TABLEOFCONTENTS

Pr
eface

I
ntr
oduct
ionandI
mpor
tanceofHSE.
HSE-
MS
HSELegi
slat
ion,
Pol
i
ciesandRul
es
Si
ter
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofsaf
etyof
fi
cer
JRA
Acci
dentRepor
ti
ngandi
nvest
igat
ion-
Saf
etyRepor
tsandst
ati
sti
cs-
Unsaf
eActAudi
ti
ng-
GoodHousekeepi
ng-
Per
sonal
Prot
ect
iveEqui
pment-
Fi
rePr
event
ionandPr
otect
ion-
Env
ironment
alAwar
eness&Wast
eManagement
Occupat
ional
Heal
thandHy
giene.
Per
sonal
Wat
erSur
viv
al-
Fi
rstAi
dCPR-
Cont
ingencyManagement-
HSEcommuni
cat
ion
Secur
it
yAwar
eness
Jour
neyManagement
Communi
tyAf
fai
rsConf
inedSpace-
Per
mitt
owor
k
El
ect
ri
cal
Saf
ety–
 INTRODUCTI ON-IMPORTANCEOFHSE
IntroductionandRelevanceofHeal th,SafetyandEnv i
ronment(lISE)
.
Anat i
on’sviabili
tyandstat
usisdet ermi
nedbyi tseconomy .Fortheeconomy
tober obustther emustbev i
brantandsuccessf ulbusinessesandi ndustri
es
operati
onwi thinthenati
on.Thebusi nessesandi ndustr
ieswillsucceedonl y
whent heenv i
ronmentwi t
hinwhi chtheyoper ateissaf eandheal thful
,and
they themselv es endur
et hatt heirworkplaces of f
ersaf e and healthful
envi
ronment .

Thati stherel
evanceofstudiesinHealth,
SafetyandEnv i
ronment,whi
char e
carriedouttoensurethatsit
uationsdonotoccur ,
inthecourseofoperat
ions,
whi chwillr
esul
tininj
ury,deathoril
lnesstopersons,
ordamaget oassets,
thatwi l
laff
ecttheeconomyoft heemployee,
theindustr
yandt henati
on,
throughconsequent i
all
ossoff unds.

Ani ndustry,
foritssurvi
v alandtheachievementofitsbusinessobjecti
ve,
needsaheal t
hywor kforce,whichcanonl ybeassuredwhent heenvi
ronment
i
nwhi chitoperatesishealthfulandsafe.Justastheindustryneedsaheal
healthfulandsaf eenvir
onment ,soalsodoest heemployee, i
fhe.Mustmeet
his’personalobjecti
vesf orseekingemployment,whichincludeprovi
dingfor
hisupkeep, hisfamily’
swel far
e;hecouldalsohavecommuni tyandcivil
responsibil
it
iestomeet .

Thenationderi
vessomer ev enue,from taxespaidbyi ndustryandthecit
izen,
whichenhancesitseconomyandenabl esitful
fi
lli
tsobl i
gationtoprov
ide
ameniti
esforthecit
izens.
Healt
histhetotalgoodphy sical,
mot ionalandment alstateofanindivi
dual
andnotamer eabsenceofdi seases,,whichtheindi
vidual,thebusi
nessand
thenati
onneedf orsustai
nabl edevelopment .

Safetyi
sast atei
nwhichoneisfreefrom dangerorsituati
onst
hatcancause
harm ori
njurytoper
sons,ordamaget oequipment .Thi
smustbeensuredif
thewell
beingoftheindi
vi
dual,t
hebusinessaidt henati
onmustbesustained
‘
fortheachievementofpl
annedgoals.Apr act
icalapproachtot
hequesti
onof
safet
yistov i
ewitascontrol
ofaccident
al l
oss.

TheEnv i
ronmentistheAir,LandandWat erinwhichpeople,ani
malsand
pl
antsli
ve,andincl
udes, i
nourcont ext
,thewor kpl
acewi t
hitsmachiner
y,
equi
pment s,mater
ial
s,faci
lit
iesandactivit
ies,al
lofwhichmustbe
maint
ainedinaheal t
hfulandsafest at
e,iftheymustsustainli
feandli
vi
ng
andplannedobjecti
vesasexpect ed.
Whyheal t
h,Safetyandenv i
ronmentManagementsy stem (HSE- MS)
AdventofIndustrialAccident s.
When,int he18t hcent ury
,machi neswer ei nv
ent ed,pr oductionofgoods
shif
ted fr
om homes and f arms wher et heywer e pr oduced manual l
yas
cott
ageindustri
est of actori
eswher etheycoul dnowbepr oducedf asterand
i
nlargequanti
tiest omeetmar ketdemands.
Men,womenandchi ldrenwer eempl oyedtowor ki nt hesef actori
esinwhi ch
themachinesdanger ousmov ingpar t
s,gearwheel s,dr i
vebel t
s, r
eciprocati
ng
shaftsandcut t
ingbl adeswer eexposed;andl ightingandv enti
lat
ionwer e
general
l
ypoor .Thesi tuationr esul
tedinnJur 1es,disfigurement ,il
lhealthand
deathstothewor kers.

Reasonsforpreventingaccident
The sit
uati
on,in whi ch the employersmi led home wi th gai
n whi
l
et he
employeecriedhomewi t
hpai n,wasunaccept abletosoci ety
.Asar esult
,
purel
yforhumani tari
anr easons,workers,famili
eswhol ostbreadwinners
andwel lmeaningr espectabl
eciti
zenspr otest
ed.Gov er
nment softhet hen
i
ndustri
ali
zednati
onsr eactedtotheprotestswithlegi
slat
ions.

Fir
sttheyenact edtheFact oriesActwhi chpr escri
bedst andar dsofheal t
hand
safetyt obemai ntainedi nf act or
ies,andappoi ntedi nspect orstoensur e
compl iance.Wheni twasobser vedt hatempl oyersdidnotcar ewheni njuri
es
ordeat hsoccur redt othei rempl oyees,gov ernment senact edt heWor kmen’ s
Compensat ion Act .Wi t
ht hisl egisl
ati
on i n place and wi t
ht hei
rst rict
enforcement ,i
ndust r
yoper ator sr eali
zedt henegat i
veeconomi cimpactof
accident sonbusi nessobj ect i
v es-maxi mum pr oductionatmi nimum costf or
max imum pr ofi
t.Itwasal soest abli
shedt hataccident slower edthemor aleof
thewor kfor
cethuscausi ng10: 01out putandsomet imest rainedmenqui tt
ing,
andal soi mpactedt her eputat i
onofacompanyadv ersel
y ,
bot haddingt o
theeconomi cimpact .

Humanitari
anConsi deration:
 Nooneenj oy sinjuryandnonor mal per
sonli
kestober esponsi
bleforother
people’
si njury.I nj
uries are painfuland oft
en cause gr eathar dshi
p.
permanentdi sabi l
it
ymayr esultfrom awor kinj
ury;thismaynow mean
thatthevictim cannotcont inuet odot hej
obf orwhichhei st r
ainedand
ther
eforenotear nasmuchmoney ,itmaymeant hathecannotenj oyhis
l
eisureful
ly ,NoamountOfmoneypai di
nwor kmen’scompensat i
oncan
makeupf oral asti
ngdi sabil
i
ty.Ev enatemporarydisabil
it
ycanr esul
tin
consi
derablei nconv enienceandl ossofsucht hingsasov erti
me,shi f
t
all
owance, etc.Thev icti
m’sfami l
ymaysuf f
erdepri
vati
onasar esult.
  LegalRequi rement s:
Thelawsr equir
et hathazardsi
nt heworkplaceshouldbemanagedef fect
ively
topreventaccidents.Thelawsinclude“TheMi ner
alOi l
s(Safety)Regulati
ons”
1997,andt heFact or
iesAct1990, andhav ebeenrevisedoverthey earstobe
i
nt unewi t
hcur renttrendsinindustryandcommer ce.Thel aws,apar tfr
om
rescr
ibi
ngst andardsofsafetyprovisi
onsfortheempl oyer
,alsopr escri
besf or
theemploy eeinSection66subsect ion(1)oftheFactori
esActasf oll
ows:-

“No personemployed inthef act

oryorinanyot herplaceto whichany
provi
sionoftheActapplyshallwil
lf
ull
yint
erfer
ewithormi suseanymeans,
appli
ance,conv
enienceorotherthi
ngsprovidedinpursuanceofthi
sActfor
securi
ngthehealt
h,safet
yorwelfar
eofpersonsempl oyedi
nthefact
ory.
”

 EconomicGai ns:
Themai nobjectiveofanyent erpri
seistorunasuccessf ulbusinesst hatwil
l
yiel
d profi
t.Acci dents costmoney ,which is a compl et
el oss t ot he
organi
zati
on.Moneypai douti ncompensation,si
ckpay ,hospit
alf eesand
repl
acementorr epairofdamagedequi pmentisatotallosst othecompany .
Itbri
ngsinnor eturn,ther
efore,itisthedutyofeveryonet oeli
minat ethese
unnecessarycost si nfact,andourj obsdependonwor kingsafely
.Whena
companysuf fersf i
nanciallossi tcoul
dresorttodownsi zinginwhi chsome
employeesmayl oset heirjobsandear ni
ng,andgov ernmentwoul dl ose
becausethecompanywi ll
payl esstaxduetoreducedprof i
t.

 Reput at
ion
Ever yorganizati
oni sanx i
oust omai ntai
ngoodr eput
ati
onint heeyesof
gov ernmentandot herstakeholders.Whenacompanyf ail
stooperat
esafel
y
andacci dent
soccur ,i
tl osest hatreputat
ion.Thi
scouldhav eanegati
ve
effecton i ts abi
li
tytor ecrui
tcompet entand experi
enced handsforit
s
oper ati
ons.

ConsequencesofAcci dents
Theneedt opreventaccident
sisfurtheremphasizedbystressi
ng,att
her
isk
ofrepeti
ti
on,t
hefoll
owi ngconsequencesofaccidents.
Whensaf etyconsciousnessisnotdi splay
edwhi leperf
orminganyacti
vi
ty
accident
susuall
yoccur .Anacci
dentmayi nvol
ve

Injuryonly.
 Damaget opropert
yonly.
 Bothinj
uryandpropert
ydamage.
 Noinjuryandnopropert
ydamage(anearmiss).
Al
laccidentsresul
tinonet y
peoflossoranother‘t
hati
mpact
sindi
vi
dual
s,
organi z
at i
onsandgov er
nment .Thecostcanshow upasdi rectorindirect.
Tangi bl
ecost sthatareeasyt ocalculate,suchasthetreat
mentofani njured,
replacement /r
epair
sofdamagedequi pment,andcompensat ionpaidt oan
i
njuredper son,aredirectcosts.Ti
mel oss,Lossofmorale,Costofint
ensi fi
ed
super vi
sionaf teranaccident,Costofi dlepl
antandequipment ,Pr
oductloss,
Legalex penses,Lossofposi tioni
nt hel abourmarket
,Cust omerclai
ms,Bad
reputation, Lossofgoodwi l
landbusi nesswhoset ruecostitisnotpossibleto
calculate,representtheindir
ectcost( Seef i
gsl&2)
.

