accountant know about it so he or she can deduct
any expenses that are considered necessary for your business.
For example, you may deduct direct labor costs and business-related travel
costs, but you cannot deduct personal expenses, donations, exchange loss
and penalties.
Revenue or Income 收入
The equity account defines how much your business is currently worth. It's
the residual interest in your company's assets after deducting liabilities.
Common stock, dividends and retained earnings are all examples of equity.
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Sample of Real-Life Charts of Accounts 真实会计科目
表 样 本 (For Full Chart – Please download from
Schoology)
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FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 财务管理
Chapter 3 – Financial Ratio Analysis 财务
比率分析
What Is Ratio Analysis 什么是比率分析?
Investors and analysts employ ratio analysis to evaluate the financial health
of companies by scrutinizing past and current financial statements.
Comparative data can demonstrate how a company is performing over time
and can be used to estimate likely future performance. This data can also
compare a company's financial standing with industry averages while
measuring how a company stacks up against others within the same sector.
Investors can use ratio analysis easily, and every figure needed to calculate
the ratios is found on a company's financial statements.
Ratios are comparison points for companies. They evaluate stocks within an
industry. Likewise, they measure a company today against its historical
numbers. In most cases, it is also important to understand the variables
driving ratios as management has the flexibility to, at times, alter its strategy
to make its stock and company ratios more attractive. Generally, ratios are
typically not used in isolation but rather in combination with other ratios.
Having a good idea of the ratios in each of the four previously mentioned
categories will give you a comprehensive view of the company from different
angles and help you spot potential red flags.
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Examples of Ratio Analysis Categories 比率分析类别的示例
The various kinds of financial ratios available may be broadly grouped into the
following six silos, based on the sets of data they provide:
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For example, if the average P/E ratio of all companies in the S&P 500 index is 20,
and the majority of companies have P/Es between 15 and 25, a stock with a P/E
ratio of seven would be considered undervalued. In contrast, one with a P/E ratio
of 50 would be considered overvalued. The former may trend upwards in the future,
while the latter may trend downwards until each aligns with its intrinsic value.
Net profit margin, often referred to simply as profit margin or the bottom
line, is a ratio that investors use to compare the profitability of companies
within the same sector. It's calculated by dividing a company's net income
by its revenues. Instead of dissecting financial statements to compare how
profitable companies are, an investor can use this ratio instead. For example,
suppose company ABC and company DEF are in the same sector with profit
margins of 50% and 10%, respectively. An investor can easily compare the
two companies and conclude that ABC converted 50% of its revenues into
profits, while DEF only converted 10%.
Using the companies from the above example, suppose ABC has a P/E ratio
of 100, while DEF has a P/E ratio of 10. An average investor concludes that
investors are willing to pay $100 per $1 of earnings ABC generates and only
$10 per $1 of earnings DEF generates.
(For easy understanding on the calculation part, I will use the Profit
& Loss Statement and Balance attached between page 26 – 30 for
illustration.)
