Stop 1 of 3 1.4.1le Refer to circuit diagram in Figure £4.1 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1. 12v(*) Step 2 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. vy yin. 2k 12k Apply ideal op-amp conditions. Step 3 of 3 Write the expression for the current /, . V, 10 Substitute 84 V for V, in the equation. mA 10k -8Vv 10k =8.4mA Therefore, the current 7, is 10 kQ l Figure |Stop 1 of 2 1.4.1f Refer to Figure 4PFE-1 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. Ath, =l, 4-v, -2- -¥, ech nt 4 12 R, Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, andé_ =i, Since non-inverting terminal is grounded, by using the fact that »_ =0 Substitute 0 for »_ and —3V for Y, in the equation. 4-v_ | -2-v + 4 12 R 4-0 -2-0_0-(-3) 4 12 R es R, 6 R, =3.6kQ Hence, the value of resistance R, is 3.6kQ. Therefore, the correct option is [-l.Stop 1 of 3 Refer to waveform shown in Figure P4.1 in the textbook. The value of gain ( A, ) is 15. It is known that, for an amplifier the output voltage is, AM Calculate the output voltage at ¢ =) . 15(0 mV) =0V Calculate the output voltage at y = 9.5* v, =15(50 mV) =750 mV Calculate the output voltage at 7 = 0,5" - =15(-100 mV) =~1500 mV Calculate the output voltage at y= |* . 15(0) =0V Step 2 of 3 Calculate the output voltage at y= )- . 3(-150 mV) =~2250 mV Calculate the output voltage at » = 1.5* - y, =15(50 mV} =750 mV Calculate the output voltage at y = 1.5" . =15(0 mV) =0V Calculate the output voltage at y= 2 =15(0) =0V Step 3 of 3 The output waveform is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Therefore, the output waveform for the amplifier is shown in Figure 1 1.4.1pStep 1 of 2 1 4 .2E Refer to circuit diagram in Figure E4.2 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1. Step 2 of 2 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. heh v.-0 Vi-v RR, Apply ideal op-amp conditions. R o R Therefore, the gain of the op-amp is|I +Step 1 of 3 1.4.2EF Refer to Figure 4PFE-2 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1. 18 kQ Step 2 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal of the first op-amp. h+l,=1 2-v_ -l-v + 6 12 18 Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, andi_ =#, Since non-inverting terminal is grounded, by using the fact that v_ =0 . Substitute the values v_ =@ in the expression. Step 3 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal of the second op-amp. Iytl=al, v, Bev. v, 6 12 36 Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, andi. Since non-inverting terminal is grounded, by using the fact that v. =O. Substitute the values y_ =Q and y, =—4,5¥V in the expression. Hence, the output voltage Y, is 18V . Therefore, the correct option ish.Step 1 of 2 1.4.2P Consider the waveform shown in textbook Figure P4.2. The waveform is the output of an amplifier with gain ¥, “5. We know that y, = “= Where A, 5 The output voltage values from the waveform with respect to time instants are vy =0,4,12,12,12,8,0 at 1 =0 to 6 respectively %y =-8 at 1=6° And -12,-6,0 at £=7to9 respectively From the output voltage values, we can find the voltage values from the above equation. Therefore at 1=0 t=! Step 2 of 2 From the above voltage values, the input waveform is vn (V) Figure 1 Therefore the input waveform for the given amplifier is as shown in Figure 1.Stop 1 of 4 1.4.3E Refer to circuit diagram in Figure E4.3 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1. Step 2 of 4 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal, h=h, 0_Y, 1 100 Apply ideal op-amp conditions. Step 3 of 4 Calculate the gain of the op-amp circuit by substitute 1 kQ for R, and 100 kQ for R, in the equation. +k R 4 00k2 1kQ =1+100 =101 Therefore, the gain of the op-amp is [TOI] - Step 4 of 4 Write the expression for the gain of the op-amp circuit. Yo =101 ¥, ‘s Calculate the output voltage of the op-amp by substitute | mV for V, in the equation. =(101)(Imv) =0.101V Therefore, the output voltage of the op-amp isStep 1 of 2 Consider the circuit given in Figure E1.4 (a) in the text book having voltage V, = 4 V - Calculate the power P supplied by the dependent source 10V, having current J, as follows: P=(10¥;)(-,) =(10)(4 V)(-2 A) =(40)(-2) =-80 W Therefore, the power supplied by the dependent source in the Figure E1.4 (a) is [80 Step 2 of 2 Consider the circuit given in Figure E1.4 (b) in the text book having current f, = 4 A Calculate the power P supplied by the dependent source 4/, as follows: P=(10 V)(-4/,) =(10 V)(4)(-4 A) = (10)(4)(-4) =-160 W Therefore, the power supplied by the dependent source in the Figure E1.4 (b) is [160 W]Step 1 of 2 1. 4p Consider that a battery having voltage, 7 =12 V delivers the energy, (Aw) of 100 J in a time period, (dt) of 5 seconds, (a) Calculate the amount of charge, (g) delivered Therefore, the amount of delivered charge is [8, Step 2 of 2 (b) Calculate the value of current (/) produced. 4 at _8.33C 5s 833 5 Sl67A Therefore, the value of current produced isStep 1 of 3 1.5e Consider the circuit of Figure E1.5 given in the text book. Calculate the power (Pav) absorbed or supplied by the voltage source having voltage V = 24 V and current {, = 4 A by using passive sign convection as follows: Pay =(PY-1) =(24V)(-4A) =(24)(-4) =-96 W Therefore, the sign of power is negative and so the 24 V voltage source supplies a power of |96 W] . Stop 2 of 3 Calculate the power (P.) that is absorbed or supplied by element ‘1’ having voltage 7 =8 V and current 1, = 4 A by using passive sign convection as follows: (VY) (8V)(4 A) =(8)(4) =32W R Therefore, the sign of power is positive and so the element ‘1’ absorbs the power of[32 W]- Step 3 of 3 Calculate the power P,, that is absorbed or supplied by the 4/, dependent source having voltage Vv =4J, and current J, =4 A by using passive sign convection as follows: Pa, =(H)(E) =(4)(4A)(4 A) =(4)(4)(4) =64W Therefore, the sign of power is positive so the 47, dependent source absorbs the power ofStep 1 of 1 1. 