saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

b. mefariSvili

monacemTa bazebi

damtkicebulia stu-s
saswavlo-meToduri
sabWos mier

Tbilisi
2004
 mocemulia monacemTa bazebis Teoriis
safuZvlebi da daproeqtebis meTodebi.
ganxilulia agreTve ganawilebuli
monacemTa bazebis, obieqt-orientirebuli
monacemTa bazebis sistemebis koncefciebi.
gankuTvnilia informaciis damuSavebis
da marTvis avtomatizebuli sistemebis
specialobis studentebisaTvis.

recenzentebi: prof. g. surgulaZe

prof. i. CxeiZe

© sagamomcemlo saxli ’’teqnikuri universiteti~, 2009

ISBN 99940-40-16-2

http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. Aam wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es

teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT

(iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul

iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

2
 sarCevi

Sesavali .......................................................................................... 5
I Tavi monacemTa bazebis marTva
1.1 monacemTa marTvis sistemis Seqmnis istoria................ 7
1.2. ZiriTadi cnebebi da ganmartebebi ...................................... 11
1.3. monacemTa marTvis sistema ..................................................... 13
II Tavi monacemTa bazebis sistemebis arqiteqtura
2.1. arqiteqturis sami done ......................................................... 15
2.2. monacemTa bazis administratori (mba) ......................... 16
2.3. monacemTa bazebis marTvis sistema (mbms) ................... 18
2.4. klient/serveris arqiteqtura .......................................... 19
III Tavi monacemTa modelebi
3.1. monacemTa ierarqiuli modeli ........................................... 23
3.2. monacemTa qseluri modeli ................................................. 25
3.3. monacemTa relaciuri modeli ............................................ 26
3.4. monacemTa modelebis Sedareba ........................................... 28
IV Tavi relaciuri operatorebi
4.1. relaciuri algebra .................................................................. 30
4.2. relaciuri (damokidebulebebis) aRricxva ............... 40
V Tavi SQL - ena
5.1. monacemTa gansazRvra ................................................................ 45
5.2. monacemTa damuSaveba ................................................................. 47
5.3. pirobiTi gamosaxulebebi ...................................................... 54
5.4. skalaruli gamosaxulebebi ................................................. 54
5.5. Casmuli SQL ................................................................ 55
VI Tavi monacemTa bazis daproeqteba
6.1. saproblemo sferos konceptualuri modelis
daproeqteba ............................................................................................ 56
6.2. monacemTa bazebis logikuri modelis daproeqteba
3
6.3. normalur formaTa Teoria ................................................. 73
VII Tavi monacemTa dacva
7.1. aRdgena .............................................................................................. 80
7.2. paralelizmi ................................................................................. 83
7.3. usafrTxoeba.................................................................................. 85
7.4. mTlianoba ....................................................................................... 87
VIII Tavi damatebiTi aspeqtebi ........................................... 88
IX Tavi ganawilebuli monacemTa bazebi
9.1. fundamenturi princi pi da Tormeti wesi .................92
9.2. ganawilebuli mbms-is arqiteqtura ............................... 95
9.3. monacemTa ganawilebis strategiebi ............................... 97
9.4. ganawilebuli monacemTa bazebis daproeqtebis ..... 101
safuZvlebi
X Tavi obieqt-orientirebuli sistemebi (oos) 107
XI Tavi deduqciuri monacemTa bazebi ......................... 111
XII Tavi monacemTa bazis fizikuri organizacia
12.1. ZiriTadi amocanebi da moTxovnebi................................ 116
12.2. monacemTa damisamarTebis xerxebi ................................ 118
12.3. maCveneblebi da struqturebi monacemTa bazebSi 121
12.4. xeSirebis meTodebi .............................................................. 124

danarTi 1:
sakontrolo kiTxvebi .................................................................... 127
danarTi 2:
saproblemo sferoebis nusxa .................................................... 134
danarTi 3:
monacemTa bazis daproeqteba ...................................................... 137
literatura ....................................................................................................... 149

4
 Sesavali

civilizaciis ganviTareba pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli

informaciuli teqnologiis ganviTarebis donesTan. informa-
ciiT sargeblobdnen yvelgan da yovelTvis. TviTon ter-
mini `informacia~ mravlis momcvelia da igi ar unda
gaigivdes mxolod monacemTan an cnobasTan. informaciis
cneba gamoiyeneba rogorc umartivesi, binaruli informaciis,
ise ufro maRali donis informaciis _ codnis
gamosaxatavad.
Tanamedrove msoflio informaciuli industriis mzardi
ganviTarebiT xasiaTdeba. erTiani globaluri ekonomikuri,
socialuri da kulturuli sivrcis formireba warmoudge-
nelia kompiuteruli da komunikaciuri teqnologiebis
integraciis gareSe. kacobriobis istoriaSi iwyeba axali
etapi _ informaciuli era. Tanamedrove informaciuli
teqnologia faqtiurad aris metateqnologia, romelic
mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens yvela arsebul
teqnologiebsa da mTlianad ekonomikaze.
informaciuli gacvlis procesebis ganviTareba saxes
ucvlis TviT civilizacias. swored globaluri
informaciuli teqnologiebis wyalobiT,
postindustriulma ekonomikam SeiZina transnacionaluri
xasiaTi. sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebas sWirdeba kavSirebi
5
rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise sazRvargareT. ekonomikuri Tu
informaciuli kavSirebis damyareba konfrontaciidan
TanamSromlobisaken ubiZgebs msoflios. mokled,
Tanamedrove, gaxsnili sazogadoeba, demokratia
warmoudgenelia globaluri informaciuli infrastruq-
turis gareSe.
informaciuli sistemebis daaxloebiT 80% realize-
bulia monacemTa bazebis sistemebis safuZvelze. disciplina
“monacemTa bazebi”, masSi Semavali sakiTxebis speqtris
TvalsazrisiT, kavSirSia mecnierebis mravali dargis
sxvadasxva disci plinasTan.
warmodgenili leqciebis konspeqti garkveul sasargeblo
samsaxurs gauwevs informatikisa da marTvis sistemebis
specialobis studentebs monacemTa bazebis Teoriis
sakiTxebis SeswavlaSi.

6
 I Tavi
monacemTa bazebis marTva
1.1 monacemTa marTvis sistemebis
Seqmnis istoria
kompiuteris mexsierebaSi informaciis moTavsebis da
damuSavebis meTodebis ganviTarebis sami etapi SeiZleba
gamovyoT.
pirveli - e.w. `tandemebis meTodis~ gamoyenebiT yovel
programas Tavisi sakuTari monacemebis masivebi aqvs.
sxvadasxva programa xSirad iyenebs erTsa da imave monacemebs,
e.i. manqanis (isedac SezRuduli) mexsierebaSi informacia
dublirdeba. amasTanave, garTulebulia erTi programis
angariSis Sedegebis (monacemTa axali masivi) gamoyeneba
sxva programis mier adamianis (operatoris) Caurevlad.
dublirebis problema arTulebs monacemTa ganaxlebis
meqanizms.

inf1, inf2, inf3 inf. 1 da inf. 2

gadakveTa
pr.1 pr.2 pr.3 pr.2
inf. 1 da inf. 3
. . .
inf.1 inf.2 inf.3 pr.1
pr.3

inf. 2 da inf. 3

nax. 1.1
7
 meore etapze gadawyda monacemTa dublirebis aRmofxvris
problema informaciis diferencirebuli Senaxvis
meTodebidan centralizebulze gadasvliT. aseT SemTxvevaSi
arsebobs erTi centralizebuli informaciuli masivi da
misgan gamoyofili programebis paketebi. am meqanizmis
muSaobis princi pia idea, rom yovel programas SeuZlia
gamoiyenos nebismieri informaciuli masivi. problemaa
mxolod am informaciuli masivis struqturisa da
programaSi aRwerili monacemTa struqturis SeTanxmebis
sakiTxSi.

pr.3

pr.5
pr.1
sortireb.

centrali-
Serwymis.
pr.

zebuli
pr.

informaciuli
masivebi

pr.2 pr.n

pr.4

nax. 1.2.
8
 am meTodis naklovanebaTa aRmofxvra moxerxda mesame
etapze, romelsac monacemTa bankebis gamoyenebis etaps
vuwodebT. monacemTa banki Sedgeba monacemTa bazisa (mb)
da misi marTvis sistemisagan (mbms).

monacemTa banki
(mbn)

monacemTa baza monacemTa bazebis

(mb) marTvis sistema (mbms)

funqcionaluri
faqtobrivi amocanebis,
monacemebi servisuli da
samarTavi sistemuri
obieqtis programebis
Sesaxeb paketebi monacemTa
gadasamuSaveblad

nax. 1.3.
monacemTa bankis SesaZleblobani ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba
kompiuteris klasiT da konfiguraciiT. klasSi SeiZleba
vigulisxmoT manqanebis Taoba da ti pi (super da didi -
egm, mini - da mikrokompiuterebi). konfiguracia ki mocemuli
Taobisa da ti pis manqanis kompleqturi Semadgenlobaa.
9
 mbms-is istoria daaxloebiT oTx aTeul wels iTvlis.
am xnis ganmavlobaSi Seiqmna ukve oTxi Taobis mbms-ebi.
pirveli Taobis mbms, romlebic iyvnen dafuZvnebuli
monacemTa qselur da ierarqiul modelebze, gamoCndnen
60-iani wlebis bolos. maTSi ganxorcielda monacemTa
aRwerisa da gamoyenebiTi programebis bazaze monacemTa
mani pulirebis ganmxoloeba. maT ricxvs miekuTvnebodnen
TOTAL, IDMS, IDS2 da IMS2.
meore Taobis mbms-ebi, romlebic dafuZvnebuli arian
monacemTa relaciur modelebze, Seiqmnen 70-ian wlebSi. aq
monacemTa Zebnisa da mowesrigebis funqciebi sruldeba
araproceduruli SQL enis gamoyenebiT. maT ricxvs
miekuTvnebian Oracle, Ingres, Sybase, SQL Server da sxv.
mesame Taobis mbms-ebi, romlebic iyvnen dafuZnebuli
arian monacemTa relaciuri da obieqt-orientirebuli
modelebis erTobliv gamoyenebaze, Seiqmnen 80-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi. isini orientirebuli arian ganawilebuli da
klient/serveris ti pis, Internet, Web, aseve multimediisa
da telekomunikaciuri sistemebisaTvis. maT ricxvs
miekuTvnebian Oracle 8, DB2 da sxv.
meoTxe Taobis mbms-ebi, romlebis axla Camoyalibebis
procesSi imyofebian, efuZvnebian codnisa da monacemTa
bazebis integracias.

10
 1.2 ZiriTadi cnebebi da ganmartebebi

arsebobs erTgvari gansxvaveba TviTon `monacemebisa~ da

`informaciis~ cnebebs Soris.
monacemi warmoadgens faqts, arss an instruqcias,
romelic gamoisaxeba formalizebulad, rogorc es
mosaxerxebelia adamianis an egm-saTvis maTi Senaxvis,
gadamuSavebisa da gadacemisaTvis.
informacia kibernetikis erT-erTi fundamenturi cnebaa.
igi aris mniSvneloba, romelsac adamiani mianiWebs
monacemebs cnobili SeTanxmebis safuZvelze garkveuli azris
gamosaxatavad.
amgvarad, informacia ganuyofelia monacemebisagan, igi
yovelTvis Tan axlavs da xsnis maT. ganixileba informaciis
sami Tviseba: sintaqsi, semantika da pragmatika.
sintaqsurobis Tviseba ganixileba Sesaswavli obieqtis
Sesaxeb pirveladi monacemebis formirebisa da registraciis
stadiaze. am etapze mniSvnelovania `informaciuli enis~
SerCeva: alfabeti da cifrebi (simboloebi), specniSnebi,
sityvebis agebis wesebi da a.S. anu mTeli is aparati,
romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia formaluri da
araformaluri dokumentebis aRwera da registracia.
semantikurobis Tviseba ganixileba informaciis
gadamuSavebis stadiaze. analizi ukeTdeba mis Sinaarsobriv
11
(semantikur) mxares. mag., ra Sinaarsia Cadebuli ama Tu im
`sityvaSi~, `wesSi~ da a.S.
pragmatulobis Tviseba ganixileba gadawyvetilebis
miRebis stadiaze. am dros yuradReba eqceva informaciis
(sityva, winadadeba) praqtikuli gamoyenebis mxares, anu
imas, Tu ra mizania Cadebuli masSi.
informaciis kompiuterSi asaxva Taviseburebani SeiZleba
warmodgenili iqnas e.w. “friges samkuTxedis” meSveobiT

denotati

asaxavs gamosaxavs
(xsnis)

koncepti niSnebi
(Sinaarsi) (sityvis garsi)

nax. 1.4.
semiotika aris mecniereba niSanTa (gamosaxulebaTa)
sistemis Sesaxeb. realur samyaroSi konkretuli obieqti
ganixileba terminiT _ denotati. niSanTa safuZvelze
aigeba gamosaxuleba, romelic sintaqsurad gamosaxavs
mocemul denotats. niSnebSi Cadebulia denotatis
garkveuli Tvisebebi, romlebic Tvisobrivad xsnis mas. am
ukanasknels koncepti ewodeba.
12
 informaciasa da codnas Soris gansxvavebis axsnisaTvis
SemovitanoT terminebi: eqstensionali da intensionali.
eqstensionali aris konkretul monacemTa erToblioba,
xolo intensionali ki _ procedura, romelic gansazRvravs
konkretuli faqtis mikuTvnebas mocemul cnebasTan.

1.3. monacemTa marTvis sistema

upirvelesad monacemTa bazis sistema (database sys-

tem) unda ganvixiloT rogorc CanawerTa Senaxvis
kompiuterizebuli sistema, romelic momxmarebels aniWebs
iseTi operaciebis Sesrulebis SesaZleblobebs rogoricaa,
magaliTad:
_ monacemTa bazaSi carieli failebis damateba;
_ arsebul failebSi axali Canawerebis damateba;
_ arsebul failebSi monacemTa Zebnis warmoeba;
_ arsebul failebSi monacemTa cvlileba;
_ arsebul failebSi monacemebis amogdeba;
_ monacemTa bazidan arsebuli failebis amogdeba
da sxv.
monacemTa bazis sistema Seicavs oTx komponents:
monacemebi, aparaturuli uzrunvelyofa, programuli
uzrunvelyofa, momxmareblebi.
13
 monacemebi. zogadad arsebobs erTmomxmarebliani
sistemebi (single-user system) da mravalmomxmarebliani
sistemebi (multi-user system). Sesabamisad, monacemebi
ganirCevian integrirebuli da saerTo monacemebi.
aparaturuli uzrunvelyofa. (amJamad ar warmoadgens
ganxilvis sagans).
programuli uzrunvelyofa. (ganxiluli iqneba
mogvianebiT).
momxmareblebi. ganirCeva sami jgufis momxmarebeli:
1. gamoyenebiTi programistebi;
2. saboloo momxmarebeli anu araprogramisti momxmarebeli;
3. monacemTa bazis administratorebi.
ganirCeva monacemTa administratori, romelic flobs
monacemebs sawarmos xelmZRvanelis doneze da monacemTa
bazis administratori _ informaciuli teqnologiebis
sferos specialisti.

14
 I I Tavi
monacemTa bazebis sistemebis
arqiteqtura

2.1. arqiteqturis sami done

ANSI/SPARC-Study Group on Data Management Systems_is
mixedviT mb sistemis arqiteqtura Seicavs sam dones:
1. gare done _ saproblemo ares warmodgena momxmare-
blebis mier.
2. Sida done _ dakavSirebulia fizikuri damaxsovrebis
mowyobilobebze monacemTa Senaxvisa da moZebnis xerxebTan.
3. konceptualuri done _ “Sualeduria” am or dones
Soris.
a)gare done. yoveli momxmarebeli individualurad,
Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi saproblemo ares Sesaxeb
asaxavs Tavis warmodgenas lokaluri qvesqemebis saSualebiT.
samuSaos Sesrulebis specifika da Sinaarsi, formalizebuli
da araformalizebuli dokumentebis nusxa, sacnobaro
informacia da operatiuli monacemebi Tavisi funqciuri
amocanebis gadasaWrelad gansazRvravs lokalur qvesqemas.
b)konceptualuri warmodgena SeiZleba kompoziciuri
modeliT, romelic aris momxmarebelTa lokaluri
qvesqemebis (warmodgenebis) gaerTianebis Sedegi.
konceptualuri modelis agebis Semdeg ganisazRvreba
15
monacemTa bazis logikuri struqtura romelime klasikuri
monacemTa bazebis marTvis sistemaSi.
g)Sida warmodgena _ aRiwereba Sinagani sqemis
daxmarebiT, romelic gansazRvravs ara mxolod Sesanax
CanawerTa sxvadasxva ti pebs, aramed arsebul indeqsebs,
Sesanaxi velebis warmodgenis xerxebs, Sesanaxi Canawerebis
fizikur Tanmimdevrobas da a.S.
nax. 2.1.-ze warmodgenilia konceptualuri donis asaxva
Sida doneze da gare donisa konceptualurze.

2.2 monacemTa bazis administratori (mba)

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, monacemTa administratori
(ma) aris pasuxismgebeli sawarmosTan dakavSirebuli
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis strategiasa da politikaze,
xolo mba uzrunvelyofs am gadawyvetilebaTa Sesrulebis
teqnikur mxardaWeras. mba-s funqciebia:
* konceptualuri sqemis gansazRvra.
* Sinagani sqemis gansazRvra.
* urTierTqmedeba momxmarebelTan.
* usafrTxoebisa da mTlianobis wesebis gansazRvra.
* sarezervo kopirebisa da aRdgenis procedurebis
gansazRvra.
* warmadobis marTva da cvalebad moTxovnebze reagi-
reba.
16
 momxmareb. A1 momxmareb. A2 momxmareb. B1 momxmareb. B2 momxmarebeli B3
bazuri
bazuri ena
ena++ bazuri ena +
bazuri ena+ bazuri ena+
bazuriena + bazuri
bazuri ena bazuriena
ena++ bazuri +
ena+
monacem. qveena monacem.
monac. qveena qveena monac. qveena
monac. qveena monacem. monacem.
monac. qveena
qveena monacem.
monac. qveena
qveena

*Sida sqema A Sida Sida

war- Sida
Sidawar-
sqemebi da *Sida sqema B
warmodg A
modgena ena warmodg
modgenaenaB
asaxvebi iqmneba
da momsaxurdeba Sida konce p-
mb-s tualuri A-s Sida koncep-
administratoris asaxva tual uri B-s
mier konceptualuri war- asaxva monacemTa
konceptualuri konceptualuri
warmodg
modgena
ena bazebis marT-
sqema mbms
vis sistemebi
(mbms)
Sida koncep-
Senaxvis tualuri
struqturis asaxva
gansazRvra
(Sida sqema)

momxmareblis
** momxmare
momxmareb.
b.
Semnaxveli mb (Sida warmodgena)
interfe
interfeisi
interfeisi
isi
nax. 2.1.