Ef
fectsont heempl oyee
 Phy sical painandment alagony.
 Disabi l
ity.Hemaynotbeabl etodocer t
aintypesofjobsasar esul
toft he
i
njur ysust ai
ned.
 Disabi l
itymaycont inuefortherestofhisli
fe.
 Lossofear ningpower .Hemaynotbeabl etoear nmorethanhispresent
salary.
 Lossofl ei sureacti
v i
ti
essuchashobbi esandr ecreat
ion,
 Extra expendi t
uref orser v
ices he can no l ongerrenderforhimsel f
.
Possi blyl ossofl i
fe(death)
.
 Empl oy ee’ slossaffectsthefamil
y.

Effectsont heOrganizat
ion
Theef f
ectsofacci dentson the companycan be looked atf r
om three
dif
ferentangles:
 LossofReput ati
on
Acompanywi tharecordofmanyser i
ousaccident
ssomeofwhi char
ef atal
hasabadr eput
ati
oni ntheeyesofev ery
body .It
scli
entswi t
hdraw their
contracts.Manyskill
edandexperiencedworkersmayquit.Governmentmay
withdraw it
soper at
ingli
cense.Thecompanymayl osebusinessandfinally
fol
dup.

 MoneyLoss
Thecompani esincurl ossesthr
oughpay mentsfor
1.Medi caltreatmentofacci dentvi
cti
ms
2.Burial expensesi ncaseofdeath
3.Salar ywhilewor kerissti
llHI
/si
ck(forzeroproduct
ion)
4.Compensat i
onf ordisabi
li
ty
5.Likelycour tcases
6.Increasedi nsurancepr emium
7.Repl acementorr epairofdamagedequi pment/pr
opert
y.

 Ti
meLoss
Timeinthebusi
nesswor
ldi
smoney
,thepr
oduct
iont
imel
ostduet
oan
acci
denti
smoneylost
.

Ti
mei slostinthef ol
lowi ngway s:
 Byf el
lowwor kershel pingthev i
cti
m andleav
ingtheirj
obs
 Fell
owwor kersgroupar ounddiscussi
ngtheaccident.
 Visiti
ngvicti
mi nthehospi t
al.
 Attendingburialceremoni es.
 Rescueoper ationssuchasf ighti
ngfir
esorcleani
ngupspill
ages.
 Downt i
meduet odamagedequi pment.
Inv esti
gationofacci dentsandr eport
.

Eff
ectsontheNat ion
Governmentderi
v esrevenuef r
om taxesont heprofit
scompaniesmake.I n
addit
iontothet axes,gov er
nmentalsoear nsdivi
dendsf r
om it
sshar esin
some oft he compani es.Since accident
s drast
ical
lyreduce prof
it
st he
rev
enueaccrui
ngt ogover nmentfr
om taxesanddivi
dendsdecreases.

Accident-CausesandPr eventi
on
The foregoi
ng,par t
icul
arl
yt he adver
se fi
nanciali
mpact
,became st
rong
reasonsforindust
rytowantto’tackl
etheaccidentpr
obl
em.Theyr
eal
i
zedthe
needtopr ev
entaccident
sinthewor kpl
ace.

An acci denti s appr opr i

ately def i
ned as an unpl anned and uni ntended
occurrencei nt hecour seofanact i
vityoroper ationi nthewor kplace,whi ch
causesorcoul dcauseper sonali nj
ur yorpr oper tydamage,ori nterference
withproduct ionorot herbusi nessact ivi
ty.
Since itwas t he bel i
eft hatmachi nes and wor kshop condi tions wer e
responsiblef or acci dent s and i l
lnesses,and i n compl i
ance wi tht he
prescri
ptionsoft hel aw,basedont hosef actors,industryoper ator sst ar
ted
with engineer ing pr ocessest o prev entaccident sbypr oviding guar dson
i
dent i
fi
eddanger ouspar t
sofmachi nes,andi l
lnesst hroughcor rectingand
i
mpr ov i
ngcondi t
ionsi nt hef actories.
Theengi neer ingpr ocessessucceededi nreducingt henumberofacci dents,
buttheacci dent skeptcomi ng,whi chcal ledformor eef f
ort.Itwast her ef
ore
researched and est abl i
shed t hat“ accidents don’ tjusthappen;t hey are
caused.”I twasest ablishedt hatpeopl e’
sunsaf eact swer er esponsi blefor
mostacci dent s.
People,i twasdi scov ered,woul dactunsaf elyorcr eateori gnor eunsaf e
conditi
onsbecauseofi nherentdef ect sasaconsequenceoft heirbackgr ound.
Thesedef ectscoul dbet hatt hey
  Donotknow: noknowl edge,notraini
ng;nobr i
efi
ng; nopr operinst r
ucti
on
 Cannot:physi
cal,mentalorf i
nancial/
resourcehandi cap;nomanagement
support/
motiv
ation;
 Donotwantt o:negat i
veat t
it
ude.Itwast husconcl udedt hattwof actors,
unsafe act
s and unsaf e condi
tions,arer esponsi bl
ef oral laccidents
occurr
inginworkplaces(seefig3).
 SERIOUSORDISABLI
NGINCLUDE
Abov erati
obasedont woext
ensive
studiesbyFrankE.Bir
d.Jr
.Dir
ector DISABLI
NGANDSERIOUSREF.
,ASAZ
ofsaf et
yandEngineer
ingser
vices 61-11967REVI
SEDRATI
ONOF1-15
fortheINSURANCECOMPANYOF 1
NORTHAMERI CA MINORI
NJURI
ESANYREPORTED
I
NJURYLESSTHANSERI
OUS
Analysi
sincl
udeov er1,750,
000 10
acci
dentsreportedby300 PROPERTYDAMAGEACCI
DENTS
cooperat
ingcompani esand4,000 (ALLTYPE)-
hoursofaccidentsrecall 30
appl
icati
on ACCI
DENTSWITHNOVISIBLE
I
NJURYORDAMAGE(CRITICAL
600
I
NCIDENTS)
Fi
g1
HI
DENCOSTSOF
ACCI
DENTS
Medi
cal
DIRECT Compensat i
on
COST Timel ostfrom workbyinuredSome
menqui twhent heyseeseri
ous
accidentsonj obEconomicl ossto
i
njurer’
sf amil
yLostt i
mebyf el
l
ow
crewmenatt i
meofacci dent—
assisti
ngi nj
ured,etc
I
NDIRECT Lossofef
fi
ciencyduet
obr
eak-
upof
Fi
g2 AND crew
HI
DEN
COSTS Damageofmor al
eofcrew
Costofbreaki
ngi nnewcrewi
ng
Damagetot oolsandequipmentTi
me
l
ostbysupervisorLossofear
ning
Li
kewiththeiceber
g-Hiddencosts power(wages)4t o3
ofacci
dentsarenotv i
sibl
eont he
sur
facebutarether
ej ustthesame Timesgr eatert
hancompensat
ion
andis4ti
mest hedirectcost. Expl
osiveet c
Company ’
slossofri
gti
me
Overheadcost( whi
l
ewor kwas
(di
srupted)

Miscel
l
aneous-
ther
earemanyother
i
temsofcostappearsoneormore
 ACCI
DENTCAUSESCHART

PERSONAL
I
NJURI
ES/
DAMAGEACCI
DENT

UNSAFEACTS UNSAFECONDI
TIONS

Wor kingonmov i
ngordangerous Defensi
ve
equipmentunnecessar y Unsafeclothing
Fail
ur etowearper sonal I
nsideenv i
ronment
protecti
v eequi pment Arr
angementhazar dous
Wear ingunsaf eclothing Outsi
deenv ironmentunsaf
e
Fail
ur etosecur eorwar n Publi
chazar ds
Horsepl ay,etc
Impr operuseofequi pment
Impr operuseofhandset c
Unsaf efootpl acement
Bypassi ngsaf etydev i
ces
Unsaf espeed
Unsaf eposi t
ionorpost ure
Drivi
nger rors
Unsaf eplacing, mixi
nget c PEOPLE
Usingunsaf eequipment OPERATOR,
SUPERVISOR
MANAGEMENT
DEFECTSIN/
RESULTI
NG
FROM BACKGROUND
Thecont entionher ei
st hat I
NJURI
ES/
DAMAGE
accidentandi njurycasesderive
fr
om def ectsint hepersons
operati
ngt hesy stem andthese
defectsoriginatefrom the ACCI
DENTS
backgroundofsuchper sons.
Thatisther eisahumanf actori
n
everyaccident .
UNSAFEACTS/
CONDI
TIONS

Thev er
acityofthi
scontenti
onis
vindicatedwhenonel ooks DEFECTSI
NPERSON
throught heaccident
sfactors
l
istedunderunsaf eactsand
unsaf econditi
ons,al
lofwhich BACKGROUND
canbet racedtoman.
 UNSAFEACT

Thisisanacti
ontakenbysomeonewithoutdueregardforhispersonalsaf
ety
,
thatofhisco-
worker
sorotherper
sonsaround.Unsafeactsareusually
contrar
ytorul
esandregul
ati
onsoracceptedstandar
dpr act
ices.

Examples.
I
.WORKI NGONA.TLANTOREQUI
PMENTI
NOPERATI
ONWI
THOUTDUE
AUTHORITYORCLEARANCE

 Worki
ngonequi pmentthatisunderhighpressur
eort
emper
atur
e.
 Worki
ngonelectrical
l
ychargedequipment .
 Unaut
hori
zedper songoingtooperateequipment.
 Devi
ati
onfrom acceptedsafeprocedure.

I
I. FAILURETÖWEARPERSONALPROTECTI VEEQUIPMENT.
Fail
uretowearnecessar
ypersonalpr
otect
iveequi
pmentsuchassaf
ety
helmet,saf
etyshoes,
andboots,f
aceshiel
ds,goggl
es,
handglov
esetc
whenr equi
red.
I
II
.FAILURETOSECUREORWARN.

Fail
uret ol
ock,blockorsecur eentrances,v ehi
cles,removable,
switches,
valv
es, machi
neryandt ools,mater
ialsandequi pmentagai nstunexpectedor
unwant edmotion, f
lowofel ect
ri
ccur rent,water,compressedair,.
gasand
simil
arsubstances.
 Failuret
oshutof fequipmentnoti nuse.
 Failuret
opr ovidewar mingsuchassi gns,signals,t
agsonbadequi pment.
IV. HORSEPLAY.

Dist
ract
ing,
abusi
ng,t
easing,t
hrowi
ngmateri
alsandtool
s,pr
act
ical
jokes
shouti
ngandmakingdist
urbancesmai
nlyt
ocauset r
oubl
e.

V. WEARI
NGUNSAFECLOTHI
NG.

Weari
ngslipper
yfootwear ,l
ooselonghairs,l
ongsleeves,ortie,ov
er si
zed
dr
essetc.
VI
. I MPROPERUSEOFEQUI PMENT
 Overl
oadingofvehicles,machi
nes, cr
anes,scaffol
ds,forkl
i
f t
setc.
 Usingsuchequipmentascr anes,forkl
if
ts,bul
ldozersetc.t
ocar rypersons.
 Usingofmateri
als,toolsandequipmenti namannerf orwhi chitisnot
i
ntendedsuchasusi ngaspannerashammer .
VI
I. TAKI NGSHORTCUTSANDBYPASSI NGSAFETYDEVI CES.
 Fai
luretogothroughthenormalchecksofamachinebef oreoperat
ingi
t.
 Takingamachi nesuchasforkl
i
ftthr
oughil
l
egalr
out es.Operat
ingthem i
n
unacceptabl
emanner .
 Replaci
ngsafetydevi
cessuchasfusesandsafet
yv alveswiththoseof
i
mpr opercapacit
y.

