g. miqaZe, z.

bogveliSvili

gemis dizelis Zravas

Tburi gaangariSeba

`teqnikuri universiteti”@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

g. miqaZe, z. bogveliSvili

gemis dizelis Zravas

Tburi gaangariSeba

registrirebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier

Tbilisi
2009
uak 629.113.073

damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia gemebis

dizelis Zravebis Tburi gaangariSebis meTodebi, muSa
ciklis gaangariSebisaTvis saWiro sawyisi parametrebis
SerCeva-dasabuTeba, gaangariSebaTa Tanmimdevroba.
moyvanilia saTanado teqnikur-sacnobaro masala, ZiriTad
parametrTa cvalebadobis zRvrebi. warmodgenilia
indikatoruli da efeqturi maCveneblebis gansazRvris,
siTburi balansis Sedgenis, indikatoruli diagramis
agebis, siCqariTi maxasiaTeblis gaangariSebis xerxebi.
damxmare saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia sazRvao
transportisa da satransporto mowyobilobaTa
eqspluataciis mimarTulebis bakalavriatis da
magistraturis studentebisaTvis, doqtorantebisaTvis,
aseve Sesabamisi sawarmoebis, firmebisa da samsaxurebis
inJiner-teqnikuri personalisaTvis.

recenzenti profesori amiran afciauri

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-393-9
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
 sarCevi

winasityvaoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1. zogadi cnobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2. gemis dizelis Zravas ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi . . 11
3. sawvavi dizelis ZravebisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4. cilindrebis Sevsebis procesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.1. muxtis wneva da temperatura SemSveb
sarqvelTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2. narCeni airis parametrebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3. airis wneva da temperatura Sevsebis
dasasruls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5. kumSvis procesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6. wvis procesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.1. wvis produqtebis Sedgeniloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.2. airis saSualo moluri Tbotevadoba . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.3. airis wneva da temperatura wvis
dasasruls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7. gafarToebis da gandevnis procesebi . . . . . . . . . 39
8. Zravas efeqturi maCveneblebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.1. meqanikuri danakargebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.2. efeqturi margi qmedebis koeficienti
da sawvavis efeqturi kuTri xarji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
9. indikatoruli diagramis ageba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
10. Zravas siTburi balansi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
11. gare maxasiaTeblis ageba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

3
 winasityvaoba

uaRresad didia Sigawvis Zravas roli msoflio

energetikaSi, mrewvelobaSi, soflis meurneobaSi,
transportze, Kkacobriobis mravalmxrivi saqmianobis
sxva sferoebSi. am Zravebma, sxva kvanZebTan da
agregatebTan erTad unda uzrunvelyon mobiluri
manqanebis efeqturi muSaoba maTi eqspluataciis
cvalebad pirobebSi moZraobis sxvadasxva reJimebze.
Tanamedrove sazRvao da samdinaro satransporto
saSualebebze Zalur danadgarad farTodaa gamoyenebuli
dguSiani Sigawvis Zravebi.
damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi gadmocemulia Teoriuli
kursis zogierTi ZiriTadi debuleba, romelTa codna
aucilebelia Sigawvis Zravebis muSa ciklis
gaangariSebisTvis saWiro parametrebis SerCeva-
dasabuTebis, calkeul procesTa dasasruls muSa
sxeulis wnevisa da temperaturis dadgenis,
indikatoruli da efeqturi maCveneblebis gansazRvris,
Tburi balansis Sedgenis, maxasiaTeblebis agebisa da
sxva sakiTxTa ganxilvisaTvis.
winamdebare naSromSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi exeba
gemis dizelebs. sxva manqanebis (magaliTad
avtomobilebis, Tbomavlebis) Zalur danadgarTa zogierT
parametrTa raodenobrivi mniSvnelobebi mocemulia
mxolod im mizniT, rom erTxel kidev xazi gaesvas im
garemoebas, Tu rogor did gavlenas axdens ama Tu im
manqanis daniSnuleba, misi muSaobis reJimi,
eqspluataciis Taviseburebebi am parametrTa (sawvavis
kuTri xarji, litruli simZlavre, swrafsvlianoba,
gabarituli zomebi, masa, resursi) ricxviT
mniSvnelobebze.

4
 Sesavali

Sigawvis Zrava sakmaod rTuli manqanaa, romlis

muSaobis principi efuZneba energiis gardaqmnis or etaps.
pirvel etapze sawvavis faruli qimiuri energia
gardaiqmneba Tbur energiad (wvis procesi), meore etapze
ki _ am Tburi energiis nawili gardaiqmneba meqanikur
muSaobad (gafarToebis procesi). Zravas efeqturi muSaoba
damokidebulia mraval iseT faqtorze, romelTa
aRricxva Tburi gaangariSebiT ver xerxdeba. Zravas muSa
ciklis gaangariSeba warmoadgens im orientirs, romelic
aCvenebs Tu rogori Sedegebia mosalodneli
dasagegmarebeli Zravisagan misi racionaluri
konstruqciuli gaformebis, meqanizmebisa da sistemebis
normaluri muSaobis dros.
Sigawvis Zravas Tburi gaangariSeba gulisxmobs
indikatorul diagramaSi Semavali realuri procesebis
Termodinamikur gaangariSebas, ciklis saSualo wnevis
gansazRvras, indikatoruli diagramis agebas, ciklis
saerTo maCveneblebis gamoTvlas da Zravas ZiriTadi
zomebis – cilindris diametrisa D da dguSis svlis S
mniSvnelobebis dadgenas.
Tburi gaangariSebis ZiriTadi Rirseba is aris, rom
misi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva procesis
detaluri analizi, parametrebis urTierTqmedebaTa
garkveva da sxvadasxva pirobebSi maTi cvalebadobis
tendenciebis varaudi.
Tburi gaangariSeba saSualebas iZleva sakmao
sizustiT, analizuri gziT Semowmdes realurad momuSave
Zravas muSa procesis srulyofis xarisxi an
ganisazRvros axlad dasaproeqtebeli Zravas ZiriTadi
parametrebi. Tburi gaangariSebis safuZvelze igeba
indikatoruli diagrama. parametrebi, miRebuli Tburi
gaangariSebis dros, gamoiyeneba Cqaruli maxasiaTeblis
asagebad da warmoadgens sawyis informacias Zravas
dinamikur da simtkiceze gaangariSebebisaTvis. Zravas
Tburi gaangariSebis Sedegad ganisazRvreba Zravas
ZiriTadi energetikuli, ekonomikuri da konstruqciuli
parametrebi.
Tburi gaangariSebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da
sapasuxismgeblo etapi sawyis parametrTa saTanadod
5
SerCeva da dasabuTebaa. es procesi gaiolebulia ukve
arsebuli Zravas Tburi gaangariSebisas, rasac ZiriTadad
SemowmebiTi xasiaTi aqvs. dasagegmarebeli ZravisaTvis ki
sawyisi parametrebis SerCeva gansakuTrebiT rTuldeba
maSin, roca igi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba arsebuli
Zravebisagan.
Zravas Tburi gaangariSebisaTvis saWiro sawyisi
parametrebia: Zravas tipi (oTxtaqtiani, ortaqtiani),
cilindrebis ganlageba, efeqturi simZlavre, muxla
lilvis brunTa ricxvi, kumSvis xarisxi, Cabervis wneva.
gaangariSebaTa da proeqtirebis procesSi
dasagegmarebeli Zravisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi da
liTonSi ganxorcielebuli manqanis maCveneblebi
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli maTi daniSnulebisagan,
agreTve, eqspluataciis dros muSaobis pirobebisa da
xangrZlivobisagan. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes, agreTve,
Zravisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi gabarituli zomebis,
masis, konstruqciis simartivis, swrafsvlianobis,
sawvavis kuTri xarjis, TviTRirebulebis, muSaobis
xangrZlivobis (resursis) da sxva maCvenebelTa mimarT.
ase, magaliTad, Soreuli naosnobis gemebze gamoyenebul
mZlavri Zravebisadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi moTxovnebia:
didi saimedooba da resursi, agreTve sawvavis mcire
kuTri xarji. gabaritul zomebze da swrafsvlianobis
Semcirebaze (an gadidebaze) ki, maTi daniSnulebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, mkacri SezRudvebi ar arsebobs, maSin
rodesac, vTqvaT, swrafsvliani katarRebis ZravebisaTvis
kompaqturoba (mcire gabarituli zomebisa da masis
SemTxvevaSi didi simZlavris miRebis aucilebloba) erT-
erTi ZiriTadi moTxovnaa. swored amiT (daniSnulebis
gaTvaliswinebiT) aixsneba am ori tipis ZravaTa
parametrebs Soris didi gansxvaveba maTi gabarituli
zomebis, swrafsvlinobisa da sxva maCvenebelTa ricxviTi
mniSvnelobebis mixedviT.

6
 1. zogadi cnobebi

msoflios sazRvao da samdinaro flotis gemebze

Zravebad, rogorc mTavar (romlebic uzrunvelyofen
gemis svlas da mohyavT moZraobaSi maZravi _ saniCbavi
xraxni an Tvali), ise damxmared (romlebic daniSnulia
gemis eleqtrogeneratorebis, kompresorebis da sxva
damxmare sistemebis aZvrisaTvis) ZiriTadad
gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva konstruqciis dizelis Zravebi.
dizelis Zrava (mokled-dizeli) warmoadgens Tbur
dguSian Sigawvis Zravs sawvavi narevis Siga warmoqmniT
da SekumSviT TviTaalebiT. sxva sityvebiT, sawvavi narevi
mzaddeba muSa cilindris SigniT da xdeba dguSis mier
Zlieri kumSviT gacxelebul haerSi Sefrqveuli sawvavis
TviTaaleba.
dizelis ZravSi haeri miewodeba cilindrSi
sawvavisgan gancalkevebiT da Zlier ikumSeba dguSiT
moculobaSi daaxloebiT 17-jer (14:1-dan 24:1-mde), anu
moculoba xdeba 17-jer naklebi cilindris mTlian
moculobasTan SedarebiT. kumSvis maRali xarisxis gamo,
Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis Sesabamisad, haeris Siga
energia izrdeba da haeri xurdeba sadizelo sawvavis
TviTaalebis temperaturamde (700...800 °C). am dros
cilindrSi frqvevaniT didi wneviT (20…150 mpa)
Sefrqveuli sawvavi gaifrqveva wvril nawilakebad,
Tanabrad Seereva SekumSul haers da TviTaaldeba. wvis
dros gamoyofili energia iwvevs muSa narevis
gafarToebas, romelic awveba dguSs da asrulebs
meqanikur muSaobas.
dizelis TviTaalebiT momuSave Zravas didi
upiratesobaa, rom cilindrSi sufTa haeris SeSvebiT
iqmneba misi Zlieri SekumSvis SesaZlebloba. Zlieri
SekumSva, e.i. maRali kumSvis xarisxi (ε=12...21), Zravas
maCveneblebis gaumjobesebis saukeTeso saSualebaa da
misi ganviTarebis did perspeqtivebs qmnis, radgan
ZiraTadad kumSvis xarisxis sididezea damokidebuli
cilindrSi sawvavis wvis Sedegad miRebuli siTburi
energiis efeqturad gamoyenebis xarisxi (ekonomiuroba),
agreTve Zravas bevri sxva parametri.