5p Consider that the current, (i) in a conductor is 1,5 A and the time interval, (df) is 1.5 minutes. Calculate the value of charge, (g) . q=i(d) =(1.5 A)(1.5%60 s) =(1.5)(1.5)(60) =135C Therefore, the charge passing through any point in the conductor isStep 1 of 5 1.6e Consider the circuit of Figure E1.6 given in the text book. Calculate the power (ha vy) that is absorbed or supplied by the voltage source having voltage ¥ = 24 V and current £, = 1.5 A by using sign convection of power as follows: Pav =(V)(-4) =(24V)(-L5A) =(24)(-1.5) =-36W Therefore the sign of power is negative and so the 24 V voltage source supplies a power of [5 Step 2 of 5 Calculate the power P,, that is absorbed or supplied by the dependent source having voltage V = 2/, and current {, =1.5 A by using sign convection of power as follows: P, =V(-£,) =(28,)(-L) =(2)(1.5A)(-1.5A) =-45W Therefore the sign of power is negative and so the 2/, dependent source supplies a power of Step 3 of 5 Calculate the power (P) that is absorbed or supplied by element ‘1’ having voltage V = 6 V and current i =1.5 A by using passive sign convection as follows: RaV(1,) =(6¥V)(1.5A) =(6)(1.5) =9W Therefore the sign of power is positive and so the element ‘1’ absorbs the power of| Step 4 of 5 Calculate the power ( P, ,.) that is absorbed or supplied by voltage source having voltage V =12 V and current #, =1,5 A by using passive sign convection as follows: Pav =V(L) =(I2V)(I.5A) = (12)(1.5) =18W Therefore the sign of power is positive and so the 12 Y voltage source absorbs the power of Stop 5 of 5 Calculate the power (2 ) that is absorbed or supplied by element ‘2’ having voltage 7 =9 V and current 1, =1.5 A by using passive sign convection as follows: Rav(L) =(9 V)(L5A) =(9)(15) =13.5W Therefore the sign of power is positive and so the element ‘2’ absorbs the power of |]3.5 YW)Step 1 of 1 1. 6p Consider that the charge, (4) of 60 C is passing through an electric conductor in time period, (ar) of 30 seconds. Calculate the value of current, (i) passing in the conductor. a =G0€ 30s = ~ 30 =2A Therefore, the current passing in the conductor is [2 Al -Step 1 of 7 1.Je Consider the circuit in Figure E1.7 given in the text book. First calculate all the values of power absorbed or supplied by each element in the network by using the sign convention for power. Calculate the power (P.) absorbed or supplied by element 1’ in the circuit having voltage V = 25 V and current J =| A as follows: A VI =(25 V)(I A) =(25)(1) =25W Step 2 of 7 Calculate the power (PB, ,) absorbed or supplied by $ A current source in the circuit having voltage V =25¥ and current = 5 A as follows: Aaah) =(25 V)(-5.A) =(25)(-5) =-125W Step 3 of 7 Calculate the power (A, ) absorbed or supplied by J, current source in the circuit having voltage V =10¥V and current J = J, as follows: a,=¥(-1) =(10.V)(-1,) =-10/, Step 4 of 7 Calculate the power (A) absorbed or supplied by element ‘2’ in the circuit having voltage 7 =15 Y and current J = /, as follows: Rav(-1) =(5V)(-1,) =-I5/, Step 5 of 7 Calculate the power (P,) absorbed or supplied by element ‘3' in the circuit having vottage V =15 V and current 7 =2 A as follows: RaW =(15 V)(2 A) =(15)(2) =30W Step 6 of 7 Calculate the power (R, ,} absorbed or supplied by 19 V voltage source in the circuit having voltage ¥ =10¥ and current 7 = 2 A as follows: Poy =I =(10 V)(2.A) =(10)(2) =20W Step 7 of 7 According to Tellegen’s theorem sum of the power absorbed or supplied by all the elements in the network is equal to zero as follows: 25 W-125 W-10/, -151, +30 W+20 W=0 753-125-251, =0 251, =-50 L 2A Therefore, by using Tellegen’s theorem, the value of J. isStep 1 of 1 1. Tp Calculate the charge, (4) produced by a battery having current, j= 12 A within a time interval (dt) of one hour. qzidt = (12 A)(60 min) =(12 A)(60x60s) =43.2kC Therefore, the charge produced isStep 1 of 3 1.8e Consider the circuit given in Figure £1.8 in the text book. Calculate the energy w’ delivered to the box by using equation 1.4 given in the textbook as follows: ‘ we i p(t)de 4 230.0 = J 2S5e“ar o ozs =25] e ° lef Further simplification is as follows: e778) gH) w=(2a}[ =a" = =(2.5)(-0.092 + 0.25) =(2.5)(0.158) =395 mJ Therefore, the energy delivered to the box is . Step 2 of 3 Calculate the value of current i(t) in the circuit by using equation 1.3 given in the textbook as follows: i(t)= Pe) v(t) _2.5¢" W ~~ 50eT V 25 ay 50 = 500" mA Step 3 0f 3 Calculate the value of charge (q (9) delivered to the box in time interval 0 < 7 < 250 ms 45 follows: , a)=[aQa fo 023 = J (Soe mA) ar ° 025 =0.05 | edt ° ~(005{ 51" Further simplification is as follows: 4025) gH) a(t)= (009 (> =| =—0,00787 + 0.0166 = 0.0088 =8.8mC Therefore the charge delivered to the box isStep 1 of 1 1. 8p Consider Figure P1.8 in the textbook. Consider that the charge, (g) of 5 C passes through the element from point A to B. Therefore, the equation becomes as V, Calculate the voltage, (¥,) for which the energy, (w) absorbed by the element is 120 J Therefore, the voltage across the element isStep 1 of 5 Refer to Figure E1.9 in the textbook for electrical circuit and energy waveform. The value of source voltage is, 10 V Write the mathematical expressions for energy waveform. 2.5t O, iS negative and so the 4/, voltage dependent source supplies the power Step 5 of 7 Calculate the power absorbed or supplied by 24 V voltage source in the considered circuit by using the formula P = VJ - Substitute P= A. ¥=-24V . 7 =2 A from the considered circuit and solve for power Py - P=v(s,) -24.V)(2.A) -24\(2) =-48 W Therefore, the sign of power P,,,, is negative and so the 24 V voltage source supplies the power of Step 6 of 7 Calculate the power absorbed or supplied by element 1 in the considered circuit by using the formula P=VWi- Substitute P= R, ¥=20V. {=2 A from the considered circuit and solve for power FR . P=Vi, R=(20V)(2 A) =(20)(2) =40W Therefore, the sign of power is positive and so the element 1 absorbs the power of Step 7 of 7 Calculate the power absorbed or supplied by element 2 in the considered circuit by using the formula P=Vi- Substitute P= P,, V=12 V . 1 =2 A from the considered circuit and solve for power P, . P=Vi, R=(I2V)(2A) =(12)(2) =4Ww Therefore, the sign of power is positive and so the element 2 absorbs the power of [24 w] -Step 1 of 2 1. 33p Refer to Figure P1.33 in the text book. If the notation of the power is positive, it indicates that the power is absorbing otherwise power is delivering. Current entering from positive terminal gives absorbing power. Calculate the power delivered by the independent source Pov =(36)(4.) =(36)(4) =144W Calculate the power delivered by the dependent source. P,=(2)(4,) =(2)(4) =8W Calculate the total power supplied. Fog = Boy +P, =144W+8W =152W Thus, the power supplied by the sources is [152 W] - Step 2 of 2 Calculate the power absorbed by the element 1. R=(12)(4) =48W Calculate the power absorbed by the element 2. A =(24)(2) =48W Calculate the power absorbed by the element 3. B= (28)(2) =56W Calculate the power absorbed by the elements. Py = P+ ht P, =48 W+48 W456 W =152W Thus, the power absorbed by the elements is Hence, the power supplied by the sources is same as power absorbed by the elements.Step 1 of 6 1. 