VI
II
.PUBLI C/ NATURALENVI RONMENTALHAZARDS
 Traf
fi
chaz ards.
 Natur
al hazardssuchasweather,
terr
ain,
ani
mal
s,hi
gh/
low
temperatures.I
nadequat
eventi
lat
ionetc.

Itwast herefor
edeci dedtoaddeducat i
on,enforcementandencouragement
toengineer i
ng,ast ool sforprevent
ingacci dents.
Whi l
stengineeringt ookcar eofmachi neryandenv ir
onmentalcondi
ti
ons,
educationsawt ot rainingandi nf
ormat i
ont oensurethatpeopledi
dthingst
he
rightandsaf eway .Enf or
cementbygov ernmentagenci esandmanagement
ensuredt hatpeoplewoul dcompl ywithrulesandr egul
ati
ons,and
encouragementbywayofappr opri
ateincentiveswouldassuresust
enanceof
goodpr actice.

Benefi
tsofSt
ri
ctAppli
cati
onoft
heseTool
sandAdher
encet
oSaf
ety
Standar
dsandProcedures

Theimport
anceofsaf
etyindust
ri
aloper
ati
onscannotbeov
er-
str
essed.St
ri
ct
adher
encetosaf
epracti
ceshasthefoll
owi
ngbenefi
ts:

 Reducedaccidentr ates.
I ncr
easeinpr oductionandhenceincr
easedprof
it
s.
I ncr
easedef f
ici
ency
 Longerli
feofequi pment
 Noinjur
ies,nodisabi l
it
ies
 Highmor al
eofwor kers
I ncr
easedCompanyReput ati
on
 Experi
encedhandswi l
lnotberesi
gni
ngfr
equent
ly

Thesebenefi
tsensur
eBusi
nessConti
nui
tyandExpansi
oni
nst
eadoffoldi
ng
up,t
husassuringt
heachi
evementoft
heobject
ivesf
orwhi
chthebusi
ness
wasestabl
ished.
 HEALTH,SAFETYANDENVIRONMENT
MANAGEMENTSYSTEM (
HSE-MS)

Thet oolsengi neering,education,enforcementandencour agement

succeededi nbringingdownt heaccidentr ate.Howev er,amajoroffshor
eoi l
plat
for mf ir
e,thePi perAlphapl at
formf ireintheNor thSeaonJul y6,1988,
shockedi ndustryintotherealizat
iont hatmuchmor eneededtobedonet o
preventacci dentsi nindustr
y.167mendi edint heinci
dent,andtheinsured
l
osswas1. 7bi l
li
onpoundsst erli
ng($3. 4bil
lion).Therewereonly59
survi
v ors.
Theinv est i
gati
onr eport(Cull
enEnqui ry
)issuedi nNov ember1990f oundthe
plat
for m’soper atorguilt
yofhav i
nginadequat emaintenanceandsaf et
y
procedur es.

Of 106 r ecommendations made, t he most si gni

fi
cant was the
recommendat i
onthattheresponsi
bil
it
yforenfor
cingsafet
yintheNor
thSea
shouldbemov edfrom t
heDepar tmentofEnergytotheHeal t
handSafet
y
Executi
ve,as havi
ng both producti
on and saf
etyoverseen byt
he same
agencywasaconf l
ictofi
nterest
.

Itbecameappar entf rom theinvest

igati
oni ntothatincidentthat,whil
e
managementwoul dappl ymanagementsy stemsappr oacht oachieve
businessobjecti
ves, theyhopedt oachievesaf etyobjectiv
est hroughpost
ers,
gimmi cks,andawar ds.Managementsy stemsest abli
shpr oceduresand
standards,assi
gnr esponsi bi
l
ityandaccount abili
ty,
sett argets,
andmoni t
or
toensur econsi
stencyandcont inui
ty.Thi
sr evelati
onf rom theof f
shore
platf
ormf i
reinvestigati
onmadegov ernmentdi r
ecttheempl oymentof
managementsy stemsf orsafetyi
nindustry.

USE-MSDev eloped.
Inresponset ot hesi tuati
ont heOilIndustryInternati
onalExpl orati
onand
ProductionFor um (E&PFor um)gotpr eparedfort hem byt heSaf ety,Heal
th
and Per sonnelCompet ence (SHAPC)and Env i
ronment al.Qual it
y( EQC)
Commi t
tees,throught heirHealth,SafetyandEnv ir
onment alManagement
Systems ( HSEMS) Task For ce;Gui del
ines for t he Dev el
opment and
Applicat
ionofHeal th,SafetyandEnv i
ronmentalManagementSy stemsanda
ModelHSE- MS,inJuly1994si ncewhent herehasbeenconsi derableuptake
ofthisapproachbyt heoi landgasindustry.

AccordingtotheE&PFor um a“
HSE-MSisthecompanystr
ucture,
responsibi
l
iti
es,pr
act
ices,pr
ocedur
es,pr
ocessesandr
esourcesfor
i
mpl ementingheal
th,
safetyandenvi
ronment
almanagement”.I
tisasy
stem
forsetti
ngandi mplement i
ngcompanypol i
cyandobjecti
vesonHealth,
saf
ety
andt heenvir
onment .HSE-MSi sal
sodefinedasaqualit
ymanagement
system formanagingt heri
sksinthecompanyt oensuretheprot
ecti
onofi
ts
people,assetsandreputation,
andtheprotect
ionoftheenvir
onmentthe
companyoper at
eswi t
hin.SeeKeyelementsoftheHSE- MSareasinthe
fol
lowingtable(seefig4),

ESSENTI
ALELEMENTS

Leader
shi
p&Commi
tment

Pol
iceandst
rat
egi
cobj
ect
ive

Organi
zat
ion,
responsi
bil
it
ies,
recour
se
st
andards&documentati
on

Hazar
dandef
fect
smanagement
Pr
ocess
I
DENTI
F ASSESS
Y Pl
anni
ngandpr
ocedur
es corr
ecti
ve
Acti
on
HEMP
I
mpl
ement
ati
on moni
tor
ing

CONTRO RECOVE Audi

t
L R

Hazar
dandEffects ManagementRev
iew
ManagementProcess

HSE- MSELEMENTS Addr essi ng

Leader shipandcommi t
ment Top-downcommi t
mentandcompanycul ture,essential t
o
thesuccessoft hesy stem
Policyandst rat egic Corpor ateint
entions,princi pl
esofact ionandaspi ration,
object i
v es withr espectt ohealthsaf etyandenv ironment
Organi z ati
onr esour cesand Organi zat i
onofpeopl e, resour cesanddocument ationf or
document ati
on soundHSEper f
or mance
Evaluat ionandr isk Identificati
onandev aluat i
onofHSEr isksforactivi
ties,
management( Haz ards& product sandser vi
ces, anddev el
opmentofr iskreduct i
on
effectsmanagement measur es
process)
Planni ng Planni ngt heconductofwor kactivi
ti
esincludingplanni ng
forchangesandemer gencyr esponse
Impl ement at
ionand Perfor manceandmoni toringofact i
viti
esandhow
moni t
or ing correct iveacti
oni stobet akenwhennecessar y
Audi ti
ngandr ev i
ewing Periodi cassessment sofsy stem performance,
ef
fect
ivenessandf
undament
alsui
tabi
l
ity
Leader
shi
pandcommi
tment

Thissect i
onaddr essest het opdowncommi t
mentandcompanycul ture
necessar yf ort hesuccessesoft hesy stem, Seniormanagementoft he
companyshoul dpr ov i
dest rong, visi
bleleader shipandcommi t
mentand
ensur et hatt hiscommi tmenti stranslatedi ntot henecessar yresources,
todev elopoper ateandmai nt aintheHSEMSandt oattaint hepol icyand
strategi cobj ect i
ves.Managementshoul densur et hatfull accounti s
takenofHSEpol i
cyr equirementandpr ov idesuppor tforlocal acti
onst o
prot ectheat handt heenv i
ronment .
Thecompanyshoul dandsust ainacompanycul tur ethatsuppor tsthe
HSEMSbasedon:
 Bel ief:int hecompany ’sdesi retoimpr oveHSEper formance;
 Mot ivationt oimpr ov eper sonal HSEper f
or mance
 Accept anceofi ndust r
ial responsi bil
it
yandaccount abilit
yf orHSE
per for mance
 Par ticipat ionandi nv olvementatal ll
ev elsi nHSEMSdev elopment ;
 Commi tmentt oanef f
ect iveHSEMS.
Empl oy eesofbot ht hecompanyandi tscont r
act or sshoul dbeunl ov ed
i
nt hecr eationandmai ntenanceofsuchasuppor tivecul t
ur e.
1.Policyandst r
ategicobj ective
Thissect i
onaddr essescor por ateintentionspr i
nci palofact ionand
aspi ratingwi thr espectheal t hsaf etyandenv i
ronmentandt heof
i
mpr ov edHSEper f
or mance.
Thecompany ’smanagementshoul ddef i
neanddocumenti tsHSE
policiesandst rategicobj ect ivesandensur ethatt hey:
 Ar econsi stentwi tht hoseofanypar entcompany ’
s
 Ar er elev antt oitsact i
vities, productsandser v i
ces, andt heireffect s
onHSE
 Ar econsi stentwi tht hecompany ’sotherpol i
ci es;
 Hav eequal impor t
ancewi tht hecompany ’
sot herpol iciesand
obj ect i
v es;
 Ar ei mpl ement edandmai ntainedatal lorgani zat i
onal l
ev els;
 Ar epubl iclyav ailable;
 Commi tt hecompanyt omeet01: exceedal lr
el evantr egul atoryand
legisl ative
 Requi rement s;.
 Appl yresponsi blest andar dsofi t
sownwher el awsandr egulations
tonotex ist;
 Commi tt hecompanyt or educet her i
sksandhazar dst oheal t
h,
saf etyandt heenv ir
onmentofi tsact i
v i
ties,pr oduct sandser vi
cest o
 levelswhichar easl owasr easonablypr acticable; pr
ovidefort he
set t
ingofESEobj ecti
v esthatcommi tthecompanyt oContinuous
ef f
ortstoimpr oveHSEper f or
mance.
Thecompanyshoul dest abli
shandper i
odicallyanyr ev i
ewst r
at egic
HSEobj ecti
ves.
Suchobj ect
ivesshoul dbeconsi stentwiththecompanypol i
cyand
ref
lecttheactivit
ies,rel
ev antESEhazar dsandef f
ect s,operat
ional and
businessrequirement s,andt hev i
ewsofempl oyees, contract
or s,
customer sandcompani esengagedi nsi milaractivit
ies.
2.Organizati
on,resourcesanddocument ati
on.
Thissectionaddr essest heor ganizat
ionofpeopl e,resourcesand
document ati
onf orsoundHSEper for
mance.