17
 2.3 monacemTa bazebis marTvis sistema (mbms)
Database management system (DBMS)
naxazze warmodgenilia mbms-is ti piuri arqiteqtura

analizi

marTva
metabaza

optimizacia

realizacia

mb

nax. 2.2.
18
 2.4. klient/serveris arqiteqtura
monacemTa bazebis sistemis ufro maRal doneze SeiZ-
leba ganvixiloT struqtura, romelic Sedgeba ori na-
wilisagan: serveri da klientebis krebuli (gare inter-
feisi).
saboloo
momxmareb.

klientebi
danarTebi

mbms serveri

monacemTa baza

nax. 2.3.
serverze ganTavsebulia mbms, romelic asrulebs zemoT
CamoTvlil funqciebs. klientebi warmoadgenen sxvadasxva
aplikaciebs, romlebic sruldebian mbms- is meSveobiT.
vinaidan serveri da klientebi sxvadasxva kompiuterebze
arian ganTavsebuli, Cndeba ganawilebuli damuSavebis
aucilebloba. termini “ganawilebuli damuSaveba” niSnavs,
rom manqanebi CarTulni arian sakomunikacio qselSi da
monacemTa damuSavebis erTi amocana nawildeba ramdenime
19
manqanaze qselSi. ganawilebuli damuSaveba sruldeba
ramdenime doneze. gavrcelebulia ori gansxvavebuli xerxi:
* erTi mb SeiZleba erTdroulad iqnas gamoyenebuli
sistemis ramdenime klientis mier (nax. 2.4.).
* yoveli kompiuteri erTdroulad warmoadgens kli-
entsac da serversac (nax. 2.5.). am SemTxvevaSi yovel manqanas
SeuZlia iyos serveri erTi momxmareblisaTvis da iyos
klientis rolSi sxva momxmareblisaTvis.

klientebis
kompiuterebi

sakomunikacio
qseli

kompiuteri
serveri

nax. 2.4.
20
 klienti

klienti serveri
klienti
serveri
serveri

sakomunikacio
qseli

klienti klienti
serveri serveri

nax. 2.5.
21
 am SemTxvevaSi yvela monacemis sruli krebuli ar inaxeba
erT manqanaze, aramed nawildeba calkeul manqanebze, xolo
aplikaciisaTvis zogjer aucilebelia ramdenime manqanis
monacemebisadmi mimarTva. aseTi mimarTva ZiriTadad ori
xerxiT aris SeaZlebeli:
1. yoveli moTxovna mb-sadmi SeiZleba mimarTul iqnas
mxolod erT serverze.
2. yovel moTxovnaze SeiZleba kombinirebuli monaceme-
bis miReba ori an meti serveridan. am dros klientis
mier serverebi ganixileba rogorc erTi (logikuri Tva-
lsazrisiT). aseT sistemas ewodebaT ganawilebuli
monacemTa bazebis sistema.

22
 III Tavi
monacemTa modelebi

monacemTa bazebis sistemebis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgens

monacemTa modeli (an logikuri modeli). monacemTa
struqtura, romelic mocemulia logikur modelSi,
gansazRvravs sistemis sxvadasxva komponents.
amgvarad, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogori forma eqneba
monacemTa models da masTan dakavSirebul mani pulirebis
enas, ganirCeva sami klasikuri midgoma: ierarqiuli,
qseluri da relaciuri.

3.1. monacemTa ierarqiuli modeli

ierarqiul modelebSi obieqtebs Soris kavSirebi cxa-

di saxiT ar gvxvdeba. igi aisaxeba kompiuteris mexsie-
rebaSi “dasakavSirebeli” monacemebis fizikurad erTma-
neTis gverdiT ganlagebiT (ise, rogorc es magnitur fi-
rze SeiZleba ganlagdes). 3.1 naxazze mocemuli dokumen-
tisaTvis magaliTi warmodgenilia 3.2 da 3.3 naxazebze.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi gasaReburi monacemebia TanamSromlis
N , romelic unikalurad gansazRvravs yvela danarCens.
meore SemTxvevaSi ki gasaRebia xelfasis zoma (mowesri-
gebuli klebadobis mixedviT).
23
 TanamSromeli (=gvari s.)
dabad. gany.
# gvari s. ... misamarTi Tanamd. xelfasi
Tar. #
1 2 3... 5 6 7 8
001 kucia n. 1.01.80 ... kostava 12 #2 iuristi 200
002 gadelia n. 1.03.85 ... foTis 23 #5 pedagogi 150
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
210 joxaZe g. 1.05.84 ... asaTiani 10 #7 eqimi 100

nax. 3.1

dabad. xelfasi # gvari s. dabad.

# gvari s.
Tar.
... Tar.
xelfasi

001 kucia n. 1.01.80 ... 200 002 gadelia 1.03.85 150

*
mimarTvis
meTodi
nax.3.2

450 Wkadua n. 4.05.80 ... 160 320 beriZe k. 8.03.85 250

*
mimarTvis
meTodi

nax. 3.3
ierarqiuli modelis naklovani mxareebia dublireba da
monacemTa Zebnis asimetriuloba.
24
 3.2 monacemTa qseluri modeli

ierarqiuli modeli warmoidgineba monacemebs Soris cxadi

kavSirebis saSualebiT. es kavSirebi SeiZleba ramdenime
mimarTulebiT ganxorcieldes (nax. 3.4).
Sesasvleli 1
m1

gvari s. m1 m2 m3

dab. Tar. m1 . . . . . .

misamarTi m1 . . . m3

misamarTi m1 * m3
Sesasvleli 2
xelfasi m1 . . . m3 m2

Tanamdeb. m1 m2 m3

premia . . . . . . *
staJi * ... ... Sesasvleli 3
m3

nax. 3.4
aseT SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia informaciis dublireba.
monacemebis moZebna warmoebs misamarTebis meqanizmis
gamoyenebiT da igi simetriulia.
25
 qseluri modelis nakls warmoadgens is faqti, rom
monacemTa raodenobis zrdis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba kavSirebis
raodenoba (misamarTis poziciebi), rac arTulebs mis
aRqmasa da gamoyenebas. rTulia agreTve aseTi struqturebis
ganaxleba (monacemebis amoSla, Camateba, modifikacia).

3.3 monacemTa relaciuri modeli

relaciuri modeli Seiqmna amerikeli maTematikosis

e. kodis (1970) ideis mixedviT. relaciuri modelis mTavari
elementi n -aruli damokidebulebaa, romelic domenTa
dekartuli namravlis qvesimravlea (nax. 3.5). domeni aris
erTgvarovan monacemTa simravle. magaliTad, yvela “gvari”,
yvela “Tanamdeboba” da a.S.
striqoni iqmneba domenTa elementebis amonarCevidan da
qmnis korteJs. damokidebulebani muSavdeba algebruli
operaciebiT, romlebis kodis algebris saxelwodebiT aris
cnobili.
relaciuri modeli, ierarqiulTan da qselurTan
SedarebiT, martivi warmosadgenia da advilad realizebadia.
samive ganxiluli modeli warmoadgens formalur obi-
eqts, romlis asaxvisaTvisac Seiqmna gansxvavebuli for-
maluri enobrivi saSualebani.
26
 domeni=D1 domeni=D2 D1 x D2

gvari s.m/s Tanamdeboba gvari s.m/s Tanamdeboba

xelaZe m.S. docenti xelaZe m.S. docenti
anTiZe i.s. ufr. maswav. xelaZe m.S. ufr. maswav.
profesori xelaZe m.S. profesori
anTiZe i.s. docenti
anTiZe i.s. ufr. maswav.
a) domenebi
anTiZe i.s. profesori

b) dekartuli
namravli

gvari s.m/s Tanamdeboba

xelaZe m.S. docenti

anTiZe i.s. profesori

g) damokidebuleba
`TanamSromeli~

nax. 3.5
mogvianebiT gamovlinda sirTuleebi sagnobrivi sferos
Sesaxeb codnis warmodgenisaTvis tradiciuli modelebis
gamoyenebiT. monacemTa gadamuSavebis meqanizmi xSirad
moklebuli iyo maT semantikur gagebas.

27
 3.4 monacemTa modelebis Sedareba

monacemTa modelebis SedarebisaTvis SemovitanoT

kriteriumebi gamoyenebis simartive da realizaciis efe-
qturoba.
1. gamoyenebis simartive. danaxarjebis ZiriTad nawils
warmoadgens dro, romelic sWirdeba programists gamo-
yenebiTi programis dasamuSaveblad an momxmarebels
moTxovnis formulirebisaTvis.
2. realizaciis efeqturoba. es kriteriumi gani-
xileba mexsierebis aucilebeli sivrcisa da moTxovnebis
damuSavebis drois TvalsazrisiT.
gamoyenebis simartivis kriteriumis mixedviT saukeTesod
CaiTvleba relaciuri modeli. igi operirebs mxolod erTi
konstruqciiT _ relaciiT.
garda amisa, arseboben maRali donis enebi, romlebic
relaciur modelSi monacemebze moTxovnebis formulirebis
saSualebas iZleva. amitomac relaciur modelze agebuli

sistemebi advilad misawvdomia momxmareblisaTvis,

romlebsac ara aqvT daprogramebis gamocdileba.
qseluri modeli moiTxovs momxmareblebisagan ara marto
Canawerebisa da kavSirebis, aramed maTi urTierTkavSirebis
codnasac.

28
 ierarqiuli modeli moiTxovs virtualuri Canawere-
bis ti pebis (maCveneblebis) gamoyenebis codnas da war-
moqmnis imave problemebs, rasac qseluri modeli.
efeqtuli realizaciis TvalsazrisiT maRali Sefaseba
eZlevaT qselur da ierarqiul modelebs. mexsierebis
efeqturi gamoyeneba xSirad ufro advilia ierarqiuli-
saTvis. relaciuri da qseluri modelebi xasiaTdebian
erTgvari simetriiT, xolo ierarqiuli modeli asimet-
riulobiT. miuxedavad simetriulobisa, qselur modelze
moTxovnis realizacia gacilebiT rTulia.

29
 IV Tavi
relaciuri operatorebi

4.1 relaciuri algebra

relaciuri modelis nawils Seadgens _ relaciuri
operatorebi, kerZod relaciuri algebra. monacemTa
relaciuri bazebis damokidebulebebis manipulirebisaTvis
gamoiyeneba Semdegi algebruli operaciebi.
1. dekartuli namravli ( × ) R1 da R2 damokidebulebebisa
aris R3 damokidebuleba, romelic ganisazRvreba Semdegi
gamosaxulebiT:

sadac r1 r2 SeerTeba (n + m) korteJia, romelic ganisazRvreba

Semdegnairad:
r1r2 = ( r1 , r1 ,..., r1 , r2 , r2 ,..., r2 ) .
1 2 n 1 2 m

2. gaerTianeba (∪) R1 da damokidebulebebisa aris R3

damokidebuleba gamosaxuli Semdegnairad
R3 = R1 ∪ R2 = {r r ∈ R1 ∨ r ∈ R2 } .
gasaerTianebel damokidebulebebs unda hqondes seman-
tikuri SeTavsebis Tviseba (e.i. SesaZlebeli unda iyos
azrobrivad maTi gaerTianeba).
3. gadakveTa (∩) R1 da damokidebulebebisa aris R3
damokidebuleba gamosaxuli Semdegnairad

30
 R3 = R1 ∩ R2 = {r r ∈ R1 ∧ r ∈ R2 } .
4. sxvaoba ( \ ) R1 da R2 damokidebulebebisa aris R3
damokidebuleba gansazRvruli gamosaxulebiT

R3 = R1 \ R2 = {r r ∈ R1 ∧ r∈R2 } .

5. simetriuli sxvaoba ( \ ) R1 da R2 damokidebulebebisa

aris R3 damokidebuleba gansazRvruli gamosaxulebiT

R1 \ R2 = {r r ∈ R1 ∨ r∈R2 , magram orives erTad ara}.

6. proeqcia. davuSvaT, rom r korteJia m xarisxis R
damokidebulebidan. j = 1, m -Tvis gamosaxuleba r[j] niSnavs
korteJis j-ur komponents. j-s sxva mniSvnelobebisaTvis
r[j] ganusazRvrelia. gavavrceloT es aRniSvna mTeli
Θ
R1
ricxvebis siaze A = ( j1 , j2 ,... jk ) simravlidan 1, 2, . . . m.
r[ A] = (r[ j1 ], r[ j2 ],...r[ jk ]) .
davuSvaT, rom R damokidebuleba aris m xarisxis, xolo
A mTelebis siaa simravlidan {1, 2, . . . , m}, maSin R
proeqcia A-ze ganisazRvreba gamosaxulebiT:
R[ A] = {r[ A] r ∈ R} .
aq SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom Tu A aris gadanacvleba
(1, 2, . . . , m) maSin R[A] damokidebulebaa, romelic Sedgeba
imave domenebisagan, oRondac sxva mimdevrobiT.
7. SeerTeba. davuSvaT, Θ := ( =, =/, <, ≤, ≥, >) , maSin
SeerTeba damokidebulebisa A domeniT R2

31
damokidebulebasTan B domeniT Caiwereba Semdegnairad:
R1[ AΘB]R2 = {( r1r2 ) (r1 ∈ R1 ) ∧ (r2 ∈ R2 ) ∧ (r1[ A]Θr2 [ B])}
r1[ A]Θr2 [ B] gamosaxuleba niSnavs pirobas, rom
proeqciis yoveli elementi Θ -Sedarebadia yovel
elementTan.
SeerTebis operacia SeiZleba gamoisaxos dekartuli
namravlisa da proeqciis operaciebis saSualebiT
R1[ AΘB]R2 = ( R1 × R2 )[ AΘB] .
8. SezRudva. davuSvaT, mocemulia R damokidebuleba,
misi ori domeni:A daB da , maSin Sez-
Rudva R damokidebulebisa A da B domenebze ganisazRv-
reba Semdegi gamosaxulebiT:

im pirobiT, rom damokidebulebis r[A] da r[B] elemente-

bi semantikurad Θ Sedarebadia.
9. gayofa. ganvixiloT m xarisxis damokidebulebis
gayofa n xarisxis R2 damokidebulebaze. davuSvaT, A
warmoadgens R damokidebulebis domenebis (ganmeorebis
gareSe) sias. A saSualebiT gamovsaxoT A siis damateba.
gasayofi damokidebuleba ganvixiloT rogorc binaruli
da A domenebiT e.i. gvaqvs .
Tu R1 ( A) da R2 ( B) SeerTebadia, maSin R1 damokidebulebis
A domeniT gayofa R2 damokidebulebis B domenze

32
ganisazRvreba Semdegi gamosaxulebiT:
R1[ A ÷ B ]R2 = {r1[ A ] r1 ∈ R1 ∧ ( R2 [ B ] ⊆ g R1 ( r1[ A ]))} .
zemoT aRweril operacias uwodeben gayofas, vinaidan
marTebulia gamosaxuleba
( R1 × R2 ) ÷ R2 = R1 .
ganvixiloT konkretuli magaliTebi relaciuri algebris
operaciebis gamoyenebiT.
davuSvaT, mocemulia monacemTa baza Semdegi sami
damokidebulebis erTobliobis saxiT:
OMC ( KM LFM KP PM ZD )
155LA3 4x2 Y-NO 10 110 19
155LA6 2x4 Y-NO 30 86 25
155TM2 2 D-T 10 150 55
155TB1 YK-T 10 100 55
155 IP1 4REG 10 410 35
sadac: KM _ mikrosqemis ti pis kodi;
LFM _ mikrosqemis logikuri funqcia;
KP _ gantotvis koeficienti;
PM _ moxmarebis simZlavre;
ZD _ dayovneba (nanowm.).
OYZ (KY LFY P R)
P2 registri A K10 16
DSH10 deSifratori A K20 10