7
 1892 wlidan, rodesac germanelma inJinerma rudolf
dizelma miiRo patenti Zravze, romelsac Semdgom misi
saxeli ewoda, am Zravebma ganviTarebis didi gza ganvlo
da maTi meqanizmebis umravlesobam udides srulyofas
miaRwia. Tu magaliTad, eqspluataciisaTvis gamosadegi
pirveli Zravas simZlavre iyo daaxloebiT 3 cxenis Zala
(cx.Z.), axla gvxvdeba dizelebi, romelTa efeqturi
simZlavre anu muxla lilvze ganviTarebuli sasargeblo
simZlavre Seadgens ramdenime aTas cxenis Zalas.
simZlavris mixedviT Tanamedrove Zravebi iyofa: mcire
simZlavris _ 73,5 kvt-mde (100 cx.Z.), saSualo simZlavris
_ 73,5…735 kvt (100…1000 cx.Z.), mZlavr _ 735…7350 kvt
(1000…10000 cx.Z.) da zemZlavr _ 7350 kvt-ze meti (10000
cx.Z.) Zravebad.
Zravas daniSnulebisa da eqspluataciis pirobebis
mixedviT did farglebSi icvleba Zravas muxla lilvis
brunTa ricxvi (n). Zravas muxla lilvis brunTa ricxvis
mixedviT Zravebi SeiZleba iyos dabali brunTa ricxviT _
10…25 wm-1 (100…250 br/wT), saSualo brunTa ricxviT _
25…60 wm-1 (250…600 br/wT), gazrdili brunTa ricxviT _
60…100 wm-1 (600…1000 br/wT) da maRali brunTa ricxviT _
100 wm-1-ze meti (1000 br/wT). gemebze gavrcelebul dabal
brunTa ricxvebian dizelebs gemis maZravi moZraobaSi
moyavT uSualod, xolo danarCens _ reduqtoris
saSualebiT. axali sazRvao dizelebi ZiriTadad
saSualo da gazrdili brunTa ricxvis mqone Zravebia.
swrafsvlianobis (dguSis saSualo siCqaris) mixedviT
Zravebi pirobiTad iyofa nelsvlian da swrafsvlian
Zravebad. yvela oTxtaqtiani da ortaqtiani dizeli,
romlis dguSis saSualo siCqare (cm) ar aRemateba 6,5 m/wm
miekuTvneba nelsvlian Zravebis kategorias. xolo
Zravebi, romelTa dguSis saSualo siCqare aWarbebs 6,5
m/wm iTvleba swrafsvlian Zravad. swrafsvliani gemis
dizelebis brunTa ricxvi meryeobs 600-dan 2000 br/wT-mde.
didi miRwevebia sawvavis kuTri xarjis _ Semcirebis
da efeqturi margi qmedebis koeficientis (m.q.k.) gazrdis
mxriv. isini gamoiyeneba Zravas ekonomiurobis
SefasebisaTvis. Tanamedrove oTxtaqtiani ukompresoro
dizelebisaTvis sawvavis kuTri xarji Seadgens 165…190
g/cx.Z.sT, xolo efeqturi m.q.k. _ 0,33…0,40; ortaqtiani
8
ukompresoro dizelebisaTvis sawvavis kuTri xarji
Seadgens 170…200 g/cx.Z.sT, xolo efeqturi m.q.k. _
0,32…0,38.
pirvel dizelebSi sawvavis Sefrqveva cilindrSi
xdeboda maRal wnevamde SekumSuli haeris gamoyenebiT,
romlis misaRebad Zravas hqonda kompresori (xSirad or
an samsafexuriani) da balonebi haeris Sesagroveblad. am
Zravebs ewoda dizelebi sawvavis pnevmaturi SefrqveviT
an kompresoriani dizelebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom SekumSuli haeriT sawvavis
Sefrqveva sakmarisad maRalxarisxianad xdeba,
kompresorebi da balonebi zrdis Zravas gabaritebsa da
saerTo masas, amas isic emateba, rom kompresori Tavisi
aZvrisaTvis xarjavs Zravas sasargeblo muSaobis
mniSvnelovan nawils. swored es naklovanebani gaxda
ukompresoro Zravebis Seqmnis mizezi. ukompresoro
ZravebSi sawvavi cilindrSi miewodeba maRali wneviT
200…1500 at (20…150 mpa) specialuri maRali wnevis
tumboTi. sawvavi narevis misaRebad SekumSul haerSi
sawvavi Seifrqveva 0,25…0,5 mm diametris patara
naxvretebiani frqvevanebiT.
dizelebis ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba
hqonda axali muxtiT cilindris Sevsebis xerxis _
Cabervis da gansakuTrebiT ki turboCabervis SemoRebas.
Caberva anu, sxvagvarad, Zravas cilindrebSi haeris
iZulebiTi daWirxvna, iwvevs sawvavi narevis muxtis
gazrdas, cilindrebis Sevsebis gadidebas da Sesabamisad,
Zravas simZlavris mniSvnelovan matebas. Zravebs CaberviT
SeuZliaT ganaviTaron simZlavre 1,5…2-jer meti, vidre
Cabervis gareSe. Cabervis dros haeris SeSveba cilindrSi
xdeba saqrevi tumboTi, specialur damWirxnSi
(kompresorSi) atmosferulze umniSvnelod momatebuli
1,2…1,5 at wneviT. amasTan, Tu Caberva airturbinulia da
turbokompresoris aZvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba Zravas
cilindrebidan gamomavali namuSevari airi, maSin
simZlavris zrdasTan erTad iklebs sawvavis kuTri
xarjic.
Tanamedrove gemis dizeli warmoadgens kombinirebul
energetikul danadgars, romelic Sedgeba Cabervis mqone
dizelisagan, airis turbinisa da kompresorisagan.

9
 miuxedavad imisa, rom dizelebma ganviTarebis didi
gza ganvlo da gamoirCevian ekonomiurobiT da
xangamZleobiT, sxva Sigawvis ZravebTan SedarebiT
naklebad abinZureben garemos toqsikuri narCenebiT, jer
kidev arsebobs maTi gaumjobesebis rezervebi. Aam
TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia: Cabervis wnevis gadideba,
sawvavi narevis momzadebis procesis gaumjobeseba,
cilindrebSi airis SemSvebi da gamomSvebi sistemebis
srulyofa, axali masalebis (maT Soris keramikuli
masalebis) gamoyenebiT Zravas muSaobis xangrZlivobisa
da saimedoobis gadideba, marTvis da regulirebis
avtomatizacia sxv.
did saokeano da sazRvao gemebze gamoiyeneba dabali
brunTa ricxvis 10≤n<25 wm-1 (100≤n<250 br/wT) mqone,
nelsvliani cm≤6,5 m/wm dizelebi. maT aqvT didi efeqturi
simZlavre Ne≥500 ef.cx.Z., agreTve cilindrebis didi
diametri. amitom eqspluataciaSi saimedoobis
uzrunvelsayofad aseT ZravebSi kreickofuli
mrudmxara-barbaca meqanizmia gamoyenebuli.
sazRvao da samdinaro gemebze, saniCbav amZravTan
uSualo mierTebiT an reduqtoruli gadacemiT,
gamoiyeneba saSualo brunTa ricxvis 25≤n<60 wm-1
(250≤n<600 br/wT) mqone, saSualo swrafsvlianobis c >6,5
m
m/wm dizelebi. maT aqvT saSualo efeqturi simZlavre
25≤Ne<800 ef.cx.Z. da Zravebi igeba tronkuli mrudmxara-
barbaca meqanizmiT
samoqalaqo gemebze, saniCbav amZravze reduqtoruli
gadacemiT, xolo specialuri daniSnulebis gemebze _
saniCbav amZravze uSualo gadacemiT, gamoiyeneba
gazrdili brunTa ricxvis 60<n<100 wm-1 (600<n<1000 br/wT)
mqone, swrafsvlianebi cm≥8,5 m/wm dizelebi, Zravas
efeqturi simZlavris farTo diapazoniT 25<Ne<600 ef.cx.Z.
katarRebze, wyalqveSa frTian da specialuri
daniSnulebis gemebze ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba maRali
brunTa ricxvis n≥100 wm-1-ze (n≥1000 br/wT) mqone,
swrafsvliani 8,5<cm<12 m/wm dizelebi. isini xasiaTdeba
gazrdili forsirebiT, mcire gabaritebiT da woniT.

10
 2. gemis dizelis Zravas ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi

Sigawvis Zravas damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebia: simZlavre, muxla lilvis brunvis
sixSire, taqtianoba, cilindrebis raodenoba da
ganlageba, cilindris diametri da dguSis svla.
garda aRniSnulisa ZiriTad parametrebs SeiZleba
miekuTvnos eqspluataciis pirobebSi didi mniSvnelobis
mqone maCveneblebi: Zravas masa, gabarituli zomebi,
muSaobis xangrZlivoba (resursi), sawvavis da zeTis
kuTri xarji.
gemis dizelebisaTvis, iseve rogorc sxva Sigawvis
ZravebisaTvis damoukideblad tipisa, Zravas ZiriTad
zomebad iTvleba misi diametri D da dguSis svla S _
manZili mkvdar wertilebs Soris. Zravas mkvdari
wertili ewodeba muxla lilvis iseT mdgomareobas,
rodesac dguSi icvlis moZraobis mimarTulebas, rac
Seesabameba dguSis or ganapira mdgomareobas, rodesac
misi siCqare nulis tolia. Sesabamisad, vertikalur
ZravebSi zeda da qveda mkvdari wertilebia,
horizontalur ZravebSi _ marjvena da marcxena an Siga
da gare mkvdari wertilebi.
Sigawvis Zravebis TeoriaSi miRebuli ZiriTadi
cnebebi da aRniSvnebi moyvanili qvemoT.
cilindris muSa moculoba Vh ewodeba moculobas,
romelsac dguSi aRwers erTi svlis ganmavlobaSi anu
moculobas dguSis mkvdar mdgomareobebs Soris:
πD 2
Vh = S , (1)
4
sadac D aris cilindris diametri; S-dguSis svla.
kumSvis kameris moculoba Vc ewodeba moculobas,
cilindris mkvdar wertilebs Soris.
cilindris mTliani moculoba Va aris muSa da
kumSvis moculobebis jami:
Va= Vh+ Vc . (2)
kumSvis xarisxi ε warmoadgens cilindris mTliani
moculobis Sefardebas kumSvis kameris moculobasTan:

11
 V V + Vc Vh
ε= a = h = +1 . (3)
Vc Vc Vc
kumSvis xarisxi ε geometriuli sididea da mocemuli
ZravisaTvis yvela pirobaSi ucvleli rCeba.
Sevsebis koeficienti ηv _ dizelebisTvis aris
Sefardeba cilindrSi namdvilad moxvedrili haeris
masisa haeris im masasTan, romelic moTavsdeboda
cilindris muSa moculobaSi garemos wnevisa da da
temperaturis pirobebSi. Sevsebis koeficienti ηv
axasiaTebs haeriT cilindrebis Sevsebis xarisxs. Tu
Zrava CaberviT muSaobs, maSin saWiroa cilindrSi
namdvilad moxvedrili haeris masa SevufardoT haeris im
raodenobas, romelic moTavsdeba cilindris muSa
moculomaSi damWirxnidan gamomavali haeris wnevisa da
temperaturi pirobebSi.
haeris siWarbis koeficienti α warmoadgens
cilindrSi namdvilad moxvedrili haeris raodenobis
Sefardebas haeris im raodenobasTan, romelic
Teoriulad saWiroa cilindrSi miwodebuli sawvavis
sruli wvisaTvis. es parametri gamoiyeneba sawvavi narevis
xarisxis Sesafaseblad.
Zravas litraJi Vl aris Zravas yvela cilindris (i)
muSa moculobaTa jami, gamosaxuli litrebSi:
Vl = Vh i . (4)
Zravas indikatoruli simZlavre Ni ewodeba Zravas
cilindrebSi ganviTarebul simZlavres.
Zravas efeqturi simZlavre Ne Zravas muxla lilvze
ganviTarebuli sasargeblo simZlavrea. igi mudam
naklebia Ni indikatorul simZlavreze, radgan
gansazRvruli muSaoba ixargeba xaxunis daZlevasa da
damxmare meqanizmebis muSaobaze.
Zravas litruli simZlavre Nl aris efeqturi
simZlavre, romelic modis muSa moculobis erT litrze:
Ne
Nl = . (5)
Vl