34p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P1.34 in the text book. The current (7) flowing in the circuitis 2 A . Calculate the power (P, ,) absorbed or supplied by 12 V voltage source having voltage V =12 V as follows: P=¥(-1) Pry = (12 V)(-2 A) =(12)(-2) =-24W Step 2 of 6 Calculate the power (P.) absorbed or supplied by element 1 having voltage ¥ = 4 V as follows: P=VI P=(4V)(2 4) =(4)(2) =8W Step 3 of 6 Calculate the power (Py, ) absorbed or supplied by the dependent voltage source having voltage ¥ = 2Y, as follows: P=V¥(-1) Py, = (2V,)(-2 A) = (2,)(-2) =v, W Step 4 of 6 Calculate the power (P,) absorbed or supplied by element 2 having voltage V = V, as follows P=VI A=(K)ZA) =(X,)() =, Ww Step 5 of 6 In the considered circuit the sum of supplied powers must be equal to the sum of absorbed powers. Calculate the value of ¥, as follows: Fav t Py, = Ath 24+4V, =8+2, 2, =-16 V,=-8V Step 6 of 6 Caloulate the value of power (P,) absorbed or supplied by element 2 in the circuit as follows: Revd =(-8 V)(24) -8)(2) =-16W Therefore, the sign of power (P,) is negative and so the element 2 supplies the power ofStep 1 of 6 1. 35p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P1.35 in the text book. Calculate the power (Bev) absorbed or supplied by 36 Y voltage source having voltage V = 36 V and current J = [, as follows: P=¥(-1) Poy = (36 V)(-i, A) =(36)(-1,) =-361, W Step 2 of 6 Calculate the power (R) absorbed or supplied by element 1 having voltage V =12 V and current J = /, as follows: P=VI R=(2V)(0,4) =(12)(4,) =121, W Step 3 of 6 Calculate the power (A ) absorbed or supplied by element 2 having voltage V = 24 V and current 1=2A 4s follows: P=Vi Aa(24v)(2A) =(24)(2) =48 W Step 4 of 6 Calculate the power (2, ) absorbed or supplied by the dependent voltage source having voltage V = 1. I, and current { = 2 A as follows: P=¥(-1) Ry, =(W.)(-2A) =(U)(2) =-27,W Step 5 of 6 Calculate the power ( B) absorbed or supplied by element 3 having voltage V = 28 V and current £=2A 4s follows: P=VI B=(28V)(2A) =(28)(2) =56W Step 6 of 6 In the considered circuit the sum of supplied powers must be equal fo the sum of absorbed powers. Calculate the value of 7, as follows: Poy thy Rt hth 361, +21, =12/, +48+56 261, =104 1,=4A Therefore, the value of /_ isStep 1 of 7 1 - 36p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P1.36 in the text book. Calculate the power (P,,., ) absorbed or supplied by 36 V voltage source having voltage V = 36 V anc current J = [, as follows: P=¥(-1) Pov =(36V)(-1, A) =(36)(-1,) =-361, W Step 2 of 7 Calculate the power (P.) absorbed or supplied by element 1 having voltage V =12V and current f= /, as follows: P= A=(I2V)(1, A) =(12)(4,) =121, W Step 3 of 7 Calculate the power (2, fe ) absorbed or supplied by the dependent current source having voltage V=24 V and current {= 27, A as follows P=Vi Py, = (24 V)(21, A) =(24)(21,) =48/, W Step 4 of 7 Calculate the power (P,) absorbed or supplied by element 2 having voltage V = 8 V and current 1=2A 4s follows: P= v(-!) A=(8V\(-2) =(8)(-2) =-16W Step 5 of 7 Calculate the power (8) absorbed or supplied by element 3 having voltage V =16 V and current 1 =2 A as follows: P=V(-!) P,=(16 V)(-2A) =(16)(-2) Step 6 of 7 In the considered circuit the sum of supplied powers must be equal to the sum of absorbed powers. Calculate the value of 7, as follows: Boyt ht Rak+ hy, 36/, +16+32=12/, +48/, 247, = 48 1,=2A Step 7 of 7 Calculate the value of power (PR) absorbed or supplied by element 1 in the circuit as follows: RaW, =(12V)(2A) =(12)(2) =24W Therefore, the sign of power ( P) is positive and so the element 1 absorbs the power of [24 W] -Step 1 of 7 1 -37p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P1.37 in the text book. Calculate the power (Rev) absorbed or supplied by 18 V voltage source having voltage V =18 V and current J = J, as follows: P=¥(-1) =(18V)(-7, A) =(18)-1,) =-18/, W Step 2 of 7 Calculate the power (R) absorbed or supplied by element 1 having voltage V = 6 V and current { =], as follows: P=VI R=(6V\(, A) =(6)(4,) =61.W Step 3 of 7 Calculate the power (Py) absorbed or supplied by voltage source having voltage V = 24 V and current £=2 A as follows: P=V| (-4 ) Pay =(24V)(-2 A) =(24)(-2) =-48W Step 4 of 7 Calculate the power (P,) absorbed or supplied by element 2 having voltage V = 4 V and current 1 =21, A as follows: P=VI A=(4V)(21, 4) Step 5 of 7 Calculate the power (A, ) absorbed or supplied by the dependent current source having voltage ¥ =20 V and current f=21, A as follows: P= Py, =(20V)(2F, A) =(20)(2/,) =401, W Step 6 of 7 In the considered circuit the sum of supplied powers must be equal to the sum of absorbed powers. Calculate the value of 7, as follows: Rev t Paya R+R+Py, 187, +48 = 67, +87, +40/, 361, = 48 1, =133A Step 7 of 7 Calculate the value of power (F.) absorbed or supplied by element 1 in the circuit as follows: =(6V)(133 A) =(6)(1.33) =8W Therefore, the sign of power (P) is positive and so the element 1 absorbs the power ofStep 1 of 9 1. 38p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P1.38 in the text book. Calculate the power (Pay) absorbed or supplied by 12 V voltage source having voltage V =12 V and current J =2 A as follows: P=V(-1) Pay =(12 V)(-2 A) =(2)(-2) =-24W Step 2 of 9 Calculate the power (R) absorbed or supplied by element 1 having voltage VW = 4 V and current 1=2 A as follows: P=VI R=(4V)(24) =(4)(2) =8W Step 3 0f 9 Calculate the power (Pr, ) absorbed or supplied by the dependent voltage source having voltage V =2V, and current ¢ =2 A as follows: P=V(-1) Py, = (2V,)(-2 A) = 2V.)