33
 Cm50 mTvleli A K10 32
Cm46 mTvleli A K30 10
P3 registri A K20 32
CM5 amjamavi A K10 16
CM15 amjamavi A K30 8
PP1 registri A K20 16
sadac: KY _ kvanZis kodi;
LFY _ kvanZis logikuri funqcia;
P _ gamoyeneba;
R _ Tanrigi.
OCY (KY KM K)
P2 155LA3 16
P2 155IP1 4
DSH10 155LA3 2
DSH10 155LA6 3
Cm50 155TM2 16
Cm50 155LA6 16
Cm46 155TB1 10
Cm46 155LA3 4
P3 155IP1 8
P3 155LA3 8
CM5 155TM2 8
CM5 155LA6 10
CM15 155TM3 8
34
 CM15 155LA3 6
P1 155TB1 16
sadac: K _ raodenoba. P
operaciebi gaerTianeba, gadakveTa, sxvaoba sruldeba
mxolod Tavsebad damokidebulebaTa Tavsebad wyvilebze
e.i. romelTa xarisxebi tolia, xolo Sesabamisi atributebi
ekuTvnian erTnair domenebs. Tavsebad damokidebulebaTa
magaliTad SeiZleba ganvixiloT:
A relacia
Semadgenloba 1 ( KY KM K)
P2 155LA3 16
P2 155IP1 4
DSH10 155LA3 2
Cm50 155TM2 16
CM5 155TM3 8
B relacia
Semadgenloba 2 ( KY KM K)
Cm50 155TM 16
P3 155IP1 8
CM5 155TM3 8
A da B relaciaTa gaerTianebis operaciiT aigeba
korteJTa simravle, romelic ekuTvnis an A an B relacias.
Semadgenloba 3 ( KY KM K)
P2 155LA3 16
35
 P2 155IP1 4
DSH10 155LA3 2
Cm50 155TM2 16
CM5 155TM3 8
P3 155IP1 8
A da B relaciebis gadakveTis operaciiT aigeba korteJTa
simravle, romelic ekuTvnis rogorc A ise B relacias.
Semadgenloba 4 ( KY KM K)
Cm50 155TM2 16
CM5 155TM3 8
A da B relaciebis sxvaobis operaciiT aigeba korteJTa
simravle, romelic ekuTvnis A relacias, magram ar
ekuTvnis B relacias.
Semadgenloba 5 ( KY KM K)
P2 155LA3 16
P2 155IP1 4
DSH10 155LA3 2
A da B relaciebis dekartuli namravlis operaciiT
aigeba korteJTa simravle, romelic miiReba A relaciis
yoveli korteJis konkatenaciiT B relaciis yovel
korteJTan. (SeniSvna: ori korteJis konkatenacia
warmoadgens pirvel korteJze meore korteJis ubralod
miweris Sedegad miRebul erT korteJs).
magaliTad:
36
 A relacia B relacia
MC (KM LFM) YZ (KY LFY)
155TM2 2 D-T P2 registri
155TB1 YK-T Cm50 mTvleli
Sedegad miiReba:
(KM LFM KY LFY)
155TM2 2 D-T P2 registri
HM 155TM2 2 D-T Cm50 mTvleli
155TB1 YK-T P2 registri
155TB1 YK-T Cm50 mTvleli
proeqciis operacia warmoadgens unaruls e.i.
ganisazRvreba mxolod erTi relaciisaTvis. amisaTvis
mocemuli unda iyos relacia A da atributTa sia C .
jer A relaciis korteJebidan aigeba B, romelic Seicavs
C siis atributebs. Semdeg B relaciidan amovardeba
ganmeorebadi striqonebi. magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT OYZ
relaciis proeqcia atributze e.i. miviRebT mowyobilobaTa
sias, romelic Seicavs P relaciis kvanZebs:
P
A K10
A K20
A K30
SeerTebis operacia agebs axal relacias konkatenaciis
saSualebiT, oRond mocemuli logikuri pirobis
37
N
Sesrulebis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT
relaciebi OCY d a CM1 logikuri pirobiT:
CM1(.KM)=OCY(.KM)
CM1 (KM PM)
155LA3 110
155TB1 100
Sedegi moyvanilia cxrilSi:
(KM PM KY KM K)
155LA3 110 P2 155LA3 110
155LA3 110 DSH10 155LA3 110
CP 155LA3 110 Cm46 155LA3 110
155LA3 110 P3 155LA3 110
155LA3 110 CM15 155LA3 110
155TB1 100 Cm46 155TB1 100
155TB1 100 P1 155TB1 100
SezRudvis operacia agreTve unarulia da mocemuli
logikuri pirobiT sawyisi relaciis “horizontaluri”
qvesimravlis agebis saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, OMC
relaciidan miviRoT OMC1 pirobiT PM<105 :
(KM AFM KP PM ZD)
155LA6 2x4 Y-NO 30 86 25
155TB1 YK-T 10 100 55
gayofis operacia garkveuli azriT dekartuli namravlis
operaciis sawinaaRmdegoa. vTqvaT, gasayofi aris A relacia
38
A1 da A2 atributebiT, xolo gamyofi _ B relacia B1
atributiT. gayofis operaciis Sedegi iqneba A1 atributis
iseT mniSvnelobaTa simravle, romlebic Seesabamebian A2
atributis mniSvnelobebs emTxveva B1 atributis yvela
mniSvnelobas. TABC relaciis gayofa CPY1 relaciaze:
TABC CPY1
KM KY KY
155LA3 P2 P2
155LA3 DSH10
155LA3 Cm46
155LA3 P3
155LA3 CM15
155LA6 DSH10
155LA6 Cm46
155LA6 P2
155TM2 Cm50
155TM2 DSH10
155TB1 P2
155TB1 CM15
Sedegad miiReba HMC1:
KM
155LA3
155LA6
155TB1
39
 4.2 relaciuri (damokidebulebebis) aRricxva
misi arsi mdgomareobs moTxovnaTa aRweraSi, romlebsac
unda akmayofilebdes misaRebi damokidebuleba (Relation).
specifikidan gamomdinare ganirCeva: relaciuri aRricxvis
korteJuli da domenuri variantebi. mis safuZvels
warmoadgens predikatebis aRricxva.
relaciuri aRricxvis gamoyeneba monacemTa manipulirebis
saSualebas iZleva gamomavali dokumentis doneze, rac
momxmareblisaTvis araproceduruli ti pis monacemTa
mani pulirebis enis (mme) agebisaTvis aris mosaxerxebeli.
relaciuri aRricxvaSi gamoiyeneba alfabeti, Termebi
(elementuri konstruqciebi) da formulebi, romlebic
warmoadgenen predikatebis, Termebisa da analizuri
gamosaxulebebis saxiT Caweril aqsiomebs. enis alfabeti
Sedgeba Semdegi simboloebisagan:
calkeuli konstantebi: ;
indeqsuri cvladebi: 1,2,3,... ;
amorCevis cvladebi: r1 , r2 , r3 ,... ;
predikatuli konstantebi
monaduri: P1 , P2 , P3 ,... ;
diaduri: =, <, >, ≤, ≥, ≠ ;
logikuri simboloebi: ;
gamyofebi: [ ] ( ) .

40
 relaciuri aRricxvaSi gamoiyeneba diapazonis Termi
(dT), romlis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom r amorCevis
cvladis diapazons warmoadgens damokidebuleba da
SeerTebis Termi (ST), λΘ µ , sityvebi,
romlebSic
da kveTebia, - konstanta da erTerTi
oradgiliani predikati.
relaciuri aRricxvaSi sworad agebuli formulebi
(saf) rekursiulad ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:
1. nebismieri dT an ST aris saf;
2 Tu F aris saf, maSin _F agreTve iqneba saf;
3. Tu F1 da F2 arian saf-ebi, maSin da
α
rµ
λ
∀
∃
ΘFi rΘ ∧αFF) 2
1 ∨
r((F iqnebian saf-ebi;
4. Tu F aris saf, romelSic r gamoiyeneba rogorc
Tavisufali cvladi, maSin da saf-ebia.
5. arc erTi sxva formula ar aris saf.
diapazonuri saf aris kvantorebisagan Tavisufali saf,
romlis yvela Termi aris dT.
ukvantoro saf F-s ewodeba sworad gansazRvruli
striqonul cvladze, Tu sruldeba Semdegi pirobebi:
1. ri - erTaderTi Tavisufali cvladia F formulaSi;
2. yoveli Termi, romelic Sedis F formulaSi,
mniSvnelobebis Termebia;

41
 3. uaryofis niSani an saerTod ar Sedis formulaSi,
an mosdevs uSualod koniunqciis ∧ niSans.
saf F-s ewodeba formula gansazRvris ariT, Tu
sruldeba Semdegi pirobebi:
1. n ≥1
2. yoveli U i formula (i = 1, n) sworadaa gansazRvruli
ri striqonul cvladze, amasTan ri da r j gansxvavebulia,
roca i ≠ j .
3. V formula an carielia, an warmoadgens saf-s,
romelsac aqvs Semdegi Tvisebebi:
3.1. yoveli kvantori Sedis V formulaSi an
saxiT.
3.2. yoveli Tavisufali striqonuli cvladi V
formulidan warmoadgens formulebidan erTerTis
Tavisufal cvlads.
3.3. V formulaSi ar arsebobs mniSvnelobebis Termebi,
romlebic Seicaven Tavisufal striqonul cvladebs.
vinaidan saf-Si W mniSvnelobebis ariT Sedis erTi
Ui formula mainc, amitom W -Si iqneba erTi
Tavisufali striqonuli cvladi mainc.
(t1 ,..., t k ) : W sityvas uwodeben martiv alfa-
gamosaxulebas, Tu sruldeba Semdegi pirobebi:
1. W saf-ia mniSvnelobebis ariT;

42
 2. t1 ,..., t k striqonuli cvladebisa da kveTebis
Tanmimdevroba;
3. erToblioba striqonuli cvladebisa, romlebic
t1 ,..., t k TanmimdevrobiTaa mocemuli, emTxveva W formulis
Tavisufali striqonuli cvladebis simravles.
alfa-gamosaxuleba ganisazRvreba rekursiulad wese-
bis Semdegi sistemiT:
1. yoveli martivi alfa-gamosaxuleba aris alfa-gamo-
saxuleba;
2. Tu t = (t1 ,..., t k ) da t1 : w1 , t 2 : w2 alfa-
gamosaxulebebia, maSin
t : ( w1 ∨ w2 ), t : ( w1 ∨ ¬w2 ), t : ( w1 ∧ w2 )
warmoadgens alfa-gamosaxulebebs;
3. nebismieri alfa-gamosaxuleba aris 1 da 2 wesebis
Sedegi. alfa-gamosaxulebis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia
saf-ebis interpretaciebidan proeqciebis miReba.
ganvixiloT moTxovnaTa magaliTebi zemoT moyvanil
relaciaTa bazaze:
1. miviRoT yvela mikrosqemis kodebi:
Seiqmnas W(OMC.KM). Sedegi:
W KM
155LA3
155LA6
155TM2
43
 155TB1
155IP1
igive Sedegi miiReba operatoriT: Seiqmnas W(OCY.KM).
2. miviRoT kvanZebis kodebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi
155LA3 mikrosqemaTa raodenoba aris aranakleb 5 calisa:
Seiqmnas:
W(OCY.KM):OCY.KM=’155LA3’ OCY.K>5
W KY
P2
P3
CM15
3. miviRoT mikrosqemaTa kodebi, romelTa moxmarebis
simZlavre PM<130. Seiqmnas:
W(OMC.KM):OMC.PM<130
W KM
155LA3
155LA6
155TB1
4. miviRoT mikrosqemebis logikuri funqciebi, romlebic
gamoiyenebian CM5 kvanZSi. Seiqmnas:

W LFM
2D-T
2x4 Y-NO
44
 V Tavi
SQL _ ena
5.1. monacemTa gansazRvra
SQL warmoadgens standartul relaciur enas. masSi
gamoiyeneba iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa cxrilebi, stri-
qonebi da svetebi nacvlad damokidebuleba, korteJi da
atributi.
simbolo SQL- Si dauSvebelia. simbolo “;” gamoi-
yeneba rogorc operatoris bolos niSani. kvadratuli
frCxilebi gamoiyeneba araaucilebeli elementebis
miTiTebisaTvis.
ganvixiloT monacemTa ZiriTadi obieqtebi da (DDL-
data definiton languageD)DmonacemTa gansazRvris enis Sesabamisi
operatorebi:
CREATE DOMAIN CREATE TABLE
ALTER DOMAIN ALTER TABLE
DROP DOMAIN DROP TABLE
domenis Seqmnis sintaqsisi Semdegia:
CREATE DOMAIN domain data-type
[ default-definition ]
[ domain-contraint-definition-list ];
sadac: domain_ domenis dasaxelebaa monacemTa
ti pis (data-type) miTiTebiT.

45
 moviyvanoT domenis gansazRvris magaliTi:
CREATE DOMAIN COLOR CHAR(6) DEFAULT ‘???’
CONTRAINT VALID COLORS
CHECK ( VALUE IN
( ‘Red’, Yellow’, ‘blue’, ‘Green’, ‘???’ ) ) ;
sabazo cxrilebi ganisazRvreba operatoriT
CREATE TABLE :
CREATE TABLE base-table (base-table-element-commalist);
potenciuri gasaRebebi ganisazRvreba operatoriT:
UNIQUE ( column-commalist )
an
PRIMARY KEY ( column-commalist )
xolo gare gasaRebebi ganisazRvreba operatoriT:
FOREIGN KEY ( column-commalist )
REFERENCES base-table [ ( column-commalist ) ]
[ ON DELETE option ]
[ ON UPDATE option ]
Sesamowmebeli pirobebi (SezRudvebi) ganisazRvreba
operatoriT:
CHECK ( conditional-expression )
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom SQL -is standartSi saerTod
ar arsebobs monacemTa bazis cneba, aramed arsebobs raRac
monacemTa krebuli, romelic aRiwereba garkveuli
katalogiT.
46
 5.2 monacemTa damuSaveba
amJamad gadavideT DML (data manipulation language)
monacemTa damuSavebis enis SQL operatorebze.
ganvixiloT amorCevis (SELECT) da ganaxlebis (IN-
SERT, UPDATE, DELETE) operatorebi.
instruqcia SELECT Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT:
SELECT [ ALL / DISTINCT ] select-item-commalist
instruqcia FROM Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT:
FROM table-reference-commalist
instruqcia WHERE Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT:
WHERE conditional-expression
instruqcia GROUP BY Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT:
GROUP BY column-commalist
instruqcia HAVING Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT:
HAVING conditional-expression
magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT monacemTa baza “detalebis
mowodeba”, romelic Sedgeba Semdegi cxrilebisagan:
damkveTebi

S S# SNAME STATUS CITY

S1 Smith 20 London
S2 Jones 10 Paris
S3 Black 30 Paris
S4 Clark 20 London
S5 Adams 30 Athens

47
 detalebi

P P# PNAME COLOR WEIGHT CITY

P1 Nut Red 12 London

P2 Bold Green 17 Paris
P3 Screw Blue 17 Rome
P4 Screw Red 14 London
P5 Cam Blue 12 Paris
P6 Cog Red 19 London

damkveTi
SP
S# P# QTY
S1 P1 300
S1 P2 200
L S1 P3 400
S1 P4 200
S1 P5 100
S1 P6 100
S2 P1 300
S2 P2 400
S3 P2 200
S4 P2 200
MMMM S4 P4 300
S4 P5 400

nax. 5.1
CREATE DOMAIN S# CHAR(5);
CREATE DOMAIN NAME CHAR(20);
CREATE DOMAIN STATUS NUMERIC(5);
CREATE DOMAIN CITY CHAR(15);
CREATE DOMAIN P# CHAR(6);
48
CREATE DOMAIN COLOR CHAR(6);
CREATE DOMAIN WEIGHT NUMERIC(5);
CREATE DOMAIN QTY NUMERIC(9);
CREATE BASE RELATION S
( S# DOMAIN ( S# ),
SNAME DOMAIN (NAME),
STATUS DOMAIN (STATUS),
CITY DOMAIN (CITY) )
PRIMARY KEY ( S# ) ;
CREATE BASE RELATION P
( P# DOMAIN ( P# ),
PNAME DOMAIN (NAME),
COLOR DOMAIN (COLOR),
WEIGHT DOMAIN (WEIGHT),
CITY DOMAIN (CITY) )
PRIMARY KEY ( P# ) ;
CREATE BASE RELATION SP
( S# DOMAIN ( S# ),
P# DOMAIN ( P# ),
QTY DOMAIN (QTY),
PRIMARY KEY ( S#, P# )
PRIMARY KEY ( S# ) REFERENCES S
PRIMARY KEY ( P# ) REFERENCES P;

49
 sailustraciod CamovayaliboT ramdenime moTxovna SQL
enis monacemTa amorCevis TvalsazrisiT:

1. miviRoT ferebi da qalaqebi detalebisaTvis “ara

parizidan” woniT aTze meti
SELECT P.COLOR, P.CITY
FROM P
WHERE P.CITY<>’Paris’
AND P.WEIGHT>10
2. yvela detalisaTvis miviRoT detalis nomeri da
misi wona gramebSi
SELECT P.P#, P.WEIGHT * 454 AS GMWT
FROM P;
3. miviRoT sruli informacia yvela momwodebelze
SELECT *
FROM S;
4. miviRoT informacia erT qalaqSi ganTavsebul
momwodebel-detalebis yvela wyvilis Sesaxeb
SELECT S.S#, S.SNAME, S.STATUS, S.CITY,
P.P#, P.PNAME, P.COLOR, P.WEIGHT
FROM S, P
WHERE S.CITY =P.CITY ;
5. miviRoT iseTi qalaqebis wyvilebis saxelebi, roca
erT qalaqSi myofi momwodebeli awvdis meore qalaqSi
50
arsebul detals
SELECT DISTINCT S.CITY AS SCITY, P.CITY AS PCITY
FROM S JOIN SP USING S# JOIN P USING P#;
6. miviRoT momwodebelTa saerTo raodenoba
SELECT COUNT (*) AS N
FROM S ;
7. miviRoT P2 detalisaTvis maqsimaluri da minimaluri
raodenoba
SELECT MAX ( SP.CITY ) AS MAXQ, MIN ( SP.CITY)
AS MINQ
FROM SP
WHERE SP.P#=’P2’ ;

8. miviRoT yvela detalis nomeri, romelic erTze meti

momwodeblis mier aris mowodebuli
SELECT SP.P#
FROM SP
GROUP BY SP.P#
HAVING COUNT ( SP.S# ) >1 ;

9. miviRoT P2 detalis momwodebelTa saxelebi

SELECT DISTINCT S.SNAME
FROM S
WHERE S.S# IN
51
 ( SELECT SP.S#
FROM SP
WHERE SP.P#=’P2’) ;
10. miviRoT yvela detalis momwodebelTa saxelebi
SELECT DISTINCT S.SNAME
FROM S
WHERE NOT EXISTS
( SELECT *
FROM P
WHERE NOT EXISTS
( SELECT *
FROM SP
WHERE SP.S#=S.S#
AND SP.P#=P.P# ) ) ; AND

amJamad, CamovayaliboT ramdenime moTxovna SQL _enis

monacemTa ganaxlebis TvalsazrisiT:
1. erTi striqonis Casma
INSERT
INTO P ( P#, PNAME, COLOR, WEIGHT, CITY )
VALUES ( ‘P8’, ‘Sprocket’, ‘Pink’, 14, ‘Nice’ ) ;
2. ramdenime striqonis Casma
INSERT
INTO TEMP ( S#, CITY )
52
 SELECT S.S#, S.CITY
FROM S
WHERE S.STATUS>15 ;
3. ramdenime striqonis ganaxleba
UPDATE P
SET COLOR=’Yellow’,
WEIGHT=P.WEIGHT+5
WHERE P.CITY=’Paris’ ;
an
UUPDATE P
SET CITY= ( SELECT S.CITY
FROM S
WHERE S.S#=’S5’ )
WHERE P.COLOR =’Red’ ;
4. ramdenime striqonis amogdeba
DELETE
FROM SP
WHERE ‘Londom’=
(SELECT S.CITY
FROM S
WHERE S.S#=SP.S# ) ;

53
 5.3. pirobiTi gamosaxulebebi

pirobas MATCH aqvs Semdegi saxe:

row-constructor MATCH UNIQUE ( table-expression )
pirobas “yvelaferi an raime” aqvs Semdegi saxe:
row-constructor
comparison-operator qualifier ( table-expression )

5.4 skalaruli gamosaxulebebi

skalaruli gamosaxulebebi SQL _Si martivia.
ganvixiloT operatorebi CASE da CAST.
operatori CASE abrunebs erTerT mniSvnelobas
miTiTebuli mniSnelobebis krebulidan. magaliTad:
CASE
WHEN S.STATUS <5 THEN ‘ar varga’
WHEN S.STATUS <10 THEN ‘saeWvoa’
WHEN S.STATUS <15 THEN ‘arc ise kargia’
WHEN S.STATUS <20 THEN ‘saSualoa’
WHEN S.STATUS <25 THEN ‘misaRebia’
ELSE ‘kargia’
END
operatori CAST gardaqmnis garkveul skalarul
mniSvnelobas gansazRvruli skalaruli ti pis monacemad.
CAST ( ‘S8’ AS S# )
54
 5.5. Casmuli SQL

SQL g a m o s a x u l e b e b i S e i Z l e b a S e s r u l d e s a n
interaqturad an rogorc gamoyenebiTi programis nawili
(am SemTxvevaSi isini fizikurad Caismebian programis kodSi).
Casmul SQL safuZvlad udevs orreJimiani princi pi,
romelic orive zemoT xsenebul reJimSi muSaobis
saSualebas iZleva.
Casmuli SQL operatorebi dajgufebuli arian
instruqciis EXEC SQL meSveobiT, romelic mTavrdeba
simboloTi “;”.
Casmuli SQL gamoyenebis dros SeiZleba warmoiSvas
problema, romelic mdgomareobs SemdegSi: SQL operatorebi
irCeven mraval striqons, maSin roca sabazo enebi
Cveulebriv erT striqons amuSaveben erT jerze. aRniSnuli
problebis gadasawyvetad anu sabazo enebisa da SQL enis
doneebs Soris garkveuli xidis funqcias asrulebs e.w.
kursori _ axali ti pis obieqti, romelic gamoiyeneba
mxolod Casmul SQL _Si.
Casmuli SQL saSualebaTa krebuli dinamiur SQL _s
qmnis, romlis specialuri daniSnuleba aris ganzogadoebuli,
operatiuli da agreTve interaqtiuli aplikaciebis SeqmnaSi
monawileoba.