3.1Organizati
onalst
ruct
ureandr esponsibi
li
ti
es.
Successf
ul handl
ingofHSEmat t
er sisali
neresponsi
bil
i
ty,r
equir
ingthe
acti
vepartici
pati
onofall
lev
elsofmanagementandsuper v
isi
on;thisshoul
d
berefl
ectedintheorgani
zat
ionalstruct
ureandall
ocati
onofresources.

Thecompanyshoul ddefine,document ’
andcommuni cate-wit
htheai dof
organi
z ati
onal diagramswher eappr opri
at e-t
he”roles,r
esponsibil
it
ies,
authorit
ies, account abil
i
tiesandi nterrel
ationsnecessar ytoimplementt he
HSE-MS, i
ncl udingbutnotl i
mi tedt o:
 Prov isionofr esourcesandper sonnel f
orHSE- MSdev elopmentand
i
mpl ement ati
on;
I niti
ationofact i
ont oensur ecompl iancewi thHSEpol icy
 acqui sition,i
nterpretati
onandpr ovisionofinformationonHSEmat ter
s;
I dent i
ficationandr ecordi ngofcor rect i
veactionsandoppor tunit
iesto
Impr ov eHSEper formance.
 Recommendat i
on,inti
mat i
onorpr ov isi
onofmechani smsf or
i
mpr ov ement ,andv eri
ficationoft hei ri
mplement ati
on;
 cont rol ofactivi
ti
eswhi lstcor r
ecti
veact ionsarebeingi mplement ed;
 cont rol ofemer gencysi tuations

Thecompanyshoul dstresstoallempl oyeesthei

rindiv
idualandcollecti
ve
responsibil
it
yforHSEper formance.Itshouldalsoensurethatpersonnel ar
e
compet ent(seesect i
on3. 4)andhavet henecessaryauthorit
yandr esources
toperformt heirduti
esef f
ectivel
y.
Theor ganizati
onstructureandal l
ocati
onofr esponsibi
li
ti
esshouldr efl
ectthe
responsibil
it
yorl i
nemanager satall
lev el
sfordevelopi
ng,implement i
ngand
maintainingtheHSEMSi nt hei
rparti
cularareas.Thestruct
ureshould
descri
bet herelati
onshipsbet ween:
  Dif
ferentoperatingdi vi
sions.
 Operati
ngdivisionsandsuppor t
ingserv
ices(whethert
heser
vicesare
 Provi
dedont hesamef acili
tyorf r
om alar
gercorporat
eor
ganizat
ion)
.
 Onshoreandof f shoreor ganizati
ons
 Employ eesandcont r
actors
 Part
nersi nj
ointact iv
iti
es
2.
2 Managementr epr esentativ
e( s)
.

Amanagementr epresent
ati
veorrepresentat
ivesshouldbeassigned
responsi
bili
ty,authori
tyandaccountabi
li
tyforcoordinati
ngimplementati
on
andmai ntenanceoft heFTSEMS.Ther epresentat
ive(s)shoul
dbe
accountabletoseni ormanagement,buttheappointment (
s)shoul
dnot
reducether esponsibil
i
tyofi
ndivi
dualli
nemanager sf ori
mplementingthe
HSEMSi nt heirareas.

3.
3Resour
ces.

Seniormanagementshoul dal l
ocatesuf
fici
entr
esourcestoensurethe
eff
ectiv
eoperati
onoft heI SEMS, t
aki
ngaccountofadv i
cefrom t
he
managementr epresentat
ive(s),
li
nemanagementandHSEspeci ali
sts.
Resourceal
locati
onshoul dber evi
ewedregular
lyaspartsoftheReviewof
theHSE-MS( seesection7. 2)
,ofmanagementofchange( seesecti
on5.4)
andofr i
skmanagement( seesecti
on4).
 4Compet
3. ence.
Ident i
fymannerinwhichtasksaret
obeper f
ormed.
Ident i
fycompetenci
es(abili
ti
es/
ski
lIsknowledge)r
equ¡
red.
 Selectappropr
iat
estaff.
 Providetr
aini
ngifnecessar
y.
 Rev i
ewperformance.

3.
4.1Gener
al

Thecompanyshoul
dmaintai
npr
oceduresforensur
ingt
hatper
sonnel
per
formi
ngspeci
fi
cassi
gnedHSE-cr
it
icalact
ivi
ti
esandt
asksarecompet
ent
onthebasi
sofappr
opri
ate:

 Personalabi
li
ti
es,
 Ski
llsdevel
opedt hr
oughexper
ience,
and
 Acquiredknowledge.

Systemsf orcompet enceassuranceshouldapplybothtoini

ti
al r
ecruit
ment
andt oselectionfornewact ivi
ti
es,andtobothstaffandcontractor
s.The
continui
ngcompet enceofper sonneltoperf
ormt hei
rduti
esshoul dbe
regularl
yr evi
ewed, andassessed,incl
udingappropri
ateconsi
der at
ionof
personal developmentandt rai
ningrequir
edtoachievecompet encefor
changing‘ acti
vit
iesandtechnologies(seesect
ion3.4.2)
.Proceduresfor
compet enceassur anceinclude,amongst-ot
hers:

 Systemat
icanal
ysi
sofrequirementsfort
asks;
 Assessmentofi
ndiv
idual
s’perfor
manceagai nstdef
inedcr
it
eri
a;.
 Documentedevi
denceofindivi
dualcompetence;
 Programmesforper
iodi
cre-assessment.

3.
4.2Tr
aini
ng.

Thecompanyshoul dmai ntainprocedurestoensur

eandincr
ease
competencet hr
oughi denti
ficat
ionoft r
aini
ngneedsandprovi
sionof
appropri
atetrai
ningforallpersonnel.Trai
ningmaybeprovi
dedt hr
ough
for
mal coursesand/orthroughst ructur
eddev el
opmenti
nthewor kpl
ace.

Theextentandnatureoft
raini
ngshoul dbesuffi
cientt
oensur
eachi
evement
ofthecompany’spoli
cyandobjectives,andshoul
dmeetorexceedt
hat
requi
redbylegi
slat
ionandregulat
ions.
Appropri
aterecor
dsoftrai
ningshoul
dbemai
ntai
ned(
seesect
ion6.
3)and
ref
reshertr
aini
ngschedule‘
asrequir
ed.

Consi
dert
asksandi
ndi
vi
dual
s.

 Preparetrainingcour se/materi
al.
Ident i
fytype/ext ent/fr
equencyoftr
aini
ngneeded.
 Evaluateeffectiveness.
 Recordt r
ainingconduct ed.
 Obtainparticipantfeedback.
 Evaluateeffectiveness.

Syst
emsshoul
dbedev
elopedLomonit
ort
heef
fecti
venessoftr
aini
ng
pr
ogrammesandt
oint
roducei
mprov
ementswherenecessar
y.

3.5Contract
ors.
Thecompanyshoul dmaintainprocedurest
oensur ethatit
scont r
actors
operateamanagementsy stem thati
sconsistentwit
ht herequi r
ement sand
prov
isionsoftheseHSE- MSGui deli
nesandthatitiscompat iblewiththe
—1SE- MS’ofthecompany .Proceduresshouldfaci
lit
ateinterfaci
ngof
contract
ors’act
ivi
ti
eswiththoseoft hecompanyand, wit
ht hoseofot her
contract
ors,asappropr
iate.Thi
smaybeachi evedbymeansofaspeci fi
c
i
nterfacedocumentbetweencompany .

andcontr
actorsot
hatanydi
ff
erencesmayber
esol
ved,
andpr
ocedur
es
agr
eed,befor
eworkcommences.

Alt
houghallt
her
ecommendati
onsintheseGuidel
inesmaybeappli
cabl
eto
thecontr
act
edor
gani
zat
ion,
theproceduresshoul
dpaypart
icul
arat
tent
iont
o
thefol
lowi
ng:

 Selecti
onofcontractors,including(amongstotherconsiderati
ons)speci
fi
c
assessmentoftheirHSEpol icy,
practi
cesandperfor
manceandt he
adequacyoftheirRSE- MS; commensur ater
atewiththerisksassociat
ed
withtheservi
cestobepr ov ided.
 Eff
ectivecommuni cation( seesect i
on3.6)oft
hekeyel ement softhe
company ’
s
 HSE-MS, andofthest andar dsofwor kerandenvir
onment alprotect
ion
expectedfrom t
hecont r
act or,i
ncludi
ngagreedHSEobj ectivesand
 per formancecrit
eria.
 Shar ingbycompanyandcont ractorofrel
evanti
nformati
onwhi chmay
i
mpactont heHSEper formanceofei t
her.
 Ther equi
rementthateachcont ract
orhaveanef f
ecti
veandrelevant
trainingprogrammewhi chincludesre.cordsandprocedur
esforassessi
ng
theneedf orf
urthertr
aining.
 Thecompany .
 Or ganizat
iondivi
sionsand- businessunits

I ndi
vi
dualfuncti
onsandoper
ati
on(
e.g.f
aci
l
itydesi
gn,
expl
orat
ion,
and
acquisi
ti
on,dri
l
li
ng)-
 Contract
orsandpartner
s

3.
6Communi
cat
ion.

Thecompanyshouldmaint
ainprocedurestoensurethati
tsemploy
ees,
and
thoseofi
tscont
ract
orsandpart
ners,atall
level
s,areawareoft
he:

Impor t
anceofcompl i
ancewiththeHSEpol icyandobj ect
ives,andtheir
i
ndiv i
dual r
olesandresponsibil
it
iesinachi evingit.
 HSEr isksandhaz ardsoftheirwor kactiv
itiesandt hepreventati
v eand
mitigati
onmeasur es(seesect i
on4)andemer gencyresponsepr ocedures
thathav ebeenestabli
shed(seesect i
on5.5) .
 Potentialconsequencesofdepal lurefr
om agr eedoperati
ngpr ocedures.
 Me chanismsf orsuggesti
ng,tomanagement ,improv
ement sint he
procedur eswhichtheyandot hersoper at
e.

Mai nt
aini
ngmeansofex ter
nal
communi cati
oni
nt i
mesofemergencyi
s
especiall
yimport
antandspeci
alcont
ingencyar
rangement
sshouldbei
n
place(seesecti
on5.5).

Thecompanyshoul dmai ntainproceduresforcommuni cationofRSE

i
nformation,consi
stentwit
hi t
spolicyandwi thappli
cablelegisl
ati
onand
regul
ati
ons.Thecompanyshoul d,whi l
stpr
otecti
ngconf i
dentiali
nformation,
makeav ail
ableit
sHSEex per i
encetoempl oyees,contr
actors,customersand
companiesengagedi nsimilaracti
vit
iestofacil
i
tateimprovement sinindustr
y
HSEperformance

Thecompanyshoul dmaint
ainproceduresforrecei
vingandrespondi
ngto
communicat
ionsfrom employees,cont
ract
ors,customers,gover
nment
agenci
esandthepublicconcerni
ngitsHSEper for
manceandmanagement .
Communityawarenessandconsultati
onprogrammesshoul dbemaintai
ned
wher
eappr
opr
iat
e,andt
hei
ref
fect
ivenessmoni
tor
ed.