(-2) =-4V, W Step 4 of 9 Calculate the power (Py v) absorbed or supplied by element 1 having voltage ¥ =12 V and current 1=4A as follows: P=V(-/) =(12V)(-4A) =(12)(-4) =—-48 W Step 5 of 9 Calculate the power (A) absorbed or supplied by element 2 having voltage 7 =16 V and current £=2A as follows: =(16)(2) =32W Step 6 of 9 Calculate the power (P,) absorbed or supplied by element 3 having voltage V =V, and current =2 A as follows: P= A=(V,)(24) =(%)(2) =2¥,W Step 7 of 9 Calculate the power ( P,) absorbed or supplied by element 4 having voltage 7 = 20 V and current 1 =2 A asfollows: PsVi R=(20V)(2A) Step 8 of 9 In the considered circuit the sum of supplied powers must be equal to the sum of absorbed powers. Calculate the value of Vv, as follows: Fav t Py thay sRt Rt ak, 24 +41, +48 = 8432+ 2,440 wv, =8 V,=4V Step 9 of 9 Calculate the value of power (B) absorbed or supplied by element 3 in the circuit as follows: Rvs =(4V)(2 4) =(4)(2) =8W Therefore, the sign of power (P,) is positive and so the element 3 absorbs the power ofStep 1 of 8 1 - 39p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P1.39 in the text book. Calculate the power (A, ) absorbed or supplied by the dependent current source having voltage ¥ =12 V and current J =4/, A as follows: P=¥{(-/) Pu, =(12 V\(-4z, A) =(12)(-47,) =-481, W Step 2 of 8 Calculate the power (P.) absorbed or supplied by element 1 having voltage V = 4 V and current 141, A as follows: P=VE A=(4V) (41, A) =(4)(47,) =161, W Step 3 of 8 Calculate the power ( P,) absorbed or supplied by element 2 having voltage V =8 V and current 1=4A as follows: P=VI P= (8V)(44) =(8)(4) =32W Step 4 of 8 Calculate the power (Py) absorbed or supplied by 12 V voltage source having voltage V =12 V anc current J =4 A as follows: P=V(-/) =(I2V)(-4A) =(12)(-4) =-48W Step 5 of 8 Calculate the power (P,) absorbed or supplied by element 3 having voltage V = 20 V and current 1=2 A as follows: =(20)(2) =40W Step 6 of 8 Calculate the power (P,) absorbed or supplied by element 4 having voltage ¥ = 20 V and current 1=1, A as follows: P=VI 2.=(20V)(I, A) =(20)(7,) = 201, W Step 7 of 8 In the considered circuit the sum of supplied powers must be equal to the sum of absorbed powers. Calculate the value of /, as follows: Put Pay = Rt Rt hth, 48/, +48 = 167, +32+ 40+ 20/, 127, = 24 1,=2A Step 8 of 8 Calculate the value of power (P) absorbed or supplied by element 1 in the circuit as follows Rav (al) =(4.V)(4)(2 A) =(4)(4)(2) =32W Therefore, the sign of power ( P’) is positive and so the element 1 absorbs the power of [32 WStep 1 of 7 1. 40p Consider the circuit in Figure P1.40 given in the text book. First calculate all the values of power absorbed or supplied by each element in the network by using the sign convention for power. Calculate the power (P, ,) absorbed or supplied by 9 V voltage source in the circuit having voltage V=9V and current 7 =2 A as follows: RyaWl =@V)(24) =(9}(2) =18W Step 2 of 7 Calculate the power (2) absorbed or supplied by element ‘1’ in the circuit having voltage 7 =12V and current J =2 A as follows: R= =(12V)(2A) Step 3 of 7 Calculate the power (Py) absorbed or supplied by 24 V voltage source in the circuit having voltage V =24¥ and current 7 =2 A as follows: Pay ¥(-I) =(24V)(-2A) =(24)(-2) =-48 W Step 4 of 7 Calculate the power ( R) absorbed or supplied by element ‘2’ in the circuit having voltage V = ¥, and current J =2 A as follows: Ravi =(V)(2A) =, Step 5 of 7 Calculate the power (R) absorbed or supplied by element ‘3’ in the circuit having voltage V =16 Y anc current J =2 A as follows: Ravi =(16 V)(2A) =(16)(2) =32W Step 6 of 7 Calculate the power (PR, ,) absorbed or supplied by 12 V voltage source in the circuit having voltage V=12V and current ¢ =2 A as follows: Fave v(-1) =(12V)(-2) =(12)(-2) =-24W Step 7 of 7 According to Tellegen’s theorem the sum of supplied powers must be equal to the sum of absorbed powers. Calculate the value of V, as follows: Pay t Riv Ry tht RrR 484 24=18424+2V, +32 2V,=-2 V,=-1¥ Therefore, by using Tellegen’s theorem, the value of V, is [=1 V]Step 1 of 8 1. 4lp Consider the circuit in Figure P1.41 given in the text book. First calculate all the values of power absorbed or supplied by each element in the network by using the sign convention for power. Calculate the power (P,, y) absorbed or supplied by 24 V voltage source in the circuit having voltage ¥ =24V andcurent J =2 A as follows: Pay =V(-1) = (24 V)(-2 A) =(24)(-2) =-48 W Step 2 of 8 Calculate the power (P, ,) absorbed or supplied by 4 V voltage source in the circuit having voltage V=4YV andcurrent y =2 A as follows: PByaVi =(4V)(2 A) =(4)(2) =8W Step 3 of 8 Calculate the power (P,,) absorbed or supplied by 8 V voltage source in the circuit having voltage V =8 V and current { =2 A as follows: Ryall =(8 V)(2 A) =(8)(2) =16 W Step 4 of 8 Calculate the power (P,,) absorbed or supplied by 2 A current source in the circuit having voltage V=12V andcurent J =2 A as follows: PaV(-1) =(12 V)(-2 A) =(12)(-2) =-24W Step 5 of 8 Calculate the power (P, , ) absorbed or supplied by 18 V voltage source in the circuit having voltage ¥ =18 V and current J = J, as follows =Vi =(18 VY.) =(18)(.) =18f, W R, Step 6 of 8 Calculate the power (Ray) absorbed or supplied by 12 V voltage source in the circuit having voltage ¥ =12 V and current f =/, as follows: Pav=(-2) =(2V)(-4,) =(12)(-f,) =-121,W Step 7 of 8 Calculate the power (PP ,) absorbed or supplied by 6 V voltage source in the circuit having voltage V =6 V and current J = J, as follows: Ry =(6V)(4.) =(6)(4.) =61,W Step 8 of 8 According to Tellegen's theorem the sum of supplied powers must be equal to the sum of absorbed powers. Calculate the value of J, as follows: Pav t Pattaya Py thy thay thy 484244121, =84+16418/, +61, 127, =48 La4A Therefore, by using Tellegen’s theorem, the value of J, isStop 1 of 7 1. 42p Consider the circuit in Figure P1.42 given in the text book. First calculate all the values of power absorbed or supplied by each element in the network by using the sign convention for power. Calculate the power (2, ) absorbed or supplied by 10 V voltage source in the circuit having voltage V =10 V and current 7 =3 A as follows: Poy =V =(10V)(3A) =(10)(3) =30W Step 2 of 7 Calculate the power (P, ,) absorbed or supplied by § V_ voltage source in the circuit having voltage V¥ =6 V andcurrent { =3 A as follows: Ry =v =(6V)() =(6)(3) =18W Step 3 of 7 Calculate the power (2 ,) absorbed or supplied by 9 A current source in the circuit having voltage ¥ =16V and current J =9 A as follows: By =V(-1) =(16 V)(-9 A) =(16)(-9) =-144W Step 4 of 7 Calculate the power (2, ) absorbed or supplied by V, voltage source in the circuit having voltage V = V, and current { = 6 A as follows: (A,)=” =(¥s)(6 A) =(%e)(5) =6V, W Step 5 of 7 Calculate the power (Rv) absorbed or supplied by 8 V voltage source in the circuit having voltage V =8V and current J =6 A as follows: Rye =(8V)(6A) =(8)(6) =48W Step 6 of 7 According to Tellegen’s theorem the sum of supplied powers must be equal to the sum of absorbed powers. Calculate the value of 7, as follows: Py = Poy tRytP, +By 144 = 30+18+67, +48 6Y, = 144-96 V,=8V Step 7 of 7 Calculate the value of power (2, ) absorbed or supplied by voltage source V, in the circuit having voltage ¥, =8 V and current J = 6 A as follows: A, abst =(8v)(64) =(8)(6) =48W Therefore, the sign of power (2, ) is positive and so the voltage source V, absorbs the power of [48 WStep 1 of 1 1. 