" !

"#$ % &' (
$ ( ( ) * + , - .
0 ( $ ( ) * . . / .
" 12 $ ( 1
" 4 5 Sections 3
9 ( 5 $ ! 6 7 8

sec tion length

No of tower =
max imum wind span

$ 7 8
" 12 : '; < : < 7 8
6 7 8 = 12 > ? 1 . .
" max wind span @ equivalent span 1 ' template
= != =! 5- / weight span A $ 1 (
= > / 7 8 = : . ) <. maximum weight span
" 12 $ ) 0
# , $ )< B ,C 7 . . . D .
E 7 weight span != . (< weight span
* ( &' $*3 7 ! $*3 3 7 14 $ "B ? & ' (
") * ( 1 &' =( 7 weight span
 ?F =, = - 8 5 . "
" ,4, H I $ 3 $*3G ? =,

$ 1 5 7 (! "
= E; 8 = E = . 8 >.
=( '8 E * 8 = E B .< 7 . .
" * 8 > 3 $*3 +- F 4

5 (8 5 7 6K J "
"

(bracing) $ , (main member) , "

(cylinderness ratio) 3 $*3# . 5 .
" ,

(X.Y.Z) 1 ? 3 / 2 ? 0 = 7 ( 6 "
"= = , @! ?

" > &' ( / "

, 0 = , H ( "
" < , ? !
L 7 5 G "
E 4 8 . 3 .
=, + ?F 7 # ?M N 8 8 . 3 $. *3
< 14 3 $*3 , ( =, B 7
: 5 14 %'> > 5 . .
" 1 3 $*3 < N B >! 7

! ? , G . "
: &' ( $ 6 ) / .?!
, ( 1 < 5 , =. 5.
" > (!

E6 ! ? , A -G ( "
5 , 1 < (cylinderness ratio) E D*
" ( 1 <

, ? 6 7 > # ?M ,( 5 . "
"O P ,

= * G 5 , * .( . "
5 7 (! (Q $*3 , .
" (stub angle) # , , # -
 9 3L , $ 7 8
" < 1 =, ! = 6 8 "I
1 D* = 6 8 "II
" <
" G ? =, = 6 8 "III
" ,4, = 6 8 "IV

5 < 8 %'> L. $
J ( >! L$ H = ! ( * . 8 %'. >
R K1 8 E7 E , (
"KL J L> - 8
" !
"+ !
" 5 !

!"
< =, ! = - 8 "I
K7 E , E J
" G? ? - 1 ?M =, ! = - 8 "II
" KV J ; 8 N L 8 %'> %- =
 #
, ( ? < O ,-! . + . . ?M
9 3 ; ( + @ 6 7
" G? = ! + ?F
"7 + ?F
" , ( + ?F

" $
> G? = ! 6 != 6 8 .>
" 6 %- ?M
( $ 4 = ( ' M @' 8 . / .
9 ( SF$ <
(Ultimate load = working load X safety factor)

$ !% & ' ()* +

" calculated (design) spans K
" (an) basic span 8 "I
" (a) wind span + "II
" (aw) weight span = , 8 "III

K J ,K

" , ( 1 ( K
"(m) (Li)
 "(mm) (di)
"(kg) (WI) =,

1 ( K
"(kg/m) (gcb) =,
" (mm) (dc) H
"(mm2) (Sc)
(daN/m) (Vc) + K J ?F K
(daN) Vi , ( + K J ?F K
(daN/m2) q + D* K
(daN) V ( 8 K
(daN) T * ( 8 K
P 6K
L 8 K

+
7 ,< 8 T
, ( = 6 8 KT
K =, J ! "I
Wi = WI * 0.98 (daN)
K+ K D*J ?FJ $! ! "II
-3
Vi = Li * di * Kr * q* 10 (daN)
 = ?. Reduction factor ; . < . 9 Kr
3 , ( + D @ '. . .
" ; ( (< +
9 = 6 8 KT
KG ? =, = ! =, J ! K!
Wc = gcb * 0.98 (daN)
Wice = π(dc+b)*b* i *10-6
G? 9b
G? =, 9 i

gc = Wice+ Wc

G ? =, = =, 9Wc
" G? D > =, 9 gc

9K+ ?FJ $! !K5

Vc=q(dc+2*b) 10-3

0 ( , T

Vi 2 Wi
Pwis = (a *Vc + ) + ((aw*gc + ) *0.98)2
2 2
 7 8 T

N K+ !J * ( 8 "
, ( + ?F = 6 * ( 8
Tv=(a* Vc + Vi) Sf
0 ( 7 ! $

Vi=Vis
0 ( , + ?F : vis
6 7 ! $
Vi=VIT

6 , + ?F 9 VIT

7 $

Vi=Vis+VIT

9 'M B + ?F = $ * 8 & $
Tv = a * Vc* Sf
9 ,= 6 * ( 8 .
TA = nA * Pc * Sin ( /2)*Sf