3.
7.1HSE- MSDocument ation.
Thecompanyshoul dmai ntaincont r
oll
eddocument ati
ont o:
 Recordt heHSEpol icy ,objectivesandpl ans.
 Recordandcommuni cat ekeyr olesandr esponsibil
it
ies.
 DescribeHSEmanagementsy stem element sandt heirint
eracti
ons.
 Cross-referenceanddescr ibeJi nkswithot heraspect softheoveral
l
 managementsy stem.
 Recordt her esult
sofHSEev aluat i
onandr iskmanagement .
 Recordr elevantlegi
sl ativeandr egulat
oryrequi r
ement s.
 Record, wher enecessar y,procedur esandwor k-
inst
ructionsforkey
acti
viti
esandt asks.
 Describeemer gencypl ansandr esponsibil
iti
es,andt hemeansof
respondingt oincident sandpot enti
alemer gencysituati
ons.
 Thecompany .
 Organizationaldivi
sionsandbusi nessunits.
I ndi
vidual functi
onsandoper ati
ons( e.
g.facili
tydesign,explorat
ion,
and
acquisiti
on, dri
l
li
ng).
 Contractorsandpar tner s.

3.
7.2Documentcont
rol
.

Thecompanyshoul dmai ntai nproceduresf orcontroll

ingHSEMSdocument s
toensuret hat:
 Theycanbei denti
fiedwi ththeappr opri
atecompany ,div
ision,funct
ionor
acti
v i
ty;
 Theyar eper iodi
callyr eviewed, revi
sedasnecessar yandappr ovedfor
adequacybyaut horizedper sonnel pr
iortoissue;
 Currentv ersi
onsar eav ailableatthosel ocati
onswher etheyar eneeded;
whenobsol ete,theyar cpr omptlyremov edf orallpointsofi ssueand
pointsofuse.
Document ationshoul dbel egi bl
e,dated(wi t
hdat esofr ev i
sion),r
eadil
y
i
denti
fiable,number ed( wi t
hav er
sionnumber )
, maintainedanor derl
ymanner
andretainedf oraspeci fiedper i
od.

Poli
ciesandresponsibil
i
tiesshouldbeest
abli
shedforthe’modif
icat
ionof
documents,andtheiravailabi
l
ityt
oemployees,cont
ract
ors,gov
ernment
agenciesandthepublic.

4.Ev
aluat
ionandRi
skManagement
Ri
skispresenti
nallhumanendeavors.Thi
ssect
ionaddressedthe
i
dent
ifi
cati
onofRSEhaz ar
dsandev al
uati
onofHSErisks,f
orallact
ivi
ti
es,
pr
oductsandservi
ces,anddev
elopmentofdiagr
am atthefootofthi
spage.

Theessent
ial
stepsofhazar
dmanagement

Ident i
fy
 Evaluate
 Prevent
 Miti
gat e
 Recov er
Ident i
fyhazardsandef fects
 Establishscr
eeni ngcriteri
a( I
dentif
yappli
cablestat
utor
yrequi
rement
s)
 Evaluatehazardsandef f
ects
 Documentsi gnificanthazar dseffectsandappli
cablest
atut
ory
requir
ement
 Setdet ai
ledobjectivesandper f
ormancecr i
ter
ia
Ident i
fyandev aluateriskr educti
onmeasur es
Impl ementsel ectedr i
skr educti
onmeasur es

4.
1Ident
if
icat
ionofhazar
dsandef
fect
s

Thecompanyshoul dmai ntainpr ocedurest oi dent i

fysystemati
call
yt he
haz ardsandef fect
swhi chmayaf fectorar i
sef rom itsactiv
iti
es,and.‘f
rom
themat erialswhichareusedorencount eredint hem.Thescopeoft he
i
dent ifi
cat i
onshouldcov eract iv
itiesfrom incept ion( e.
g.pri
ortoacreage
acquisi t
ion)t hr
ought oabandonmentanddi sposal
Thei dent if
icati
onshoul di ncludeconsi derat i
onof :
 Pl anni ng,constr
uctionandcommi ssi
oni ng( i
.e.assetacquisiti
on,
dev el
opmentandi mpr ov ementact i
vi
ties).
 Rout i
neandnon- routineoper atingcondi ti
ons, includi
ngshut-down,
mai ntenanceandst art-up.
I nci dent sandpotent i
al emer gencysi tuations, incl
udingthosear i
singfr
om:

 ProductImat er
ialcontai
nmentfailures.
 Struct
ural f
ailur
e.
 Cli
mat i
c,geophy sicalandotherexternalnatural
events.
 Sabotageandbr eachesofsecurity.
 Humanf actorsincludi
ngbreakdownsi ntheRSE-MS.
 Decommi ssioni
ng, abandonment,dismant l
inganddisposal
.
 Potenti
alhazardsandeff
ectsassociat
edwit
hpastacti
vit
ies.
Personnelatallor
gani
zat
ionall
evel
sshouldbeappropr
iatel
yinv
olv
edi
n
theident
if
icati
onofhazardsandeffect
s.

4.2Evaluati
on.
Proceduresshoul
dbemai nt
ainedtoevaluate(assess)ri
sksandeff
ect
sfrom
i
dentif
iedhazardsagai
nstscr
eeningcri
teri
a,takingaccountofpr
obabi
li
ti
esof
occurr
enceandsev er
it
yofconsequencesf or’
:

 People
 Envi
ronment
.
 Assets.

Itshouldbenot
edt hatanyev al
uationt
echniqueprovi
desr esul
tswhich
themselvesmaybesubj ecttoar angeofuncert
ainti
es.Consequentl
yformal
riskeval
uati
ont
echni quesareusedi nconj
uncti
onwi t
ht hejudgmentof
experi
encedpersonnel,regul
ator
sandt hecommuni ty.

Ri
skevaluat i
onshould:
Includeef f
ectsofactivi
ti
es,pr
oduct sandservi
ces;
 Addr esseffectsandr i
sksari
singfrom bothhumanandhar dwar
e
factors;
 Soliciti
nputfrom personneldi
rectl
yi nvol
vedwit
htheriskar
ea;
 Beconduct edbyqualifi
edandcompet entper
sonnel
;
 Beconduct edaccordingtoappropriateanddocumentedmethods;
 Beupdat edatspecifi
edinter
vals.

Eval
uat
ionofheal
thandsafet
yri
sksandef
fect
sshoul
dincl
ude,
wher
e
appr
opri
ate,
consi
derat
ionof:

 Fi
reandexplosi
on.
Impactsandcol l
i
si ons.
 Drowni
ng,asphyxiati
onanel
ect
rocut
ion.
 Chroni
candacuteexposuretochemical
,phy
sical
andbi
ologi
cal
agent
s.
 Er
gonomicfactors.

Ergonomicofacut
eandchroni
cenv
ironment
alef
fect
sshoul
dincl
ude,
wher
e
appropr
iat
e,consi
der
ati
onof:
Cont
rol
ledanduncont rol
ledemissionsofmat t
erandener gytoland, water
andt
he
 Atmospher e.
 Generationanddisposalofsolidandot herwastes.
 Useofl and,water,f
uelsandenergy,andot hernaturalr
esour ces.
 Noise,colour
,dust,vi
brati
on.
 Effect
sonspeci fi
cpartsoftheenv i
ronmenti ncl
udingecosy stems.
 Effect
sonar chaeologi
calandculturalsit
esandar ti
facts,
nat uralareas,
parksandconser vati
onareas.

4.
3Recor
dingofhazar
dsandef
fect
s.

Thecompanyshoul dmai nt
ainprocedur
estodocumentt hosehazardsand
effect
s(chroni
candacute)identi
fi
edassigni
fi
cantinrel
ationtohealt
h,
safetyandtheenvir
onment,outl
ini
ngthemeasuresinplace.toreducethem
(seesecti
ons4.5)andidenti
fyi
ngtherel
evantHSE-cr
it
ical
systemsandpr ocedur
es.

Thecompanyshoul
dmaint
ainpr
ocedurestor
ecordstatutor
yrequi
rement
s
andcodesappl
i
cabl
etoHSEaspectsofit
soperati
ons,product
sandservi
ces
andtoensur
ecompli
ancewi
thsuchrequi
rements:

4.4Obj ect i
vesandper f
or mancecr it
eria.
Thecompanyshoul dmai nt ainpr ocedur est oest abli
shdet ail
ed1-TSE
objectivesandper formancecr it
er i
aatr elev antlevels.
Suchobj ectivesandper formancecr it
eriashoul dbedev el
opedi nthel i
ghtof
poli
cy ,strategicHSEobj ect iv
es, HSEr i
sks, andoper ati
onal andbusi ness
needs.Theyshoul dbequant ifi
ed, wher everpr acticable,andidentifi
edwi th
definedt imescal es;theyshoul dal sober ealist
icandachi evable.
Asaf oll
ow- upt oriskev aluation( see4. 2),thecompanyshoul dmai ntain
procedur est osetper formancecr i
teri
af orHSE- cr i
ti
cal acti
vit
iesandt asks,
whichst ipulateinwr i
ti
ngt heaccept ablest andar dfort hei
rperformance.- I
t
shouldal so, atspeci f
iedi ntervals,reviewt he”cont i
nuingr el
evanceand
suitabil
ityoft hecr i
teri
a.

4.
5Ri
skr
educt
ionmeasur
es

Thecompanyshoul dmai ntainprocedurest oselectevaluat

eandi mplement
measurestoreducerisksandef f
ects.Riskreductionmeasur esshould
i
ncludeboththosetopr eventinci
dents(i.e.reduci
ngt heprobabi
li
tyt
occurr
ence)andtomi ti
gatechr onicandacut eeffects(i.
e.r
educingthe
consequences)
.Preventativ
emeasur essuchasensur ingasseti
ntegri
ty(
see
sect
ion5.
2)shoul
db—emphasi
zedwher
everpr
act
icabl
e.

Miti
gati
onmeasur esshouldincl
udest epst opreventescal
ati
onofdev el
opi
ng
abnormalsituat
ionsandt olessenadver seef f
ectsonhealth,
safetyandthe
envir
onmentand, ulti
mately,emergencyr esponsemeasur estorecover(
see
secti
on5.5).Eff
ect i
veri
skreduct i
onmeasur esandfoll
ow-up
requi
revi
siblecommi t
mentofmanagementandon- si
tesupervi
sion,aswel
l
astheunder st
andingandowner shi
pofoper at
ionspersonnel
.

Inal
lcasesconsiderati
onshouldbegiv
ent or
educi
ngriskt
oal eveldeemed
‘
aslowisr easonablypr
acti
cabl
erefl
ecti
ngamongstotherf
actorslocal
condi
ti
onsandci rcumstances,
thebal
anceofcostandbenefi
tsandt he
Curr
entstateofscienti
fi
candtechni
calknowl
edge.

Pr
ocedur esshoul dbei nplacet o:
I dent i
fypr event ionandmi tigati
onmeasur esforpar ti
cularact ivi
ti
es,
pr oduct sandser vi
ceswhi chposepot enti
alHSErisks.
 Re- appr aiseact ivi
tiestoensur et hatthemeasur espr oposeddbr educe
risks, orenabl er elevantobj ecti
vestobemet .
I mpl ement ,documentandcommuni catetokeyper sonnel interi
m and
per manentr iskr educt i
onmeasur es,andmoni tortheiref fectiveness.
 Dev elopr elev antmeasur essuchaspl ansforemer gencyr esponse
(sect i
on5. 5)t or ecov erfr
om i ncidentsandmi ti
gatet heiref fects.
I dent i
fyhazar dsar isi
ngf rom riskprevent i
onandmi ti
gationandr ecover
y
measur es.
 Ev aluat ethet olerabili
tyofconsequentr isksandeff ectsagai nstthe
scr eeni ngcr iteria

5.Planning
Thissectionaddressesthefir
m planningofworkacti
vi
ti
es,i
ncludi
ngtherisk
reducti
onmeasur es(select
edthrought heeval
uati
onandri
skmanagement
process).Thi
sincludesplanni
ngf orexist
ingoper
ati
ons,managingchanges
anddev elopi
ngemer gencyresponsemeasur es.