43p Consider the circuit given in Figure P1.26 in the text book. Calculate value of current J, in the considered circuit having power p supplied by element B by using the formula P= VJ . Substitute P=72 W ,V =18V . / =/, from the considered circuit and solve for current f, 72 W =(I8 V)(/,) ZW 18 Vv =4A Therefore, the value of current J. i:Step 1 of 1 1. 44p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P1.23 in the text book. The value of current J flowing in the considered circuit is shown in Figure 1_ I=—2A Figure 1 Calculate value of voltage V, in Figure 1 having power P by using the formula P= 7 . Substitute P=30 W . V =V,. 1 =-2.A from the considered circuit and solve for voltage V, sow =(V,)(-2A) Therefore, the value of voltage V. across the element A isStep 1 of 9 1. 45p Consider the circuit in Figure P1.45 in the text book. First calculate all the values of power absorbed or supplied by each element in the network by using the sign convention for power. Calculate the power (Py, ) absorbed or supplied by 49 V voltage source in the circuit having voltage V = 40 V andcurrent J =5 A as follows: Poy =¥(-1) =(40 V)(-5A) = (40)(-5) = -200 W Therefore, the sign of power is negative and so the power supplied by 49 V voltage source is Step 2 of 9 Calculate the power (P, , ) absorbed or supplied by [5 V voltage source in the circuit having voltage V=15 V and current J =1 A as follows: Asy =I =(15 ¥)(I A) =(15)(1) =15 W Therefore, the sign of power is positive and so the power absorbed by ]5 V voltage source is [5 w] Step 3 of 9 Calculate the power (P, ,) absorbed or supplied by 4 A current source in the circuit having voltage ¥ =30 V and current J = 4 A as follows: Py =(30 V)(4A = (30)(4) =120W Therefore, the sign of power is positive and so the power absorbed by 4 A current source is Step 4 of 9 Calculate the power (2) absorbed or supplied by element ‘1’ in the circuit having voltage ¥ = 5 V and current J =§ A as follows: Therefore, the sign of power is positive and so the power absorbed by element ‘1’ is Step 5 of 9 Calculate the power (P,) absorbed or supplied by element '2' in the circuit having voltage ¥ = 5 V and current J =| A as follows: RaW =(V\(1A) =(5)() =SW Therefore, the sign of power is positive and so the power absorbed by element ‘2’ is Step 6 of 9 Calculate the power (P,) absorbed or supplied by element ‘3' in the circuit having voltage V =10 V and current J =4 A as follows: RaW =(10V)(4A) =(10)(4) =40W Therefore, the sign of power is positive and so the power absorbed by element ‘3 is : Step 7 of 9 Caloulate the power (P,) absorbed or supplied by element ‘4’ in the circuit having voltage ¥ = 5 V and current J =~—3 A as follows: Rav(-1) =(5 V)(-3 A) =(5)(-3) 15 W Therefore, the sign of power is negative and so the power supplied by element ‘4’ is [15 W] Step 8 of 9 Calculate the power (P,) absorbed or supplied by element’ in the circuit having voltage V =10 V anc current =| A as follows: PV =(10 V)(I A) =(10)(1) =10W Therefore, the sign of power is positive and so the power absorbed by element ‘5 is Step 9 of 9 According to Tellegen’s theorem the sum of supplied powers must be equal to the sum of absorbed powers. Verify Tellegen’s theorem as follows Povthahsvt ht ht Bek 200+ 15 = 25+5+40+10+120+15 215=215 Therefore, the supplied power is equal to the absorbed power and so Tellegen's theorem is verified.Step 1 of 1 1. 46p Consider the circuit diagram in Figure P1.46 in the text book. Let the power supplied by element ‘5' be P, . According to Tellegen’s theorem the sum of supplied powers must be equal to the sum of absorbed powers. Calculate the value of B as follows: 50 W+25 W+R =40 W415 W 504+ 25+ PR =40+15 75+ P, =55 B=-20 Therefore, the power supplied by element '5' is [=20 Watts] -Step 1 of 10 2.l£ie Consider the circuit shown in Figure 2PFE-7 in the text book. Caloulate the equivalent resistance R,, of resistors 3 kQ. and 6 kQ connected in parallel in the RR, considered circuit by using the formula R=—=— . R,+R, Substitute R= R,,, R,=3kOQ. Ry =6 kQ considered circuit and solve for Ry GB kQ)(6kQ) 3 kN46 kD _(BkOQ)(6 kQ) ~ 9kQ =2kQ Step 2 of 10 The circuit is reduced as shown in Figure 1. 12 kQ 2kQ Figure 1 Step 3 of 10 Calculate the equivalent resistance R,, of resistors R,. R, . R,, connected in series in Figure 1 by using the formula R=R, +R, +R, - Substitute R=R,, R,=4kQ, R,=12kQ, R, =R,, from Figure 1 and solve for Ry Ry =4kQ412KN+R,, =4kQ+12kQ4ZkQ =18kQ Step 4 of 10 Calculate the equivalent resistance R,, of resistors R,, R, connected in series in Figure 1 by using the formula R= R, +R, . Substitute R=R,,. R, =6kQ, R, = 3 kQ from Figure 1 and solve for Ry: R,, =6kN+3kQ =9kO Step 5 of 10 Calculate the equivalent resistance Rn of resistors Ry and Ry connected in parallel in Figure 1 by using RR, wt R the formula R= Substitute R=R,,. Ry =18kQ. R, =9 kQ and solve for Ryp - pn, - Ra)(Re) Rat Re _(18kQ)(9 kQ) ~18kQ4+9kQ _ (18 kQ)(9 kQ) ~ 27kQ =6k2Q Step 6 of 10 The circuit is reduced as shown in Figure 2. Step 7 of 10 Ry P. Figure 2 Step 8 of 10 Calculate the value of current /, in the circuit of Figure 2 by using Ohm's law { = . Substitute J=/,, V=-12 V. R=6k2Q+6 kQ from Figure 2 and solve for current f, . Step 9 of 10 R, Calculate the current 7, in Figure 1 by using the current division formula 7, ly = }. . + , +R, Substitute J= J, , R,=R, +R, +R,,. R, =R, +R, ftom Figure 1 and solve for current J, I (exten ) UR AR FR) +(R+R)) 6kQ+3 kD (a KQ412 kN42 may KQ46 a) mA) {28} =-0.33 mA Step 10 of 10 Calculate the value of current /, in Figure 2PFE -7 in the text book by using current division rule &), R+R, Substitute J=7,, R,=3kQ. R,=6 kQ from Figure 2PFE-7 in the text book and solve for f, . 