!: & J > 5 ( 9nA

K ( H I
" 4 ( $B 5 = U6 >9 Pc
/ K J , 7 $ K /2J = ; ( .
° ° =

5 = 6 N 8 "
G? + C# - ! N $

LT = Ks *Pc *Sf *Cos ( /2)

F
P c = r

S c S f 1

a 2
γ 2
P c + P c
2
−
P = 2
h
2

9 $ V> 5 ( = 8 ( 9Sf
SF= 2.5 Normal working case •
SF= 1.25 Broken wire case •
> 5 H I $= ! ( 9Sf1
*Every days stress, still air (E.D.S) Sf1=5
*Wind & Ice Sf1=2.5
*Max temp., still air Sf1=1
*Minimum temp., still air Sf1=1

KSag 1 $ J $8 6 # Ph
Maximum breaking load for the conductor ! > Fr
" > Sc
 9 KS =
Shield wire Phase conductor
Suspension tower 1 0.7
Section tower 0.15 KS *
Angle tower 1 1
Broken wire case-intact wire Ks=0.15 = 9 7 $T
Normal working.
Broken wire case-broken wire KS=1 or 0.85 =
opposite or in the same direction %- 4 $ & '

V c2 + g 2

γ = c

S c
kgF/m/mm2 γ
14 (LT) & 5 = 6 8 !5 /
= KG ? + # - ! JN N . !
"L ( ? N ! 14 (

... ... 7 : 5 8 %'> 5 (

, K Broken wire J: & ! ( (normal working)
"= 8 (

=, = 6 N ( 8
V=(aw*gc+Wi)*0.98*Sf

B , ( : 5 7 : L$ H / .
(Broken wire , normal working) > 5
 ! "
23 $ 1 Compression " Uplift 0 )/ ,! -"% . .
4 2! 5 4 -6" 7
23 & " 1; z/ {8 23 } 8 0 9 !" 2. 3 & 8 . :%
>z ;z $ " < = 4 23 & " $3"
+ %4 (?@ , A* B" 23 " ,! -"% !!. .
'"4 = 4 " Compression ,! 5 '"4 D8 23 C 1; z / 23
E Uplift ,! 5
0 37 1 / 5 ,! '"4 Compression ,"5 .5
4 ,! '"4 " 3" + 4
Cm(leg2)=XT+YL+V/4
7 F F 5 ,! '"4 @ uplift 0 ) ,". 5 .5 .
4
Um(leg4)= -XT -YL+V/4
 !
!3 7 ' ) + !! " 0 3 ! ! !.
E " G"! !! @ $"
wire clearance diagram G 4 + ) ! !! 7
" K EJ ! 3 ) H I% ! A @< . " . "
G 4 + ) ' ..
9" " ) !3 L @ " "! .5
E
E 8 M N @ 5
4 " " 6" !
+ % 6" " Li
O : '" 5 % a`, a %
: a 9" a`
1 !! / 8 * '! $ 5" " ' N @ .5
4 6 #3 P "6 $ () "

9" 1 ° °/ " 6 #3 "6 $ N @ 5

9" 1 ° °/ " 6
shade protection angle <"6 Q ° #3 P "6 57 .
E A @ ° 9" "
E' " ' N @ 5

Lcu=Lisin40+1.22+step bolt length+a/2

X=Licos40*tan a
Lcb=Lcu+X
Lcb=Li(sin40+cos40+tan a)+1.22+step bolts+a/2
Lcu
hE =
tan 30
Lcu
he=hE-Li+LEW= hE = -Li+LEW
tan 30
OPGW suspension set 8 J + A "3 ". . LEW7 .
length
A=a+2*hbc*tan a
%!"#$B
B=b+2*hbc*tan b

a &' $
"( )% b

' " +R " " - (& : ) + : & ! ! !.