12
 litruli simZlavre Nl axasiaTebs Zravas
srulyofilobis xarisxs, gviCvenebs ra litraJis
erTeulis gamoyenebis efeqturobas. swored litruli
simZlavris sididiT da ara simZlavris absoluturi
mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba erTi da imave tipis Zravebis
konstruqciaTa Sedareba. Swrafsvliani dizelebis
litruli simZlavre Seadgens 15…22 kvt/l.
Zravas meqanikuri margi qmedebis koeficienti (m.q.k.) ηm
ewodeba efeqturi da indikatoruli simZlavreebis
fardobas. is gamoiyeneba Zravas meqanikuri danakargebis
SefasebisaTvis.
Zravas efeqturi m.q.k. ηe aris Zravas mier
ganviTarebuli sasargeblo muSaobis fardoba daxarjul
siTbosTan. igi gamoiyeneba Zravas ekonomiurobis
SefasebisaTvis.
mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia Zravas saSualo efeqturi
wneva (pe). saSualo efeqturi wnevis pe da dguSis saSualo
siCqaris cm sidideebi SeirCeva Zravas daniSnulebis, misi
simZlavris, muSa procesis Taviseburebebis, Cabervis
gamoyenebis da sxva faqtorTa gaTvaliswinebiT. amasTan
mxedvelobaSi miiReba arsebuli, analogiuri tipis
Zravebis monacemebi, maTi ganviTarebis tendenciebi,
damxmare meqanizmebis, momavalSi gamosayenebeli
masalebis, sawvavisa da SemzeTi masalebis TvisebaTa
gaumjobesebis perspeqtivebi. Pe-s da cm-is sidideebi
warmodgenilia cxrilSi 1.
cxrili 1

saSualo efeqturi wnevis pe da dguSis saSualo

siCqaris cm mniSvnelobebi CaberviT momuSave
sxvadasxva tipis dizelebisaTvis

Zravas tipi da daniSnuleba pe, mn/m2 cm, m/wm

gemis, nelsvliani, ortaqtiani 0,80…1,00 4,5…6,5
gemis, saSualo simZlavris 0,75…1,20 6,5…10,0
oTxtaqtiani Tbomavlis 0,75…1,40 7,0…10,0
saavtomobilo 0,80…1,00 9,0…10,0

13
 Zravas ZiriTadi zomebis (cilindris diametri D da
dguSis svla S) gasaangariSeblad Tavdapirvelad unda
ganisazRvros Zravas litraJi:
N eτ
Vl = , (6)
pe n
sadac τ taqtianobis koeficientia, oTxtaqtiani
ZravebisaTvis τ=4, ortaqtiani ZravebisaTvis τ=2.
dguSis saSualo siCqare cm imdenad mniSvnelovani
parametria, rom misi sididis mixedviT afaseben Zravas
swrafsvlianobas:
Sn
cm = . (7)
30
am kriteriumis mixedviT asxvaveben nelsvlian (cm<6,5
m/wm) da swrafsvlian (cm>6,5 m/wm) Zravebs.
dguSis saSualo siCqaris ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis
dadgenis dros zemoaRniSnul faqtorebTan (meqanikuri da
Tburi daZabuloba, motoresursi da sxv.) erTad
mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli is garemoebac, rom
swrafsvlianobis amaRlebiT izrdeba Zravas muSaobiT
gamowveuli xmauris done.
dguSis saSualo siCqaris c SerCeuli mniSvnelobisa
da brunvis sixSiris mocemuli sididis n mixedviT,
SeiZleba ganisazRvros dguSis svla:
cm
S= . (8)
2n
cilindris diametri gamoiTvleba gantolebidan:
4Vh
D= . (9)
πSi
Semdeg ki moiZebneba dguSis svlis S fardoba
S
cilindris diametrTan D, an piriqiT. fardobis
D
sididisagan damokidebulebiT asxvaveben moklesvlian
S S
( <1) da grZelsvlian ( >1) Zravebs. Tanamedrove
D D

14
Zravebis umravlesobisaTvis am fardobis mniSvneloba
axlosaa erTTan. gamonaklisia gemis nelsvliani mZlavri
ortaqtiani kreickofuli dizelis Zravebi, romlebSic
S
fardobis sidide uaxlovdeba 2-s.
D
windeniTi gamoqrevis mqone ortaqtian dizelebSi
S
fardobis sidide ufro metia, vidre konturuli
D
gamoqrevis mqone dizelebSi.
S
gemis Tanamedrove dizelebSi miRebuli fardobis
D
mniSvnelobebi warmodgenilia cxrilSi 2.

cxrili 2
S
fardobis mniSvnelobebi gemis dizelebSi
D
Zravas tipi S
fardoba
D
nelsvliani 1,25…1,85
gazrdili swrafsvlianobis 1,00…1,50
msubuqi swrafsvliani 1,18…1,30

Zravebis brunvis sixSiris zrdis gamo bolo wlebSi

S
SeiniSneba fardobis Semcirebis tendencia.
D
moklesvlian sqemaze gadasvliT mcirdeba: Zravas simaRle
da masa, dguSis siCqare da detalebis cveTa. izrdeba:
airebis wneva dguSze, indikatoruli m.q.k. da Sevsebis
koeficienti.
dguSis siCqaris zrdiT: matulobs meqanikuri
danakargebi, detalebis Tburi daZabuloba, mcirdeba
Zravas muSaobis xangrZlivoba. Amis gamo dguSis siCqaris
gazrdis SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes iseTi
sakiTxebi rogoricaa detalebis xangamZleoba, ufro

15
maRalxarisxiani masalebis, gaumjobesebuli Tvisebebis
mqone zeTebis gamoyeneba sxv.
cilindrebis raodenobis SerCevis dros
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes:
_ samanqano ganyofilebis gabarituli zomebi;
_ Zravas moZravi nawilebis mier Seqmnili inerciis
Zalebis da momentebis Sewonasworebis saWiro xarisxi;
_ Zravas mabruni momentis cvalebadobis saWiro
siTanabre;
_ Zravas amuSavebis SesaZlebloba muxla lilvis
nebismieri mdgomareobisaTvis.
amisaTvis cilindrebis raodenoba ar unda iyos
naklebi: ortaqtiani ZravebisaTvis – oTxze, oTxtaqtiani
ZravebisaTvis ki – eqvsze.
gemis Tanamedrove dizelis ZravebSi cilindrebis
raodenoba i, moyvanilia cxrilSi 3.

cxrili 3
gemis dizelis ZravebSi cilindrebis
raodenoba i
Zravas tipi cilindrebis
raodenoba, i
nelsvliani:
ortaqtiani 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12
oTxtaqtiani
6,8
gazrdili swrafsvlianobis:
ortaqtiani 6,8,9,10
oTxtaqtiani 6,8,10,12
msubuqi swrafsvliani:
ortaqtiani 4,6,12
oTxtaqtiani 6,8

moqmedi saxelmwifo standartis ГОСТ 10150-88

Sesabamisad, gemebis, Tbomavlebis da stacionaruli tipis
yvela dizelis Zravas miniWebuli aqvs Sesabamisi Sifri,
romelic Sedgeba asoebisa da cifrebisagan. isini
aRniSnaven Zravis tipsa da daniSnulebas: Ч _
oTxtaqtiani; Д _ ortaqtiani; ДД _ ortaqtiani ormagi
moqmedebis; P _ reversiuli (saaTis isris moZraobis

16
mimarTulebiT da mis sawinaaRmdego mxaresac brunvis
SesaZleblobis mqone muxla lilviT). P aRniSvnis ar
arsebobisas Zrava arareversiulia; C _ gemis reversiuli
quroTi; П _ reduqtoruli gadacemiT; K _ kreickofuli.
K aRniSvnis ar arsebobisas Zrava tronkulia; H _
CaberviT momuSave. H aRniSvnis ar arsebobisas Zrava
muSaobs Cabervis gareSe. cifri asos win aRniSnavs
cilindrebis raodenobas, xolo wiladis mricxveli
asoebis Semdeg cilindrebis diametrs santimetrebSi,
mniSvneli ki _ dguSebis svlas santimetrebSi.
15
magaliTad, dizelis dasaxeleba 6ЧСП niSnavs
18
Semdegi tipisa da daniSnulebis Zravs: eqvscilindriani,
oTxtaqtiani, gemis reversiuli quroTi da reduqtoruli
gadacemiT, cilindrebis diametri 150 mm, dguSebis svla
180 mm.
standartul aRniSvnasTan erTad gamoiyeneba, agreTve,
damamzadebeli qarxnis mier SemoRebuli aRniSvnebi.

17
 3. sawvavi dizelis ZravebisaTvis

Zravas daproeqtebis dros, sxva faqtorebTan erTad,

metad mniSvnelovania imis codna Tu romel sawvavze
imuSavebs igi, radgan sawvavis Tvisebebisagan
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli: Zravas konstruqciuli
Taviseburebebi; ciklis mimdinareobis xasiaTi; civi
Zravas amuSavebis SesaZlebloba; saimedooba;
xangamZleoba; ekonomiuroba; muSaobis efeqtianobis
damaxasiaTebeli maCveneblebi mTlianad. amitom wvis
procesis xarisxianad SesrulebisaTvis sawvavis fizikur-
qimiuri Tvisebebi unda pasuxobdes im moTxovnebs,
romelsac uyenebs mas mocemuli Zravas konstruqcia da
misi eqspluataciis pirobebi.
TviTaalebiT momuSave dizelis ZravSi sawvavad
gamoiyeneba sadizelo sawvavi cetanuri ricxviT _ ara
nakleb 45-sa (moqmedi saxelmwifo standarti ГОСТ 305-82).
sazafxulo pirobebSi gamoiyeneba “ДЛ” markis dizelis
sawvavi, romelic rekomendebulia 0 °C-ze da met
temperaturaze momuSave dizelebisaTvis, xolo zamTris
pirobebSi _ “ДЗ” markis dizelis sawvavi, romelic
rekomendebulia _30 °C-ze da nakleb temperaturaze
momuSave dizelebisaTvis.
dizelis sawvavi warmoadgens CnHmOr saxis
naxSirwyalbadebis narevs. misi elementuri Sedgeniloba
gamoisaxeba masis erTeulebSi (kg) da 1 kg sawvavisaTvis
C+H+O=1, sadac C, H, O Sesabamisad, naxSirbadis,
wyalbadis da Jangbadis masuri nawilia 1 kg sawvavSi. 1
kg dizelis sawvavis saSualo elementuri Sedgenilobaa:
C=0,870 kg; H=0,126 kg; O=0,004 kg.
sawvavis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
maCvenebeli, maT Soris erT-erTi ZiriTadia
Tbounarianoba, anu siTbos raodenoba, romelic
gamoiyofa misi sruli wvis dros. imis mixedviT, Tu ra
erTeulSia aRebuli sawvavi (kg an moli) arCeven 1kg
sawvavis an 1 moli sawvavis Tbounarianobas. Cveulebriv,
Txevadi sawvavis Tbounarianobas ufardeben 1 kg-s.
erTimeorisagan asxvaveben sawvavis umaRles H0 da
udables Hu Tbounarianobas.

18
 sawvavis umaRlesi Tbounarianoba ewodeba siTbos im
raodenobas, romelic gamoiyofa erTeuli raodenobis
sawvavis sruli wvis dros im pirobiT, Tu sawvavis wvis
produqtebi gacivdeba sawyis 15 °C-mde.
udablesi, anu muSa Tbounarianoba ewodeba umaRlesi
Tbounarianobisa da im siTbos sxvaobas, romelic wylis
aorTqlebaze ixarjeba. aorTqlebuli wylis raodenobaSi
igulisxmeba sawvavis wyalbadis daJangviT miRebuli
wyali, sawvavSi uSualod Sereuli wyali da procesSi
monawile haeris teni.
sawvavis umaRlesi Tbounarianobis gamoyeneba
SeiZleba mxolod maSin, rodesac xerxdeba wvis
produqtebSi myofi wylis orTqlis kondensacia da,
maSasadame, aorTqlebaze daxarjuli siTbos ukan
dabruneba.
Sigawvis Zravas Tburi gaangariSebis dros saWiroa
gaviTvaliswinoT mxolod udablesi Tbounarianoba,
radgan cilindridan gamomavali namuSevari airis
temperatura wylis orTqlis kondensaciis temperaturaze
bevrad metia da amitom SeuZlebelia Zravas cilindris
SigniT wylis aorTqlebaze daxarjuli siTbos ukan
dabruneba.
sawvavis Tbounarianobas, Cveulebriv, eqsperimentulad
arkveven. miaxloebiT udablesi Tbounarianoba SeiZleba
gamoiTvalos d.i.mendeleevis formuliT:
Hu=8100C+30000H – 2600O– 600(H2O+9H) kkal/kg, (10)
an
Hu=33900C+125700H – 1090O – 2500(H2O +9H) kj/kg. (11)
dizelis sawvavis udablesi Tbounarianoba
daaxloebiT aris 10150 kkal/kg an 42530 kj/kg.
Zravas Tburi gaangariSebisaTvis arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs gamoyenebuli sawvavisagan Semzadebuli
sawvavi narevis Tbounarianobas (Hnar.). sawvavi narevi
Sedgeba sawvavisa da haerisagan. dizelisaTvis:
Hu
H nar. = , (12)
αA 0
an