5.1General
.
Thecompanyshoul
dmai nt
ain,
wit
hini
tsover
all
workprogramme, pl
ansf
or
achiev
ingHSEobj
ect
ivesandperf
ormancecr
it
eri
a.Theseplansshoul
d
i
nclude:

 acleardescr
ipt
ionoft
heobjecti
ves;
 designat
ionofr
esponsi
bil
i
tyforsett
ingandachi
evi
ngobj
ect
ivesand
 performance
 cri
teri
aateachr el
evantf uncti
onandl eveloftheorgani
zation;
 Themeansbywhi cht heyar etobeachi eved;
 Resourcerequir
ement s;
 Timescalesforimpl ement ati
on;
 Programmesf ormot i
v ati
ngandencour agingper
sonneltowar dasui
tabl
e
RSEcul t
ure;
 mechanismst oprov idef eedbackt opersonnelonRSEper formance;
 processesrecogni
zegoodper sonaland;team HSEpedcllnance(E.
g.
safetyawardschemes) ;
 Mechanism forevaluat ionandf oll
ow-up.

5.
2Asseti
ntegr
it
y.

Thecompanyshouldmai ntainprocedures’t
oensurethatHSE-cr
it
ical
faci
l
iti
esandequi
pmentwhi chitdesi
gns,’constr
uct
s,procur
es,operat
es,
maintai
nsand/orinspectsar esui
tableforthe

ACCI
DENTI
NVESTI
GATI
ONANDREPORTI
NG

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Acci denti nvest

igationi sani mpor tantpar tofanysaf etymanagementsy st
em.
Wi thouta det ailed and t hrough i nv esti
gat i
on,managementhas no t rue
knowl edgeoft her easonswhyacci dentsoccurandhow t opr eventt heft
reoccur rence.Ev eryacci dentoccur r
ingmustbepr omptlyr
eportedbyt he
victim(s) or wi tnesses.Thi si sv er yi mpor tantbecause wi thoutsuch
i
nf ormat ion,themachi ner
yori nvest igatingi twi1lnotbeseti nmot i
on.When
acci dentsar enoti nv esti
gated,l essonst hatshoul dhav ebeenl earntf rom
them wi llbel ost.Ont heot herhandacci dentst hatar epromptl
yr eport
edby
thef astestmeansofcommuni cationav ail
abl erecei
v eimmediateat t
enti
on.
Insuchi nstances, thef actsaboutt heacci dentar ereadil
yobtai
nedandt hese
can be used t o pr eventf uturer e-occur rence.Al so,pr omptrepor t
ing of
acci dents wi l
lf acili
tate compl iance wi th Gov er
nmentRegul at
ions,whi ch
requi r
enot i
fi
cati
onofcer t
ainacci dent swi thin48hour s.

PURPOSEOFACCI DENTI NVESTIGATION:

Acci
dentinvest
igat
ionhasbeenandst i
l
lv i
ewedbymanyempl oyeesasa
faul
tfi
ndi
ngex erci
se.Theyr
egarditasanactiv
ityt
ofindoutwhom toblame,
ascapegoatorsomeonet owhom sanctionswil
lbeappli
ed.Suchemployees
neit
herreportacci dent snorco- operateduri
nginvest
igat
ions.Ot
herr
easons
are:
 Fearofdi sci
pline.
 Concer naboutt hesaf etyrecordoft hegroup.
 Concer naboutr eputation.
 Fearofmedi cal tr
eat ment .
 Disl
ikeofmedi cal personnel .
 Desiretoav oidwor kinterrupti
on.
 Desiretokeepper sona: recordclean.
 Av oidanceofr edt ape.
 Concer naboutt heat t
itudeofot hers.
 Poorunder standi ngoft heimportanceofaccidentinv
esti
gati
on

Acci
denti
nvest
igat
ionhasv
erysoundobj
ect
iveswhi
chi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.TOPREVENTRE- OCCURRENCE.
Identif
yingr emedi estoi mprovetheheal thandsaf etymanagement
system byi mprov i
ngr i
skcontrol
,prev entingar e-occur
renceand
reducingf inanciallosses.
2.LOCATETHECAUSES.
Identif
yingbot ht heimmedi ateandunder lyingcauses.
3.TODETERMI NECOSTS.
Thel ossi ncurredasar esul
toftheacci dentcanbecomput edaf t
era
detail
edi nv est
igation.Suchcomput edcostcanhel pmanagement
appreciateandwi l
li
nglyendorseprogr ammesai medatimpr ovi
ng
safetyawar eness.
4.TOPUBLI CIZECAUSE( S).
Publicit
yofcause( s)ofaccidentkeepsper sonnel i
notherlocationsor
unitsoft hecompanyi nfor
medsot hatt heycant akeappropr iat
e
preventivemeasur est oavoidsuchi ncident (s)
.

5.FULFILMENTOFLEGALREQUI REMENT.
Gover nmentRegul ati
onssuchast heFact ori
esActof1990andMi ner
al
Oil
s( Saf ety
)Regul ati
ons1997r equi
ret hatcompr ehensivereport
sof
anyser iousaccident soccurri
ngduringcompany ’
soper ati
onsmustbe
madet ot heappr opri
ateauthori
ti
es.Adet ail
edinvesti
gat i
onmustbe
car
riedoutt oensur ecompl i
ancewitht hi
srequirement.
6.COMPI LATI ONOFDATA.
Accidenti nvesti
gat i
onenablesstati
sticaldatat
obecompl i
ed.Such
dat
awhenanal yzedindicat
ehowgoodorbadt hesaf etyperformance
oftheor ganizat
ionis.Theyindicat
et heproblem areas,thusenabli
nga
 determinat i
onofwhatneedst obedonet ocorr
ectabadsi tuati
on.Iti
s
alsogoodf orr efer
encepur poses.
7.PAYMENTOFCOMPENSATI ON.
Accidentr epor ti
ngandi nvesti
gati
onareessenti
alinensuri
ngpr oper
medi calattentionanddocument ati
onforthepurposeofwor kman’s
compensat ioncl ai
ms.
8.Topi npointar easwher eadditi
onaltr
aini
ngisneeded,resul
ting¡n
reducedacci dentfrequency.,

TECHNI QUESOFI NVESTI GATI ON:

Thel i
neSuper visorshoul dbet hefirsttocommencet hei nvest i
gati
onofany
accident.Dependi ngont heser iousnessoft hepot entialoract ualaccident ,
i
njur i
esorlosses, thelevel anddept hofi nvestigati
onwi llvary .I
nsomecases,
thesuper vi
sor’sacci dentrepor twillsuffi
ce.Inot hercases, ani nvesti
gation
byt heHeal t
h,Safet yandEnv ir
onment( 1-I
SE)depar tmenti n
conjunctionwi t
ht hel i
neder ail
mentoramul ti-
discipl
inaryt eam of
exper t
s/special
istswi ll
benecessar y .Tofacil
itateinvestigations,accident
reportformsar eusual lydesignedt osuitindivi
dual organizationsandal l that
i
tr equir
esi stosuppl ythei nformat i
onaskedf oront hef orms.Forf at
al or
maj oraccidentfullinvestigati
onr epor t
smayber equired.

Allaccidentswhethermaj orormi norar

ecaused.Seri
ousaccident
shav ethe
samer ootcausesasmi noraccidentsandsodoi nci
dent
swi t
hapot enti
alfor
seri
ousl oss.i
tistheserootcausest hatbr
ingabouttheacci
dent,theseveri
ty
i
sof tenamat terofchance.Acci dentst
udi
eshav eshownthatthereisa
consistentl
ygreaternumberofl essseri
ousaccident
sthanseriousaccidents
andint hesamewayagr eaternumberofinci
dentsthenacci
dents.

I
nal
lcasesthenon-inj
ury
’inci
dent
shadt
hepot
ent
ial
tobecomeev
ent
swi
th
mor
eseriousconsequences.

St
agesi
nanAcci
dent/I
nci
dentI
nvest
igat
ion.

Thestagesi
nanacci
dent
/i
nci
denti
nvest
igat
ionar
eshowni
nthef
oll
owi
ng
di
agram.

Deal
wit
himmedi
ate
ri
sks
 Sel
ectthelevel
of
i
nvesti
gati
on

Sel
ectthelevel
of
i
nvesti
gati
on

I
nvest
igat
iont
heev
ent

Recor
dandanal
ysi
sthe

Resul
ts

Dealwi
thimmedi ateri
sks.
Whenaccidentsandinci
dentsoccurimmediateacti
onmaybenecessar
yto:
 Maket hesit
uati
onsafeandpr eventf
urt
herinj
ury;and
 Help,t
reatandifnecessar
yrescueinj
uredpersons.

Aneffect
iveresponsecanonlybemadei fithasbeenpl annedforinadvance.
Alt
houghthet i
mingofaccident
sandi nci
dentsisunpredict
ableiti
susually
possi
bletoforeseethemajori
tyofev
entsandpr epar
eemer gencyplanst
o
dealwit
hthem whent heyoccur.

Sel
ect
ingt
hel
evelofi
nvest
igat
ion.

Asstat
edear
lierallaccidentsandinci
dentsneedinvesti
gati
ngtosome
ext
ent,
‘PI
egreatesteffortshouldbeputinto:
 Thosei
nv olv
ingsev ereinj
uri
es,i
ll
-healt
horloss;and
 Thosewhichcoul dhav ecausedmuchgr eat
erharm ordamage.

Thesetypesofacci
dent
sandi nci
dentsdemandmor ecraft
il
yinv
esti
gati
on
andmanagementt i
me.Theefforti
ninvesti
gat
ingtheseacci
dentsneedsto
beproporti
onat
etothepol
i
ticalorpotbel
li
edri
sk.Thiscanusual
lybe
achi
evedby .

 Lookingmoreclosel
yattheunderly
ingcausesofsi
gni
fi
cantevent
s;and
 Assigni
ngtheresponsi
bil
i
tyfortheinv
esti
gati
onofmoresigni
fi
cant
eventtomoreseniormanagers..

I
nvest
igatingtheEvent
Thepurposeofinvesti
gat
ionsi
stoest
abl
i
sh:
Thewayt hingswereandhowtheycamet
obe;
  Whathappened-thesequenceofeventsthatl
edtot
heout
come;
 Whythingshappenedastheydi
danalyzingbot
hthei
mmediat
eand
under
lyi
ngcauses;
 Whatneedstobedonet oavoi
dar epet
it
ionandhowthi
scanbe
achi
eved.