销售收入净额-销售成本
毛利率= ×100%
销售收入净额
Formula: Gross Profit: 2,684,578.95 Ratio:
Gross Profit / Net Sales Net Sales: 6,139,357.66 43.73%
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净利率通常用于内部对比。准确的对不同的实体进行净利率的比较是困难
的。不同商业的运作方式以及财务分类有着极大的不同,以至于不同的实
体被绑定到不同的费用级别上,为了使得这些实体之间的比较具有一定的
意义。一个低的净利率指出了一个低的安全率:将会有更高的可能性发生
销售的下降导致收益的减少,最终导致净损失以及负收益。
收益率是一个公司定价策略以及成本控制一个指示符。竞争策略的不同以
及产品的混合会引起不同公司之间收益率的巨大区别。
Formula: Net Income: 339,528.87 Ratio:
Net Income / Net Sales Net Sales: 6,139,357.66 5.53%
资产收益率=净利润/平均资产总额×100%
资产收益率是反映企业资产综合利用效果的指标,也是衡量企业利用债权
人和所有者权益总额所取得盈利的重要指标,资产收益率越高,说明企业
资产的利用效率越高,利用资产创造的利润越多,整个企业的获利能力也
就越强,企业经营管理水平越高;反之,资产收益越低,说明企业资产的
利用效率不高,利用资产创造的利润越少,整个企业的获利能力也就越差
,企业经营管理水平越低。
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Formula: Net Income: 339,528.87 Ratio:
Net Income / Total Total Assets: 2,824,117.82 12.02%
Assets
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场股票交易的公司而言,每股盈余和公司的股价都有一定的联动性,因此
这也是公司现有股东与潜在投资人衡量公司获利的关键要素之一。这词汇
经常出现于财经刊物或报章的财经版 。
每股盈余的计算非常简单易懂,其最基本的公式为:
每股盈余=净利/普通股股数
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Current ratio: Current Assets/Current Liabilities—measures the
ability of an entity to pay its near-term obligations. "Current" usually is
defined as within one year. Though the ideal current ratio depends to some
extent on the type of business, a general rule of thumb is that it should be
at least 2:1. A lower current ratio means that the company may not be
able to pay its bills on time, while a higher ratio means that the company
has money in cash or safe investments that could be put to better use in
the business.
流动比率(Current ratio)是个用来衡量公司在未来 12 个月内是否具有足
够资源来偿还其债务的一种财务比率。[1]以公司的流动资产与流动负债做
比较衡量,公式如下:
流动资产
流动比率=
流动负债
流动比率能显示一个公司的市场流动性和满足债权人要求的能力。流动比
率因行业而异,一般数字在 1.5 到 3 之间为健康的企业。如果一个公司的
流动比率是在这个范围内,那么它通常表示具有良好的短期金融实力。如
果流动负债超过流动资产(流动比率小于 1),那么该公司可能产生短期
偿债能力的问题。如果流动比率过高,那么该公司可能无法有效地利用其
现有资产或短期融资,这也可能显现在公司营运资金管理的问题。
Formula: Current Current Asset: 2,310,045.42 Ratio:
Assets/Current Liabilities Current Liabilities: 4,972,721.34 46.45% or
0.465:1
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速动比率,又称为酸性测试比率,是用来衡量公司流动性的重要比率之
一。[1]由于只考量可立即用来偿还流动负债的资金科目(如:现金、约当现
金、应收账款及短期投资等资产),因此对公司流动性能更精准衡量。速动
比率小于 1 的公司,意指其目前无法偿还流动负债。
速动资产 流动资产-存货-预付款项
速动比率= =
流动负债 流动负债
要注意的是,库存不包括在速动比率的流动资产,但包含在流动比率里。
此比率检验企业实体的可行性,但并不一定保证企业的健康程度
Formula: (Current Asset – Current Asset – Stock - Ratio:
Stock - Prepayment) / Prepayment: 2,276,278.14 45.78% or
Current Liabilities Current Liabilities: 0.458:1
4,972,721.34
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Days' receivables ratio (天数应收帐款比率): 365/Sales to receivables
ratio—measures the average number of days that accounts receivable are
outstanding. This number should be the same or lower than the company's
expressed credit terms. Other ratios can also be converted to days, such
as the cost of sales to payables ratio.
Formula: 365 / Sales to 365 Days Ratio:
receivable ratio Sales to Receivable Ratio: 34.08 day
10.71 Times
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EFFICIENCY RATIOS 效率比
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Accounts receivable turnover ( 应 收 账 款 周 转 ): Net (credit)
Sales/Average Accounts Receivable—gives a measure of how quickly credit
sales are turned into cash. Alternatively, the reciprocal of this ratio
indicates the portion of a year's credit sales that are outstanding at a
particular point in time, a lower number showing higher efficiency.
Formula: Net Credit Net Credit Sales: No Figure Show Ratio:
Sales / Average Average Accounts Receivable: Not Available
Accounts Receivable No Data Provided
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