19
 Hu
H nar. = . (13)
α L0
sadac α aris haeris siWarbis koeficienti; ℓ0-1 kg sawvavis
sruli wvisaTvis Teoriulad saWiro haeri kg-Si,
kg ⋅ haeri ; L -1 kg sawvavis sruli wvisaTvis Teoriulad
0
kg ⋅ sawvavi
saWiro haeri kmolebSi, kmoli ⋅ haeri .
kg ⋅ sawvavi
sawvavis sruli wvisaTvis saWiro haeris raodenobas
ewodeba Teoriulad aucilebeli da ganisazRvreba
sawvavis elementuri SedgenilobiT.
1 kg sawvavis sruli wvisaTvis Teoriulad saWiro
haeri masis erTeulebSi:
1 ⎛8 ⎞
A0 = ⎜ C + 8H − O ⎟ , (14)
0, 23 ⎝ 3 ⎠
sadac 0,23 Jangbadis masuri Semcvelobaa 1 kg haerSi.
1 kg sawvavis sruli wvisaTvis Teoriulad saWiro
haeri moculobiT erTeulebSi:
1 ⎛C H O⎞ , (15)
L0 = ⎜ + − ⎟
0,208 ⎝ 12 4 32 ⎠
sadac 0,208 Jangbadis moculobiTi Semcvelobaa 1 kmol
haerSi.
ℓ0 da L0 erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia gamosaxulebiT:
ℓ0=μhL0 (16)
sadac μh=28,96 haeris molekuluri masaa.
faqtobrivad sawvavis masur an moculobiT erTeulze
mosuli haeris namdvili raodenoba SeiZleba iyos meti,
toli an naklebi sruli wvisaTvis saWiro haeris
Teoriul raodenobasTan SedarebiT. 1 kg sawvavis wvis
procesSi monawile haeris namdvili raodenobis A (an L)
Sefardebas wvisaTvis saWiro haeris Teoriulad
aucilebel raodenobasTan ℓ0 (an L0) haeris siWarbis
koeficienti α ewodeba:
A L
α= = . (17)
A0 L
0

20
 Zravas am erT-erT umniSvnelovanesi parametris α-s
sidideze gavlenas axdens Zravas muSaobis pirobebi,
simZlavris regulirebis meTodi, narevwarmoqmnis tipi,
wvis procesis mimdinareoba. α-s Semcireba dasaSveb
zRvrebamde forsirebis (litruli simZlavris zrdis)
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria, Tumca amasTan erTad
izrdeba detalebis (gansakuTrebiT dguSis jgufis)
TbodaZabuloba, namuSevari airebis kvamlianoba.
dizelebisaTvis mudam α>0. nominaluri simZlavris
reJimze Cabervis gareSe momuSave Tanamedrove
dizelebisaTvis α=1,4…1,5; Cabervis mqone dizelebisaTvis
α=1,6…1,8.
sawvavi narevis (axali muxtis) raodenoba M1,
kmoli sawv.nar.
dizelis ZravebisaTvis Seadgens:
kg sawvavi
M1=αL0 . (18)

21
 4. cilindrebis Sevsebis procesi

cilindrebis Sevsebis procesi oTxtaqtian ZravSi

muSa ciklis sawyisi procesia. Sevsebis procesi
Teoriulad iwyeba zeda mkvdar wertilSi da mTavrdeba
qveda mkvdar wertilSi. mas win uswrebs wina ciklis
namuSevari airebis gandevna. Sevsebis procesis normalur
mimdinareobaze didadaa damokidebuli axali muxtiT
cilindrebis Sevsebis xarisxi da, maSasadame, Zravas
simZlavrec. Sevsebis procesis gaangariSebis mizania
kumSvis procesis sawyisi parametrebis pa wnevisa da Ta
temperaturis gamoTvla.
axali muxtis SesaTbobi specialuri mowyobiloba
dizelebs ara aqvs, Tumca muxtis SeTboba xdeba cxel
detalebTan Sexebis gamo. Cabervis gareSe momuSave
ZravebSi SeTbobis gamo temperaturis mateba Seadgens
ΔT≈15...20°C; Cabervis gamoyenebisas Zravas detalebsa da
Casaber haers Soris temperaturuli sxvaobis Semcirebis
gamo muxtis SeTboba ramdenadme mcirdeba da
temperaturis mateba Seadgens ΔT≈10...15 °C.
wneva Sevsebis dasasruls:
pa=pk _ Δpa , (19)
sadac Δpa aris SemSvebi sistemis da muxtis moZraobis
siCqaris mileviT gamowveuli wnevis danakargi (mpa). igi
Seadgens Cabervis gareSe momuSave dizelebisaTvis
Δpa=(0,03...0,18)p0, sadac p0 atmosferuli haeris wnevaa;
Cabervis mqone dizelebisaTvis ki Δpa=(0,03...0,10)pk, sadac
pk haeris wnevaa SemSvebi sarqvelis win.
narCeni airebis koeficienti:
Tk + ΔT pr
γr = ⋅ . (20)
Tr εp a − p r
Cabervis gareSe momuSave dizelebisaTvis γr=0,02...0,05.
Cabervis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi γr mniSvneloba
ramdenadme mcirdeba.
temperatura Sevsebis procesis dasasruls:
Tk + ΔT + γ r Tr
Ta = . (21)
1+ γ r

22
 Ta-s mniSvneloba ZiriTadad damokidebulia muSa
sxeulis temperaturaze, narCeni airebis koeficientze,
muxtis SeTbobis xarisxze, narCeni airebis temperatura
ki masze nakleb gavlenas axdens.
Cabervis gareSe momuSave oTxtaqtiani dizelebisaTvis
Ta=310...350 K, Cabervis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ki
Ta=320...400 K.
Sevsebis koeficienti ηv Sevsebis procesis yvelaze
metad mniSvnelovani parametria. igi warmoadgens
cilindrSi erTi ciklis ganmavlobaSi namdvilad
moxvedrili axali muxtis Gn masis fardobas im muxtis
Teoriul GT masasTan, romelic SeiZleba moTavsebuliyo
cilindris muSa moculobaSi garemos wnevisa da
temperaturis pirobebSi:
Tk (εp a − p r )
ηv =
(T
k )
+ ΔTk (ε − 1) p k
. (22)

ηv ZiriTadad damokidebulia Zravas taqtianobaze,

swrafsvlianobasa da airganawilebis sistemis
srulyofaze. misi mniSvneloba matulobs Sevsebis
dasasruls wnevis zrdiT da klebulobs gandevnis
wnevisa da muSa narevis SeTbobis temperaturis zrdiT.
dizelebisaTvis Sevsebis koeficient ηv-s ricxviTi
mniSvnelobebis cvlilebis zRvrebi warmodgenilia
cxrilSi 4.
cxrili 4

Sevsebis koeficient ηv-s ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi

Zravas tipi Sevsebis koeficienti, ηv
oTxtaqtiani Cabervis gareSe 0,80...0,94
momuSave dizelebi
Cabervis mqone dizelebi 0,80...0,97

ortaqtiani dizelebi 0,85...1,10

23
 4.1. muxtis wneva da temperatura
SemSveb sarqvelTan

Zrava ikvebeba atmosferuli haeriT, romlis wnevaa

p0=0,1 mpa, temperatura ki T0=293 K. Zravas muSa ciklis
gaangariSebis dros interess warmoadgens haeris wneva pk
da temperatura Tk cilindris SemSvebi sarqvelis win.
cilindrebis Sevseba axali muxtiT SeiZleba moxdes
SewoviT im gauxSoebis xarjze, romelic Seiqmneba
cilindrSi dguSis zeda mkvdari wertilidan qveda
mkvdari wertilisken gadaadgilebis gamo, an iZulebiTi
wesiT _ CaberviT. ZravSi Cabervis ar arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi wneva da temperatura cilindrSi Sesvlis
win, Sesabamisad, tolia garemos wnevis da garemos
temperaturis: pk=p0=0,1 mpa, Tk=T0=293 K.
rodesac Zravas cilindrebis Sevseba axali muxtiT
xdeba iZulebiTi miwodebiT anu CaberviT, haeri
cilindrSi miewodeba specialuri kompresoris
(damWirxnis) saSualebiT, sadac is winaswar ikumSeba.
Caberva aumjobesebs cilindridan namuSevari airebis
gandevnas da axali muxtiT mis Sevsebas, rac 1,5…2,0-jer
zrdis Zravas simZlavres. Cabervis xarisxis Sesabamisad
wneva cilindrSi Sesvlis win pk SeiZleba iyos Semdeg
zRvrebSi: susti Cabervis dros _ pk=1,5p0, saSualo
simZlavris Cabervis dros _ pk=(1,5…2,2)p0 da Zlieri
Cabervis dros _ pk=(2,2…2,5)p0. haeris temperatura
cilindrSi Sesvlis win gamoiTvleba formuliT:
nk −1
⎛p ⎞ nk
Tk = T0 ⎜⎜ k ⎟⎟ , (23)
⎝ p0 ⎠
sadac nk haeris kumSvis politropis saSualo
maCvenebelia kompresorSi (damWirxnSi). dguSiani
damWirxnisaTvis nk=1,4…1,6; moculobiTi damWirxnisaTvis
nk=1,55…1,75; xolo RerZuli da centridanuli
damWirxnebisaTvis nk =1,4…2,0.
SemSveb milSi gavlis dros muxti siTbos
gansazRvrul raodenobas milis gacxelebuli
kedlebisagan Rebulobs da amis gamo xdeba muxtis

24
 '
SeTboba. muxtis temperatura T0 , cilindrSi Sesvlis win,
romelic damyardeba SemSveb sarqvelTan, SeiZleba
gamoisaxos tolobiT:
Tk' = Tk + ΔT = 361 + 10 = 371 , (24)
sadac ΔT temperaturis namatia SeTbobis gamo,
dizelisaTvis ΔT=10…25 °C. axali muxtis bunebrivi
SeTbobis temperatura Cabervis mqone dizelisaTvis
SeiZleba miRebul iqnas ΔT=10 °C.

4.2. narCeni airis parametrebi

hidravlikuri winaRobis arsebobis gamo ver xerxdeba

cilindrebis sruli gawmenda namuSevari airebisagan da
maTi nawili mudam rCeba kumSvis (wvis) kameris
moculobaSi. es narCeni airebi Seereva cilindrSi Sesul
(moxvedril) axal muxts (dizelSi esaa atmosferuli
haeri) da gvaZlevs e.w. muSa narevs. narCeni airebis
arseboba xels uSlis Sewovis process da amcirebs
cilindrebis Sevsebas.
narCeni airebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens Zravas
muSaobaze. dizelis oTxtaqtian ZravebSi maTi raodenoba
Seadgens samuSao narevis mTliani raodenobis 3…4%-s.
narCeni airi Seereva ra axal muxts, amcirebs masSi
Jangbadis koncentracias da auaresebs wvis process.
Zravas Tburi gaangariSebisaTvis aucilebelia winaswar
SeirCes narCeni airebis wneva pr da temperatura Tr, rac
garTulebulia imiT, rom isini didadaa damokidebuli
Zravas kumSvis xarisxze, muxla lilvis brunTa ricxvze,
datvirTvasa da haeris siWarbis koeficientze. am mizezis
gamo Zravas Tburi gaangariSebis win narCeni airis wneva
da temperatura aiReba arsebuli analogiuri Zravebis
gamocdis Sedegebis mixedviT an zog SemTxvevaSi,
iangariSeba empiriuli tolobebiT.

25
CaberviT momuSave arsebuli dizelebisaTvis, sruli
datvirTviT maTi muSaobis dros, aiReba pr=(0,75…0,98)pk
da Tr=600…900 K zRvrebSi.