' @<
Normal working condition
Broken wire condition-" J
 A ()P% J ( # "
4< 1< " 6/!I

'6 " J (" @X " 6 ()P% Normal working .@

%3
1-1 Mx-x = (1702X11.9)+(2X2398X7.9)+(3.75X2X2398)= 76127 daN.M.
2-2 Mx-x = (1702X39.25)+(2X2398X35.25)+(2X2398X31.1)+(2X2398X27.35)
= 516189 daN.M

J (" Y " " X " 6 ! . Broken wire . .@

%3 K R )&
1-1 Mx-x = (804X11.9)+(2X1499X7.9)+(2X1499X3.75)=44494 daN.M
2-2 MY-Y = (3846X11.9)= 54767 daN.M
2-2Mx-x = (804X39.25)+(1499X35.25X2)+(1499X31.1X2)+(1499X27.35X2)
= 312470 daN.M
MY-Y = 3846X39.25= 150955 daN.M
 "!3 "%

MX-X My-y MX-X My-y

N.W 76127 *+ 0
B.W 44494 54767 150955

4 , A* "6 %%
 MX-X Normal working @ 6 %
B" 4 !% " 7
678 1(2 9 : " MX-X 5 My-y Broken wire /-0 -1"(-
2 3 -4.,- .
F% 7$ =G F E :#. D ?2@A #0B: $C> 2 ;<1(2=
( N .W ) ( N .W ) ( B .W )
M M M
x− x
= x− x
+ x− x

2a 2a 2b
516000 312470 150955
= +
2a 2a 2b
516000 − 312470 150955
=
2a 2b
203530 150955
=
a b
a 203530
= = 1 . 34
b 150955
J 4 %4 +
E (Input data ) )! + " EI
E Conductor data " + " 1 /
E " -"% E
E Maximum breaking load 0 5 5E
E E final modulus of Elasticity %" E
E Coefficient of linear Expansion α !! E
EA 0 E
E " '6" E
 E " 5E
E weather condition + " 1 /
FtF "3 , 3 !1
Fq F # 1
FbiceF S A 4 1
" !% $ "3 K " T 1
1- Every day condition (mean climate temp , still air , no ice) .
2- Lowest temp , maximum wind and ice .
3- Maximum ambient temp , still air , noise .
4- Min ambient temp , still air no ice .
5-Low temperature , reduced wind , no ice (stringing condition ) .
1' " /+ + !! 1 /
Computation restriction (factor of safety /
!% $ +& 7
' "% " G %+ & !
every day tension at the mean climate " +& .
E temperature
Maximum working tension at the B " . +& .
normal lowest temp .
!I / !% J $ " G! + & . $
E 1$ 4 !%

line section data ) H63 + " 1 /

Ea ' '3 '
Eh' '3 ' B" @L :
conductor creep . " 1 ". !!. / . ! + ". 1 /
" ' S % 1 " !! / ! ( 24 7 prediction
( A " , 3 ! ,! 6 < 5" J (. ) " ' 6.
E °C > 15 °C ' B" ' ,! 6 2( 7 !!
computation algorithm $ EII
+" ) $ $
Equivalent span U@4 $
n
3
a i
a e = i = 1
n
a i
i = 1

% H63 ' " !! " n 7

J , A* B"
1# ' GI % / @ B" 1
ESA V' " % %
λn = q * d
S A0 " % 2:
λn = q(d + 2bice )
'6" ' GI % !" B" 1
SA V' " %
λ H = W c
 S A0 " %
λV = Wc + bice (d + bice )Wice * π
B" 1

γ = λ 2H + λ V2
Change of state Equation !
(T2) " K" V ! $ ! 2( !) 7 .
T1 K" ' ! ! W @" ". 3 K " . T !%.
E @" "3 K " T

ae2 γ 22 γ 12 T2 − T1
( 2 − 2)− − α * (t 2 − t1 ) = 0
24 T2 T1 E*A

Trial and error P ) $ 3 ! 2( 7

 Governing Computation case 4 1 /K T ! !
E :) +& !% ' !!
' !
T
K si = max

T i

"!3 H %
Case Tempera Conductor Conductor tension-Ti- Factor of safety-Ksi-
No - ture unit loads
ti - - Case1 Case2 Case3 … Case1 Case2 Case3
**
1 t1 T T2 resulted* T3resulted* … Ks1imposed Ks2 resulted Ks2 resulted**
1 T1 = max

