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ICCS 2008 Proceedings July 27 - 29 ㆍSeoul, korea
Many-world Interpretation Hintikka & Sandu Notable in this graph is that lines of identities
(1994) argue that metaphoric meaning is a matter enter the field of modalities. That is, whenever a
of possible-worlds semantics, which is extended line occupies an area covered by a tincture, it
with non-standard ‘meaning lines’ between objects creates a ‘worldline’, a mapping from worlds to
of the domains and the interpretations of predicate extensions. Worldlines signal identities of objects
terms across different possible worlds. across different situations or possible worlds in
I take that modal approach to metaphors to be which terms and objects are interpreted.
essentially correct (see also Engström, 2001). The I propose to add a special tincture for
key is that to understand a metaphor, we need to metaphoric meaning. Thus, whatever is interpreted
understand its extensions under many kinds of within such areas by necessity refers to non-
circumstances besides the actual one. Moreover, standard domains. Whenever a line occupies an
we need mechanisms of drawing meaning lines in area tinctured with such metaphoric modality, a
a non-standard fashion. ‘meaning line’ is created to signify non-standard
Non-standard lines are effectuated by interpretation. The line, connecting various parts
considerations of similarity between the and concepts of the graphs, draws a connection
interpretations of metaphoric terms. that is metaphorically interpreted. I propose to
term such non-standard lines of identity lines of
Diagram Logic for Metaphors similarity.5
Preliminaries Diagrams are icons that reflect
continuous relationships between “rationally Similarity Comparisons
related objects” (Peirce, manuscript 293). The meaning of metaphors is thus based on
Diagrammatic logic of EGs is a system of logical considerations of similarity between different parts
description and reasoning build up from of logical diagrams. Typically, these parts refer to
diagrammatic expressions that function as iconic different universes of discourse.
counterparts of logical constants familiar from However, similarity per se is a vague notion. It
symbolic logic. must be preceded by ways of composing terms and
expressions, including metaphoric ones.6
Modality Since metaphor is a matter of a many-
world interpretation, the modal dimension is Composition of Concepts Take, for instance, the
essential in diagrams. This can be achieved by sentence The surgeon is a butcher. The two
adding to logical diagrams ‘tinctures’ or colours concepts (is a surgeon and is a butcher) are
that represent different modes of interpretation of indeterminate. How metaphor is created is a
objects and terms. question of the composition of the two concepts.
Peirce did not consider such possibility to
capture metaphoric meaning. But he suggested
4
diagrammatic modal logics for various other kinds The example belongs to the famous “Peirce’s
of modalities, including epistemic, deontic, Puzzle” concerning material implication and
intentional and non-declarative moods (Pietarinen, equivalence in first-order logic.
5
2008; Roberts, 1973). An example involves logical Think of metaphoric modality effectuating a change
of what is the originally a line of identity into that of
modality:
similarity.
6
As such, composition of concepts is an old problem
in logic and philosophy antedating cognitive sciences.
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Implications
No Meaning Holism The iconic-logical theory of
metaphors provides a refutation of meaning holism.
Figure 3: My cup overflows. Lakoff & Johnson (1980) argue that metaphors
affect the way an entire network of interconnected
words behaves. But not all action concerning the
ways of interpreting metaphoric words can
contribute to how the similarities between objects
of metaphors are drawn and conceived. For
otherwise, there could be no false metaphors.
Figure 4: Chicago, the windy city. No Language of Thought The word for being in
metaphoric statements, represented iconically by
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Acknowledgments
Supported by the University of Helsinki
Excellence in Research Grant (Project 4701321)
and Chancellor’s 2008 Travel Grant.
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