BASI

CCOMPUTEROPERATI
ONS

Acomput erasshowni nFig.per f

ormsbasicall
yfivemaj or
operati
onsorfunctionsi
rrespectiv
eofthei
rsizeandmake.These
are1)itacceptsdataorinstr
uctionsbywayofi nput,2)itst
ores
data,3)i
tcanpr ocessdataasr equir
edbytheuser ,4)itgi
ves
resul
tsintheform ofoutput,and5)itcont
rolsalloperati
ons
i
nsideacomput er
. 

Def
ini
ngASy
stem

Acoll
ecti
onofcomponentsthatworktoget
hertoreal
izesome
obj
ecti
veformsasystem.Basical
l
ytherear
ethreemaj or
componentsinev
erysyst
em, namelyi
nput,
processi
ngand
out
put.

Dat
aRepr
esent
ati
oni
ncomput
er

• Comput
ersusebi
nar
ynumbers
• Number
scanbeusedtor
epresentanyt
ypeofdat
a
 – pi cturesar er epresentedbydiv
idi
ngt hem int
opi
ctur
e
element sknownaspi xels
–v ideoi magesorani mati
onsarerepresentedbypl
aci
ng
several pictureoneaf teranot
her
– soundsar er epresentedbysamplingt hewaveat
regularinterv al
s
• Al
ldataar est oredi nfil
esont heharddisk

WhatAr eMedi
calData?
Dataasthecol
umnsofnumber sorthemoni t
oredwavefor
ms
thatar
eaproductofourtechnol
ogicalheal
th-
careenv
ironment
.

Medi caldat um
Weconsi deramedi cal dat um t obeanysi ngl eobser vati
onofa
patientf orexampl e, at emper aturereading, ared-bl
ood- cellcount
,
orabl ood- pr essur er eadi ng.
Abl oodpr essur eof120/ 80mi ghtwel lber ecordedasasi ngle
datapoi nt
I
ft hedi ffer encebet weendi astol i
candbloodpr essureis
i
mpor tantf ordeci si
onmaki ngorf oranalysis,howev er,theblood-
pressur er eadi ngi sbestv i
ewedast wopi ecesofi nformat ion.
WhatAr et heTy pesofMedi calDat a?
Theyr angef r
om nar r ati
v e,textual datatonumer i
cal
measur ement s, recor dedsi gnal s,dr
awings, andev en
phot ographs.
Dat ami ning
Thepr ocessofdi scov eryofi nteresti
ng,meani ngfuland
actionabl epat ternshi ddeni nl argeamount sofdat a
Ther ear esev eral ti
tlest omanagi ngt hefl
owandst orageof
i
nfor mat i
oni nhospi tal rout i
neser vi
ces.
Thesei nclude:
 Ho spit alInfor mat i
onSy stem  (HIS)
 He al thcar eI nfor mat ionSy stem
 C l
inical Infor mat ionSy stem  (CIS)
 P atientDat aManagementSy stem (
PDMS)
I
I
Cli
nicalInf
ormationSy stem
Isacomput erbasedsy stem thatisdesi
gnedf or 
col
lect
ing,
stor
ing,manipulati
ngandmaki ngavail
ableclinicali
nfor
mation
i
mpor tanttothehealthcar edeliv
eryprocess.
Thedat abasecouldalsohol dot heri
nformationaboutt hepati
ent
,
i
ncludinggeneti
c, env
ironment al
,andsocialcont ext
s.

Hospit alInformat i
onSy stem (HIS)
Benfit
sofHI S
-Easyaccesst odoct or sdat at ogener atev ariedr ecor ds,including
classi
ficationbasedondemogr aphic, gender ,age, andsoon.I tis
especiallybenef ici
al atambul atory(out -patient )poi nt,hence
enhanci ngcont inuityofcar e.Aswel l as, I
nt ernet-basedaccess
i
mpr ov est heabi l
it
yt or emot elyaccesssuchdat a.
- 
Ithelpsasadeci sionsuppor tsy st
em f ort hehospi talaut hori
ties
fordev elopingcompr ehensi vehealthcar epol i
cies.
- 
Effi
cientandaccur ateadmi nistr
ati
onoff inance, dietofpat i
ent ,
engineer i
ng, anddi stribut ionofmedi cal aid.I thel pst oviewa
broadpi ctureofhospi tal growth.
- 
Improv edmoni toringofdr ugusage, andst udyofef fectiveness.
Thisleadst other educt ionofadv er
sedr ugi nteract ionswhi le
promot ingmor eappr opr iatephar maceut i
cal util
izat ion.