55
 VI Tavi
monacemTa bazis daproeqteba
6.1. saproblemo sferos konceptualuri
modelis daproeqteba

realuri samyaros modeli sinamdvilis asaxvaa adamianis

gonebaSi. ena _ rogorc sinamdvilis formalizebuli
asaxvis instrumenti emsaxureba ama Tu im dargis (magaliTad,
medicina, astronomia, sociologia da sxv.) anu sagnobrivi
sferos asaxvas. Tavis mxriv, sagnobrivi sferos
struqturireba SeiZleba saproblemo sferoebad
(magaliTad, saavadmyofo, poliklinika, afTiaqi da a.S.).
monacemTa bazebis daproeqtebis infologikuri midgoma
gamoiyeneba obieqtis konceptualuri modelis agebis
etapze. obieqtebs aqvT Tvisebebi da obieqtTaSorisi
kavSirebi. yvelaze srulyofilad obieqts aRwers arsTa
damokidebulebebis modeli (ER-Entity Relationships Model).
ufro dabal doneze dgas kanonikuri modeli, romelis
arsTa damokidebulebebis modelis gamartivebul variantia.
arsTa simravle. cneba “arsi” asaxavs sagans, romelic
arsebobs da gansxvavebulia sxva sagnebisagan. erTnair arsTa
jgufebi qmnian arsTa simravles. magaliTad: yvela studenti,
yvela sagani, yvela avtomobili da sxv.
arsTa Soris arsebobs garkveuli kavSirebi. maT arsTa
56
damokidebulebebi ewodebaT. Tu sqematurad arsTa
simravleebs marTkuTxedebiT avRniSnavT, xolo maT Soris
damokidebulebebs _ rombebiT, arsTa damokidebulebas
eqneba Semdegi saxe

firma aris sawarmo

aqvs

savaWro
obieqti

nax. 6.1.
arsebs aqvT Tvisebebi, romlebsac atributebs uwodeben.
magaliTad, adamianTa arsTa simravleSi Semaval arsebs
SeiZleba hqondeT atributebi: gvari, saxeli, dabadebis
TariRi, simaRle da a.S. TiToeul atributs gaaCnia
dasaxeleba, ti pi da ganzomileba.
E
A1 A2 A3 ... An

e1 a11 a21 a31 ... an1

a12 a22 a32 ... an2

e3 a13 a23 a33 ... an3

... ... ... ... ...

nax. 6.2
57
 naxazze ganxilulia arsTa E simravle. vTqvaT,
{ A1 , A2 , A3 ,..., An } aris am simravlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
atributTa simravle. e3 warmoadgens garkveul arss,
romelsac relaciur modelSi Seesabameba korteJi, e.i.
korteJi axasiaTebs garkveul obieqts. aucilebelia e.w.
unikaluri gasaRebis (atributis an atributTa
simravlis) cnebis Semotana, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes
yoveli arsis unikalurad gansazRvra.
magaliTi : ganvixiloT sagnobrivi sfero “marketingi”.
konceptualuri sqemis ageba iwyeba mb-Si Semavali arsTa
simravleebisa da maTi atributebis gamocxadebiT.
1. arsTa simravle firma atributebiT:
firmis Sifri CHAR(10), /*gasaReburi atributi*/
firmis dasaxeleba CHAR(20),
misamarTi CHAR(40),
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
telefoni CHAR(10).
2. arsTa simravle damkveTi atributebiT:
damkveTis-Sifri CHAR(10), /*gasaReburi atributi*/
damkveTis-dasaxeleba CHAR(20),
misamarTi CHAR(40),
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
faqsi CHAR(10).

58
3. arsTa simravle saqoneli atributebiT:
saqonlis Sifri CHAR(10), /*gasaReburi atributi*/
dasaxeleba CHAR(20),
TviTRirebuleba NUM(7.2),
fasi NUM(7.2),
masalis Sifri CHAR(10).
4. arsTa simravle masala atributebiT:
masalis Sifri CHAR(10), /*gasaReburi atributi*/
dasaxeleba CHAR(20),
fasi NUM(7.2).
5. arsTa simravle mimwodebeli atributebiT:
mimwod.Sifri CHAR(10), /*gasaReburi atributi*/
dasaxeleba CHAR(15),
misamarTi CHAR(20),
masalis Sifri CHAR(10),
moculoba NUM(9.2),
Tanxa NUM(7.2),
TariRi DAT(8).
6. arsTa simravle maRazia atributebiT:
maRaziis nom. NUM(3), /*gasaReburi atributi*/
misamarTi CHAR(20),
kategoriis Sifri NUM(1),
jgufis Sifri NUM(1),
farTobi (savaWro) NUM(1),
59
 farTobi (damxmare) NUM(3),
telefoni CHAR(8).
7. arsTa simravle jgufi atributebiT:
jgufis Sifri NUM(1), /*gasaReburi atributi*/
dasaxeleba CHAR(15).
8. arsTa simravle kategoria atributebiT:
kategoriis Sifri NUM(1), /*gasaReburi atributi*/
dasaxeleba CHAR(15).
9. arsTa simravle TanamSromeli atributebiT:
TanamS. nom. NUM(3), /*gasaReburi atributi*/
gvari s/m CHAR(35),
Tanamdeboba CHAR(15),
dabadebis-TariRi DAT(8),
sqesi NUM(1),
misamarTi CHAR(20),
telefoni CHAR(8),
xelfasi NUM(7.2),
samsax. dawyeba DAT(8),
staJi NUM(2),
ojaxi NUM(1),
Svilebis-raod. NUM(2).
10. arsTa simravle sawarmoo-firma atributebiT:
firmis-Sifri CHAR(10), /*Sedgenili gasaReburi*/
saqonlis-Sifri CHAR(10),
60
 gegmiuri-moculoba NUM(9.2),
faqtiuri-moculoba NUM(9.2),
TariRi DAT(8).
11. arsTa simravle saqonelbrunvis-gegma atributebiT:
maRaziis-nom. NUM(3), /*gasaReburi atributi*/
saqonlis-Sifri CHAR(10),
wina-wlis-gegma NUM(9.2),
wina-wlis-faqti NUM(9.2),
gegmiuri moculoba NUM(9.2),
gegmis-zrdis-% NUM(9.2),
faqtis-zrdis-% NUM(9.2).
12. arsTa simravle sakontrolo-cifrebi atributebiT:
jgufis-Sifri NUM(1),
firmis-Sifri CHAR(10),
wina-wlis-gegma NUM(9.2),
wina-wlis-faqti NUM(9.2),
gegmiuri moculoba NUM(9.2),
gegmis-zrdis-% NUM(5.2),
faqtis-zrdis-% NUM(5.2).
SemoviRoT Semdegi aRniSvnebi:
_ marTkuTxedebiT aRvniSnoT arsTa simravleebi;
_ elifsebiT warmovadginoT atributebi;
_ rombebiT aRvniSnoT damokidebulebebi arsTa
simravleTa Soris.
61
 ...

awarmoebs firma hyavs

... ...
damkveTi mimwodebeli
awarmoebs ...

aqvs aqvs saqoneli Sedgeba masala

...

... sakontrolo ...

cifrebi

aqvs saqonelbrunvis
gegma

...

maRazia

aqvs aqvs
muSaoba kategoria
jgufi
...
TanamSromeli
...
... ...

nax. 6.3
62
 Tu damokidebuleba mravali-mravalTan anu (M:N) tipisaa,
isini ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs miumarTavi wiboebiT. Tu A
da B arsTa simravleebs Soris damokidebuleba (1:M)
ti pisaa, vavlebT mimarTul wibos A-dan B-mde. erTi-
erTTan (1:1) damokidebulebis SemTxvevaSi gveqneba ormxriv
mimarTuli wibo.
kanonikuri struqturebis ageba. cnobilia, rom
semantikuri modelebi informaciulad Warb struqturebs
miekuTvneba. optimaluri (kanonikuri) sqemis misaRebad
gamoiyeneba oval_diagramebis meTodi. sqemis ZiriTad el-
ements warmoadgens ovali da masSi Cawerili monacemis
saxeli. ovalTa erToblioba (anu sqema) iqmneba maT Soris
1:1, 1:M, M:N ti pis asociaciuri kavSirebis safuZvelze,
romlebic grafikulad gamoisaxeba erT an ormimarTuliani
isrebiT.
N:1
gvari gany #
1:1 N:N

N:1 C
satabelo
telefoni
#
meuRlis
xelfasi gvari

nax. 6.4
63
 ovalSi atributis saxelis xazgasma niSnavs mis
maidentificirebel anu gasaRebur Tvisebebs. kavSirebis
Semotanis mTavari kriteriumi aris atributebs Soris
semantikuri korelacia.
struqturis optimizaciis mizans warmoadgens Warbi
kavSirebis minimumamde Semcireba an saerTod aRmofxvra.
Tu CanawerSi gasaReburi atributi sruliad gansazRvravs
aragasaRebur atributebs (anu ar arsebs maT Soris
tranzituli kavSirebi), maSin am Canaweris struqturas
(sqemas) ewodeba kanonikuri.
magaliTi: saproblemo sfero _ marketingi. nax. 6.5.-ze
mocemulia misi ZiriTadi obieqtebisa da Tvisebebis
qvesqemebi.
gasaReburi atributebi xazgasmulia, xolo isrebi
miuTiTeben atributebs Soris funqcionalur kavSirebs.
xSirad moTxovnaSi asaxulia ramdenime qvesqemis elementi,
rac moiTxovs qvesqemaTa sinTezis ganxorcielebas
qvesqemaTSorisi kavSirebis Semotanis xarjze. es
urTierTkavSirebi aisaxeba gasaRebur atributebs Soris
da maT SeiZleba Tan axldes axali atributebis formireba.
ganvixiloT nax. 6.6., romlisTvisac SesaZlebelia Semdegi
moTxovnebis damuSaveba:
_”ra dasaxelebis produqcias amzadebs firma “ “?”;

64
sawarmoo s.f. saxeli ` s.f. fasi
firmis #

produqtis produqtis masalis

Sifri dasaxeleba Sifri

masalis masalis masalis

Sifri dasaxeleba fasi

SekveTis- SekveTis miwodebis Tanxa

# TariRi TariRi

savaWro
dasaxeleba misamarTi faqsi
firmis #

nax. 6.5.
65
 _”romeli firmebi awarmoeben produqcias dasaxelebiT
“Zeli xis masalisagan”?”
_”vi povoT misamarTebi im savaWro obieqtebisa, sadac
iyideba duraluminis masalisagan damzadebuli fanjris
Jaluzebi da davadginoT maTi sabiTumo fasebi”;
_”vi povoT is sawarmoo da savaWro firmebi, romlebsac
gaformebuli aqvT SekveTebi erT milion larze zeviT,
wlis pirvel naxevarSi” da a.S.
...

fasi sawarmoo
firmis #

TviTRirebuleba

moculoba
produqtis
Sifri SekveTis #

...
savaWro
... firmis # ...
... masalis Sifri
...
sabiTumo sacalo
fasi fasi

nax. 6.6

66
 pirveli moTxovna gamoiyenebs Sedgenil gasaRebur
atributs: sawarmoo firmis Sifrsa da produqciis Sifrs.
maTi saSualebiT calsaxad SeiZleba dadgindes, Tu romel
produqcias amzadebs da piriqiT. amis magaliTia meore
moTxovna, romelic damatebiT moiTxovs, rom es produqcia
damzadebuli iyos xis masalisagan. es saWiroebs meoradi
gasaReburi atributiT (masalis-Sifri produqciis sqemaSi)
masalis qvesqemaze gadasvlas da xis Sesabamisi Sifris
povnas. Semdeg ki am SifriT produqciis qvesqemaSi
vbrundebiT.
mesame moTxovna eyrdnoba Sedgenil gasaRebur atributs:
produqciis Sifri da savaWro firmis nomeri. amasTanave,
produqciis dasaxeleba unda SeiCes masalis mixedviT. da
bolos, saTanado striqonebSi SeirCeva savaWro firmebis
misamarTebi da sasurveli produqciis sabiTumo fasebi.
meoTxe moTxovnaSi gansazRvrulia sami atributisagan
Semdgari gasaRebi: sawarmoo firmis Sifri+savaWro firmis
Sifri+produqciis Sifri. misi saSualebiT ganisazRvreba
kontraqtis nomeri, miwodebis TariRi da Tanxis moculoba.
kanonikuri sqemebis modifikacia an gafarToeba sirTules
ar warmoadgens.

67
 6.2. mb-ebis logikuri modelis daproeqteba
monacemTa relaciur modelSi dasaSvebia mxolod iseTi
relaciebi, romlebic akmayofileben Semdeg pirobas:
relaciaSi yoveli mniSvneloba (anu yoveli atributis
mniSvneloba korteJSi) atomarulia (ganuyofelia), e.i.
relaciis Sesabamis cxrilSi yoveli svetisa da striqonis
gadakveTaze unda arsebobdes mxolod erTi mniSvneloba
da ara simravle mniSvnelobebisa. relacias, romelic
akmayofilebs aRniSnul pirobas, ewodeba normalizebuli.
magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT relacia dakveTa
atributebiT S# _momwodeblis nomeri da PK detalebis
raodenoba. PK_ TviTon relaciaa P# _detalis nomriT
da K _raodenobiT.
dakveTa dakveTa

S# PK S# sP# K
P# K 1 1 300
1 300 1 2 200
2 200 1 3 400
3 400 1 4 200
4 200 1 5 100
5 100 1 6 100
6 100 2 1 300
1 300 2 2 400
2 400 3 2 200
2 200 4 2 200
2 200 4 4 300
4 300 4 5 400
5 400

nax. 6.7.
68
 calke cxrilebiT mocemulia relaciebi “mimwodebeli”
atributebiT: SN _mimwodeblis dasaxeleba, ST _statusi,
C _qalaqi da “detali” atributebiT: PN _detalis
dasaxeleba, Col _feri, N _wona, C _qalaqi (nax. 6.8.).
mimwodebeli detali
S# SN ST C P# PN Col W C
1 ivaniZe 20 Tbilisi 1 detali1 Savi 120 Tbilisi
2 abaSiZe 10 quTaisi 2 detali2 yviTeli 170 quTaisi
3 dvali 30 quTaisi 3 detali3 lurji 170 quTaisi
4 fifia 20 Tbilisi 4 detali4 Savi 140 Tbilisi
5 zariZe 30 Telavi 5 detali5 lurji 120 Telavi

nax. 6.8.
amerikelma maTematikosma e.kodma gansazRvra
normalizaciis sami done, Sesabamisad pirveli, meore da
mesame normaluri formebi (1nf, 2nf da 3nf). amJamad,
normalizaciis TeoriaSi ukve cnobilia normalizaciis
xuTi forma, magram praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis sakmarisia
pirveli sami formac.
normalizaciis (normalur formaTa) Teoriis safuZvelia
relaciur damokidebulebaTa Teoria, romelic ganixilavs
damokidebulebaTa iseT ojaxebs, rogoricaa:
funqcionaluri, sruli funqcionaluri, tranzituli da
fsevdotranzituli, mravalsaxa da zogadi
arafunqcionaluri damokidebulebani.
69
 davuSvaT, mocemulia atributebis dasaxelebaTa simravle
, romelzec gansazRvrulia R(U)
relacia. igi domenTa dekartuli namravlis qvesimravlea:
R(U ) ⊆ {dom( A1 ) × dom( A2 ) × ... × dom( An )}
relaciis elementia (a1 , a 2 ,...a n ) korteJi, romlisTvisac
a1 ∈ dom( A1 ) . R(U) damokidebulebisaTvis mocemulia
agreTve P(U) mTlianobis SezRudvebi (predikati).
funqcionaluri damokidebuleba (fd). mocemulia
relacia R(U) da misi X da Y atributebi. davuSvaT:
, . Tu R(U) relaciaSi X atributis
nebismier mniSvnelobas Seesabameba Y atributis erTaderTi
mniSvneloba, maSin R(U) relacia akmayofilebs mTlianobis
SezRudvas, romelsac uwodeben funqcionaluri
damokidebulebas da aRniSnaven rkaliT (isriT) X_dan
Y_ken (bulis algebraSi am cnebis izomorfulia logikuri
implikacia).
nax.6.9-dan Cans, rom SN, ST da C atributi
funqcionalurad aris damokidebuli S# gasaReburi
atributidan. Sedgenili gasaRebis SemTxvevaSi e.i. detalis
nomeri P# da mimwodeblis S# nomeri orive erTad
funqcionalurad gansazRvravs K raodenobis atributis
mniSvnelobas.