4.3. airis wneva da temperatura Sevsebis

dasasruls

wneva Sevsebis procesis bolos ZiriTadi faqtoria,

romelic gansazRvravs Zravas cilindrSi miwodebuli
muSa sxeulis raodenobas. igi gamoiTvleba formuliT:
pa = pk _ Δpa , (25)
sadac Δpa wnevis danakargia ZravSi haeris Sewovis dros,
gamowveuli SemSvebi sistemis winaaRmdegobiT da
cilindrSi muxtis moZraobis siCqaris mileviT. igi
iangariSeba bernulis formuliT:
( β 2 + ξ k )ω k2 ρ k
Δp a = ⋅ 10 −6 , (26)
2
sadac β aris cilindris gansaxilvel ganivkveTSi axali
muxtis moZraobis siCqaris milevis koeficienti; ξk-
SemSvebi sistemis winaaRmdegobis koeficienti,
ganivkveTis yvelaze viwro adgilisaTvis; ωk-axali muxtis
moZraobis saSualo siCqare SemSvebi sistemis yvelaze
viwro ganivkveTSi (rogorc wesi, esaa sarqveli an saqrevi
sarkmelebi). eqsperimentuli monacemebiT Tanamedrove
ZravebisaTvis nominalur reJimze muSaobisas:
(β2+ξk)=2,5…4,0 da ωk=50…130 m/wm. dizelis Semwov sistemaSi
karburatoris ar arsebobis gamo mcire hidravlikuri
winaaRmdegobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Zravas Cqaruli
reJimis Sesabamisad miiReba: (β2+ξk)=2,7 da ωk=70 m/wm; ρk-
muxtis simkvrive Cabervis SemTxvevaSi (Cabervis ar
arsebobis dros pk=p0 da ρk=ρ0). muxtis simkvrive ρk, kg/m3
Cabervis mqone dizelebisaTvis Sevsebis procesis dros,
iangariSeba formuliT:

26
 pk
ρk = ⋅ 10 6 , (27)
Rh Tk
sadac Rh kuTri airis mudmivaa haerisaTvis . igi tolia:
R
Rh = kj/(kg·grad), sadac R aris airis universaluri
μh
mudmiva, R=8315 kj/(kmoli·grad); μh-haeris molekuluri
masa, μh=28,96.
amrigad:
pk
ρk = ⋅ 10 6 , (28)
R h Tk
( β 2 + ξ k )ω k2 ρ k
Δp a = ⋅ 10 −6 . (29)
2
oTxtaqtiani CaberviT momuSave dizelebisTvis
Δpa=(0,03…0,10)pk mpa.
pa = pk _ Δpa . (30)
temperatura Sevsebis procesis dasasruls Ta
ZiriTadad damokidebulia muSa sxeulis temperaturaze,
narCeni airebis koeficientze, muxtis SeTbobis xarisxze
da naklebadaa damokidebuli narCeni airebis
temperaturaze. igi gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Tk' + γ r Tr
Ta = , (31)
1+ γ r
sadac γr narCeni airebis koeficientia. igi axasiaTebs wvis
produqtebisagan cilindris gawmendis xarisxs da
SemoRebulia imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ramdenadaa
dabinZurebuli axali muxti narCeni airebiT da
warmoadgens narCeni airebis raodenobis Sefardebas axal
muxtTan. γr-s gazrdiT mcirdeba Sevsebis procesSi
cilindrSi miwodebuli axali muxtis raodenoba. igi
gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Tk' pr
γr = ⋅ . (32)
Tr εp a − p r

27
 dizelebisaTvis narCeni airebis koeficienti icvleba
zRvrebSi γr=0,03…0,04.
amrigad, temperatura Sevsebis procesis dasasruls
iqneba:
Tk' + γ r Tr
Ta = K (33)
1+ γ r
oTxtaqtiani ZravebisaTvis CaberviT Ta=320…400 K.
metad mniSvnelovan sidides, romelic axasiaTebs
Sevsebis process warmoadgens Sevsebis koeficienti ηv.
igi axasiaTebs cilindris axali muxtiT Sevsebis xarisxs
da warmoadgens cilindrSi erTi ciklis ganmavlobaSi
namdvilad moxvedrili axali muxtis masis Sefardebas im
muxtis Teoriul masasTan, romelic SeiZleba
moxvedriliyo cilindris muSa moculobaSi garemos
wnevisa da temperaturis pirobebSi. Sevsebis koeficienti
gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Tk (εp a − p r )
ηv = . (34)
Tk' (ε − 1) p k
CaberviT momuSave Tanamedrove dizelebSi Sevsebis
koeficienti Seadgens ηv= 0,80…0,97.

28
 5. kumSvis procesi

kumSvis procesi warmoebs dguSis moZraobisas qveda

mkvdari wretilidan zeda mkvdar wertilamde. dizelis
cilindrebSi ikumSeba haerisa da narCeni airis narevi
(muSa narevi). am procesis ganmavlobaSi muxtis wneva da
temperatura matulobs da iqmneba wvisaTvis xelsayreli
pirobebi. muxtis winaswari kumSva efeqturs xdis sawvavis
wvas da mniSvnelovnad adidebs rogorc Zravas
simZlavres, ise mis margi qmedebis koeficients.
realur ZravSi kumSvis procesi rTul pirobebSi
mimdinareobs, radganac kumSvis dasawyisSi grZeldeba
axali muxtis miwodeba, kumSvis svlis ganmavlobaSi
siTbos gacvla-gamocvla airsa da cilindris kedlebs
Soris sxvadasxva intensiobiT xasiaTdeba. icvleba
cilindris kedlebTan airis Sexebis farTobi, mudam
arsebobs airis danakargi dguSis rgolebis arasakmarisi
simWidrovis gamo, wva iwyeba kumSvis procesis
dasasruls. sxvadasxva ZravisaTvis airis temperatura
kumSvis dasawyisSi Seadgens Ta=300…400 K, romelic
kumSvis dasasrulisaTvis izrdeba Tc=600…900 K-mde, amave
dros cilindris kedlebis saSualo temperatura
Tc=400…450 K. aqedan cxadia, rom kumSvis procesis
dasawyisSi airebi siTbos Rebulobs cilindris
kedlebisagan, Semdeg ki, piriqiT, siTbos gadascems
kedlebs. amrigad, kumSvis procesis ganmavlobaSi dguSis
svlis sxvadasxva ubanze siTbos gacvla-gamocvla airsa
da cilindris kedlebs Soris icvleba ara marto
raodenobrivad, aramed niSnis mixedviTac.
kumSvis procesis gaangariSeba mdgomareobs kumSvis
politropis saSualo maCveneblis n1, kumSvis dasasruls
muSa sxeulis wnevis pc da temperaturis Tc gansazRvraSi,
misi Tbounarianobis dadgenaSi.
dasaproeqtebeli ZravasaTvis kumSvis politropis
saSualo maCvenebeli n1 miiReba msgavsi Zravebis gamocdiT
dagrovili masalis mixedviT. cdebis monacemebis
safuZvelze Zravas muxla lilvis brunvis sixSiris,
kumSvis xarisxis, cilindris zomebis, dguSisa da
cilindris masalis, Tbogadacemis da sxva
faqtorebisagan damokidebulebiT dgindeba n1-is sidide.

29
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kumSvis procesi sakmaod
swrafad mimdinareobs (0,015…0,005 wm nominalur reJimze),
jamuri Tbogadacema muSa sxeulsa da cilindris
kedlebs Soris Sevsebis procesis ganmavlobaSi
umniSvneloa da sakmarisi sizustiT sidide n1 SeiZleba
Sefasdes adiabatis saSualo maCvenebliT k1. kumSvis
politropis n1-is mniSvneloba k1-is Sesabamisad
dizelebisaTvis dgindeba zRvrebSi: n1≈(k1+0,02)…( k1_0,02).
nax.1-ze warmodgenili nomogramis mixedviT, mocemuli
ε da Ta-Tvis ganisazRvreba k1-is sidide.
kumSvis procesis dasasruls wneva pc da temperatura
Tc ganisazRvreba politropis gantolebebidan:
p c = p a ε n1 , (35)
Tc = Ta ε n1 −1 . (36)
muSa sxeulis saSualo Tbotevadoba warmoadgens
siTbos im raodenobas, romelic saWiroa mivaniWoT
nivTierebas raTa misis erTeuli raodenobis temperatura
Seicvalos erTi gradusiT.
Tbotevadobis sidide damokidebulia sxeulis wnevasa
da temperaturaze, mis fizikur Tvisebebze da procesis
xasiaTze.
Zravebis muSa procesebis gaangariSebis dros
Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba saSualo moluri Tbotevadobebi
mudmivi moculobis dros mcv da mudmivi wnevis mcp dros.
maT Soris arsebobs damokidebuleba: mcp=mcv+8,315
kj/(kmoli·grad). unda aRiniSnos, rom wnevebis diapazonSi,
romelsac adgili aqvs satransporto Sigawvis ZravebSi,
wnevis gavlena saSualo molur Tbotevadobaze SeiZleba
ugulvebelyofil iqnes.
Tbotevadobis sidides arkveven eqsperimentuli gziT.
yvelaze zustad unda CaiTvalos speqtroskopuli meTodi.
sxvadasxva airis saSualo moluri Tbotevadobebis
gansazRvrisaTvis temperaturisagan damokidebulebiT,
gamoiyeneba an empiriuli formulebi, an cxrilebi da
grafikebi specialuri cnobarebidan.

30
nax.1. kumSvis adiabatis k1 maCveneblis
gansazRvris nomograma

31
 gaangariSebebis dros dizelebSi kumSvis dasasruls
axali muxtis saSualo moluri Tbotevadoba (mcv ) ttc0
kj/(kmoli·grad), miiReba haeris Tbotevadobis toli
(sawvavis orTqlis gavlena ugulvebelyofilia) da
ganisazRvreba Semdegi formuliT:

(mcv ) ttc0 = 20,6 + 2,638 ⋅ 10 −3 t c , (37)

sadac tc = Tc _ 273 °C narevis temperaturaa kumSvis

dasasruls.
wvis produqtebis (narCeni airebis) Tbotevadoba
'' t
kumSvis dasasruls ( mcv ) tc0 kj/(kmoli·grad), warmoadgens
airebis narevis Tbotevadobas da misi saSualo moluri
Tbotevadoba narCeni airebis saSualo moluri
Tbotevadoba kumSvis procesis dasasruls dizelis
sawvavisaTvis ganisazRvreba cxrili 1-dan interpolaciis
meTodiT.
muSa narevis (axali muxti+narCeni airebi) saSualo
moluri Tbotevadoba kumSvis procesis dasasruls
(mcv' ) ttc0 kj/(kmoli·grad), ganisazRvreba formuliT:

(mcv' ) ttc0 =
1
1+ γ r
[(
mcv' )
tc
t0
t
]
+ γ r (mcv'' )tc0 . (38)

sxvadasxva airis saSualo moluri siTbotevadobis

gansazRvris formulebi mudmivi moculobis dros
warmodgenilia cxrilSi 5.

32
 cxrili 5

sxvadasxva airis saSualo moluri siTbotevadobis

gansazRvra mudmivi moculobis dros

saSualo moluri siTbotevadoba mudmivi

airis moculobis dros, kj/(kmoli⋅grad.)
dasaxeleba
t=0…1500 °C t=1501…2800 °C
haeri mcv=20,600+0,002638t mcv=22,387+0,001449t
Jangbadi O2 mc vO = 20,930 + 0,004641t − mc vO = 23,723 + 0,001550t
2 2
2
− 0,00000084t
azoti N2 mc vN = 20,398 + 0,002500t mc vN = 21,951 + 0,001457t
2 2

wyalbadi H2 mc vH = 20,684 + 0,000206t + mc vH = 19,678 + 0, 001757t

2 2
2
+ 0,000000588t
naxSirJangi mc vCO = 20,597 + 0,002670t mc vCO = 22, 490 + 0,001430t
CO
naxSirorJangi mc vCO 2 = 27 ,941 + 0,019t − mc vCO 2 = 39,123 + 0,003349t
CO2
2
− 0,000005487 t
wylis orTqli mc vH = 24,953 + 0,005359t mc vH = 26,670 + 0, 004438t
2O 2O
H2O

33
 6. wvis procesi

kumSvis procesis dasasruls warmoebs sawvavis

aaleba. dizelis ZravSi aalebas iwvevs cilindrSi
Sefrqveuli sawvavi nawilakebis Sexeba kumSvisagan
gacxelebul haerTan
wvis procesi Zravas muSa ciklis ZiriTadi procesia,
romlis ganmavlobaSi sawvavis wvis Sedegad gamoyofili
siTbo xmardeba muSa sxeulis Siga energiis zrdas da
meqanikuri muSaobis Sesrulebas. wvis procesi iwyeba
dizelis ZravebSi zemo mkvdar wertilamdemde 10…20°-iT
adre da sruldeba gafarToebis procesis dawyebidan
10…20°-is Semdeg.