KS1imposed

2 t2 T1 resulted* Tmax T3resulted* … Ks1 resulted** Ks2imposed Ks3 resulted**

2 T2 =
KS2imposed

3 t3 T1 resulted* T2 resulted* Tmax … Ks1 resulted** Ks2 resulted** Ks3imposed

3 T3 =
KS3imposed

…
* conductor tension Ti computed with change of state equation
T max
** K si = factor of safety for the case i
Ti

H K5 J= 8 ( 5 6 5 /
Change D ( 0 &' ( E B 6 !
( %'> N 8 14 $ 6 5 . of state equation
9 ( 0 = G = 8 ( 5 &' ( "
T max
K si =
Ti
B B
5 = 8 ( K J - = 8 12 ( .
$= WO governing case /
 )< 5 = 8 ( @ = . 8 1 2 .(
"K= 8 ( 1 0 J
9 * ?
X5 = 8 ( 9W W
X5 = 8 ( 9W W

Factor of safety
Case 1 Case 2
Case 1 X $" ' 5 = 8 (
X
Case 2 X5 = 8 ( X5 = 8 (

$ K5 JG = 8 ( 0 / 8 .
= = 8 ( =$ ? $ Y ?
<

Sag 5 &' ( Governing Case (

# - $# , $*3 $ 1 . ' 9 .I 2
( # - 3(conductor creep) . . .
/ : *
 Sag "! $
9 ( 5 Sag 5
a
f i = P i * [cosh e
− 1 ]
2 * P i

where
T
P i = i

γ i

%' ( 1 D 5 5 /
"

6 5
< # 1 - < 5 14 5 .
$G 6 5 change of stat equation. D ( 0.
t 2 , γ2 , T 2 KH I J t 1 , γ1 , T 1 T2 .
=( '4 > 5 5 . KH .I J .
> 5 > γ2 = 4
H I J G ? =, + ?F Z= . =, . $ ?.
K5
γ2 XWc
 5 ( 0 5 T2 5 (
Stringing 5

Te a *Wc 1
fi = [cosh( i ) − 1] *
Wc 2 * Te cos(tan −1 ( ∆ h / a i ))

T2=Te /
B$ >5 5 >9 ai
K - J=- = N $ 0 < 9∆h
 " %% Y
9 * & '+ *

# > 9 A,B
=- = 9a
=- = N $ 0 < 9∆h
$8 9OX
@ ( 9OY
8 ; < = ( $ 9P
& ; < 7 = $8 $ 9Ao
 9/ P -
T H [ daN ]
P [m ]=
γ [ daN / m ]

= - ( # - 6 = # > 9TH
>
5 - H I 9γ
K - ' G? + J >

= $ ∆h =0 $
f = y (a/2) - y (0)

X
y ( x) = Px cosh
P
a
2 a
f = P cosh − P = P × (cos − 1)
P 2P
 K=- = N $ 0 $ - J ∆h o $
a −1 ∆h
f = P (cosh − 1) / cos(tan )
2P a
9 A0 5
a −1 − ∆h
A0 = − P × sinh
2 a
2 * P *sinh
2P
9&
∆h =o N )< =- = 6 & $

a
Lsh = 2 * P * sinh( )
2* P
∆h o = < = =- = 6 & $
∆h −1
LS = LSh cosh(sinh ( ))
LSh
 ∆h o = < = =- = 6 D & $
E*A
Lu = LS
E * A + P *γ
& ( 9E
9A

# - D = G $0 < 5 =
∆L=L0 * α * ( t - t0 )
HI 7? : H.2.%α

stub angle check

" 0 0 "6 0 @" ' !4P E

C su 1
Asca = + * ( S xc2 + S yc2 )1 / 2
F y 0.75 * Fy
Asca: required sectional area of stub angle in compression case

Csu: Ultimate compression load on stub angle (with perpendicular shear)

!" # $ %

Sxc, Syc: perpendicular shear force on stub angle

x, y ' " $ &
 Fy: Yield stress
(# !