70
 SN
S# K

S# ST

P#
C

nax. 6.9.
sruli funqcionaluri damokidebuleba (sfd).
X atributi srul funqcionaluri damokidebulebaSia
Y atributTan, Tu is aris funqcionalurad damokide-
buli X_gan da amasTanave araa funqcionalurad
damokidebuli X atributis nebismieri qvesimravlisagan
(X unda iyos Sedgenili atributi). sfd_s aRniSnaven
ormagi isriT, .

S# C

ST

nax. 6.10.
71
 tranzituli funqcionaluri damokidebuleba (tfd).
funqcionaluri damokidebuleba X  → Y tranzitu-
lia, Tu arsebobs iseTi atributi Z ⊆ U , rom marTebulia
da Z 
→ Y damokidebulebaTa arseboba.

S#

ST
ST
CC

nax. 6.11.
xSirad ganixilaven e.w. fsevdotranzitul funqcionalur
damokidebulebas, romlis arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi, rom:
arsebobs iseTi atributi W ⊆ U da fd , rom
marTebulia WY 
→ Z da WX 
→ Z , maSin WX 
→ Z
aris fsevdo_tfd.

S#
C

ST

nax. 6.12.
72
 mravalsaxa damokidebuleba (msd). vTqvaT, mocemulia
R relacia da misi X, Y da Z atributebi. X , Y , Z ⊆ U
da Z=U-XUY. Tu R(X, Y,Z) relaciaSi nebismieri x ∈ R[ X ]
da _Tvis marTebulia piroba: R[x,Y]=R[x,z,Y], maSin
amboben, rom arsebobs mravalsaxa damokidebuleba.
zogadi arafunqcionaluri damokidebuleba (zad).
Tu R(U) relaciaSi ar arsebobs araviTari mravalsaxa
damokidebuleba e.i. marTebulia
piroba, maSin saqme gvaqvs zogad arafunqcionalur
damokidebule-basTan.

6.3. normalur formaTa Teoria

z [∈x,Rz[Z
R , Y ] ≠ R[ x, Y ]
normalur formaTa Teoria Seiwavlis normaluri
formebis gardaqmnaTa process. ganvixiloT normalur
formaTa cnebebi:
relacia imyofeba 1nf_Si, maSin da mxolod maSin, masSi
Semavali yvela domeni Seicavs mxolod atomarul
mniSvnelobebs.
relacia imyofeba 2nf_Si, Tu imyofeba 1nf_Si da misi
yoveli aragasaReburi atributi srul funqcionalur
damokidebulebaSia (sfd) pirveladi gasaRebisagan.
atributs ewodeba aragasaReburi, Tu igi araa pirveladi
gasaRebis nawili.
73
 relacia imyofeba 3nf_Si, Tu imyofeba 2nf_Si da misi
yoveli aragasaReburi atributi aratranzituladaa
damokidebuli pirvelad gasaRebze.
relacias, romelic 1nf_Sia, magram ar aris ufro maRal
normalur formaSi, aqvs arasasurveli struqtura mravali
mizezis gamo. relaciebis naklovanebebi (anomaliebi)
dakavSirebulia monacemTa ganaxlebis operaciebTan : damateba,
amoSla, ganaxleba.
magaliTi. sailustraciod ganvixiloT relacia
mimwodeblis-dakveTa (md), romelic Seicavs atributebs
relaciebidan mimwodebeli da dakveTa.
md (S#,ST,C,P#,K), sadac S# _mimwodeblis nomeri,
ST _statusi, C _ qalaqis saxeli, P#_detalis nomeri
da K _ raodenoba. damatebiT davuSvaT, rom statusi
funqcionalurad ganisazRvreba qalaqis saSualebiT.

S#
ST

C
P#

nax. 6.13.
74
 SemovitanoT md relaciis cxrili da ganvixiloT
anomaliebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia monacemTa ganaxlebis
operaciebTan.
R = md
S# ST C P# K
S1 20 Tbilisi P1 300
S1 20 Tbilisi P2 200
S1 20 Tbilisi P3 400
S1 20 Tbilisi P4 200
S1 20 Tbilisi P5 100
S1 20 Tbilisi P6 100
S2 10 rusTavi P1 300
S2 10 rusTavi P2 400
S3 10 rusTavi P2 200
S4 20 quTaisi P3 200
S4 20 quTaisi P4 300
S4 20 quTaisi P5 400

nax. 6.14.
damateba. sanam konkretuli mimwodebeli, romelic
imyofeba konkretul qalaqSi, ar daamzadebs detals, manam
ver ganvsazRvravT pirveladi gasaRebis (S#,P#) mniSvnelobas,
vinaidan P# aqvs ganusazRvreli (nulovani) mniSvneloba.
amoSla. Tu cxrilidan amovSliT erTaderT korteJs
konkretuli mimwodeblisaTvis, maSin amiT dairRveva ara
marto informacia dakveTis Sesaxeb, Tu es mimwodebeli
romel detals amzadebs, aramed rom es mimwodebeli
cxovrobs gansazRvrul qalaqSi.
75
 ganaxleba. atributis mniSvneloba- qalaqis saxeli C
md - relaciaSi gvxvdeba ramdenjerme. am siWarbis problemis
gadawyveta SesaZlebelia md-s SecvliT ori relaciiT:
mimwodebeli (m) da dakveTa (d): m(S#,ST,T) da d(S#,P3,K).

S# a) S#
K
C
ST

P#

nax. 6.15.
monacemTa struqturis gardaqmnis safuZveli aris md
relaciebidan arasruli funqcionaluri damokidebulebis
amogdeba. miiReba ori (m da d) damokidebuleba 2nf-Si.
R relacia imyofeba 2nf-Si, Tu is imyofeba 1nf-Si da
misi yoveli aragasaReburi atributi srul funqcionalur
damokidebulebaSia (sfd) pirvelad gasaRebTan.
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, 2nf-c araa Tavisufali
ganaxlebis anomaliebisagan. ganvixiloT es naklovaneba
mimwodeblis (m) relaciis magaliTze.

76
 R1 = m R2 = d

S# ST C S# P# K
S1 20 Tbilisi S1 P1 300
S2 10 rusTavi b) S1 P2 200
S3 10 rusTavi S1 P3 400
S4 20 Tbilisi S1 P4 200
S5 30 Telavi S1 P5 100
S1 P6 100
S2 P1 300
S2 P2 400
S3 P2 200
S4 P3 200
S4 P4 300
S4 P5 400

nax. 6.16.
damateba. SeuZlebelia im faqtis dafiqsireba, rom
yovel konkretul qalaqs (C) Seesabameba konkretuli
statusi (ST), e.i. mimwodeblis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi
ar iarsebebs misi pirveladi gasaRebi da SeuZlebeli iqneba
korteJis formireba qalaqiTa da statusiT.
amoSla. Tu konkretuli qalaqisaTvis m relaciidan
amoiSleba korteJi, maSin daikargeba informacia ara marto
misi Sesabamisi mimwodeblis Sesaxeb, aramed imis Sesaxebac,
rom am qalaqs aqvs statusis konkretuli mniSvneloba.
ganaxleba. statusis mniSvneloba mocemuli qalaqisaTvis
Cawerilia ramdenjerme. Tu saWiro iqneba am qalaqis
statusis Secvla axali mniSnelobiT, maSin aucilebelia
77
m relaciebis yvela korteJis gadasinjva da saTanado
cvlilebebis Setana. aRniSnuli problemis Tavidan acileba
SeiZleba m relaciis Semdgomi dekompoziciiT or relaciad:
mq _ mimwodebeli-qalaqi da qs _ qalaqis statusi.
md(S#,ST,C)=mq[S#,C]*qs[C,ST]

S# C
a

C ST

R1 = mq R2 = qs
S# C C ST
S1 Tbilisi Tbilisi 20
S2 rusTavi rusTavi 10
S3 rusTavi Telavi 30
S4 Tbilisi
S5 Telavi b

nax. 6.17.
R relacia imyofeba 3nf-Si, Tu is imyofeba 2nf-Si da
misi yoveli aragasaReburi atributi aratranzituladaa
damokidebuli pirvelad gasaRebze.
realur samyaroSi arsebobs SedarebiT rTuli
kavSirebic, romlebic ar emorCilebian funqcionalur
damokidebulebaTa kanonzomierebebs. aseTebs miekuTvnebian
78
mravalsaxa (ms) da zogadi arafunqcionaluri (za) kavSirebi.
relacia SeiZleba imyofebodes 3nf-Si da amasTanave mainc
hqondes arasasurveli anomaliebi.
normalur formaTa Teoriis safuZvelze mb
administratori an damproeqtebeli agebs models, romelic
saSualebas iZleva nawilobriv mainc aisaxos realuri
samyaros semantika.

79
 VII Tavi
monacemTa dacva
7.1. aRdgena
sistema unda uzrunvelyofdes mb-is dacvis iseT funq-
ciebs, rogoricaa: aRdgena, paralelizmi, usafrTxoeba da
mTlianoba.
tranzakcia _ aris logikuri samuSaos erTeuli,
romelic warmoadgens mb-is erTi SeTanxmebuli mdgoma-
reobis meoreSi gardaqmnas. tranzakcia aris aRdgenis
erTeulic operaciis warumatebeli Sesrulebis SemTx-
vevaSi. aseTi ganaxlebis (damatebis, amogdebis da sxv.)
Sedegad SesaZloa moxdes mb_is SeTanxmebuli mdgomare-
obis darRveva. am SemTxvevaSi unda Sesruldes Catare-
buli ganaxlebis anulireba. amgvarad, tranzakcia an
sruldeba mTlianad an sruliad uqmdeba.
BEGIN TRANSACTION;

INSERT ( { S#: ‘S5’, P#: ‘P1’, QTY: 1000 } ) INTO SP;

IF warmoiSva Secdoma THEN GO TO UNDO;

UPDATE P WHERE P# = ‘P1’ TOTQTY := TOTQTY + 1000;

IF warmoiSva Secdoma THEN GO TO UNDO;

COMMIT TRANSACTION;
GO TO FINISH;

UNDO : ROLLBACK TRANSACTION;

FINISH : RETURN;

80
 nax. 7.1. tranzakciis magaliTi (fsevdokodi)
tranzakciis Tvisebebia:
* atomaruloba (ganuyofeloba) _ sruldeba an yvelaferi
an araferi.
* SeTanxmebuloba _ gadayavs mb erTi SeTanxmebuli
mdgomarebidan meoreSi.
* izolacia _ tranzakciebi gancalkevebuli arian
erTmaneTisagan.
* xanrZlioba _ sanam tranzakcia sruldeba, misi gana-
xlebani inaxeba.
naxazze ganxilulia tranzakciebis xuTi varianti sis-
temis avariul mtyunebaze.

dro tc tf

t
r T1
a
n
z T2
a
k
c T3
i
e T4
b
i T5
sakontrolo
wertili (dro tc) sistemis mtyuneba
(dro tf)

nax. 7.2
81
 cxadia, rom sistemis gadatvirTvis dros T3 daT5
ti pis tranzakciebi unda gauqmdes, xolo T2 da T4
ti pis tranzakciebi xelmeored Sesruldes.
am SemTxvevaSi sruldeba Semdegi bijebi:
1. iqmneba ori sia (UNDO da REDO).
2. registraciis failSi (JurnalSi) xdeba Zebna
sakontrolo wertilis Canaweridan dawyebuli.
3. Tu registraciis failSi aRmoCnda Canaweri tranza-
kciis dawyebis Sesaxeb, maSin es tranzakcia Seitaneba
UNDO siaSi.
4. Tu registraciis failSi aRmoCenilia Canaweri is
damTavrebis Sesaxeb, es tranzakcia Seitaneba REDO siaSi.
5. registraciis failis bolos xdeba UNDO da REDO
siebis analizi REDO siaSi T2 da T4 ti pis tranza-
kciebis da UNDO siaSi T3 da T5 ti pis tranzakciebis
identifikaciisaTvis.
sistemebi, sadac tranzakciebi urTierTqmedeben
resursebis mravaldonian administratorebTan (magaliTad,
ori sxvadasxva mbms), unda gamoiyenebodes protokoli
e.w. orfaziani fiqsacia _ mosamzadebeli da fiqsaciis
fazebiT.

82
 7.2. paralelizmi

erTidaigive monacemebTan erTdroulad mravali

tranzakciis damuSavebis SemTxvevaSi konfliqturi
situaciebis Tavidan asacileblad aucilebelia para-
lelizmis marTvis meTodebis gamoyeneba.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia blokireba, romlis
ZiriTadi idea martivia: im SemTxvevaSi, roca garkveuli
tranzakciis SesrulebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom romeli-
Rac obieqti ar icvlebodes e.i. iyos blokirebuli.
amgvarad, blokirebis efeqti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom am
obieqtTan mimarTva sxva tranzakciiebis mxridan iqnas
blokirebuli.
ganirCeva ori ti pis blokireba: monopoluri anu
urTierTmimarTvis gareSe blokireba (X_blokireba)
da blokireba urTierTmimarTviT (S_ blokireba).
Tu tranzakcia romelime obieqts ukeTebs S_ bloki-
rebas, maSin sxva tranzakciiebsac SeuZliaT am obieqtze
S_blokirebis (magram ara X_blokirebis) gakeTeba.
Tu tranzakcia raime obieqtze akeTebs X_blokirebas,
maSin vercerTi sxva tranzakcia am obieqtze veranair sxva
blokirebas veRar gaakeTebs.

83
 Caweris blokirebis (Xlocks-eXclusive locks) da
wakiTxvis blokirebis (Slocks-Shared locks) Tavsebadobis
matricis (nax. 7.3.) safuZvelze warmoebs monacemebTan
mimarTvis protokoli.

X S -

X N N Y

S N Y Y

- Y Y Y

nax. 7.3.
simbolo N _ aRniSnavs konfliqtur situacias
(tranzakcia ar kmayofildeba, gadadis lodinze).
simbolo Y _ aRniSnavs srul Tavsebadobas.
samwuxarod, zogjer blokirebis gamoyenebas mohyveba e.w.
Cixuri situacia, roca ori an meti tranzakcia
erTdroulad imyofeba lodinis mdgomareobaSi. amasTan
TiToeuli elodeba sxva tranzakciis Sesrulebis dam-
Tavrebas. mis gadasawyvetad xdeba erTerTi tranzakciis
Sesrulebis gauqmeba.

84
 7.3. usafrTxoeba

usafrTxoebis cnebis qveS igulixmeba monacemTa dacva

arasanqcirebuli mimarTvisagan, monacemTa cvlilebisa an
daSlisagan. usafrTxoebis problemebis aspeqtSi SeiZleba
aRiniSnos:
_ samarTlebrivi, sazogadoebrivi da eTikuri aspeqtebi.
_ fizikuri pirobebi.
_ organizaciuli sakiTxebi.
_ marTvis realizaciis sakiTxebi.
_ aparaturuli uzrunvelyofa.
_ operaciuli sistemis usafrTxoeba.
_ mbms-is sakiTxebi.
ganirCeva usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisadmi ori midgoma:
amorCeviTi da savaldebulo.
amorCeviTi mimarTva Seaicavs xuT komponents:
1. saxeli.
2. erTi an ramdenime privilegia.
3. diapazoni.
4. momxmarebelTa identifikatori.
5. reaqcia wesebis darRvevaze.
savaldebulo mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi monacemTa yovel
obieqts gaaCnia klasifikaciis garkveuli done, xolo
yovel momxmarebels ki daSvebis done Sesabamisi
85
gradaciebiT. SeiZleba Camoyalibdes usafrTxoebis ori
martivi wesi:
I. momxmarebels SeuZlia iqonios obieqtisadmi mimarTva
Tu:
daSvebis done > = obieqtis klasifikaciis done.
II. momxmarebels SeuZlia obieqtis modificireba Tu:
daSvebis done = obieqtis klasifikaciis done.
arasanqcirebuli mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi efeqturia agreTve
monacemTa daSifvra.

86
 7.4. mTlianoba

mTlianoba niSnavs monacemTa bazis dacvas sanqcire-

buli momxmareblisagan, rac garkveuli SezRudvebis ga-
moyenebiT miiRweva. SezRudvebi niSnavs dasaSvebi mniSvne-
lobebis dadgenas mocemuli kategoriisaTvis (relaci-
ebis, atributebis da a.S.). Semoitaneba specialuri _
gasaReburi atributebis, indeqsebis cnebebi (martivi da
Sedgenili). maTi saSualebiT xorcieldeba relaciur
failebSi informaciis mowesrigeba da monacemTa Zebna,
amorCeva.
mTlianobis SezRudvebis klasifikacia mosaxerxebelia
oTxi kategoriis mixedviT:
_ domenis SezRudvebi, roca moicema dasaSvebi mniSv-
nelobebi mocemuli domenisaTvis.
_ atributis SezRudvebi, roca moicema dasaSvebi
mniSvnelobebi mocemuli atributisaTvis.
_ damokidebulebis SezRudvebi, roca moicema dasa-
Svebi mniSvnelobebi mocemuli damokidebulebisaTvis.
_ monacemTa bazis SezRudvebi, roca moicema dasaS-
vebi mniSvnelobebi mocemuli monacemTa bazisaTvis.