6.1. wvis produqtebis Sedgeniloba

Sevsebis procesis ganmavlobaSi cilindrSi Sedis

gansazRvruli raodenobis sawvavi da am sawvavis
wvisaTvis saWiro Jangbadi (atmosferul haerTan erTad).
rodesac Jangbadis raodenoba sakmarisia sawvavis
sruli wvisaTvis, wvis produqtebSi miiReba naxSirorJangi
CO2 da wylis orTqli H2O. garda amisa, wvis produqtebSi
iqneba azoti N2 da Warbi Jangbadi O2 .
dizelis sawvavis wvis produqtebis calkeuli
komponentebis raodenoba moculobiT erTeulebSi
ganisazRvreba Semdegi formulebiT:
C kmoli CO2
_ naxSirorJangis M CO = , (39)
2
12 kg sawvavi
H kmoli H 2 O
_ wylis orTqlis M H 2O = , (40)
2 kg sawvavi
kmoli N 2
_ azotis M N 2 = 0,792αL0 , (41)
kg sawvavi

34
 kmoli O2
_ Jangbadis M O2 = 0,208L0 (α − 1) . (42)
kg sawvavi

dizelis sawvavis sruli wvisas wvis produqtebis

saerTo raodenoba Seadgens:
C H
M 2 = M CO + M H + M N + MO = + (α − 0,208 )L . (43)
+
2 2O 2 12 2 2 0
dizelebSi wvis procesis gaangariSebis mizania wvis
dasasruls wnevis pz da temperaturis Tz gansazRvra.
Zravas Termodinamikuri gaangariSebebis gamartivebis
mizniT miiReba, rom wvis procesi dizelis ZravSi
mimdinareobs siTbos miyvanis Sereuli cikliT, anu
V=const da p=const.

6.2. airis saSualo moluri Tbotevadoba

wvis ganmavlobaSi airis Sedgenilobis cvlilebis

gamo icvleba airis molTa ricxvi da maSasadame, airis
moculoba. wvis ganmavlobaSi airis molTa ricxvis anu
moculobis fardobiTi cvlileba xasiaTdeba e.w. sawvavi
narevis qimiuri molekuluri cvalebadobis koeficientiT
μ0, romelic warmoadgens wvis produqtebis saerTo
moluri raodenobis M2 Sefardebas axali muxtis molur
raodenobasTan M1:
M2
μ0 = . (44)
M1
cxadia, rac ufro didia μ0, miT meti iqneba Zravas
simZlavre, rac aixsneba μ0-is zrdis dros airis kuTri
moculobisa da, maSasadame, wvis dasasruls wnevis
zrdiT.
realur Zravas cilindrSi wvis procesSi
monawileobs ara sawvavi narevi, aramed e.w. muSa narevi,
romelic Sedgeba sawvavi narevis axali muxtisgan M1 da

35
narCeni airebisgan Mr anu wvis produqtebis nawilisgan,
romlebic ar iqna gamobolqvili cilindridan gandevnis
procesSi, anu wvis dasawyisSi cilindrSi axal muxtTan
erTad imyofeba narCeni airi, romelic wvis ganmavlobaSi
ucvleli rCeba. airis molTa ricxvis cvalebadobaze
sruli warmodgenisaTvis, saWiroa mxedvelobaSi iqnes
miRebuli narCeni airebi (miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi
molekuluri cvalebadoba ar xdeba).
muSa narevis (sawvavi narevi+narCeni airebi)
moculobis cvlilebas wvis dros iTvaliswinebs sawvavi
narevis molekuluri cvlilebis namdvili koeficienti μ,
romelic warmoadgens wvis dasasruls airis moluri
mTliani raodenobis M2+Mr fardobas wvis dasawyisSi
molebis raodenobasTan M1+Mr:
M2 + Mr
μ= , (45)
M1 + M r
sadac γ r narCeni airebis koeficientia, romelic
axasiaTebs narCeni airebis fardobiT raodenobas.
dizelebisaTvis μ icvleba zRvrebSi μ=1,01…1,06.
radgan wvis procesSi monawileobs ara sawvavi,
aramed muSa narevi (sawvavi narevi+narCeni airebi), amitom
dizelebSi muSa narevis Tbotevadoba H muSa nar. kg/kmoli
muSa nar., Cabervis dros gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Hu
H muSa nar. = . (46)
M 1 (1 + γ r )
wvis produqtebis saSualo moluri Tbotevadoba
mudmivi moculobis dros Seadgens:
[ ]
(mcv'' )tt0z = M1 M CO2 (mcvco'' 2 )tt0z + M H2O (mcvH'' 2O )tt0z + M O2 (mcvO'' 2 )tt0z + M N2 (mcvN'' 2 )tt0z
2
(47)
wvis produqtebis saSualo moluri Tbotevadoba
mudmivi wnevis dros Seadgens:
(mc ) = (mc )
'' t z
p t
0
'' t z
v t0 + 8,315 . (48)
maqsimaluri wvis wneva dizelisaTvis CaberviT
Seadgens:

36
 pz = λpc , (49)
sadac λ wnevis zrdis koeficientia, romelic dgindeba
cdiseuli monacemebiT da ZiriTadad damokidebulia
cilindrSi miwodebuli sawvavis raodenobaze, wvis
kameris formasa da sawvavwarmoqmnis saxeze. garda amisa,
λ-s sidideze gavlenas axdens sawvavis aalebis dayovnebis
periodi, romlis gazrda iwvevs wnevis xarisxis gazrdas.
dizelebisaTvis gauyofeli wvis kamerebiT da
moculobiTi narevwarmoqmniT λ=1,6…2,5; Wavlurkameriani
da winakameriani dizelebisaTvis, agreTve dizelebisaTvis
gauyofeli kamerebiT da afskuri narevwarmoqmniT
λ=1,2…1,8; dizelebisaTvis CaberviT λ ganisazRvreba wnevis
da temperaturis dasaSvebi sidideebiT wvis procesis
dasasruls. Zravas mrudmxara-barbaca meqanizmis
detalebze airovani datvirTvebis Semcirebis mizniT
mizanSewonilia wvis maqsimaluri wneva iyos ara umetes
11…12 mpa. am mizniT dizelisaTvis CaberviT wnevis zrdis
pz
koeficienti miiReba: λ= .
pc

6.3. airis wneva da temperatura wvis

dasasruls

airis temperatura wvis procesis dasasruls

gamoiTvleba wvis gantolebis amoxsnis saSualebiT. wvis
saangariSo gantoleba miiReba Termodinamikis pirveli
kanonis safuZvelze Sedgenili siTburi balansis
gantolebebis gardaqmnis Sedegad.
wvis gantolebis amosaxsnelad saWiroa winaswar
SeirCes siTbos gamoyofis ξz koeficientis sidide,
romelic SeirCeva arsebuli Zravebis gamocdis Sedegebis
mixedviT.
siTbos gamoyofis koeficienti Tanamedrove
dizelebisaTvis gauyofeli wvis kamerebiT da kargad
organizebuli Wavluri narevwarmoqmniT Cabervis

37
SemTxvevaSi Zravas TbodaZabulobis zrdis gamo da wvis
procesis mimdinareobis SedarebiT kargi pirobebis
SeqmnisaTvis miiReba ξz=0,86.
wvis gantolebas dizelebisaTvis, romlebic
muSaoben siTbos miwodebiT Sereuli ciklis mixedviT,
roca V=const da p=const, aqvs saxe:
[(
ξ z H muSa nar. + mc v' )
tc
t0
] (
+ 8,315λ (Tc − 273) = μ mc 'p' ) (T
tz
t0 z − 273) , (50)
saidanac miiReba meore rigis gantoleba:
ATz2 + BTz − C = 0 , (51)
sadac A, B da C cnobili sidideebis ricxviTi
gamosaxulebebia.
am gantolebis amoxsnaa:
− B + B 2 + 4 AC
Tz = . (52)
2A

38
 7. gafarToebis da gandevnis procesebi

gafarToebis procesi warmoadgens dguSis samuSao

svlas, romlis dros siTburi energia gardaiqmneba
meqanikur muSaobad.
gafarToebis procesis gaangariSebis mizans
warmoadgens wnevisa pb da temperaturis Tb gansazRvra
gafarToebis procesis dasasruls.
gafarToebis procesSi wvis dros miRebuli siTburi
energiis nawili gardaiqmneba meqanikur muSaobad.
procesis ganmavlobaSi airis temperatura sagrZnoblad
aRemateba cilindris kedlebis saSualo temperaturas,
ris gamoc xdeba siTbos gadacema airidan kedlebze.
cvladi maCveneblis mqone gafarToebis politropuli
procesis ganxilvas arTulebs Semdegi garemoebebi:
_ dguSis gadaadgilebasTan erTad airis temperatura
mcirdeba, airTan SexebaSi myofi cilindris kedlebis
farTobi ki izrdeba;
_ gafarToebis dros iwvis saTbobis is nawili,
romelmac ver moaswro dawva, rasac Tan axlavs siTbos
gamoyofa;
_ damatebiTi siTbo gamoiyofa imis gamoc, rom xdeba
disociaciis produqtebis aRdgena;
_ maRali wnevis gamo adgili aqvs airis gaparvas
dguSis rgolebidan.
gaangariSebis gamartivebis mizniT gafarToebis
process pirobiTad ixilaven rogorc saSualo mudmivi
sididis maCveneblian ng politropul process. am
saSualo maCveneblis mniSvnelobas indikatoruli
diagramis daxmarebiT adgenen im pirobis dacviT, rom
politropuli muSaoba mudmivi sididis mqone saSualo
maCvenebliT toli unda iyos indikatoruli diagramis
mixedviT gansazRvruli gafarToebis namdvili muSaobisa.
sayuradReboa Semdegi garemoeba: gafarToebis dros
airisaTvis siTbos miwodeba iwvevs politropis saSualo
maCveneblis ng Semcirebas, siTbos arineba ki am
maCveneblis _ zrdas. kumSvis dros ki es movlenebi
sawinaaRmdego gavlenas axdenen kumSvis politropis
saSualo maCvenebelze ng.

39
 gafarToebis politropis saSualo maCvenebelze ng
matulobs siTbos gamoyenebis koeficientis ξ, dguSis
S
svlis cilindris diametrTan fardobis , gagrilebis
D
intensiurobis zrdiT. datvirTvis, swrafsvlianobis,
S
cilindris xazovani zomebis (fardobis mudmivobisas)
D
zrda ki iwvevs ng-is Semcirebas.
sxvadasxva Zravebis gafarToebis procesis ZiriTadi
maCveneblebis ng, pb da Tb ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi, maTze
gavlenis mqone faqtorebis gavleniT, icvleba cxril 6-Si
warmodgenil zRvrebSi.

cxrili 6

ng, pb da Tb maCveneblebis mniSvnelobebi

gemis dizelebisaTvis
Zravas tipi ng pb, mpa Tb, K
gemis swrafsvliani 1,15…1,25 0,35…0,60 1000…1200
dizelebi dguSebis
gagrilebis gareSe

gemis nelsvliani
1,20…1,30 0,25…0,35 900…1000
dizelebi dguSebis
gagrilebiT

dizelebisaTvis CaberviT winaswari gafarToebis

koeficienti tolia:
μTz
ρ= . (53)
λTc
dizelebisaTvis CaberviT Semdgomi gafarToebis
koeficienti tolia:
ε
δ = . (54)
ρ
gaangariSebis dros gafarToebis procesi pirobiTad
ganixileba rogorc saSualo mudmivi sididis

40
maCvenebliani politropuli procesi (iseve rogorc
kumSvis procesis dros). gafarToebis politropis
saSualo maCvenebeli n2 analogiurad kumSvis politropis
saSualo maCveneblisa n1, ganisazRvreba gafarToebis
adiabatis saSualo maCveneblis k2-is mixedviT nax.2-ze
warmodgenili nomogramis daxmarebiT.
muSa sxeulis wneva pb da temperature Tb gafarToebis
dasasruls ganisazRvreba politropuli procesis da
dizelebisaTvis, romlebic muSaoben siTbos miwodebiT
Sereuli cikliT, ganisazRvreba gamosaxulebebiT:
pz
pb = , (55)
δ ng
Tz
Tb = , (56)
δ ng −1
Vb
sadac δ = Semdgomi gafarToebis xarisxia.
Vz
dizelebisaTvis pb=0,2…0,4 mpa, Tb=800…1300 K.
gandevnis procesi iwyeba gafarToebis procesis
dasasruls, gamomSvebi sarqvelis gaRebis momentidan da
grZeldeba dguSis mTeli svlis ganmavlobaSi. gandevna
mTavrdeba gamomSvebi sarqvelis daxurvis momentSi, rac,
Cveulebriv, zeda mkvdari wertilis Semdeg xdeba.