# "( ' )*# + F

Asca<Asc
Asc: Sectional area of stub
,#
( %
T su 1
A sta = + * (S 2
xt + S 2
yt )1/ 2
Fy 0 . 75 * F y
Asta= required sectional area of stub angle in tension case
(
Tsu: Ultimate uplift load on stub angle
$ - , %
Sxt, Syt: perpendicular shear force on stub angle
( $ &

# "( - #' )*# + F

Asta<Ast
 Angle shear connector J $"KLMI"/ .N. =O
:

# # . " " / 0/ )*# + 1 #

2 3 %
Fy
X = t *( `
)1/ 2

1.19 * f c

f `c :28 days cylinder strength of concrete

. * ' ' / 3 / % # &

t: thickness of angle shear connector

2 )

X: extended width of supported leg angle shear connector

0 , 4 %

r : angle shear connector fillet radius

" &5 2 /
 # "( - # ' )*# + F
x < bc-r-t

bc : angle shear connector leg % "%

Wac = x + r + t ≥ K ac * bc
Wac: width of supported leg of angle shear connector
, . % "' 4 %
% " % ' 6 4 / Kac
8 82 7 2 % %

kt * Tsu
I sc =
1.19 * f c * (t + r + 0.5 * x)
`

Isc: total required length of angle shear connector

82 + %
Kt: rate of angle shear connector support
"6 : " ' " % 2(

I sc
nc =
Ic
nc: number of angle shear connector
0 82

Ic: length of angle shear connector

82 %
 Z "6 + R " V ' !4P E
tc = min (t, ts)
2 ) t
9" ) ts
tc: minimum thickness of angle shear connector
ts, t ' ) %&: ;" #, .# 2 ) %&

<" ' + %

Tsu
nbv =
Fv * Ab

nbv: required number of bolts in shear

Fv: allowable shear on bolts

<" >2 ' %2 .# <" $ # = &

4 / /: <" ' + %

Tsu
nbb =
fb *db *tc
nbb: required number of bolts in bearing
db: diameter of angle shear connector bolt
Z "6 " V 5
 2 ,# <" %
max(nbv , nbb )
N b = max(nbsc , )
nc
'8? ' &" ' " )@ " #, .#

& 2 %) ,# <" ' %& Nbsc *

max(nbv , nbb )
nc AA

,! " 6 '"@! " ' !4P E

K a * Tsu
L=
4 * τ * n * bs
9" & ' ' % L

Ka: Rate of adhesion support 0 # . # B C # /

P : adhesion between stub angle and concrete (daN/cm2)

' ' C # "

% "% bs

n: number of angle in one stub angle 9" & ,#

# "( - #' )*# + D

L>Lmin

Lmin: minimum embedment of stub angle

' 4 0 = % %&
 ,! "6 ' !4P E

capacity of stub angle % #+ . / %

Fct = Fy × Ast
; Ast

C # " $! ! 82 ' E# / ) % #+ . / %
Fca: total capacity of stub angle from angle shear connectors and
adhesion

Fca=1.19*f`c*(t+r+0.5*x)*Ic*nc+4* P *n*bs*L

# "( ' )*# .# C B %

Fct < Fca
Fct > Tsu
Fca > Tsu
"6 4I ! Y
"6 1 / ,"5 ! &"
K 6J
9 1 < = * ( %'>
A) Short unsupported length D 1 ' ,
(L/r < 120)
1) Axially loaded at both ends .
, @
 2) Excentrically loaded at one end
, N 3 @, Z

3) Excentrically loaded at both ends

, @, Z

B) Long unsupported length D 1 ' ,

(120 < L/r < 200 : 225 : 250)

4) Unrestrained against rotation at both end # Z ,

 5) Restrained against rotation at one end

!
"#
$% &'( ) *!
+,-' *./0 1'!
23$
#-4

6) Restrained against rotation at both ends

!
"#$
% 5.) *!
+,-' *./0 1'!
23$
#-4

KL
r
k : effective length factor /
9 > / K 6J ( (< (
L
I) For 0 ≤ ≤ 120 (Short unsupported length)
r
I :1 curve No 1 K J
KL L
= K=1
r r
I :2 curve No 2 K2J
KL L
= 30 + 0 . 75
r r
k>1

I :3 curve No3 K J

KL L
= 60 + 0 .5
r r

k>1
L
II) For 120 < ≤ 200 , 225 , 250 (long unsupported length)
r
II :1 curve No 4 K J
KL L
= K=1
r r
L
II :2 curve No 5 120 < ≤ , 225 K J
r

KL L
= 28 .6 + 0 . 762
r r
L
II :3 curve No 6 120 < ≤ , 250 K J
r

KL L
= 46 .2 + 0 . 615
r r
 w
K , + = J
t
w 80 × ψ
≤ $R A
t lim it F y

/
6=2.62 metric system @ I $
6=1 US customery US I $

Fy : Minimum guaranteed Yield point of material # B * B 6 # !