87
 VIII Tavi
damatebiTi aspeqtebi
amjerad gavamaxviloT yuradReba relaciuri teqnolo-
giis zogierT aspeqtze.
warmodgenebi. arsebiTad relaciuri algebris an re-
laciuri aRricxvis saxeldebuli gamosaxuleba aris wa-
rmodgena (VIEW), romelic garkveuli azriT monacemTa
naxvisaTvis gamoiyeneba. ganvixiloT magaliTi:

GOOD_SUPPLIERS S# SNAME STATUS CITY

Smith 20 London
S1
Jones 10 Paris
S2
Blake 30 Paris
S3
Clark 20 London
S4
Adams 30 Athens
S5

nax. 8.1.
moTxovnis gamosaxulebiT:
T1 : = GOOD_SUPPLIERS WHERE CITY ≠ ’London’ ;
gveqneba warmodgena

T1 S# STATUS CITY

S3 30 Paris
S5 30 Athens

nax. 8.2.
88
 sawyis monacemebSi Setanili nebismieri cvlileba
avtomaturad da myisierad aisaxeba warmodgenaSi da piriqiT.
warmodgenis mxardaWera sasurvelia ramdenime mizezis
gamo, romelTa Soris umnisvnelovanesia monacemTa lo-
gikuri damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofa, momxmareb-
lebi da samomxmareblo programebi ar arian damokide-
buli mb-is logikur struqturaSi cvlilebebisagan. am
mosazrebasTan dakavSirebulia ori aspeqti: mb-is gazrda
anu arsebuli sabazo damokidebulebis gafarToeba da mb-
is restruqturizacia. garda amisa, warmodgenebi momx-
marebels saSualebas aZlevs gaamaxvilos yuradReba da
SesaZloa, logikuri restruqturizacia moaxdinos mb-is
θ mxolod im nawilSi, romelic ainteresebs, xolo danar-
Ceni ugulvebelyos.
warmodgenis ganaxlebis wesebi ( INSERT, DELETE, UP-
DATE) sruldeba Semdegi operaciebis saSualebiT:
gaerTianeba, gadakveTa, amorCeva, gamoricxva (gamokleba),
proeqcia, SeerTeba da gafarToeba, garda amisa, dekartuli
gamravleba, _SeerTeba, gadarqmeva da gayofa.
warmodgenis ganaxlebis operaciebSi, xSirad, wesebSi
specialuri kodis Casmis nacvlad, trigerebi (CarTva-
gamorTvis funqcia) gamoiyeneba, romelic araa damokide-
buli programaze da CairTveba, rodesac adgili aqvs mb-Si
monacemTa ganaxlebas. amgvarad, trigerebis erTerTi mTavari
89
funqciaa sistemaSi monacemebis cvlilebebis statistikis
warmoeba.
optimizacia. warmadobis amaRlebis problema SeiZleba
gadawydes optimizaciis procesis meSveobiT, rac relaciuri
sistemebis upiratesobad unda CaiTvalos.
ganvixiloT martivi magaliTi. moTxovna: “miviRoT
momwodebelTa saxelebi, romlebic awodeben P2 detals”
algebruli saxiT ase Caiwereba:
( ( SP JOIN S ) WHERE P# = ‘P2’ ) [ SNAME ]
davuSvaT, rom mb Seicavs informacias 100 momwodeblis
da saqonlis 10000 partiis Sesaxeb, romlisganac 50 aris
detalebis partia. Tu sistema gamoiTvlis optimizaciis
gareSe, operaciebi Sesruldebian Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:
1. SP da S damokidebulebaTa SeerTeba (S# atributiT).
2. korteJebis amorCeva mxolod P2 detalis monacemebiT.
3. miRebuli Sedegis proeqcia SNAME atributze.
axla ganvixiloT ufro efeqturi xerxi:
1. korteJebis amorCeva SP damokidebulebidan mxolod
P2 detalis monacemebiT.
2. miRebuli Sedegis SeerTeba S damokidebulebasTan
S# atributiT.
3. miRebuli Sedegis proeqcia SNAME atributze.
meore xerxi 7000-jer efeqturia originalurze.
warmadoba kidev ufro gaizrdeba SP damokidebulebis P#
90
atributiT indeqsirebiT an xeSirebiT (romlebzec qve-
viT iqneba saubari).
arsebobs optimizaciis procesis oTxi stadia:
* moTxovnis gamosaxva Sinagan formaSi anu formalizmis
(relaciuri algebris an relaciuri aRricxvis) meSveobiT.
* kanonikur formaSi gardaqmna.
* procedurebis arCeva moTxovnis kanonikur warmodge-
naSi sxvadasxva operaciebis realizaciisaTvis.
* moTxovnebis gegmebis generacia da optimaluri gegmis
arCeva.
optimaluri gegmis ZiebisaTvis farTod gamoiyeneba
optimizaciis iseTi meTodebi, rogoricaa: dinamiuri pro-
gramireba, SemTxveviTi Zebnis meTodebi, agreTve genetikuri
da ricxviTi strategiebi.
paraleluri damuSavebisa da ganawilebuli sistemebis
SemTxvevaSi mosaxerxebelia agreTve moTxovnaTa
dekompozicia “dayavi da ibatone” ti pis strategiiT.
moTxovnaTa damuSaveba jerjerobiT rCeba problematurad,
gansakuTrebiT semantikis TvalsazrisiT.

91
 IX Tavi
monacemTa bazebi
ganawilebuli
9.1. fundamenturi princi pi da Tormeti wesi

ganawilebuli mb-ebis SemTxvevaSi calkeul aplikacias

SeuZlia sxvadasxva mb-ebSi ganawilebuli monacemebis da-
muSaveba, romelTa marTva xorcieldeba sxvadasxva mbms-s
meSveobiT. ganawilebuli mb-ebi (gmb) warmoadgens virtu-
aluri obieqtis ti ps, romlis yovel kvanZs gaaCnia sa-
kuTari mb-ebi, sakuTari momxmareblebi, sakuTari mbms da
programuli uzrunvelyofa tranzakciebis marTvisaTvis,
agreTve, sakuTar monacemTa gadacemis lokaluri dispe-
tCeri.
Sinaarsobrivad monacemTa bazebi ganawilebulia mxo-
lod fizikurad sxvadasxva kompiuterSi, logikurad ki
igi erTi integrirebuli bazaa. logikuri integracia qselis
nebismieri momxmareblisaTvis monacemTa mTlian bazasTan
mimarTvis saSualebas iZleva.
ganvixiloT wesebi da miznebi, romlebic gamomdinareo-
ben gmb-is fundamenturi princi pidan _ “momxmareblisa-
Tvis ganawilebuli sistema unda gamoiyurebodes rogorc
araganawilebuli sistema”:
1. lokaluri avtonomia niSnavs, rom operaciebi mo-
cemul kvanZSi imarTeba amave kvanZiT.
92
 2. damoukidebloba centraluri kvanZidan
gamomdinareobs wina wesidan, rom yvela kvanZi ganixileba
rogorc Tanaswori.
3. uwyveti funqcionireba, rac uzrunvelyofs maRal
saimedoobasa da miRwevadobas.
4. damoukidebloba ganlagebisagan anu e.w. ganlage-
bis gamWvirvaloba.
5. damoukidebloba fragmentaciisagan. fizikurad
fragmentirebuli relacia logikuri TvalsazrisiT
momxmareblisaTvis unda Candes rogorc arafragmentire-
buli. ganirCeva horizontuli da vertikaluri ti pis
fragmentaciebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian Sesabami-
sad amorCevisa da proeqciis operaciebTan. fragmentebi
mocemul relaciaSi damoukidebelni arian, roca arc erTi
ar iqneba gamoyvanili sxva fragmentebidan.
Tu aucilebelia erTi da igive informaciis sxvadasxva
adgilze Senaxva, amisaTvis gamoiyeneba replikacia.
fragmenti SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas aslebis anu rep-
likebis saxiT, romlebic inaxeba sxvadasxva kvanZSi.
6. damoukidebloba replikaciisagan. Tu Senaxuli
relacia an fragmenti SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas ram-
denime sxvadasxva asliT an replikiT, romlebic inaxeba
sxvadasxva kvanZebSi, maSin sistemaSi SenarCunebulia aR-
niSnuli mizani.
93
 7. ganawilebul moTxovnaTa damuSaveba. optimizacia
ganawilebuli sistemisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
centralizebuli sistemisaTvis. ZiriTadi mizezi mdgo-
mareobs imaSi, rom moTxovnis SesrulebisaTvis, romelic
moicavs ramdenime kvanZs, arsebobs monacemTa qselSi ga-
daadgilebis mravali xerxi.
8. ganawilebuli tranzakciebis marTva. ganawile-
bul sistemebSi erTi tranzakciis Sesruleba SeiZleba
dakavSirebuli iyos ramdenime kvanZSi kodis Sesrule-
basTan, kerZod Sesruldes ganaxlebis operacia. aseT
SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom tranzakcia Sedgeba ramdenime
agentisagan e.i. procesebisagan, romlebic mocemul kvanZSi
sruldeba mocemuli tranzakciis mixedviT.
9. damoukidebloba aparaturuli uzrunvelyo-
fisagan.
10. damoukidebloba operaciuli sistemidan.
11. damoukidebloba qselisagan.
12. damoukidebloba mbms-gan.

94
 9.2. ganawilebul Mmbms-is arqiteqtura

ganawilebuli monacemTa bazebis marTvis sistemebis

programul uzrunvelyofas Cveulebriv gaaCnia mraval-
safexurovani struqtura (nax. 9.1).

interfeisebi

→
→

→
→

{
samomxmareblo warmodgenis
procesori
globaluri logikuri warmodgenis
qseluri procesori
mbms
fragmentuli warmodgenis
procesori
ganawilebuli warmodgenis
procesori
→→

lokaluri
mbms { kvanZuri warmodgenis
procesori

nax. 9.1.

zeda oTxi done warmoadgens qseluri mbms-s, xolo

qveda done ki lokalur mbms-s. yoveli maTgani warmoadgens
monacemTa bazis sxvadasxva warmodgenas. struqturis
umaRles dones warmoadgens gamoyenebiTi programis
interfeisi an moTxovnis procesoris interfeisi.
95
 monacemTa bazis warmodgenis yoveli done aucilebelia
imisaTvis, rom cxadi saxiT iqnas warmodgenili monacemTa
bazis logikuri an fizikuri struqturis gansazRvruli
aspeqti.
pirveli done, e.w. warmodgenis globaluri logikuri
done Seesabameba mTeli qseluri monacemTa bazis logikur
struqturas. es done msgavsia warmodgenis konceptualuri
donisa. warmodgenis samomxmareblo done aRwers mb-is
nawils, romelic misawvdomia konkretuli momxmareb-
lisaTvis.
mesame done -- fragmentuli warmodgena gansazRvravs
monacemTa bazis logikur fragmentebs. yoveli fragmentis
egzempliaris geografiuli ganlageba ganisazRvreba
warmodgenis meoTxe doneze.
lokaluri warmodgena aris monacemTa bazis nawilis
warmodgena, romelic arsebobs konkretul kvanZSi. lokalur
mbms-sac, Tavis mxriv, gaaCnia monacemTa warmodgenis ramdenime
done, magram maTi detalizebuli ganxilva amjerad scdeba
am saxelmZRvanelos mizans.

96
 9.3. monacemTa ganawilebis strategiebi

dasaSvebi strategiebi ganisazRvreba sistemis

arqiteqturisa da monacemTa bazebis marTvis sistemebis
programuli uzrunvelyofis mixedviT. monacemTa ganawilebis
strategiebis Tavisebureba SeiZleba gairkves monacemTa
bazis daproeqtebis procesSi, kerZod bazis logikur
fragmentebad danawilebis dros.
ganvixiloT monacemTa ganawilebis oTxi alternativuli
strategia:
1. centralizacia, rodesac erT kvanZSi gvaqvs monacemTa
bazis erTi asli (nax.9.2.a).
2. danawevreba, romlis drosac gvaqvs calkeul egm-
ebSi danawilebuli aradublirebuli mb-is erTi asli
(nax.9.2. .b).
3. dublireba, romelic gulisxmobs qselis yvela kvanZSi
bazis sruli aslis arsebobas (nax.9.2.g).
4. Sereuli, rodesac yovel egm-Si SeiZleba nebismieri
fragmentis moTavseba (nax.9.2.d).
bazis ganawilebis strategiis Sesafaseblad ganixileba
Semdegi ZiriTadi faqtorebi: eqsploataciis simartive
(an sirTule), saimedooba, monacemTa amorCevis efeqturoba,
gadagzavnis lokalizaciis xarisxi, ganaxlebis sirTule,
bazis mTlianobis dacva, moqniloba, paraleluri damuSa-
97
vebis SesaZlebloba, monacemTa siWarbe, qselisa da egm-ebis
mexsierebis moculoba, kavSirebis realizaciis Rirebuleba,
qselis Tanabari datvirTva gadacemebis dros da a.S.

K1 K2 K1 K2
123456
123456
123456
123456
123456

K3 Kn K3 Kn
a) b)
K1 K2 K1 K2
123456
123456 123456
123456
123456
123456 123456
123456
123456 123456

123456 123456
123456 123456
123456
123456 123456
123456
123456 123456
K3 Kn K3 Kn

g) d)
nax. 9.2.
mb-is centralizaciis strategiis sikeTea qselSi misi
eqsploataciis simartive, magram igi SezRudulia erTi
egm-is mexsierebis moculobiT da naklebad saimedoa (Tu
egm gamovida mwyobridan maSin qselis verc erTi sxva egm
ver miiRebs monacemebs moTxovnebis dasamuSaveblad).
98
 dublirebis strategia xasiaTdeba maqsimaluri
saimedoobiT, monacemTa amorCevis efeqturobiT da bazis
aRdgenis simartiviT. misi naklia monacemTa didi siWarbe
(n_kopios arseboba), rac ganapirobebs danaxarjebis zrdas
meorad mexsierebasa da bazis ganaxlebis procesebis
sinqronizaciaze (bazis yvela aslis SeTanxmeba).
danawevrebis strategiis dros mexsierebis moculoba
monacemTa bazisaTvis Semoifargleba ara erTi egm_iT, aramed
qselis yvela egm_is mexsierebaTa jamiT. centralizebulTan
SedarebiT gazrdilia saimedooba da monacemebTan mimarTvis
lokalizaciis xarisxi. magaliTad, Tu erTi egm gamovida
mwyobridan, danarCenebs mainc SeuZlia iseTi moTxovnebis
damuSaveba, romlebic ar moiTxovs monacemebs am egm_dan.
danawevrebis strategia moiTxovs damatebiT xarjebs bazebis
danawilebis cnobarebis Sesanaxad.
Sereuli strategia aerTianebs danawevrebuli da
dublirebuli strategiebis dadebiT mxareebs. maRldeba
sistemis moqniloba (vinaidan moZebnilia garkveuli
kompromisi qsel;is egm_ebis mTlian mexsierebasa da
calkeul egm_s Soris), izrdeba mimarTvis lokalizaciis
xarisxi (dublirebis gamo), SesaZlebelia monacemTa
paraleluri damuSavebis realizacia da saimedoobis
regulireba (fragmentebis, aslebis, raodenobis cvlilebiT).
am strategiis uaryofiTi mxarea maRali danaxarjebi
99
ganawilebuli bazebis fragmentTa aslebis sacnobaro
cxrilebis arsebobasa da am fragmentebis sinqronizaciaze
(SeTanxmebaze). moTxovnebis damuSaveba da maTi optimizacia
sakmaod problematuria, amitomac Sereuli strategia
bazebis ganawilebis dros gamoiyeneba mxolod maSin, roca
danarCeni strategiebi ara efeqturia.

9.4. gmb-ebis daproeqtebis safuZvlebi

100
 monacemTa ganawilebuli bazebis daproeqtebis procesi
moicavs eqvs etaps (nax. 9.3.).