Agr eatdealofinfor
mat i
onisav ai
labl
eafterev
eryaccident
.Est ablishi
ngwhat
i
sr elevantandwhati snotcanbet imeconsuming,andsomef act swil
lbeof
greaterimportancethanothers.Theinvesti
gat
orsproblem i
st odet ermine
andconcent rateonthemosti mpor t
ant.Afewsourcesshoul dgi v ethe
i
nv esti
gatorallheneeds’toknow. Document
s
I
nfor
mat ionf r
om;
 Wr i
tteninstructi
ons;
procedur es,ri
sk
Obser
vat
ion assessment s
 Recor dsofear li
er
I
nformat i
onf r
om phy sicalsources i
nspect i
ons, tests
i
ncluding:, exami nationand
 Promi sesandpl aceofwork- survey
 Access&ogr ess Checki
ngrel
iabi
l
ity
,accur
acy 

 Plant&subst anceinuse I
denti
fyi
ngconfl
ict
sandresol
vi
ng
 Location&r elati
onshipof di
ffer
ences
 physical parti
cles. I
dent
if
yinggapsi
nev
idence
 Anypostev entchecks
sampl ing.
orreconst ruction

I
nter
views
I
nfor
mat i
onfrom;
 Thosei nvolvedandtheir
l
inemanagement
 Wi t
ness
 Thoseobser vedor
i
nv olvedpriortotheevent
e.g.inspection&
mai ntenancestaff


INTERVI EWS.
I
nter vi
ewi ngt heper son( s)inv ol
vedandwi tnessest otheacci dentisofpr i
me
i
mpor tance.I deally,i
tshoul dt akepl acei nf amili
arsurroundingssoasnutt o
maket heper sonuncomf ortableFer ry(1988) statesthatitisimpossiblet o
prov i
dei nterviewingt echniquegui delinest hatcanbeusedi nallsi
tuations,
butt herear esomebr oadgui deli
nest hatcan, beusedwi thcare.
 Thest yl
eofi nt
erviewi ngi simpor tant.Itshouldber e-statedtimeaf terti
me
thatt hepur poseoft hei nvestigation¡snott oblamebutt oprevent
reoccur rence.
 Amor eco- operati
v eat t
itudewi ll
comei fmanagementcanpr omot ethis
posit i
vecul turebydemonst r
atingt heneedt odetermi necauser atherthan
tobl ameorpuni sh.
 Theper sonsshoul dgi veanaccountofwhathappenedi ntheirt
erms
rat
hert hant hei nvest i
gat or
s.
I
ntervi
ewsshoul dbesepar atet ostoppeoplef
rom i
nfl
uencingeachother.
 Questionswhenaskedshoul dnotbei nt
imi
dat
ingastheinvesti
gat
orwill
beseenas
 Aggressiveandr efl
ect i
ngabl amecul tur
e.
Intervi
ewi nanappr opriateplace.
 Puttheeper sonatcase
 Getthei ndividual’sv ersion.
 Asknecessar yquest ionsatt her i
ghttime.
 Givethewi tnesssomef eedback.
 Recordcr i
tical i
nf ormat ionquickly,inyourmemory.
 Usev i
sual aidi finterviewi snotonsi t
e.
 Endinterviewonaposi t
ivenot e.
 Keept helineofcommuni cati
onopen.

Obser v
at i
on.
Theacci dentsit
eshoul dbei nspectedassoonaspossibl
eaft
erthe
accident.Aft
erlookingatt hesiteasawhol e,par
ti
cul
arat
tent
ion
should/mustbegi vent oindivi
dualfactors/
it
emssuchas;
 Positi
onsofpeopl e;
 Personnel pr
otecti
veequi pment( PPE) ;
 Toolsandequi pment ,plantorsubst ancesi
nuse;
Orderli
ness/Tidi
ness

Documents.
Documentati
ont obelookedatincl
udes:
Writ
teni
nstructi
ons,pr
oceduresandriskassessmentswhichshoul
dhave
beeninoperati
onandf ol
lowed.Thevali
dit
yofthesedocumentsmayneed
tobecheckedbyi nt
ervi
ew.Themai npoint
stolookforare:

I
sitadequate/
satisf
act
ory?
Wasitfol
lowedont hi
soccasi
on?
Werepeopletr
ained/competentt
ofol
l
owi
t?

Recordsofinspecti
ons,t
ests,examinat
ionandsurveysunder
takenbef
ore
theevent.Theseprovi
deinformati
ononhowI. 1andwhyt he
cir
cumstancesleadingtotheeventarose.Theknowledge,
ski
lland
competenceoft hosecarr
yingoutthetasksint
herecordsmayhav et
obe
assessed.
 DeterminingCauses.
Iti
si mportantthatallt
heinf ormati
onandf act
swhi chsurr
oundthe
accidentar ecolJestedbef orethi
nki
ngaboutcauses.Assoonast he
i
nvest i
gatorstart
st hi
nkingaboutcauses, t
he‘factfi
ndi
ng’stops,
thecause
hasbeenf oundandany thingelseisinci
dental
.Thisisknownast he‘St
op
Rule’.
Immedi at
ecausesar eobv i
ousandeasyt of i
nd.Theyarebrought.about
unsafeact sandcondi t
ionsandar etheACTI VEFAILURESasdescr ibed
earl
ierinthecour se.Unsafeact sshow

poorsafet
yatti
tudesandindi
cat
ealackofpropertrai
ning.Ift
hei nvesti
gator
deter
minesthatanunsafeactwasacontr
ibuti
ngfactor,thenther easonfor
thi
smustbef ound.Int
hesamewayi fanunsafeconditi
onwasf oundt obe
anobv i
ouscausethenit
ssourcemustbedeterminedandcor rected.

Theseunsafeactsandcondit
ionsarebroughtaboutbythesocall
ed‘r
oot
causes’
.ThesearetheLATENTFAI LURESasdescr i
bedearl
ieri
nthecourse
andarebroughtaboutbyfai
l
uresinorganizat
ionandthemanagement’s
safet
ysystem.

Determinewhatchangesar eneeded.
Thepur poseoft heinvestigati
onistopr ev
entar e-occurrence.Todot hi
s
somepr act i
calmeasur esmustber ecommendedandcar r
iedoutthatwil
l
demonst ratethatmanagementar ecommi tt
edt othis.Thei nv
esti
gati
on
shoulddet er
mi newhatcont r
olmeasur eswer eabsent,inadequateornot
i
mpl ement edandsosomef or
m ofr emedialacti
onshoul dbei mplementedt
o
corr
ectt hi
s.Gener al
ly
,r emedialact
ionsshoul dfoll
owt hehi er
archyofri
sk
control
shownbel ow( HSE, 1997).

 El
iminateRisksbySubst it
uti
ngthedangerousb}thei
nherent
lyl
ess
dangerous
 Combatr i
sksatsour cebyengineer
ingcontrol
sandgivi
ngcoll
ect
ive
proact
ivemeasur espriori
ty;
 Minimizeri
skbydesi gningsuit
abl
esystemsofwor ki
ng;
 UsePPEasal astresort.

Recording&Anal yzingtheResul t
s.
Thefindingsofever yi
nvesti
gati
onneedt oberecor
dedinasi
mil
arand
syst
emat icmanner .Thi
sissot hattherepor
tcanbereadbyt
heappropr
iat
e
peopl
ewhoar eresponsibleforrevi
ewingand
i
mpl ement i
ngnecessar ychangesandt oprovi
deabasi sforcommuni cati
on.
Ther eportalsoprovi
desahi st
ori
calrecordoftheaccidentthatwillbeuseful
i
nt hefuture.Adescripti
onoftheaccident,analy
sisofthecausesand
recommendedpr eventati
ve,pr
otect
ivemeasur esshouldbel i
sted.Thisrepor
t
orform shoul dbecompl et
edassoonaf tertheaccidentaspossible.

Informationontheacci dentandremedialacti
onsshouldbepassedt oall
supervisorswhoshoul densurethatemployeesundert hem whomaj ormay
notencount ersi
milaraccidentsareknowledgeintheev ent
s.Theappropriat
e
preventativ
emeasur esmayal sohav etobeimplementedbysuchsuper visors.
Informationcanalsobet ransfer
redinanumberofot herway swhichare
effecti
ve,suchast hroughbull
eti
nboard,meet i
nginspectorandinparti
cular
throughsaf et
yaudits.

I
nvesti
gati
onreport
sandaccidentst
ati
sti
csshoul
dbeanal
yzedfr
om t
imeto
t
imet oi
denti
fycauses,
feat
uresandtrendst
hatmaynotbeappar
entf
rom
l
ookingatevent
sinisol
ati
on.

Rev i
ewingtheProcess/f
oll
owup.
Afterthei
nsuranceofthefi
nalr
eport
,ther
ecommendat
ionsmadeshouldbe
revi
ewed.Apr ogrammeshouldthenbesetupfori
mpl
ementi
ngtheagreed
recommendat i
ons.

Implementat
ionshouldbeclosel
ymonitor
ed.Publi
cizeanycorrect
iveact
ion
takensothatallmaybenef
itfrom t
heexper
ience.Al
so,condi
tionsthat
cannotbecorrectedi
mmediatelyshoul
dbebroughttotheattenti
onofall
concerned.

Rev
iewi
ngtheaccident
/incidentinvest
igat
ionprocessshoul
dconsi
der
:
 Theresul
tsofinv
estigationsandanalysi
s;and
 Theoperati
onoftheinv esti
gati
onsystem (i
ntermsofqual
it
yand
eff
ecti
veness)
.

Li
nemanager sshoul
dfol
lowt
hroughandact
ionthefindi
ngsofi
nvest
igati
ons
andanalysi
s.
Fol
lowupsy st
emsshouldbeest
abli
shedwherenecessaryt
okeepprogress
undercontr
ol.

Thei nvesti
gationsystem shouldbeexami nedfr
om ti
me’toti
metocheck
thatitconsistentl
ydeliver
sinf
ormat i
oni naccor
dancewit
hthest
ated
objecti
v esandst andards.Thi
susuallyrequir
es:.
 Checki ngsampl esofinvest
igati
onf or
mst over
if
ythest
andardof
 i
nvesti
gat
ionandthejudgment smadeaboutcausat i
onand
pr
iori
ti
zat
ionofr
emedi alacti
ons.
 Checki
ngthenumbersofi nci
dents,nearmisses,
inj
uryandi
ll
-heal
th
event
s;
 Checki
ngthatal
leventsarebeingreported.

CAUTION:Duri
ngaccidenti
nvest
igat
ions,
ther
ear
ecer
tai
npi
tfal
l
s,whi
cht
he
i
nvest
igat
orshoul
dtrytoavoid.

DONOT:
Putyourselfi
nt her ol
eofapol iceman.
 Startoffwithapenci landpaperi nyourhand;i
timmediatelyputsint
oa
person’smi ndof fi
ci
ousnessandev er
ythi
ngbeingsai
disr ecorded.I
n
manycases, theybecomer eluct
anttogiv
efactsabouttheincident.
 Pinblame; thismustbeav oidedthr
oughouttheinv
esti
gation.
 Leadwi tness.riskopen-endedquest i
ons.