HISisusedf oradminist
rati
nghospi talandmanagi ngcl i
nical
processes.I tisalsocall
edADTbecauset heAdmi ssion,
Discharge, andTr ansf
erofpat ients’inf
ormati
onar erecordedvi
a
theHI Sinterface.
Thisinformat i
onissentautomat icall
yandelect
r onicall
ytoRIS
(RadiologyI nformati
onSy st
em ), PACS,andmodal i
ti
es.
Insomehospi tal
s,HISmayal soconnectt onumer ousaut omati
on
systemst oi mpr oveproducti
vit
yandpat i
entsafety.

Barcode
A bar
code 
i
sanopt i
cal
 machine-
readable 
repr
esentati
onofdat
a
rel
ati
ngtotheobj
ecttowhichiti
sattached.Ori
ginal
lybar
codes
I
II
 syst
ematical
l
yr epresenteddatabyvaryi
ngthewidt
hsand
spaci
ngsofparallell
ines,andmayber efer
redt
oasl i
nearorone-
dimensi
onal(1D).
Exampleofbarcodeonapat ienti
dent
if
icat
ionwri
stband

MedicalDat
a:Thei
rAcqui
sit
ion,
St
orage,andUse

a-PACSSy stems
PACS-st andsf or PictureAr chivi
ngandCommuni cat i
on
Sy st
ems  canbet ermedoutt obeanel ect r
onicnet wor kthat
connect smani foldimagi ngmodal i
ties,
CT,  
Ultrasound,  Ul t
rasound,  MRI  
etc.,tocomput erpr ocessuni t
s
thatdi splay/showoutdi agnost i
cmedi cal i
magesf or
doct ors/phy sicians, asi sabl endofhar dwar eandsof twareset
apar tfort ostor e, r
et r
ieve, manage, dist r
ibuteandpr esentov er
electronici magesandr elatedmedi cal data,forrev iewand
analy sis.
 PACS  Radi ology  
System connect supv ariedmedi cal
i
magest orageandar chivecomponent stogether ,
andi s
i
ncor por atedwi thv ari
ed  Radiology Informat i
onSy st ems( RIS)and
Heal thcare/Hospi tal I
nfor mationSy stems.
Her et heelect ronici magesandr elatedmedi calrepor tsare
broadcastdi gitallythroughPACS, PACSi sthesy st em t hathas
replacedx- r
ayf i
lm wi thdi gi
talimages.

PACSoff
ersthebenefi
ttodel
iverouti
nst
antandef
fect
iveaccess
tomedi
cali
mages,forint
erpr
etati
onandanal
ysi
s.

DI
COM i
sthewor
ld-
widef
ormatf
ort
he 
PACS 

PACShasfourmajorcomponents: 
 Imagi
ngsystems, suchas 
magneti
cresonancei
maging
(MRI
) 
andcomputedaxi alt
omography(
CATscan)equipment
.
I
V
 Asecur enetworkfordist
ri
buti
onandexchangeofpat i
ent
i
nformation.
 Wor kstat
ionsf
orviewing,pr
ocessingandint
erpr
eti
ng
i
mages.
 Archivesforst
orageandr et
ri
evalofimagesandrel
ated
document ati
onandreports.

b-DICOM  (Digit
alImagingandCommuni cationsinMedi
cine)
I
tisast andardf orhandli
ng, stor
ing,
pr i
nti
ng,
and 
transmi t
ting i
nformationin medicali
magi ng.
DICOM drivescl i
nicalworkflowfrom themomentapat i
ententer
s
theradi
ologydepar t
ment, coll
ecti
ngimpor tantimagi
ngdatafr
om
thedigi
talmodal it
y .