zogadi sainformacio damuSavebis

moTxovnebi moTxovnebi
etapi 1
moTxovnaTa
→ →
analizi

→
moTxovnaTa
etapi 2
specifikacia
konceptualuri
→
rmbms-is daproeqteba
→

maxasiaTeblebi informaciuli
etapi 3
struqtura
realizaciis
→ →
daproeqteba
→

etapi 4 mb-is globaluri

struqtura
→ mb-is →
os-sa da → danawevreba
aparaturis kavSiris qvesist.
→

maxasiaTeb. etapi 5 specifikacia

→
mb-is
(yovel → → sistemis
kvanZSi) ganTavseba → funqc.
→

procedura
etapi 6
lokaluri damuSavebis
→ fiz. mb-is
→
moTxovnebi
daproeqteba
→

mb-is fizikuri
struqtura
nax. 9.3.
rogorc nax. 9.3.-idan Cans, pirvel etapze sakvlevi
101
obieqtis sistemuri analizisa da momxmarebel-eqspertTa
informaciuli moTxovnebis analizis safuZvelze
xorcieldeba saproblemo sferos ZiriTad cnebaTa
leqsikonis formireba.
meore etapze xdeba sagnobrivi ares konceptualuri
modelis daproeqteba. Sedegad yalibdeba monacemebisa da
procedurebis globaluri sqemebi. mesame etapze wydeba
globaluri logikuri modelis daproeqtebisa da misi
realizaciis sakiTxi.
centralizebuli bazebisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod
monacemTa ganawilebuli bazebis daproeqtebisaTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli meoTxe da mexuTe etapebi. meoTxe etapis
mizania globaluri logikuri sqemis "daxleCa" calkeul
logikur qvesqemebad (fragmentacia), raTa isini Semdeg
ganawildes lokaluri qselis egm-ebSi.
1-el qveetapze formirdeba ganawilebuli bazis calkeuli
nawilis gamoyenebia sixSireTa cxrili, winaaRmdegobriobisa
da dayofis cxrilebi. winaaRmdegobriobebis cxrilSi
aisaxeba moTxovnebis damuSavebis lokalizaciaze bazebis
ganawilebis gavlenis raodenobrivi Sefasebebi, dayofis
cxrilebSi ki globaluri sqemis TiToeuli obieqtis
ganawilebis kriteriumebi (fragmentaciis predikatebi).
me-2 qveetapze unda gadawydes bazis logikur
fragmentebad danawevrebis amocana. am dros mniSvnelovania
102
bazebis ganawilebis swori strategiis gansazRvra. (rogorc
aRvniSneT, oTxi alternativa arsebobs).
arsebobs horizontaluri da vertikaluri fragmentacia.
horozontaluris dros baza (failebi) "ixliCeba"
striqonebad garkveuli predikatis mixedviT. fragmenti
SeiZleba iyos minimum failis erTi striqoni (korteJi)
an maqsimum mTliani faili (relacia). vertikaluri
fragmentaciis dros baza iyofa logikuri sqemis
atributebis mixedviT. am dros SesaZlebelia normalur
formaTa Teoriis gamoyeneba, romelic adgens bazis failebis
optimalur logikur struqturebs. optimalurobis
kriteriumia moTxovnebis swrafi damuSaveba, rac
SesaZlebelia atributebis erTobliobebis
(damokidebulebebis) sworad dakompleqtebis SemTxvevaSi.
meore qveetapze daproeqtdeba agreTve ganawilebuli
bazis qseluri cnobari. am cnobarSi Seinaxeba informacia
bazis fragmentebis aslebis qselis egm-ebSi ganawilebis
Sesaxeb.yvela moTxovna iyenebs qselur cnobars, raTa
"miagnos" saWiro monacemebis adgilmdebareobas. xSir
SemTxvevaSi aseTi cnobarebi sakmao moculobisaa da maTi
moTavseba qselis egm_ebSi moiTxovs gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas. aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadaWra SesaZlebelia
zemoT ganxiluli ganawilebis strategiebis gamoyenebiT.
amgvarad, qseluri cnobari SeiZleba iyos centralizebuli
103
erT manqanaSi, dublirebuli yvela egm_Si an ganawilebuli
egm_ebSi moTxovnaTa lokalizaciis winaswari analizis
safuZvelze. ganawilebuli da Sereuli strategiebis dros
saWiroa qseluri cnobaris danawilebis cnobaris (cnobaris
cnobari) ageba, romelic moTavsdeba qselis yvela egm_Si
(moZebnis procedurebis efeqturobis asamaRleblad).
mocemul qveetapze erTerTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia
ganawilebuli bazebis ganaxlebis procesebis daproeqteba.es
amocana dakavSirebulia bazis mTlianobisa da eqsploataciis
simartivis faqtorebTan da wydeba e.w. "diferencialuri
failebis" (df) gamoyenebiT. diferencialuri faili aris
calke faili (Tavidan carieli), romelSic grovdeba bazis
failebis Secvlili monacemebis mniSvnelobebi. periodulad
(an df failis garkveuli moculobis Sevsebisas) moxdeba
am failis Serwyma ZiriTad bazasTan da igi kvlav
gasufTavdeba. diferencialuri failis gamoyenebis idea
ganawilebuli bazis ganaxlebis procedurebis Catarebis
xarjebis SemcirebaSia. ganaxlebis xarjebi maRalia, roca
cvlilebebi bazebSi xorcieldeba sistematurad, uSualod
ganaxlebis tranzaqciis Sesrulebis dros (dagrovebis
gareSe). meore mxriv, diferencialuri failis arseboba
zrdis mimarTvis dros, radgan nebismieri moTxovna jer
mimarTavs am fails da Semdeg ZiriTad bazas. saproblemo
sferos miznebidan gamomdinare unda ganisazRvros
104
ganawilebuli bazebis ganaxlebis reglamenti diferen-
cialuri failebis gamoyenebiT.
mesame qveetapi exeba bazis danawilebuli logikuri
fragmentebis qselis kvanZebSi ganlagebis racionaluri
(an optimaluri) variantis SerCevas. centralizebuli an
dublirebuli strategiebis gamoyenebis dros (meore
qveetapze) SedarebiT trivialuria ganlagebis amocanis
gadawyveta. saWiroa mxolod ganisazRvros, Tu qselis
romel egm_Si moTavsdes centralizebuli baza an romel
egm_ebSi ganlagdes bazis aslebi. danawevrebuli an Sereuli
strategiebis gamoyenebisas sagrZnoblad rTuldeba
ganlagebis amocanis gadaWra. aq saWiroa dadgindes, Tu
romeli logikuri fragmenti romel kvanZebSi ganlagdes,
ramdeni iyos maTi aslebis raodenoba da a.S. amas emateba
qselis cnobarebis ganlagebis sakiTxic, romlis efeqtur
gadawyvetazec damokidebulia sistemis mwarmoebluroba.
SesaZloa mravali variantis ganxilva (vertikaluri
midgomiT) an wrfivi daprogramebis aparatis gamoyeneba.
Sedegebis Sesafaseblad saWiroa damuSavdes specialuri
programebi.
mexuTe etapze bazis calkeuli logikuri fragmentebisa
da maTTan mimarTvis cxrilebis safuZvelze xdeba lokaluri
logikuri daproeqteba., romlis drosac gaiTvaliswineba
qselis TiToeuli kvanZis aparaturuli, programuli da
105
konkretuli mbms-is maxasiaTebeli.
meeqvse etapze xdeba lokaluri logikuri sqemebis
fizikuri daproeqteba, rac gulisxmobs monacemTa failebis
organizaciis aRweras egm-ebis pirdapiri mimarTvis
mexsierebaSi da maTTvis mimarTvis meTodebis dadgenas.

X Tavi
106
 obieqt-orietirebuli sistemebi (oos)

obieqt-orientirebuli teqnologia (object-oriented tech-

nology) warmoadgens monacemTa bazebis marTvis axal sferos.
obieqt-orientirebuli mbms-ebi saTaves iReben obieqt-
orientirebuli daprogramebis enebidan. ZiriTadi idea,
romelic maT aerTianebs, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
momxmarebeli operirebs ara aparaturul uzrunvelyofasTan
dakavSirebuli cnebebiT (mag. biti, baiti da sxv.), aramed
obieqtebiT da operaciebiT, gansazRvruls am
obieqtebisaTvis.
ZiriTad terminebs, romlebic aRweren obieqt-
orientirebuli midgomis koncepcias, warmoadgenen cnebebi:
obieqti, obieqturi klasi, meTodi da Setyobineba.
yovel obieqts gaaCnia ti pi anu klasi. calkeul obieqts
zogjer egzempliarsac ewodeben. nebismieri mocemuli tipis
Sinagani struqtura Sedgeba operatorebis an funqciebis
(meTodebis) krebulisagan, romlebic SeZleba gamoyenebul
iqnas mocemuli ti pis egzempliarisaTvis.
Tu mocemuli obieqtis Sinagani struqtura rCeba
momxmareblisaTvis dafaruli, maSin obieqti aris
inkapsulirebuli. amis sanacvlod, momxmareblisaTvis
cnobilia Tu ra funqciebis (meTodebis) Sesruleba SeuZlia
obieqts. SesaZloa obieqTa modeli aigos konteinerebis
107
ierarqiis safuZvelze, roca erTi obieqti konceptualurad
Sedis sxva obieqtis SemadgenlobaSi.
magaliTi. SevqmnaT ori obieqturi klasi:DDEPT
(ganyofileba) da EMP(TanamSromeli). davuSvaT, rom ukve
Seqmnilia klasebi: MONEY(fuli) da JOB(samuSao), xolo
klasi CHAR(simboluri cvladi) Casmulia.
CREATE OBJECT CLASS DEPT
PUBLIC (DEPT# CHAR,
NAME CHAR,
BUDGET MONEY,
MGR REF ( EMP ) ,
EMPS REF ( SET ( REF ( EMP ) ) ) ) . . . .
METHODS ( HIRE_EMP ( EMP ) ) . . . kodi . . . ,
( FIRE_EMP ( EMP ) ) . . . kodi . . . , ). . .
CREATE OBJECT CLASS EMP
PUBLIC (EMPT# CHAR,
ENAME CHAR,
SALARY MONEY,
POSITION REF (JOB ) ,
EMPS REF ( SET ( REF ( EMP ) ) . . . .
METHODS ( . . . ) . . . ;,
modeli agebulia konteinerebis ierarqiis safuZvelze,
romelSic obieqtebi imyofebian obieqtis SigniT. amgvarad,
DEPT klasis obieqti Seicavs cvlads MGR, romelic
108
warmoadgens mocemuli ganyofilebis menejers, agreTve
cvlads EMPS, romelic warmoadgens mocemuli
ganyofilebis TanamSromlebs.

OID EMP# ENAME SALARYPOSITION CLASS

eee E001 Smith $50 000
(magaliTad) JOB CDO EMP
obieqti saTvis
OID DEPT# DNAME BUDGET MGR EMPS CLASS
ddd D01 Mktg $1000000
(magaliTad) CDO DEPT
saTvis
OID CLASS
sss
CDO SET
saTvis (REF)
(OID) identifikatorebi EMP obieqtebis (EMP)

DEPT da EMP obieqtebis egzempliarebis magaliTi

nax. 10.1.
Tavis mxriv, ierarqiuloba axasiaTebs obieqtur kla-
sebsac. obieqturi klasi Y warmoadgens X-is qveklass,
xolo X obieqturi klasi ki Y klasis superklass mxo-
lod maSin, roca Y klasis obieqti warmoadgens X klasis
obieqts. maSin klasis obieqti iRebs memkvidrebad klasis
cvladebis egzempliarebsa da meTodebs.
obieqt-orientirebuli midgoma rodi aviwroebs rela-
109
ciur midgomas. piriqiT, maTi erToblivi gamoyeneba avsebs
urTierTs da iTvleba Tanamedrove paradigmad. Tu obieqt-
orientirebuli sistemis safuZvels Seadgens obieqturi
klasi _ momxmareblis mier gansazRvruli monacemTa
inkapsulirebuli ti pi nebismieri sirTuliT, xolo
relaciuri sistemebis safuZvels ki Seadgens domeni _
agreTve momxmareblis mier gansazRvruli monacemTa
inkapsulirebuli ti pi nebismieri Sinagani struqturiT,
maSin gamodis, rom domeni da obieqturi klasi erTidaigivea.
obieqt-orientirebuli sistemebi Cveulebriv gamoiye-
neba klient/serveris ti pis sistemebSi, sadac momxmare-
blebi akeTeben TavianT samuSao sadgurSi aslebs serve-
rze moTavsebuli mb-dan da inaxaven garkveuli drois
ganmavlobaSi. obieqt-orientirebul sistemebSi ar gamoi-
yeneba damokidebuleba (relacia), aramed xdeba cxrilis
gafarToeba, damateba rTuli svetebisa, romelic arsebi-
Tad cxrils warmoadgens. maSasadame, obieqtebi warmoad-
genen cxrilebis svetebs, xolo Sesabamisi “cvladebis
egzempliarebi” ki svetebs.

XI Tavi
110
 deduqciuri monacemTa bazebi

ukanasknel wlebSi Camoyalibda logikaze dafuZnebu-

li monacemTa bazebis marTvis sistemebis mZlavri mimar-
Tuleba. aRniSnuli Tematikis mixedviT xSirad gvxvdeba
iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa: logikuri mbms, eqspertuli
mbms, deduqciuri mbms, codnis bazebi, codnis bazebis
marTvis sistemebi da sxv.
termini “codnis bazebi” ZiriTada gamoiyeneba e.w.
intensionalur monacemTa bazebTan mimarTebaSi, romelic
Sedgeba wesebisagan (SezRudvebi mTlianobaze da deduqciuri
aqsiomebi), maSin roca eqstensionaluri monacemTa baza
Seicavs mxolod monacemebs.
Tu monacemTa bazebis tradiciuli warmodgena xasi-
aTdeba rogorc modelur-Teoriuli, zemoaRniSnul
sistemebSi Cndeba mtkicebiT-Teoriuli warmodgena,
romlis Tanaxmad mb ganixileba rogorc aqsiomebis
krebuli. amasTan, moTxovnis Sesruleba ganixileba ro-
gorc damtkiceba imisa, rom raRac formula warmoadgens
aqsiomebis logikur Tanmimdevrobas, e.i. Teoremas.
deduqciuri aqsiomebis (anu igivea, rac daskvnebis we-
sebi) arsis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis ganvixiloT magaliTi.
faqtebis safuZvelze, rom:
“ana aris mariamis deda” da
111
 “mariami aris magdas deda”,
deduqciuri aqsiomis Tanaxmad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom:
“ana aris magdas bebia”.
es faqtebi warmovidginoT MOTHEROF relaciis saxiT.

MOTHEROF MOTHER DAUGHTER

Anne Betty
Betty Celia

nax. 11.1.
deduqciuri aqsioma SeiZleba Camoyalibdes Semdegi
warmodgenis saxiT:
CREATE VIEW GRANDMOTHEROF AS
(MX.MOTHER AS GRANDMOTHER, MY.DAUGHTER AS
GRANDDAUGHTER)
WHERE MX.DAUGHTER=MY.MOTHER;
sadac:
MX da MY arian korteJis cvladebi MOTHEROF-Si.

deduqciuri mbms aris iseTi sistema, romelSic mb-

112
Tan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba mtkicebiT-Teoriuli modgoma,
sadac mb warmoadgens eqstensionaluri extensional database
-EDB) da intensionaluri (intensional database -IDB)
monacemTa bazebis kombinacias. eqstensionaluri mb Seicavs
ZiriTad aqsiomebs, e.i. bazis monacemebs, xolo
intensionaluri _ mTlianobis SezRudvebsa da deduqci-
ur aqsiomebs, e.i. warmodgenebs.

SekiTxvebi

mowesrigeba
intensionaluri mb
metadoneebi
wesebi

eqstensionaluri mb monacemebi
mb

eqstensionaluri da intensionaluri mb
nax. 11.2.

aseT SemTxvevaSi mb-s “azrobrivi mniSvneloba” ganisa-

113
zRvreba Teoremebis krebuliT, romelic gamoiyvaneba aq-
siomebidan, xolo moTxovnis Sesruleba Teoremis damt-
kicebad iqceva. deduqciuri mbms_is arqiteqtura moyvanilia
qvemoT.

SekiTxva mowesrigeba codnis

gansazRvra

daskvna

Zebna da mowesrigeba

cxrilebi wesebi

nax. 11.3.
deduqciuri aqsiomebi (an wesebi) aRiwereba Datalog
enis saSualebiT, romelic Prolog enis garkveul analogias
warmoadgens.
tradiciuli relaciuri enebisagan gansxvavebiT, Datalog
114
enas gaaCnia rekursiuli aqsiomebis, Sesabamisad, rekursiuli
moTxovnebis damuSavebis mxardaWera.

XII Tavi

115
 monacemTa bazis fizikuri organizacia

12.1 ZiriTadi amocanebi da moTxovnebi

monacemTa bazis fizikuri organizaciaSi igulisxmeba
monacemTa logikuri struqturis asaxva kompiuteris
mexsierebaSi. fizikur mexsierebaSi monacemebis ganawile-
bis kriteriumebia: efeqturoba, monacemTa moZebnis
siswrafe da minimaluri danaxarjebi.
monacemTa logikuri struqturebis warmodgena xdeba
mimdevrobiTi bitebis erTobliobis saSualebiT. amocana
mdgomareobs Senaxul monacemTa erTobliobaSi saWiro
Canaweris moZebnaSi. bitebis jgufebi, romelTa wakiTxva
SeiZleba erTi manqanuri brZanebiT, fizikuri Canawerebia.
Senaxva xdeba mexsierebis ujredebSi, romelTa identifi-
kaciaxorcieldeba manqanuri misamarTebiT.
programebSi logikuri Canawerebi an segmentebi iden-
tificirdeba gasaRebis saSualebiT, romlebic gansazRv-
raven fizikuri Canawerebis manqanur misamarTebs.
ganvixiloT faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
monacemTa fizikuri organizaciaze:
mexsierebis ekonomia. maqsimaluri raodenobis monacemTa
SesaZlebelia rogorc CanawerTa blokirebis meTodis (roca
ramdenime logikuri Canaweri erTiandeba blokSi), aseve
monacemTa SekumSvis xerxebis saSualebiT.
116
 siWarbis aRmofxvra. monacemTa fizikur mexsierebaSi
asaxvis dros SesaZlebelia Semcirdes maTi siWarbe.
mimdevobiTi da Tavisufali damuSaveba. zog SemTxvevaSi
efeqturia mimdevrobiTi damuSavebis (skanirebis) xerxi,
Tumca rig SemTxvevebSi Tavisufali damuSaveba ufro
gamarTlebulia.
failis aqtiurobis koeficienti ganisazRvreba rogorc
wakiTxuli da gamoyenebuli Canawerebis raodenobis
Sefardeba gadasinjuli Canawerebis saerTo raodenobasTan
erTi mimarTvis farglebSi.
mimarTvis sixSire.
pasuxis dro.
monacemTa ganaxleba.
monacemTa damoukidebloba niSnavs, rom fizikuri
organizaciis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi ar Seicvleba arc mb-is
sqema da arc gamoyenebiTi programebi.

12.2. monacemTa damisamarTebis xerxebi

117
 ganvixiloT monacemTa damisamarTebis zogierTi xerxi:
failebis mimdevrobiTi skanireba. es xerxi moi-
Txovs failis yoveli Canaweris gasaRebis gasinjvas, rac
dakavSirebulia sakmaod did drosTan.
blokuri moZebnis meTodi gamoiyeneba failebSi, sadac
Canawerebi mowesrigebulia gasaRebis mixedviT. Canawerebi
jgufdeba blokebSi da yoveli bloki Tanmimdevrulad
mowmdeba mxolod erTxel manam, sanam ar iqne ba napovni
saWiro bloki. Semdeg ki Canaweris moZebna grZeldeba napovni
blokis SigniT.

dasawyisi
...

Ai Ad An-1 An NF
1 2 K
nax. 12.1.
vTqvaT, veZebT Canawers, romlis gasaRebia . failSi
sul N F Canaweria da isini mowesrigebulia K gasaRebis
mniSvnelobis zrdiT. moZebna iwyeba bolo blokis Semo-
wmebiT. procesi grZeldeba, vidre sruldeba piroba:
Ai < A∂ , Semdeg ki TviT am blokis SigniT sapirispiro

118
mimarTulebiT.
orobiTi moZebnis meTodi gamoiyeneba failebSi, sadac
Canawerebi mowesrigebulia ZiriTadi gasaRebis mixedviT.