41
nax.2. gafarToebis adiabatis k2 maCveneblis gansazRvris
nomograma dizelebisaTvis

42
 8. Zravas efeqturi maCveneblebi

efeqturi parametrebis sidideebi gansxvavdeba

indikatorul parametrTa mniSvnelobebisagan imis gamo,
rom sasargeblo muSaobis nawili ixarjeba sxvadasxva
meqanikur winaaRmdegobaTa (xaxuni mrudmxara-barbaca
meqanizmSi, damxmare meqanizmebis aZvra da sxv.) daZlevaze
da airmimocvlis procesebis (Sevsebisa da gandevnis
taqtebis) Sesrulebaze.

8.1. meqanikuri danakargebi

danakargebs sxvadasxva winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxvaze

afaseben meqanikuri danakargebis simZlavriT an muSaobis
sididiT, romelic Seesabameba cilindris samuSao
moculobis erTeulTan Sefardebul meqanikur danakargTa
simZlavres.
Zravebis winaswari gaangariSebis dros meqanikuri
danakargebi daaxloebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros dguSis
saSualo siCqarisagan xazovani damokidebulebiT.
saSualo wneva pm romelic axasiaTebs meqanikur
danakargebs sxvadasxva tipis ZravebisaTvis SeiZleba
ganisazRvros saTanado empiriuli formulebiT.
pm-is sididis am formulebiT gamoTvlis dros
mxedvelobaSi araa miRebuli gamoyenebuli zeTis
Tvisebebi, Zravas Tburi mdgomareoba, xaxunis zedapirTa
mdgomareoba, Caberva da sxv. amitom pm-is gamoTvlili
mniSvnelobebi kritikulad unda iqnas Sefasebuli.
saSualo efeqturi wneva pe (mpa) warmoadgens muxla
lilvze miRebuli efeqturi muSaobis fardobas
cilindris samuSao moculobis erTeulTan. Zravebis
gaangariSebis dros pe-s ganisazRvreba saSualo
indikatoruli wnevis pi da meqanikuri danakargebis
saSualo wnevis pm-is sidideTa gaTvaliswinebiT:
pe= pi _ pm . (57)

43
 dizelebisaTvis nominaluri datvirTvis reJimze
pe=0,4...0,85 mpa.
pe-s sididis zrdiT umjobesdeba cilindris samuSao
moculobis gamoyenebis pirobebi, rac ufro msubuqi da
kompaqturi Zravebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
meqanikuri margi qmedebis koeficienti ηm warmoadgens
saSualo efeqturi wnevis fardobas indikatorulTan:
pe 1 − pm
ηm = = . (58)
pi pi
ZravaSi danakargTa zrda iwvevs ηm-is Semcirebas.
karburatorian ZravaSi datvirTvis SemcirebiT ηm
mniSvnelovnad izrdeba airmimocvlis procesebze
danakargebis zrdis gamo. uqmi svlis dros pi =pm da ηm=0.
meqanikuri margi qmedebis ηm koeficientis sidide
izrdeba xaxunze da damxmare meqanizmebis aZvraze
danakargebis SemcirebiT. ηm izrdeba agreTve datvirTvis
zrdiT garkveul zRvrebamde. nominalur reJimze
muSaobis dros dizelis ZravebisaTvis ηm=0,35…0,40.

8.2. efeqturi margi qmedebis koeficienti da

sawvavis efeqturi kuTri xarji

efeqturi margi qmedebis koeficienti ηe da sawvavis

efeqturi kuTri xarji ge axasiaTeben Zravas muSaobis
ekonomiurobas.
Zravas muxla lilvze miRebuli sasargeblo
muSaobis ekvivalenturi siTbos fardobas ZravaSi
sawvaviT Setanil siTbos saerTo raodenobasTan
efeqturi margi qmedebis koeficienti ewodeba:
Ld
ηe = , (59)
Hu

44
sadac Ld aris efeqturi muSaobis ekvivalenturi siTbo,
mj mj
; Hu-sawvavis wvis udablesi siTbo, .
kg ⋅ sawvavi kg ⋅ sawvavi
efeqtur da meqanikur margi qmedebis koeficientebs
Soris kavSiri gamoisaxeba damokidebulebiT:
η e = η i ⋅ηm . (60)
efeqturi margi qmedebis koeficienti ηe axasiaTebs
ZravSi siTbos gamoyenebis xarisxs yvela danakargis _
siTburis da meqanikuris gaTvaliswinebiT. igi dizelis
ZravebisaTvis nominalur reJimze muSaobisas icvleba
zRvrebSi: ηe=0,35…0,40.
ηe-s ufro maRali mniSvnelobebi dizelis ZravebSi
karburatorian ZravebTan SedarebiT ZiriTadad
ganpirobebulia α haeris siWarbis koeficientis da ε
kumSvis xarisxis ufro didi mniSvnelobebiT da
maSasadame, sawvavis ufro sruli wviT.
Txevadi sawvavis kuTri xarji:
3600
ge = , (61)
H uη e
dizelebisaTvis ge=210…280 g/(kvt·sT):.

45
 9. indikatoruli diagramis ageba

indikatoruli diagrama aigeba samuSao procesis

gaangariSebiT miRebuli monacemebis gamoyenebiT. masStabi
ise unda iqnas SerCeuli, rom agebuli diagramis simaRle
1,2...1,7-jer aRematebodes mis fuZes. agebis dasawyisSi
abscisTa RerZze gadaizomeba AB monakveTi, romelic
Seesabameba cilindris samuSao moculobas, sididiT ki
udris dguSis svlas masStabiT MS. masStabi MS aiReba
1:1; 1,5:1 an 2:1. CaberviT momuSave dizelis indikatoruli
diagrama warmodgenilia nax.3-ze.

nax.3. CaberviT momuSave dizelis indikatoruli

diagramis ageba grafikuli meTodiT

46
 wvis kameris moculobis Sesabamisi monakveTia
AB OA
OA = . dizelebisaTvis monakveTi z ′z = . wnevis
ε −1 ρ −1
masStabi Mp rekomendebulia ise SeirCes, rom 1 mm-s
Seesabamebodes wneva: 0,02; 0,025; 0,04; 0,05; 0,07…1,10 mpa.
Tburi gaangariSebis monacemebis Sesabamisad
SerCeuli masStabiT diagramaze aRiniSneba
damaxasiaTebeli wertilebi, romlebSiac pirobiT erTi
romelime procesi mTavrdeba da iwyeba meore, momdevno
procesi.
kumSvisa da gafarToebis politropaTa asagebad
sargebloben braueris meTodiT, romelic SemdgomSi
mdgomareobs: koordinatTa saTavidan atareben abscisTa
RerZTan kuTxiT daxril sxivs OC. politropebze
wertilTa sakmao raodenobis misaRebad rekomendebulia
aRebul iqnas α=15°. ordinatTa RerZTan koordinatTa
saTavidan atareben garkveuli β1 da β2 kuTxeebiT daxril
OD da OE sxivebs. es kuTxeebi α kuTxisagan
damokidebulebiT ganisazRvreba Semdegi
gamosaxulebebidan:
tgβ 1 = (1 + tgα ) 1 − 1 ,
n
(62)
tgβ 2 = (1 + tgα ) − 1 .
n2
(63)
kumSvis politropa aigeba sxivebis OC da OD, agreTve
koordinatTa RerZebis mimarT 45°-iT daxrili sxivebis
daxmarebiT Semdegnairad. wertilidan C ordinatTa
RerZis gadakveTamde atareben horizontals. gadakveTis
wertilidan _ vertikalTan 45°-iani kuTxiT daxril xazs
OD sxivis gadakveTamde. am wertilidan ki atareben meore
horizontalur xazs (abscisTa RerZis paralelurs).
Semdeg C wertilidan atareben vertikalur xazs OC
sxivis gadakveTamde. gadakveTis wertilidan avleben
vertikalTan 45°-iani kuTxiT daxril swor xazs abscisTa
RerZis gadakveTamde. am wertilidan ki meore vertikalur
xazs (ordinatTa RerZis paralelurs) meore
horizontaluri xazis gadakveTamde. am xazebis

47
gadakveTis wertili 1 iqneba swored kumSvis politropis
saSualedo wertili. Semdeg wertil 1-s Rebuloben
agebis sawyisad da analogiurad pouloben wertils 2.
aseve Rebuloben kumSvis politropis sxva saSualedo
wertilebsac.
gafarToebis politropis agebas iwyeben z wertilidan
OC da OE sxivebis daxmarebiT kumSvis politropis
agebis analogiurad Sevsebisa da gandevnis xazebs ageben
wnevebis mixedviT. koordinatebSi gamosaxulma
Teoriulma indikatorulma diagramam Sekruli saxe rom
miiRos erTmaneTTan aerTeben wertilebs saTanado
Tanmimdevrobisa da Sesabamisi wesebis dacviT.
Teoriuli saangariSo indikatoruli diagramis
daxmarebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros indikatoruli wneva:
F ′M p
Pi′ = , (64)
AB
sadac F ′ aris diagramis farTobi, mm2; Mp-wnevis
masStabi, mpa mm-Si; AB-monakveTis sigrZe, mm.@
Teoriuli indikatoruli diagrama namdvil
indikatorul diagramasTan miaxloebis mizniT saWiroebs
saTanado momrgvalebas _ gadasvlis wertilebs.
«momrgvalebuli» anu nadvili indikatoruli diagramis
farTobi naklebia Teoriul indikatoruli diagramis
farTobTan SedarebiT, rac ganpirobebulia realur
ZravaSi mimdinare procesTa TaviseburebebiT.

48
 10. Zravas siTburi balansi

Zravas cilindrSi Setanili sawvavis Tburi energiis

mxolod nawili gardaiqmneba sasargeblo muSaobad,
danarCeni _ ixarjeba sxvadasxva danakargebze.
realur ZravSi Tburi energiis didi nawili airTmeva
gamagrilebeli siTxis mier, namuSevari airebiT, ikargeba
garemoSi Tbocvlis xarjze da arasruli wvis gamo.
cilindrSi Setanili sawvavis wvis Sedegad miRebuli
siTbos ganawilebas calkeul mdgenelebad (sasargeblod
gamoyenebul siTbod da sxvadasxva siTbur danakargebad)
siTburi balansi ewodeba. Zravas siTburi balansis
gansazRvra Cveulebriv laboratoriuli gamocdis
safuZvelze xdeba, Tumca sakmao sizustiT misi Semdgeni
nawilebis gamoTvla Teoriuladac SeiZleba.
nax.4-ze warmodgenilia Tburi energiis savaraudo
ganawilebis diagrama dizelis ZravSi srul simZlavreze
muSaobis dros.

nax.4. dizeli Zravas siTburi balansis diagrama:

Qna-namuSevari airebiT gamowveuli siTbos
danakargebi; Qw-siTbo arTmeuli gagrilebis sistemis
mier; Qsd-siTbos sxva danakargebi; Qe-sasargeblod
daxarjuli siTbo

aRsaniSnavia, rom marTalia ZravSi siTbos

danakargebi gardauvalia, magram maT sidideze did

49
gavlenas axdens muSa ciklis ganxorcielebis wesi,
kumSvis xarisxi, Zravas datvirTva da brunTa ricxvi,
gamagrilebeli siTxis temperatura, muSa detalebis
damuSavebis da morgebis xarisxi da a.S. Tburi energiis
danakargebi damokidebulia agreTve eqspluataciis dros
Zravas mdgomareobaze.
Amrigad, Sigawvis Zravas cilindrebSi wvis Sedegad
gamoyofili siTbos mxolod garkveuli nawili
gardaiqmneba sasargeblo muSaobad. siTbos danarCeni
raodenoba ki danakargebis saxiT: miyveba cilindrebidan
gandevnil namuSevar airebs; gadaecema gagrilebis
sistemasa da zeTs; ixarjeba Zravas damxmare meqanizmebis
aZvraze, xaxunisa da sxva saxis winaaRmdegobaTa
daZlevaze. siTbos nawili garemos gamosxivebis saxiT
gadaecema. sawvaviT cilindrebSi Setanili siTbos nawili
SeiZleba saerTod arc gamoiyos arasruli wvis gamo.
Zravas siTburi balansi warmodgenas iZleva,
cilindrSi sawvavis wvis dros gamoyofili Tburi
energiis ganawilebis da calkeuli Semdgenlebis
sidideTa Sesaxeb. siTburi balansis calkeuli
mdgenelebis mniSvnelobaTa codna saSualebas iZleva
Sefasebul iqnas: siTbos gamoyenebis srulyofilobis
xarisxi; Tburi danakargebi da maTi Semcirebis
SesaZleblobani; namuSevari airebis gamoyenebis
efeqturoba; dasaxul iqnes Zravas muSaobis maCveneblebis
gaumjobesebis gzebi; gaangariSebul iqnes gagrilebis
sistema.
siTburi balansi, rogorc wesi, gantolebis saxiT
Caiwereba. am gantolebis erT mxares Cveulebriv
warmoadgens, wvis Sedegad gamoyofili siTburi energia,
meore mxares ki _ balansis zemoTaRniSnul calkeul
mdgenelTa (sasargeblo muSaobad gardaqmnil da
dakargul siTbur energiaTa) jami. swored am mdgenelTa
ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi axasiaTebs siTburi energiis
saboloo ganawilebas, rogorc ganxorcielebuli samuSao
procesis Sedegs.
siTburi balansis Sedgena SeiZleba Zravas muSaobis
nebismieri reJimisaTvis, Tumca ufro xSirad mas adgenen
nominaluri (maqsimaluri) simZlavris reJimisaTvis da