Itincludesa  fi
lef ormatdef initionandanet wor k communi cati
ons
prot ocol.Thecommuni cationpr otocol isanappl i
cationprotocol
thatuses  TCP/ I
Pt ocommuni catebet weensy st ems.
 
( (
TCP)Tr ansmi ssionCont rol Protocol and (I
P)I nternetProtocol)
 
TCP/ I
Pi st hecommuni cationpr ot ocolforthei nternet.
TCPpr ovidesr eliable,order eddel iveryofast ream
of oct ets 
( a unitofdi gi
tal
i
nf ormat i
on  i
n comput i
ng  and  tel
ecommuni cations  thatconsists
ofei ght  
bits.) 
from apr ogram ononecomput ert oanother
progr am onanot hercomput er. 
TCP  -isresponsi bleforv erifyingt hecor rectdel iveryofdat afrom
clientt oser ver.Dat acanbel ostint heintermedi atenet work.
IP -isr esponsi bl eformov ingpacketofdat afrom nodet onode.
IPf orwar dseachpacketbasedonaf ourby tedest inati
onaddr ess
(theI Pnumber .
Theor gani zationsassi gngr oupsoft heirnumber stodepar tments.

DI
COM servi
ces
DI
COM consi
stsofmanydi
ff
erentser
vices,
mostofwhi
chi
nvol
ve
V
transmissi
onofdat aov eranet work, andthefil
eformat.
1-St or
eservice
TheDI COM St or
eser vicei susedt osendi magesorother
persist
entobjects(struct uredreports,etc.
)toa PACS 
or
wor kst
ati
on.
2-St or
agecommi tment
TheDI COM storagecommi tmentserv i
ceisusedtoconfir
mt hat
ani magehasbeenper manent lystoredbyadev i
ce(ei
theron
redundantdisksoronbackupmedi a,e.g.bur
nttoaCD) .
3-Quer y/
Retriev
e
Thisenablesawor kstationt ofi
ndl i
stsofi magesorothersuch
objectsandthenr etri
ev et hem fr
om a  PACS.

A workst
ation i
sahigh-
end mi crocomputer 
designedfor
techni
calorscient
if
icappli
cations. I
ntendedpri
mar i
lytobeused
byoneper sonatatime,theyar ecommonl yconnectedtoa l
ocal
areanetwork andr
un multi
-user oper
atingsyst
ems.

4-Modal i
tywor kl
ist
Thisenablesapi eceofimagingequi
pment(amodali
ty)t
oobtain
detail
sofpatientsandscheduledexami
nati
onselect
roni
cal
ly,
avoidi
ngt heneedt oty
pesuchi nf
ormat
ionmult
ipl
etimes(and
themi st
akescausedbyr ety
ping).

VI
5-Modal i
typerfor medpr ocedur estep
Acompl ement aryserv i
cetoModal it
yWor kl
ist,
thisenablest he
modal it
yt osendar eportaboutaper formedexami nation
i
ncludingdat aaboutt heimagesacqui red,beginningtime, end
ti
me, anddur ationofast udy,dosedel iver
ed, et
c.Ithelpsgi vethe
radiol
ogydepar tmentamor epr ecisehandl eonr esource
(acquisi
tionstat i
on)use.Al soknownasMPPS, thisservi
ce
all
owsamodal itytobet t
ercoor dinatewi t
himagest orageser v
ers
bygi v
ingt heser veralistofobject stosendbef oreorwhile
actuall
ysendi ngsuchobj ects.

6-Pri
nt i
ng
TheDI COM Pr i
nti
ngservicei
susedt osendimagestoaDI COM
Pri
nter,normall
yt opri
ntan"X-Ray"f
il
m.Thereisastandard
cal
ibrati
ontohel pensureconsist
encybetweenvar
iousdispl
ay
devi
ces, i
ncludi
nghardcopypr int
out.

7-Off
-li
nemedi a(DICOM fi
les)
I
tdescri
beshowt ost or
emedi cali
maginginformat i
onon
removablemedia.Exceptf
ort hedatasetcontaini
ng,f orexample,
animageanddemogr aphy
,it'
salsomandat orytoincludetheFile
MetaInformati
on.
DICOM restr
ict
sthefil
enamesonDI COM medi ato8char acter
s.
DICOM fil
estypi
call
yhavea. dcm f
il
eextension.