= / < =
240 N/mm2=2400 daN /cm 2 = H1 H
350 N/mm2=3500 daN /cm 2 = H2 H
/ CC 5
2× E
CC = π ×
Fy
% ( ( Cc /
E: modules of elasticity of material
< = B # (
KL
C C ≥
r $ 9A

2
1 KL / r
F a = [1 − ] × Fy
2 CC

K : effective length factor /

K 6J 5 ( (< (
,
 1 XK K 6J 9 ?
Fa : allowable axial compressive stress ( daN /cm2)
, B @ D* -3 !
KL
C c < $ 9A
r
π2 ×E
Fa = 2
KL
r
w w 144 ψ
< < $ B
t lim it t Fy

- B 6 # > Fcr 5 (1:B)

w /t
F cr = 1 . 677 − 0 . 677 * Fy
(w / t )lim it

( $ Fy X Fcr ; ( (2:B)
2
1 KL / r
F a = [1 − ] × Fy
2 CC

w 144 ψ
≥ $ (C
t Fy
 Fcr 5 (1:C
0 . 0332 × π 2
×E
F cr =
(w / t ) 2
( $ Fy XFcr ; ( (2:C

2
1 KL / r
F a = [1 − ] × Fy
2 CC

L
F a℘
r

7
2
1 KL / r
Fa = [1 − ] × Fy
2 CC
w 80 × ψ
F y = Fcr if >
t Fy
 9 0 5 7 $ , H =
1) L/ r < 120
1:1 curve 1 : * Main member
** Corssarm chords

1:2 curve 2 : * Corssarm hanger

1:3 curve 3 : * Short bracings

** Corssarm hanger and chords

2) L/r > 120

2:1 curve 4 : * Barcing connected with one bolt at Both ends.
2:2 curve 5 : * Barcing connected with 2 bolts at one end.
2:3 curve 6 : * Barcing connected with 2 bolts at Both ends.

Slenderness ratio 7 , 6 ?
1) angle L 50 x50x6H2
Compression Tension Governing Governing Area
C T loading case loading case A
in compression In tension
CA TA
5722 5362 3 4 5.691
radius of gyration Radius of Unbraced length Unbraced
in V axis gyration in X axis in V axis Length in X axis
riv rix Liv Lix
0.97 1.5 95 140

L iv 95
Ldv: slenderness ratio in V axis = = = 97 .93 ≅ 98
riv 0 . 97

L ix 140
Ldx : slenderness ratio in X axis = = = 93 .33 ≅ 93
rix 1 .5
 considering curve C [ [ 6
KL L
= 60 + 0 .5
r r
L
K V J= = 8 > X K -
r
k X 98= 60 + 0.5 X 98 KX

> 9 Ldc -
Ldc =K * max (Ldv,Ldx )= K* Ldv X X X

( 5 Fa -
2
1 KL / r
Fa = [1 − ] × F y = 1744 daN / cm 2
2 CC
H2 : daN/ cm 2 X Fy /
Ldc KL/r ; (
stress in compression : Fe allowable axial compressive stress : Fa =

7
compression(C ) 5722
Fe = = = 1005 daN / cm 2
Area( A) 5.961

6 0 =! 5-

Fe < Fa
curve `A` W W 6 = =! ; <
KX Ldc X Ldv x k X
Fa = 2000 daN / cm2
 "6 !I 1,"5/ ! > [ %A

= -= , % -= ,
1 $= != > > 7 -
0 ? $ Z
length of critical path No 2 = critical path
(Acr) critical path Area - -
Area Critical = Critical path * thickness
6 $ -P Stress in tension 9 Ft -
Tension
= -= , $ Ft = /
A cr

Tension
$# -= , $ Ft = /
0 . 9 * A cr

6 0 = F K

Ft < Fy
 " V ! > [A A

Shearing check Z A -3 A < K

Shear stress on bolt : Fv -
(C )max or (T )max
Fv =
n s * A s * N SS
/
, 0 6 ! D* ! (C)max or (T)max
Z 9 ns
Number of shearing section A * ( 9 NSS
6 = 0 :
Fv < F v max

Z < = - Fv max /
 Bearing check O P -3 A < K
Bearing stress on bolt 9 Fb - 9

Fb =
(C )max or (T )max
n s * d b * t cm

Z 9db /
Z K J O ,-8 : tcm
Fb < Fb max 6 = 0 9
" Z < = - F b max /