50
gamosaxaven procentebSi 1 saaTSi daxarjuli sawvavis
Tburi energiis saerTo raodenobidan.
siTburi balansis gaangariSeba warmoebs siTbos
absoluturi erTeulebiT Zravas muSaobisaTvis erTi
saaTis ganmavlobaSi an im droisaTvis, romlis
ganmavlobaSic ixarjeba 1 kg sawvavi. xSirad balansi
dgeba fardobiT erTeulebSi, procentebSi _ calkeul
mdgenelTa SefardebiT wvis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbos
mTlian raodenobasTan. balansis procentebSi gamosaxva
iZleva SesaZleblobas ufro TvalsaCinod iqnas
Sefasebuli ganxorcielebuli samuSao procesis
efeqturoba.
siTburi balansis gantoleba siTbos erTeulebSi
zogadi saxiT SeiZleba gamoisaxos Semdegi saxiT:
Q0 = Qe + Qg + Qair. + Q ′ , (65)
sadac Q0 aris Zravas cilindrebSi Setanili siTbo,
romelic Seesabameba daxarjuli sawvavis Tbounarianobas;
Qe -miRebuli Zravas efeqturi muSaobis ekvivalenturi
siTbo; Qg -gagrilebis sistemaSi gadacemuli siTbo; air. -
namuSevari airebis mier waRebuli siTbo; Q′ -yvela sxva
danakargis Sesabamisi siTbo, romelic ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli balansis sxva wevrebSi.
siTbur balansSi calke wevrad ar Sedis meqanikur
winaRobaTa daZlevaze siTbos danakargi, radgan ZravaSi
arsebuli xaxunis gadalaxvisaTvis daxarjuli siTbos
garkveuli nawili gadaecema gagrilebis sistemas da
daemateba balansis Qg wevrs, danarCeni ki Seva balansis
bolo Q′ wevrSi. balansis Q′ wevri iTvaliswinebs
agreTve damxmare meqanizmebis aZvraze daxarjul,
gamosxivebisa da yvela sxva danakargTa Sesabamis siTbos.
Tu (65) formulis orive nawils gavyofT Q0 da
gavamravlebT 100-ze, maSin siTburi balansis gantoleba
gamosaxuli iqneba procentebSi. cilindrebSi Setanili
siTbo Seadgens 100%-s. igi SeiZleba aRiniSnos q0-iT,
balansis mdgenelebi ki Sesabamisad qe , qg , qair. , qa.wv. da

51
q′ asoebiT. procentobiT gamosaxul siTbur balanss,
romelic ufro TvalsaCino warmodgenas iZleva samuSao
procesis srulyofilobaze, aqvs Semdegi saxe:
q 0 = 100% = q e + qg + qair. + qa.wv. + q ′ , (66)

Qe Qg Q Q′
sadac q e = 100 ; qg = 100 ; qair. = air. 100 ; q ′ = 100 .
Q0 Q0 Q0 Q0
cxadia, rom q0 aris Zravas efeqturi m.q.k.
gamosaxuli procentebSi.
siTburi balansis calkeuli mdgeneli wevrebis
miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobani SeiZleba Semdegnairad iqnas
gansazRvruli.
Zravas cilindrebSi erT wamSi Setanili siTbos
raodenoba konkretuli sawvavis udablesi
Tbounarianobis Hu da muSaobis mocemul reJimze sawvavis
saaTobrivi xarjis Gs mixedviT iqneba:
H u Gi
Q0 = , (67)
3,6
erT wamSi Sesrulebuli efeqturi muSaobis
ekvivalenturi siTbo:
Qe = 1000 N e , (68)
sadac Ne efeqturi simZlavrea, kvt.
gagrilebis sistemaSi gadacemuli siTbo:
1
Qg = ciD 1+ 2 m n m , (69)
α
sadac C aris proporciulobis koeficienti, oTxtaqtiani
ZravebisaTvis C=0,45…0,53; D-cilindris diametri, sm;
n-Zravas muxla lilvis brunvis sixSire, wT-1; m-xarisxis
maCvenebeli, oTxtaqtiani ZravebisaTvis m=0,6…0,7; i-
cilindrebis raodenoba.
namuSevari airebis mier waRebuli siTbo (namuSevari
airebis siTbos nawili gamoiyeneba airis turbinaSi):

Qair. =
Gs
( )
M 2 mc′p′
tr
t
t0 r
− M 1 (mc p )tk tk ,
t
(70)
3,6 0

52
sadac M1, M2 aris Sesabamisad, axali muxtisa da wvis
produqtebis saerTo raodenoba; t0, tr-garemo atmosferuli
haerisa da namuSevari airebis temperatura; mc p , mc ′p′ -
Sesabamisad, axali muxtisa da namuSevari airebis
saSualo moluri Tbotevadobebi (maTi mniSvnelobebi
SeiZleba ganisazRvros literaturul wyaroebSi
mocemuli cxrilebidan).
balansis Q ′ wevri iTvaliswinebs gamosxivebiT
dakargul siTbos, damxmare meqanizmebis aZvraze
daxarjul siTbos da siTbos danakargs arasruli wvis
gamo. Misi sidide SeiZleba gamoiTvalos siTbos balansis
tolobidan:
(
Q = Q0 − Qe + Qg + Qair. . ) (71)
siTburi balansis mdgenelTa mniSvnelobebi
procentebSi dizelebSi daaxloebiT Seadgens: qe=30...38%;
qg=25...35%; qair.=20...30%; q′ =10...15%.
calkeul wevrTa sidideebis gansazRvris Semdeg
Tburi balansi SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas cxrili 7
saxiT.
cxrili 7
Zrava Tburi balansi
Tburi balansis mdgenelebi Q, q ,%
j/wm
efeqturi muSaobis ekvivalenturi siTbo, Qe
gagrilebis sistemaSi gadacemuli siTbo, Qg
namuSevari airebis mier waRebuli siTbo, Qair.
yvela sxva danakargis Sesabamisi siTbo, Q′
ZravSi Setanili siTbos mTliani raodenoba, Q0 100

53
 11. gare maxasiaTeblis ageba

gare maxasiaTeblis ageba SeiZleba empiriuli

damokidebulebebis gamoyenebiT Catarebul gaangariSebaTa
safuZvelze. saWiro parametrTa sidideebi sasurvelia
gansazRvrul iqnas muxla lilvis brunvis sixSiris n-is
8 mniSvnelobisaTvis mainc. n-is minimaluri sidide aiReba
600...800 wT-1, maqsimaluri ki nmax=(1,05...1,2)ne, sadac ne
muxla lilvis brunvis sixSirea nominaluri simZlavris
dros. saangariSo wertilebs Soris intervali SeiZleba
aRebul iqnas 500...800 wT-1. saWiro parametrTa sidideebs
gansazRvraven mocemuli nominaluri brunvis
sixSirisaTvisac, romelic Cveulebriv bolos (nmax-is)
wina rigiT me-7 saangariSo wertils warmoadgens.
parametrTa mniSvnelobebi saangariSo wertilebSi
ganisazRvreba empiriuli damokidebulebebiT.
efeqturi simZlavre:
_ gauyofel wvis kameriani dizelebisaTvis

nx ⎡ ⎤
2
nx⎛n ⎞
N ex = Ne ⎢0,87 + 1,13 − ⎜⎜ x ⎟⎟ ⎥, (72)
ne ⎢ ne ⎝ ne ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
_ winakameriani dizelebisaTvis

nx ⎡ ⎤
2
nx ⎛n ⎞
N ex = Ne ⎢0,6 + 1,4 − ⎜⎜ x ⎟⎟ ⎥, (73)
ne ⎢ ne ⎝ ne ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
_grigalur kameriani dizelisaTvis

nx ⎡ ⎤
2
nx ⎛n ⎞
N ex = Ne ⎢0,7 + 1,3 − ⎜⎜ x ⎟⎟ ⎥, (74)
ne ⎢ ne ⎝ ne ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
sadac Nex aris efeqturi simZlavre siCqariTi
maxasiaTeblis saZiebel (saangariSo) wertilebSi, kvt; Ne-
nominaluri efeqturi simZlavre, kvt; ne-muxla lilvis
brunvis sixSire nominaluri simZlavris dros, wT-1; nx-
muxla lilvis brunvis sixSire siCqariTi maxasiaTeblis
saZiebel (saangariSo) wertilebSi, wT-1.
efeqturi mabrunebeli momenti:

54
 3 ⋅ 10 4 N ex
M ex = N ex = 9554 . (75)
πn x nx
sawvavis efeqturi kuTri xarji:
⎡ nx ⎛ nx ⎞ ⎤
2

g ex = g eN ⎢1,55 − 1,55 +⎜ ⎟ ⎥, (76)

⎢⎣ ne ⎜⎝ ne ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎦
sadac geN aris sawvavis efeqturi kuTri xarji
nominaluri simZlavris reJimze, g/kvtsT.
sawvavis saaTobrivi xarji:
Gsx = g ex N ex ⋅ 10 −3 . (77)
siCqariTi maxasiaTeblis SeiZleba gansazRvruli unda
iqnas Zravas erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi dinamikuri
maCvenebeli _ Seguebis koeficienti K. igi warmoadgens
maqsimaluri mabrunebeli momentis fardobas mabrunebel
momentTan nominaluri simZlavris dros:
M e max
K= . (78)
M eN
es koeficienti gamoiyeneba Zravas garegani
datvirTvis cvalebadobasTan Seguebis unaris
Sesafaseblad. K axasiaTebs gemis Zravas SesaZleblobas
(unars) gadalaxos gazrdili winaaRmdegoba dabal
gadacemaze gadasvlis gareSe. dizelebisaTvis K=1,05...1,2.
siCqariTi maxasiaTeblis agebis dros saWiroa dacul
iqnas dadgenili masStabi.
siCqariTi maxasiaTeblis asagebad saWiro parametrTa
saangariSo wertilebSi mniSvnelobaTa gansazRvris
Semdeg maCvenebelTa miRebul sidideebs Seitaneba
cxrilSi 8.

cxrili 8
siCqariTi maxasiaTeblis asagebad saWiro
parametrTa saangariSo wertilebis mniSvnelobebi
muxla lilvis brunvis siCqariTi maxasiaTeblis parametrebi
sixSire wT-1 Ne , kvt ge , Me , nm G0 ,
g/kvt.sT kg/sT

55
 literatura

1. maxaldiani v. Sigawvis Zravebis Teoria. – Tbilisi,

ganaTleba, 1977. – 407 gv.
2. Петровский Н.В. Судовые двигатели внутреннего сгорания. –
Ленинград: Морской транспорт, 1955. – 532 с.
3. Бирюков В.К. Судовые двигатели внутреннего сгорания. –
Ленинград, Речной транспорт, 1955. – 408 с.
4. Алексеев В.П. и др. Двигатели внутреннего сгорания. – Москва,
Машгиз, 1960. – 451 с.
5. Дьяченко Н.Х. и др. Теория двигателей внутреннего сгорания. –
Москва-Ленинград, Машиностроение, 1965. – 459 с.
6. Колчин А.И., Демидов В.П. Расчет автомобильных и
тракторных двигателей. – Москва, Высшая школа, 1980. – 400 с.

56
 ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 26.03.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad

06.04.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 3.
tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,

kostavas 77