6k b(t ea) mA) = (SE }(-03 mA) = (0.667)(-0.33 mA) =-0.22 mA Therefore, the value of current /, is 0.22 mA and the correct option is [a] .Step 1 of 2 2. Tp The voltage across any branch is distributed among the network elements connected in series in the branch. If a number of components are connected in parallel, the voltages across all the components are same. The current in a branch remains same even though it passes through the network elements connected in the branch. When a number of components are connected in parallel, the current divides itself depending on the branch impedances. Refer to Figure P2.7a in the textbook. In the past, the lights were connected in series. In series connection, the current remains the same, and the voltage is equally distributed. The lights will not have a voltage equivalent to the source voltage. The voltage across the each light depends upon the number of lights connected serially. If the number of lights connected is increased, the lights would decrease their intensity and would become dimmer. Step 2 of 2 Refer fo Figure P2.7b in the textbook Now, the lights are connected in parallel. In parallel connection. the voltage remains same, and the current is equally distributed. The voltage across all the lights is the same. Even though the number of lights. connected is increased in parallel, the voltage across each bulb is same and all the lights will glow with equal intensity (intensity would not decrease). Another reason for this change is, in Figure P2.7a if a light gets damaged or if the connection of a light is cut, then, all the lights would stop glowing. This would not be in the case of Fig P2.7b because, if one bulb is damaged, the remaining would not be effected as they are connected across the same terminals (paralle)). Therefore, the reason for this change is in Figure P2.7b, the lights glow with more brightness as compared to those connected in Figure P2.7a for the same voltage applied across the input terminals.Step 1 of 4 2.8e Consider the circuit shown in Figure E2.8 in the text book. Consider the circuit shown in Figure 4 to calculate V,, which is redrawn from Figure E2.8 as follows: a b c Figure 1 Step 2 of 4 Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the path afeda to calculate voltage V,, as follows: Va=6V+8V412V =26 V Therefore, the value of F,, is [2 Step 3 of 4 Consider the circuit shown in Figure 2 to calculate V,, which is re drawn from figure E2.8 as follows: a b c Figure 2 Step 4 of 4 Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the path bcdeb to calculate voltage V, as follows: ¥y=12 V-6V+4V =10V Therefore, the value of V, is |10 ¥|Step 1 of 3 2.8fe Consider the circuit shown in Figure 2PFE-8 in the text book. Calculate the equivalent resistance of resistors connected in series by using the formula R= R, +R, Substitute R= Rey, R, =3kQ, R, =1kO and solve for Ry, Ry, =3KQ41kQ =4kO Calculate the equivalent resistance of resistors connected in series by using the formula R = R, + R, . Substitute R= Ry, R,=2kQ, R, =6kO and solve for Ry Ry =2kQ+6kQ =8kQ , , ; ; RR, Calculate the equivalent resistance of resistors connected in parallel by using the formula & = R R + eT, Substitute R= Rp. R, =6kQ., R, =12 kQ and solve for Rp, - _ (6 kQ)(I2 kQ) © 6kQ+12 KQ _(6kO)(12 kQ) ~ 18kQ 24kQ Ry Step 2 of 3 The considered circuit is reduced as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Calculate the value of current /, flowing through R,, by using the current division formula I, Ry), R,+R, Substitute /,=/,, R,= Rs. Ry = Rey + Rp,» 1=24 mA from Figure 1 and solve for current J, . (Rs2+Rn)+ Rs, (mae mA) 1, aa} mA) (8 kO+4 KO) +4 KO =(0.25)(24 mA) =6mA Step 3 of 3 The same current J, is flowing through 6 kQ resistor having V, by using the Ohm's law V = IR . Substitute V=V,, 1 =6 mA . R=6kQ and solve for voltage V, - ¥,=(6 mA)(6k2) =36V Therefore, the value of voltage V, in the considered circuit is 36 Vand so the correct answer is option Ie] -Stop 1 of 3 Refer to Figure P2.8 in the text book. Determine the value of current, J, in the network Apply Kirchhoff voltage law at node-A in the network. 54441, =2+8 941, =10 R=lA Thus, the value of current, J, is Step 2 of 3 Determine the value of current, J, in the network Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law at node-B in the network. 3=64+1, +], ie+t,=-3 Substitute | A for J,in the equation 1+, =-3 La4a Thus, the value of current, J, is Step 3 of 3 Determine the value of current, J, in the network. Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law at node-C in the network. 1,4+8=1,4+4 L=1,+4 Substitute 4 A for J, in the equation. 1y=-444 L=0A Thus, the value of current, J, isStep 1 of 2 2.9e Consider the circuit shown in Figure E2.9 in the text book. Apply Kirchhoff’ voltage law to the loop abcda to calculate voltage (¥,) across resistor R, as follows: ¥, +¥,, +10¥, -12 V=0 IW, =12-¥,, IV, =12-1V ¥=1V Step 2 of 2 Now apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the loop bedb to calculate voltage (V,,) as follows: ¥,, +10V,, —Vyy=0 Vig = Vy, +10¥, =1V+10(1 V) =v Therefore, the value of V,, iStep 1 of 2 2.9fe Consider the circuit shown in Figure 2PFE-9 in the text book. The node voltage for the considered circuit is shown in Figure 1. V, 12 22 WY) 1) Ie 2A Figure 1 Apply Kirchhoff current law at the node ¥, in Figure 1 and solve. yy, 2+ 44st <0 ween) 42) 2% 4(4) Kg 4°44 "4 2V,+V, =16-8 Y=267V Step 2 of 2 Calculate the value of voltage Y, in Figure 1 by using voltage division formula V, = (Ze) . + ath, Substitute V,=V,. R, =3Q., R, =1Q., ¥ =2,67 V from Figure 1 and solve for V, y, -(sa2 aes v) -(3}e6n =(0.75)(2.67) =2V Therefore, the value of voltage V. in the circuit is 2 Y and so the correct answer is option .Step 1 of 3 Consider the circuit shown in Figure P2.10 in the text book. The nodes and current flow directions in the branches of the considered circuit is shown in Figure 1. A B Figure 1 Step 2 of 3 Let J, be the current flowing through the resistor in between the nodes A and B. Apply Kirchhoffs current law at node B and calculate the value of /, . 6mA+4 mA =10mA Step 3 of 3 Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node A and calculate the value of J, . 1,41, =20mA 1,=20mA-1, =20 mA-10 mA =10mA Therefore, the value of current /, isStep 1 of 3 2.10e Consider the circuit shown in Figure E2.10 in the text book. Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the circuit and calculate current ef ) value as follows: (80 kQ)(7) +12 V+(40 kQ)(1)-6 V=0 (80x10? + 40x10")(7) =-12+6 j= —So_ 120x 10° 7 =-0.05 mA Therefore, the value of current (7) flowing in the circuit is [0.05 ma] - Step 2 of 3 Calculate the voltage (V} across 40 kQ resistor as follows: V=IR =(-0.05 mA)(40 kQ) = (-0.05x107)(40x10") =-2V Step 3 of 3 Now apply the Kirchhoff law to the loop bedb to calculate voltage V,, as follows: Vy =12V-2V =10V Therefore the value of voltage, V,, is |19 VI -Step 1 of 5 2.10fe Refer to figure 2PFE-10, Replace the series combination of resistors §Q and 2¢ resistor with their equivalent resistance given by Ry =8+2 Ry = 102 10 ty I, av C 3Q 100 102 Figure 1 Step 2 of 5 Replace the series combination of resistors 10Q, and 10 resistor with their equivalent resistance given by 10x10 Re 39 Rg = 5A. Figure 2 Step 3 of 5 Replace the series combination of resistors 14 and §Q resistor with their equivalent resistance given by R= 1+5 Ry = 62 av) 62 Figure 3 Step 4 of 5 Equivalent resistance of the circuit R,, is given by (6x3) R, =1+—— “ 6+3 Rg =3Q Total current J, delivered by the 12 V source is given by 12 ios 73 1,54 19 Ir I, by 30 62 Figure 4 Step 5 of 5 Apply current division rule between 3 ohms and 6 ohms resistors to find J, Thus, the current J, isStep 1 of 1 2. LOp Consider the circuit shown in Figure P2.11 in the text book. Apply Kirchhoff current law at the top node in the considered circuit and solve for current J, 6mA+2 mA =8mA Therefore, the value of current J, isStep 1 of 5 2.lle Consider the circuit shown in Figure 1 as follows: a b V c Figure 4 Step 2 of 5 Let 7 be the current flowing in the circuit. Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the loop ada to calculate current J flowing in the circuit as follows: -1(20 kQ) =P, 1(20x10*) =3 V 120,15 mA Step 3 of 5 Calculate the voltage (V,) across 25 kQ resistor as follows: ¥, =(-0.15 mA)(25 kQ) = (-0.15%10"}(25x10") =-3.75 V Step 4 of 5 Calculate the voltage (V,) across 15 kQ resistor as follows: V, =(-0.15 ma)(15 kQ) =(-0.15x107)(15x10") =-2.25 V Step 5 of 5 Now, apply Kirchhoff voltage law to loop abcda to calculate V, as follows: Vi, HV, th 4¥, V5 =Vay-WnV =3 V-(-3.75 V)-(-2.25 V) =9V Therefore, the value of ¥, isStep 1 of 2 2. lip Consider the circuit shown in Figure P2.13 in the text book. The nodes and current flow directions in the branches of the considered circuit is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node ‘b’ in Figure 1 and solve for current f, 1, +12 mA=4mA 1,4 mA~-12 mA =-8 mA Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node ‘a’ in Figure 1 and solve for current J, . 14+1,=2mA 1,-8 mA=2 mA f,=2mA+8 mA =10 mA Therefore, the value of current J, is[10 mAStop 1 of 3 2.12e Consider the circuit shown in Figure E2.12 given in the text book. Calculate the value of /, passing through R, = 40 k& by using the current division formula given in equation 2.19 in the text book having J =16 mA and R, =120 kQ as follows: ‘ “(at)” -( 120k 40 k&2+ 120 kA =(0.75)(16x10) =12mA Jos mA) Therefore, the value of current /, is Step 2 of 3 Calculate the value of /, passing through R, = 120 kQ by using the current division formula given in equation 2.20 in the text book having J =16 mA and R, = 40 kQ as follows: be (ata) “a wari als ma) = (0.25)(16x10") =4mA The current leaving from the bottom node of 16 mA should equal to the current entering in 40 ko resistor and 120 kQ resistor. So the sign of current J, should be negative to enter into 120 kQ. Therefore, the value of current J, is Step 3.0f 3 Calculate the power (Piy4q) absorbed by R, = 40 KO as follows: in) Porn =(1)(R,) =(12 mA)’ (40kQ) =(144x10")(40) =5.76W Therefore, the power absorbed by 40 kQ) resistor isStop 1 of 4 2. 12p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P2.16 in the text book. The nodes and current flow directions in the branches of the considered circuit is shown in Figure 1. a Figure 1 Step 2 of 4 Let ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ be the nodes as shown in Figure 1. Let the current /, flowing in the circuit between the nodes ‘a’ and ‘b’ Apply Kirchhoffs current law at node ‘a’ and calculate the value of current J, 1e4mAes ma 75 MAq4 mA =1mA Step 3 of 4 Apply Kirchhoff current law at node ‘b’ and calculate the value of current J, . 441,43 mA =2 mA i,+1mA+3 mA =2 mA Therefore, the value of current J, is Step 4 of 4 Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node ‘c’ and calculate current 7, as follows: Therefore, the value of current J, isStep 1 of 5 2.13e Consider the circuit shown in figure E2.13 in the text book. Calculate the total resistance (2) value of 4 kQ and 12 kQ resistors that are connected in parallel. “4 a-(hoech) 4k" 12K ((2.5x10*)+(8.33%10")) ' 1 3.23310") 3k Step 2 of 5 Add the current sources algebraically and find the value of resultant current (7) P=6mA-4 mA =2mA Step 3 of 5 Thus, the circuit of Figure E2.13 is reduced as follows: Figure 1 Step 4 of 5 From Figure 1 the circuit (,)) is flowing through the resistor R, = 6 kQ Apply current division rule of equation 2.20 in the text book calculate the value of i . R n={ ao R+R -(3t ale mA) ‘Gator = 0,667 mA Step 5 of 5 Calculate the value of power (P) absorbed by resistor (R,) of 6kQ. P=ER, =(-0.667 mA) (6 k2) =(-0.667x10") (6x10") =2.67 mW Therefore, the power absorbed 6 kQ by resistor is [2.67 mW] -Step 1 of 2 2. 1L3p Refer to Figure P2.18 in the textbook. Represent the nodes and redraw the circuit. a b Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Apply Kirchhoff current law at node ‘a’ and calculate the value of current, J, 1,+3mA=12 mA 1,212 mA-3 mA =9mA Therefore, the value of current, F, is, . Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node ‘b’ and calculate the value of current, /, . Therefore, the value of current, J, is, Apply Kirchhoffs current law at node ‘c’ and calculate the value of current, L i,4+1,4+12mA=0 1,-2mA+12 mA =0 (since, 7, =-2 mA) 1,+10mA=0 I 10 mA Therefore, the value of current, i, is,Step 1 of 4 2.14e Refer to Figure E2.14 in the text book. Calculate the equivalent resistance (R) of resistors 3kQ and 6 kM connected in series as follows: R=3kKQ+6k2 =9kQ Step 2 of 4 The resistor R, is in parallel to 18 kQ resistance. Calculate the equivalent resistor (R, ) as follows: R,=R||18kQ R)(18 kQ) R,+18kQ _ (9 k)(18k2) 9kQ+18 kQ =6kO Step 3 of 4 Now, the circuit is reduced to as shown in Figure 1 A 6kQ R, Ras 10kQ B Figure 1 Step 4 of 4 Calculate the total equivalent resistance (R,,) of circuit in Figure 1 as follows: Ryy = 6 KQ+ Ry +10 kQ = 6KQ4+6K2+10 kD =22kQ Therefore, the equivalent resistance at the terminals A-B in the network is [99 kQ] -Step 1 of 2 2.14p Step 2 of 2 Apolying ECL at node 2, i, +10m —5i,—2m=0 Bm-41,=0 47, = 8mStop 1 of 6 2.15e Refer to Figure E2.15 in the text book. Calculate the equivalent resistance (R) of resistors 4 kQ and § k& that are connected in series as follows: R= 4kQ4+8kQ =12kQ Step 2 of 6 The resistance R, = 12 kQ is in parallel to 12 kQ resistor and 3 kQ resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance (R, ) by as follows: 1 1 Ly a (pista aT) = ((83.33%10*) + (83.3310) +(3333x10*)) 1 = (4.99x10") =2kQ Step 3 of 6 Now the circuit is reduced as shown in Figure 1. Ao Ras —_— 6kQ Bo Figure 1 Step 4 of 6 Calculate the equivalent resistance (R) of resistors 4 kQ and R, that are connected in series in Figure 1 Ry=4 KOR, =4kN+2kQ 26k Step 5 of 6 Now, the circuit is reduced as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 Stop 6 of 6 Calculate the total equivalent resistance (Rs) from Figure 2 for resistors 6 kQ. and R, connected in parallel as follows: Ray = 61 Ry _ (6 K2)(6 2) "6 k2+6kQ (6x10°)(6x10°) =3kQ Therefore, the value of equivalent resistance at terminals A-B in the circuit is [3 kQ]Step 1 of 1 2. 1L5p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P2.14 in the text book. According Kirchhoff current law the currents flowing at any node is equal to currents leaving from the same node. Apply Kirchhoffs current law to the considered circuit and solve for current I, value. 2,-4 mA +12 mA~/,-3/, =0 21, =-8 mA 21, =8 mA 1,=4mA Therefore, the value of current /. is |4 mA|Step 1 of 10 2.16e Refer to Figure E2.16 in the text book. Calculate the equivalent resistance (R) of resistors 2 kQ . 2kQ and 2 kQ that are connected in series as follows: R= 2kQ4+2KQEIKD =6kQ Step 2 of 10 The resistor R, = 6 kQ is in parallel to 6 kQ resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance (R,) as follows: ri41y (sata) = (6 12)(6 22) © 6KQ4+6KQ (6x10°)(6x10°) © (6x10°) +(6x10°) =3kQ Step 3. of 10 Now, the circuit is reduced as shown in Figure 1 4kQ 3 kQ Ao Re. ero 4kQ Bo Figure 1 Step 4 of 10 Calculate the equivalent resistance (R,) of resistors 3 kQ and R, =3 kQ that are connected in series in Figure 1. Ry =3kQHR, =3kQ+3kQ =6kQ Step 5 of 10 Now the resistor R, = 6 k&2 and 12 kQ are in parallel connection. Calculate the equivalent resistance (R,) as follows: 1 Ly «-(Gataa) (6 kO) (12k) 12kQ+6kQ __(6x10°)(12x10") © (12x10) +(6x10°) =4kQ Step 6 of 10 Now, the circuit is reduced as shown in Figure 2. Ao 4kQ Ras 8kQ Bo 4kQ 4kQ Figure 2 Step 7 of 10 Calculate the equivalent resistance (R,) of resistors 4 kQ and R, =4 kQ that are connected in series in Figure 2. Re=4kQ4R, =4kQ+4kQ =8kQ Step 8 of 10 Now the resistor Ry and § kQQ are in parallel connection. Calculate the equivalent resistance (R,) as follows: R,=8 kQ|| R, — (8 KQ)(8 kQ) "8 kQ4+8kQ __(8x10°)(8x10") © (8x10°)+(8x10°) =4kO Step 9 of 10 Now, the circuit is reduced as shown in Figure 3. A 4kQ Raa, R 4k B 4kQ Figure 3 Step 10 of 10 Calculate the total equivalent resistance (R, 7) from Figure 3 for the series resistors of 4 kQ.. R, and 4.kQ by using equation 2.25 in the text book as follows: Ry = 4 kKQ4R, +4kQ =4kQ4+4kQ44kO =12kQ Therefore, the value of R,, is [12 kQ] -Step 1 of 2 2. 16p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P2.17 in the text book. The nodes for the considered circuit are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node ‘a’ in Figure 1 and calculate the value of current [, 4mA+2 mA =6mA Apply Kirchhoff current law at node ‘b’ in Figure 1 and calculate the value of current J, . 142,24 mA 1,+(2)(6mA)=4 mA 1,=4mA-12 mA =-8 mA Therefore, the value of current /, is [<8 mAStep 1 of 1 2. Li7p Refer to Figure P2.23 in the textbook. The voltage, ¥, between the nodes b and cis, 6 V. The voltage, V_, between the nodes c and dis 2 V. Calculate the voltage, V,, between the nodes b and d. Va = Vie t Veg =6V42V =8V Therefore, the value of voltage, V,, is, |g Y| -Stop 1 of 6 Refer to Figure E2.18 in the textbook for the circuit. Redraw the circuit by representing currents in the circuit as shown in Figure 1. Step 2 of 6 Calculate the value of voltage across the resistor R, as follows: KahR, =(0.1 mA)(60 kQ) =(0.1x107)(60x10°) =6V Step 3 of 6 2.18e Therefore, the voltage V, across the resistor R, is also equal to 6 V because the voltage is same across the branches in parallel circuit. Now, calculate the current /, in Figure 1 as follows. Step 4 of 6 Apply Kirchhoffs current law and calculate the current i- T=hel, = 0.1 mA +0.05 mA =0.15 mA Step 5 of 6 Now, calculate the voltage (V) across resistor () - V=IR =(0.15 mA)(20 kQ) = (0.15x107)(20x10°) =3V Step 6 of 6 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law around the loop formed by ¥, , V and ¥, as follows: V+V-V,=0 3.V46V-V,=0 9V-¥,=0 ¥,=9V Therefore, the value of V, in the circuitis |9 Y] .Step 1 of 2 Refer to Figure P2.20 in the textbook. Represent the nodes and redraw the circuit. Step 2 of 2 Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node ‘a’ and calculate the value of current, J, . 27,+4 mA =6 mMA+6 mA 2/, =12 mA-4 mA &mA * 2 =4mA Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node ‘b’ and calculate the value of current, 7, 1,+1,+6mA=0 1, +4mA+6 mA =0 (since, /, = 4 mA) 1,+10mA=0 1,=-10mA Therefore, the value of current, 7, is, 2.18pStep 1 of 6 2.19e Refer to Figure E2.19 in the textbook for the circuit. Redraw the circuit by representing currents in the circuit as shown in Figure 1. 90 Figure 1 Step 2 of 6 Calculate the current (J,) from Figure 1 having voltage ¥ = 3 V andresistance R, = 30 kQ as follows ot R, _3v © 30kQ =0.1mA L Step 3 of 6 Calculate the voltage ¥, across the resistor R, = 90 kQ having current J, = 0.1 mA in Figure 1 as follows: Kahk, =(0.1 mA)(90 kQ) = (0.1107) (90x10°) =9V Step 4 of 6 The voltage V, across resistor R, is equal to the sum of V, and Yas follows: Step 5 of 6 Calculate current (/,) through resistor R, = 60 kQ as follows: ne R _2V © 60kQ =0.2mA Step 6 of 6 Calculate the value of current J, by applying Kirchhoff's current law as follows: feat +l, 20.2 mA+0.1mA .3 mA, Therefore, the value of current J, i