Multi
media
Mult
imediaisacombinat
ionofmediasuchast ext
,audi
o,v
isual
andgraphi
cscanbeusedi nmedicalappl
i
cati
onsuchasinimage
tr
ansmissi
on(X-Rayi
mages,pict
uresandetc.
).

Web-Basedmedi caldiagnosisandpredictionWeb- Based

medicaldiagnosisandpr edicti
onconsist
soff ourcomponents,
theyare:
1-dat abases,2-predict
ionmodule, 3-
diagnosi
smodule
and4-useri nt
erface.Thedat abasesconsistofpat i
ent
sdatabase
VI
I
andpat
ient
s-di
seasedat
abase.Pat
ient
s

Predi
cti
onmoduleuti
li
zesneur
alnet
wor
kstechni
questopredict
pati
entsi
ll
nessorcondi
ti
onsbasedont
heprevi
oussi
milarcases.

Diagnosi smodul econsistsofexpertsystem andfuzzylogi

c
techniquest operform diagnosist
asksbasedonAr ti
fi
cial
Intel
li
gence.
Expertsy stem usesther ulestodi
agnosepat i
ent’
sill
nessbased
ont heircurrentcondi
ti
onsorsy mptoms
WWW act sastheuseri nterf
acefortheinter
acti
onbetweent he
usersandt hesystems.

Ar
ti
fi
cialI
ntel
li
gencei
nMedi
cine

WhatisInt
ell
igence??
?
I ntel
li
genceistheabil
it
ytolearnabout
,tolear
nfrom,t
o
understandabout,andint
eractwit
hone’senvi
ronment
.

 Artif
icialintell
igence(AI )
 Comput erswi tht
heabi li
tytomi micorduplicatethe
functionsoft hehumanbr ai
n
Artif
ici
al I
ntelli
gence( AI
)isast udytoemul atehumani nt
elli
gence
i
nt ocomput ertechnol ogy
Thepot entialofAIi nmedi cineasf oll
ows:
-Prov i
desal aboratoryfortheexami nati
on,organi
zati
on,
representationandmedi calknowledge.
-Producesnewt oolstosuppor tmedi caldeci
sion-making,tr
aini
ng
andr esearch.
-Integratesact ivi
ti
esi nmedi cal,
comput er,cognit
iveandot her
sciences.
-Of f
ersacont ent -
ri
chdi sci
plineforfuturescient
if
icmedi cal
specialty.

VI
II
  Art
if
icialintell
igencesy stems
 Thepeopl e, pr
ocedures,hardware,soft
ware,data,and
knowl edgeneededt odev el
opcomput ersy st
emsand
machi nest hatdemonstratethecharacteri
sti
csof
intell
igence
Thebr anchofcomput ersci
enceconcer nedwithmaki ng
comput ersbehav eli
kehumans.
Therear esev eralprogrammingl anguagesthatareknownas
AIThet womostcommonar eLI SPandPr olog.

MajorBranchesofAI
 1-Neur alnetwork
Computersy stem thatcanactlikeorsimul
atethefunctioningof
thehumanbr ain
 Art
ifi
cialneuralnetworksar ecomposedofinterconnecti
ng
ar
ti
fici
al neurons(programmi ngconst
ruct
st hatmimi cthe
pr
opert i
esofbi ol
ogicalneurons)
.

 2-Expertsystems
Programmi ngcomput er
stomakedecisi
onsi
nreal
-l
if
e
si
tuations(forexampl
e,someexper
tsyst
emshelpdoct
ors
di
agnose
di
seasesbasedonsy mptoms)

Robot
ics:
progr
ammi
ngcomput
erst
oseeandhearandr
eactt
o
ot
hersensor
ysti
mul
i

ComponentsofanExpertSystem
Knowledgebase Inf
erenceengine Rul
e Fuzzyl
ogi
c
Backwardchai
ning Forwardchaini
ng

I
X