Ad A10 A0 A01 NF
1
nax. 12.2.
dasawyisSi xdeba Sua Canaweris gasaRebis mniSvnelo-bis
Semowmeba. Tu igi gansxvavebulia saZebni Canaweris gasaRebis
mniSvnelobisagan, maSin airCeva Semdegi saZebni aris Sua
wertili anu, Tu Ai > A∂ , gvaqvs A10 , winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi A01 , da a.S. vidre ar iqneba napovni A∂ .
indeqsur-mimdevrobiTi failebi. Tu failebi mowe-
srigebulia gasaRebebis mixedviT, maSin misi Canawerebis
damisamarTeba xdeba e.w. indeqsebis cxriliT. Zebna war-
moebs ara failSi, aramed indeqsebis cxrilSi.
indeqsur-Tavisufali failebi. Tavisufali anu
aramimdevrobiTi faili SeiZleba indeqsirebuli iqnes, oRond
am dros indeqsi unda Seicavdes TiTo elements yoveli
CanawerisaTvis da ara Canaweris blokisaTvis.
misamarTis eqvivalenturi gasaRebi. am SemTxvevaSi

119
misamarTi gasaRebis eqvivalenturia, magram es martivi xerxi,
romelic pirdapiri damisarTebis saxeliTac aris
cnobili, xSirad araefeqturia.
gasaRebis misamarTSi gardaqmnis algoriTmi.
Canaweris misamarTi gamoiTvleba obieqtis identifikatoris
safuZvelze. gasaRebi jer gardaiqmneba rigiT nomrad,
romelic Semdeg manqanur misamarTSi gardaiqmneba.

rigiTi
KS nomeri
KS # # A

faili
nax. 12.3.
K
Serevis meTodi. mas zogjer randomizacias uwo-
deben. am dros gasaRebi gardaiqmneba kvazi-SemTxveviT
ricxvad, romelic miuTiTebs Canaweris misamarTs, ufro
xSirad ares, sadac ganlagebulia CanawerTa jgufi.
asociatiuri mexsiereba. aq mimarTva xdeba ara
misamarTiT, aramed Canaweris SinaarsiT.

12.3 maCveneblebi da struqturebi monacemTa

120
 bazebSi
mb-Si CanawerTa Soris kavSirebs ewodebaT maCveneb-
lebi. maCvenebeli Canaweris misamarTia, romelic moTav-
sebulia sxva CanawerSi. aseT struqturebs “siebi” uwodeben.

D1 d2 D2 d3 ... Dn d1

nax. 12.4.
Tu siaSi bolo elementSi maCvenebeli miuTiTebs pirvel
elementze, maSin aseT siebs cikluri ewodebaT.
Tu CanawerSi SevitanT damatebiT meore Canawers, romelic
miuTiTebs winamdebare Canawerebze, maSin isini ormi-
marTulebiani siebi iqnebian.

D1 x d2 D2 d1 d3 D3 d2 d4
...
dn Dn-1 -ken

Dn-ken
... Dn dn-1 x
D1-ken
nax. 12.5.
xes uwodeben maCvenebliani struqturebis iseT simra-
121
vles, romelic gamoixateba grafis saSualebiT konture-
bisa da maryuJebis gareSe. Tu grafi Seicavs konturebsa
da maryuJebs, maSin Canawerebis Sesabamisi simravle
warmoadgens qsels.
dakavSirebul (erTmimarTulebian) siaSi yoveli elemen-
ti Seicavs or Semadgenel: informaciul nawils (mona-
cems) da kavSirs (maCvenebels).

siis
Tavi monacemi maCvenebeli

nax. 12.6.

monacemTa dinamiur struqturebi siebia, sadac gansa-

zRvruli strategiiT xdeba Canawerebis Setana da amo-
Reba. wrfivi dinamiuri siebis ti pebia: rigi, steki da
deki.
a) rigi. sia, romelSic elementTa Setana xdeba erT
boloSi, xolo amoReba _ meoridan.
b) steki. sia, romelSic elementis damateba da amoReba
xdeba erTi bolodan.
g) deki. reversiuli rigi _ anu rigi ori boloTi, e.i.
122
elementebis damateba an amoReba SeiZleba nebismier bo-
loze. aseTi siisaTvis erTmimarTulebiani dakavSirebis
sia ar gamodgeba, radgan elementebis amoSla orive bolodan
SeuZlebelia wina elementis povnis gareSe. dekisaTvis
gamoiyeneba ormimarTulebiani sia _ cikluri sia ormagi
Sida kavSirebiT orive mxares.
cxrilebi _ arian monacemTa struqturebi, romlebSic
elementis amoSla an damateba SeiZleba nebismier adgi-
las.

12.4. xeSirebis meTodebi

123
 xeSirebis dros elementis misamarTi gamoiTvleba
misi SinaarsiT an saxeliT cxrilSi. ganirCeva determi-
nirebuli da albaTuri meTodebi.
determinirebuli meTodebis saSualebiT xdeba Canawe-
gasaRebis misamarTSi
transformirebis meTodebi

gasaRebis cno-
gasaRebis ucno-
bili ganawil.
bi ganawileba

determinirebuli albaTuri
meTodebi meTodebi

mimdevr. Senar-
xeSing-meTodi
Cunebis meTodeb randomizacia

wrfivi meTodi gasaRebis Tan-

rigebis analiz-
is meTodi

eqsponencialuri gayofis meTodi

dakecvis meTodi
meTodebi

algebruli
umciresi kvad-
meTodi linis meTodi
ratebis meTodi

aTvlis bazisis cifrTa gadaad-

meTodi gilebis meTodi

nax. 12.7.
124
 rebis da gasaRebebis raime simravlis unikaluri misama-
rTebis gaangariSeba. Canawerebis raodenoba algoriTmis
mTavari parametria da misi Secvla gamoiwvevs gasaRebis
simravlis misamarTis Secvlas.
amgvarad, determinirebuli meTodebiT misamarTizacia
SeiZleba mxolod statikur failebSi.
albaTuri meTodebis saSualebiT xdeba gasaRebis mniSv-
nelobis transformacia mis manqanur misamarTSi. amasTan,
erTsa da imave gasaRebis mniSvnelobaze sxvadasxva alba-
Turi transformaciis meTodis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva mi-
samarTs mogvcems.

fizikuri mexsiereba

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

manqanuri
. misamarTebi
gasaRebis .
mniSvneloba .

transformaciis
algoriTmi nax. 12.8.

Tanamedrove etapze moZebnis meTodebidan yvelaze efe-

125
qturad xeSirebis meTodebi warmogvidgeba. N Canawere-
bisagan failis moZebnis dro araa damokidebuli N -ze,
gansxvavebiT sxva meTodebisagan.

danarTi 1
126
 sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
I. monacemTa bazebis marTva ( 5 qula)
1.1. raSi mdgomareobs `tandemebis meTodis~ arsi?
1.2. raSi mdgomareobs centralizebuli informaciuli
masivis arsi?
1.3. raSi mdgomareobs monacemTa bankebis gamoyenebis
upiratesobani?
1.4. ganmarteT “monacemis” cneba. moiyvaneT magaliTi.
1.5. ganmarteT “informaciis” cneba. moiyvaneT magaliTi.
1.6. raSi mdgomareobs informaciis sintaqsurobis
Tviseba? moiyvaneT magaliTi.
1.7. raSi mdgomareobs informaciis semantikurobis
Tviseba? moiyvaneT magaliTi.
1.8. raSi mdgomareobs informaciis pragmatulobis
Tviseba? moiyvaneT magaliTi.
1.9. ganmarteT “denotatis” cneba.
1.10. ganmarteT “konceptis” cneba.
1.11. ganmarteT terminis “eqstensionalis” arsi.
1.12. ganmarteT terminis “intensionalis” arsi.
1.13. ra operaciebis Sesrulebis SesaZleblobebs iZleva
monacemTa bazis sistema?
1.14. ra komponentebisagan Sedgeba monacemTa bazis
sistema?
II. mbs-is arqiteqtura ( 5 qula)
127
2.1. ganmarteT mbs-is arqiteqturis Sida warmod-genis
arsi.
2.2. ganmarteT mbs-is arqiteqturis gare donis arsi.
2.3. ganmarteT mbs-is arqiteqturis konceptua-luri
warmodgenis arsi.
2.4. ganmarteT mb-is administratoris funq-ciebi.
2.5. aRwereT mbms-is ti piuri arqiteqtura.
2.6. aRwereT klient/serveris arqiteqtura.
2.7. ganmarteT terminis “ganawilebuli damuSaveba”
arsi.
2.8. aRwereT ganawilebuli damuSavebis xerxebi.
2.9. rogor sistemebs ewodebaT ganawilebuli monacemTa
bazebis sistema.

III. monacemTa modelebi ( 5 qula)

3.1. raSi mdgomareobs monacemTa ierarqiuli mode-lis
arsi? moiyvaneT magaliTi.
3.2. raSi mdgomareobs monacemTa qseluri mode-lis
arsi? moiyvaneT magaliTi.
3.3. raSi mdgomareobs monacemTa relaciuli mo-
delis arsi? moiyvaneT magaliTi.
3.4. ganmarteT “domenis” cneba.
3.5. ganmarteT “korteJis” cneba.
3.6. raSi mdgomareobs ierarqiuli, qseluri da
128
relaciuri modelebis safuZvelze agebuli
monacemTa bazebis naklovani mxareebi da upira-
tesobani? moiyvaneT magaliTebi.

IV. relaciuri operatorebi ( 10 qula)

4.1. raSi mdgomareobs dekartuli namravlis operaciis
arsi? moiyvaneT magaliTi.
4.2. raSi mdgomareobs gaerTianebis operaciis arsi?
moiyvaneT magaliTi.
4.3. raSi mdgomareobs gadakveTis operaciis arsi?
moiyvaneT magaliTi.
4.4. raSi mdgomareobs sxvaobis operaciis arsi?
moiyvaneT magaliTi.
4.5. raSi mdgomareobs simetriuli sxvaobis operaciis
arsi? moiyvaneT magaliTi.
4.6. raSi mdgomareobs proeqciis operaciis arsi?
moiyvaneT magaliTi.
4.7. raSi mdgomareobs SeerTebis operaciis arsi?
moiyvaneT magaliTi.
4.8. raSi mdgomareobs SezRudvis operaciis arsi?
moiyvaneT magaliTi.
4.10. raSi mdgomareobs gayofis operaciis arsi?
moiyvaneT magaliTi.
4.11. raSi mdgomareobs relaciuri aRricxvis arsi?
129
4.12. ganixileT relaciuri aRricxvis komponentebi.
4.13. moiyvaneT moTxovnaTa magaliTebi SerCeuli
saproblemo sferodan.

V. SQL _ ena ( 5 qula)

5.1. ganixileT monacemTa gansazRvris enis ( domenis,
sabazo cxrilis Seqmnis) SQL operatorebis magali-
Tebi SerCeuli saproblemo sferodan.
5.2. ganixileT monacemTa damuSavebis enis, kerZod
amorCevisa da ganaxlebis SQL operatorebis magali-
Tebi SerCeuli saproblemo sferodan.
5.3. ganixileT skalaruli gamosaxulebebis magaliTebi
SQL _Si.
5.4. raSi mdgomareobs Casmul SQL operatorebis arsi?
5.5. raSi mdgomareobs kursoris arsi?

VI. monacemTa bazis daproeqteba (40 qula)

6.1. raSi mdgomareobs monacemTa bazebis daproeqtebis
infologikuri midgoma?
6.2. ganmarteT cnebebi: arsi, arsTa simravle, atributi,
gasaRebi, arsTa damokidebulebis modeli.
6.3. raSi mdgomareobs kanonikuri struqturebis agebis
arsi da mizani?
6.4. avxsnaT asociaciuri kavSirebis ti pebi. moiyvaneT
130
magaliTebi.
6.5. ra pirobebs unda akmayofilebdnen relaciebi?
6.6. ganmarteT funqcionaluri damokidebulebis arsi.
6.7. ganmarteT sruli funqcionaluri damokidebulebis
arsi.
6.8. ganmarteT tranzituli damokidebulebis arsi.
6.9. ganmarteT fsevdotranzituli damokidebulebis
arsi.
6.10. ganmarteT mravalsaxa damokidebulebis arsi.
6.11. ganmarteT zogadi arafunqcionaluri damokidebu-
lebis arsi.
6.12. ganmarteT pirveli, meore da mesame normaluri
formebis arsi? (ganixileT anomaliebis magaliTebi Ser-
Ceuli saproblemo sferodan).

VII monacemTa dacva ( 5 qula)

7.1. raSi mdgomareobs tranzakciis arsi da misi
Tvisebebi?
7.2. ganixileT tranzakciebis xuTi varianti sistemis
avariul mtyunebaze.
7.3. ganixileT blokirebis ti pebi.
7.4. ra SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba “Cixuri situacia”?
7.5. ganixileT usafrTxoebis aspeqtebi.
7.6. raSi mdgomareobs usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa-
131
dmi amorCeviTi da savaldebulo midgomaTa arsi?
7.7. raSi mdgomareobs monacemTa bazis mTlianobis arsi?
7.8. ganixileT mTlianobis SezRudvebis kategoriebi.

VIII. damatebiTi aspeqtebi ( 5 qula)

8.1. raSi mdgomareobs warmodgenebis arsi?
8.2. rogor sruldeba warmodgenebis ganaxlebis wesebi?
8.3. raSi mdgomareobs trigerebis daniSnuleba?
8.4. raSi mdgomareobs optimizaciis procesis arsi da
optimizaciis ra stadiebi arsebobs?
8.5. raSi mdgomareobs moTxovnaTa dekompozici arsi?

IX. ganawilebuli monacemTa bazebi ( 5 qula)

9.1. ganixileT ganawilebuli mb-ebis fundamenturi
princi pebi da Tormeti wesi.
9.2. ganixileT ganawilebuli monacemTa bazebis marTvis
sistemebis programul uzrunvelyofis struqtura.
9.3. ganixileT monacemTa ganawilebis alternativuli
strategiebi.
9.4. ganixileT monacemTa ganawilebuli bazebis daproe-
qtebis procesi da misi etapebi.

X. obieqt-orietirebuli sistemebi ( 5 qula)

132
10.1. ganmarteT Semdegi cnebebis arsi : obieqti, obieq-
turi klasi, meTodi da Setyobineba.
10.2. axseniT obieqt-orientirebuli da relaciuri mi-
dgomebis erToblivi gamoyenebis upiratesobani. moiyva-
neT magaliTi.
XI. deduqciuri monacemTa bazebi ( 5 qula)
11.1. ganmarteT terminis “codnis bazebi” arsi.
11.2. raSi mdgomareobs deduqciuri aqsiomis arsi da
rogor SeiZleba misi Camoyalibeba warmodgenis saxiT?
moiyvaneT magaliTi.
XII. mb-is fizikuri organizacia ( 5 qula)
12.1. moiyvaneT kompiuteris fizikur mexsierebaSi mona-
cemebis ganawilebis kriteriumebi.
12.2. ganixileT faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
monacemTa fizikuri organizaciaze.
12.3. ganixileT monacemTa damisamarTebis xerxebi.
12.4. raSi mdgomareobs maCveneblis arsi?
12.5. aRwereT maCvenebelTa struqturebi (cikluri
siebi, erTmimarTulebiani siebi da a.S.).
12.6. ras warmoadgenen wrfivi dinamiuri siebis ti pebi
(rigi, steki da deki)?
12.7. raSi mdgomareobs xeSirebis meTodis ZiriTadi
arsi?
danarTi 2
133
 saproblemo sferoebis nusxa:
1. dekanati;
2. demografia;
3. arCevnebi;
4. Telasi;
5. gazis sammarTvelo;
6. turizmi;
7. samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis biuro;
8. notariusi;
9. kurortolgiuri cnobari;
10. sasamarTlo;
11. samuzeumo cnobari;
12. istoriul-kulturul ZeglTa cnobari;
13. istoriuli cnobari;
14. sagzao policia: administaciuli jgufi;
15. sagzao policia: teqdaTvaliereba;
16. sagzao policia: aRricxva;
17. supermarketi: realizacia;
18. supermarketi: momarageba;
19. Sromis birJa: dasaqmeba;
20. Sromis birJa: Semweoba;
21. policia: danaSaulis qronika;
22. banki: kreditebi;
23. banki: gadaricxvebi;
134
24. sporti: fexburTis cnobari;
25. sporti: CogburTis cnobari;
26. sporti: Wadrakis cnobari;
27. kinos cnobari;
28. Teatris cnobari;
29. samxatvro cnobari;
30. musikaluri cnobari;
31. satyeo meurneoba;
32. samedicino dazRveva;
33. saavtomobilo dazRveva;
34. saafTiaqo qseli;
35. aeroporti: ganrigi;
36. aeroporti: samgzavro gadazidvebi;
37. aeroporti: satransporto gadazidvebi;
38. rkinigza: ganrigi;
39. rkinigza: samgzavro gadazidvebi;
40. rkinigza: satransporto gadazidvebi;
41. biblioTeka;
42. silamazis saloni;
43. di plomatiuri cnobari;
44. avtoservisi;
45. restorani;
46. sabaJo: import-eqsporti;
47. samxedro komisariati: wvevamdelebis aRricxva;
135
 48. skola: daswreba-moswrebis aRricxva;
49. saavtomobilo katalogi;
50. sastumro;
51. kavSirgabmuloba: satelefono saubrebi;
52. poliklinika: registracia;
53. poliklinika: avadmyofobis istoria;
54. stomatologiuri poliklinika: registracia;
55. saavadmyofo: registracia;
56. geografiuli cnobari;
57. saaviacio cnobari;
58. monkavSiri;
59. ganaTlebis sistemis cnobari;
60. zoologiuri cnobari;
61. botanikuri cnobari;
62. vizebis registraciis ganyofileba;
63. satelefono cnobari;
64. literaturuli cnobari;
65. bavSvTa poliklinika: acrebis aRricxva;
66. kulinariuli cnobari;
67. Rvinis qarxana: yurZnis Cabareba;
68. Rvinis qarxana: inventarizacia;
69. samisamarTo biuro;
70. samedicino cnobari.
danarTi 3
136
 1. aageT saproblemo sferosaTvis arsTa
damokidebulebis modeli

137
138
139
 2. aageT saproblemo sferosaTvis
140
kanonikuri sqema

141
142
3. normalizacia

143
144
145
146
4. SeadgineT moTxovnebi SQL enaze
147
 agebuli monacemTa bazisaTvis

148
 literatura

1. CogovaZe g., surgulaZe g., Sonia o. monacemTa

codnis bazebis agebis safuZvlebi. “ganaTleba”,

Tbilisi, 1996.

2. R7 L ;7 Ltqn Ddtltybt d cbcntvs ,fp lfyys[7

Gth c fyuk87 V87 !)))8

#8 Georges Gardarini Bases de donnes. EYROLLES 2003.

149
150
151
152