I
nci
dentr
epor
ti
ngandi
nvest
igat
ionr
equi
rement
s

a)WhenanI ncidentOccur s:
1.Reporttoy oursuper visorandt hesaf etydepartmentwithi
n24hour s
givi
ng1PM . .rating.ForLTIandabov einfor
m seniormanagementby
thefastestmeansofcommuni cation.
2.Compl eteappr opr iat
er eporti
ngf orms.
3.Basedon1PM r ati
ngconst ituteinvesti
gat i
onteam.(Seesection2of
safet
yst ati
stics) .
4.Producedet ailedr epor tAgreewi thLinemanagementon
Recommendat ions.
a.Rev i
ewatI RPf orC3andabov ei nci
dents
5.Monitor/Tr acki mplement ations.
b)ForRTA/RTI .
1.Reporttosuper v i
sor,Safetydept .andPl anningDept.whowi l
lreportt
o
l
easingcompanyi fappl i
cable.
2.Obtainestimat eofcostt orepair,3rdpartyacceptedresponsi
bili
ty:
-
Agreewi thleasi ngcompany ’
3.Fil
laccidentfor m.

I
NCIDENTREPORTS.
Repor
tshoul
dbeofhighqual
i
tyandwr
it
tenal
ongt
hef
oll
owi
ngsub-
headi
ngs:
-
 Summary.
 Detai
l
softhev
icti
m.
 Inv est
igatingTeam.
 Personsi ntervi
ewed,
 EventsLeadi ngtot heIncident
.
 Highli
ghtsofI nvestigation
 Result
sofI nvesti
gation.
 Conclusion,
 Recommendat i
onsi ncludi
ngActi
on.
 Parti
es/Tar getDates.

At
tachment s.
I nci
dentTree.
 Medi cal
Repor t
.
 Otherevidences.
 Wi t
nessStatement.

ACCIDENTINVESTI GATIONIREPORTFORM
1.NameofVi cti
m: …………………………………………………………………………..
………
2.Age:………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……
3.Jobdescr
iption:…………………………………………………………………………….….
.…
4.WorkExperience’……………………………………………………………………….
….……
5.Marit
alSt
atus’ …………………………………………………………………………….
………
6.No.ofChi
ldren……………………………………………………………………………………
7.TypeofAccident:…………………………………………………………………………….…

Mi
nor Maj
or f
atal Pr
oper
ty Damage
8.Natur
eofi nj
ury
;
9.No.ofdayslost;
10.Down-ti
me9Equi pmentDamage)
:
11.WorkEngagedI nAtTimeofAcci
dent
:
12.Wit
nesst otheAccident
;

13.UnsafeActofI nj
uredorOt herPersonLeadingt oTheAcci
dent
:
…………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………
14.UnsafePhy si
cal/
Ment al
/mechanicalorEnv i
ronmentcondi
ti
oncont
ri
but
ing
totheaccident;
15.Bri
efDescripti
onoft heAccident(Att
acheddet ail
s):
16.I
mmedi atecorrecti
veacti
ont aken;
17.Acti
ontobet akent opreventre-
occurrence;

Prepar
edBy
’Si
gnat
ure;
Date;
SYNDI
CATEEXERCI
SE

Lastyearacontr
actorhir
edahousefrom anindi
geneforuseasabasecamp.
Asgoodneighbors,thei
ndigener
equestedthecont
ract
ortoext
endelect
ri
cit
y
tohisownli
vingquarter
,whichwasbarelyI.
5rnaway

Bothpart
iesagreedthatonlyonepoi ntoflightwil
lbesuppl i
edt othepar l
our
.
Athinfl
exibl
ecablewasusedf ort heconnect i
on.Aftersomet ime, i
ndigene
l
andlor
dhookedupot herelect
rical appli
anceslikefan,f
ridge,hairdri
eretc.
whil
ethemai nelect
ri
citysupplyliner emainedthethinflexi
blecable.

Onenightwhiletheguardswereasleep,fi
restar
tedfrom t
helandl
ord’
shouse.
Everyat
temptt oputoutthefi
rewiththeav ai
l
ableexti
ngui
sherfai
l
ed.Though
thecontr
actor’
spersonnelhadaccesstor adi
oandt el
ephone,t
heycouldnot
getimmediatehelpfr
om anear byf
irestat
ionbecausetheydidnotknowthe
tel
ephonenumberoft hefir
estati
on.

Onehourlat
ert
hefi
reser
vicewascal
ledi
n,meanwhi
l
epr
oper
tywor
thov
er
onemil
li
onnair
ahadbeendestr
oyed.

Oneoft
hefi
ndingsofthei
nvesti
gat
iont
eam wast
hatt
hecont
ract
or’
sfi
eld
camphadneverbeenaudi
ted.

QUESTIONS.
1.Listf
ourunsaf
eacts/
unsafecondit
ionsthatcont
ri
butedt
otheacci
dent
.
2.Ident
if
yallt
hepar
ti
esthatcontr
ibutedtotheacci
dentandst
atewhat
theycoul
dhavecl
onet opr
eventit
.

3Whatrecommendat
iondoyouhav
efort
hisor
gani
zat
iont
opr
event
r
eoccur
renceoft
heacci
dent
?

SAFETYSTATI
STI
CSANDINCI
DENTREPORTI
NG!I
NVESTI
GATI
ON
REQUI
REMENTS.

I
NTRODUCTI
ON.

Thedev oluti
onofSafet
ytotheli
nehaspr
edict
abl
yrai
sedli
nesafet
y
responsibil
i
ties,
butt
herehasnotal
waysbeenafi
t-
for
-pur
posefeedbackt
o
Safetydepartmentfr
om thel
ine.
Thiscourseisdesignedt oaddresstheprobl
em byprovidingaquickgui
det
o
l
ineHSESf ocalpoi
nt sonwhatisexpectedofthem from Safet
ydepart
ment
..
Otherstaffwouldhopef ul
lyfi
ndituseful
asar efer
encemat eri
al.
1.Saf
ety’Statist
ics
1.1Recor dabl
eCases,
Thesear ccasesori nci
dentsthatfor
m partofregul
arstati
sti
cs.

Totalrecordedcasesinclude:
a.Fatali
ty (FAT)
b.PermanentTot alDisabil
i
ty (
PTD)
c.PermanentPar ti
alDisabil
it
y (
PPD)
d.Lo.
stWor kdayCase, (
LWC)
e.Restri
ctedwor kCase- (
RWC)
f.MedicalTreatmentCase‘ (
MTC)

(
a)t
o(d)ar
eLostTi
meI
njur
y(LTI
)cases.

Not
e:Fi
rstAi
dCases,Near
-Mi
ssesarenowr
ecor
dedi
fInci
dentPot
ent
ial
Mat
rix(
1PM)rat
ingisC3andabove.,

1.
2Defi
nit
ions
1.
22Man-hour:Exposur
ehourpermont
h
=No.ofst
affxNo.ofday swor
kedxNo.ofhour
sperday
.

Not
e:Inf
ormat
ionisr
equi
redf
oral
lst
affandcont
ract
orsper
sonnel
wor
king
f
orthecompany.

Leaveper
iods,
offday
sshoul
dbededuct
ed;
uset
heexacthour
sondut
y.
Accountf
orovert
ime.

1.
23Kil
ometerExposure.
Tot
alBusi
ness(Bi
z)Kil
ometer
sdr
iven.

1.
24LostTi meI
njury(
LTI)
:
Caneit
herbeLWC, PPD,PTDorf
atincaseofLTInot
if
yyoursuper
visorwho
wil
li
nformthe
HOD.At el
exwoul
d!besenttoHSELfr
om GMW.

1.
25 LostTi
meInjur
yFrequency(LTIF)
:
LTIF=No.ofLostTi
mei njur
iesx106
Man-hours
 1.26RTA/ RTI:
Roadt raff
icaccident(RTA)r
esult
inginoneofthef oll
owi ng:injur
ytoperson,
damaget ovehiclewit
hrepai
rcostexceedi
ng-W5, 000. 00I NVOLVES3r d
part
y .Roadtraffi
cinci
dentCRTI)i
sami norinci
dent,noi njury
, l
essthanN5,
000.00i ndamagesandno3nJpar tyi
nvolv
ement .

1.
27RTA+RTIPERMMKM DRI VEN:
6
No.ofBi
z.Pr
ev.RTA+RTI
x10

1.
28Pot
ent
ialSer
iousI
njur
yFr
equenci
es(
PSI
F):

I
ndexenablesManagementtoknowincident
swhi chmayindeednotbeLTI
s
butwhichhave“
Potent
ial
”seri
ousconsequences.Thi
salsoincl
udes
Envi
ronmentandOccupat
ionalHeal
thInci
dents

PSI
F=i
nci
dentwi
thC31PM r at
ing)x106
Tot
alExposur
eHour s

2.I
ncidentPot
entialMat
ri
x.
a)Inci
dentPotenti
alMat
ri
x(1PM)
:

A2-Deci sionalMatr
ix(
SeeTabl e1)al
lowsust odeterminethepotent
ial
consequence(s)ofanaccident/nearmiss.Allacci
dentsshoul
dbeassessed
andall
otted1PM rati
ngs.Thisrati
ngcouldalsodetermi
nesthelevelof
i
nvesti
gation.

Examples:-Consi
derthecaseofaShellDr
iverwhowasgoi
ngt oEdj
ebawit
h
col
leaguesandnarrowlymissedahead-
oncolli
sionwi
that
ipper
.Thevehi
cle
wasonlysli
ghtl
ybrushed.

I
PEM Rat
ing
E - VeryHighDiiverExposur
e
5 - Potent
ialf
orMul t
ipl
eFatal
it
ies
P - Eff
ectonPeopl e
Overal
lrat
ingE5( P)

Tabl
e1. I
nci
dentpot
ent
ialmat
ri
x
Pot
ent
ial
consequenceoft
hei
nci
dent Measur
es
A B C D E
Rat
ing People(A) ASSET(A) Envi
ronment(
E) Ver
ylow Low medi
um Hi
gh Ver
y
1 Sl
ightinj
ury Sl
ight Sl
ightl
eak
Damage
2 Mi
nori
n Minor Mi
norl
eak/
spi
l
l
Damage
3 Maj
ori
njur
y Locali
zed Local
ized
Damage l
eak/spil
l
4 Single Major Majorleak/
spi
l
l
Fatali
ty/
PD damage
5 Mul t
ipl
e Extensi
ve Mar
inel
eak
Fatali
ty Damage
Level ofinvesti
gati
on
Incident invest
igati
ng
Potent i
al level
1.Super visor
2.Sect i
onhead
3.Lineofdepar tment
4.Linemanager
5.GM
Thei ncidentrevi
ewpanel wouldnor
mal
l
yrev
iewi
nci
dentni
l
eC3orhi
gher
i
ncident s(shadedporti
on).

Sampl
esofst
ati
sti
csr
epor
ts.

6.Endmont
hrepor
t

NO I
TEM THI
S VTD CURR.
YEAR PREV.
MONTH TARGET YEAR
ACTUAL
1. FATS/ C/ TP
2. LTIS/C/ CB
3. RCW S/ C/ CB
4. MTCS/ C/ CB
5. FACS/ C/CB
6. N/M/ S/C/ CB
7. NACS/ C/CB
8. FI
RE
9. ENV.I NCID
10. MAN- HOUR( CB)
11. LTIFS/ C/CB
12. RTA+RTI
13. KM DRI VEN
14. LTI
S/C(RTA+RTI )MM
KMS
15. OTHERS
Forinci
dentswit
hIPM r
ati
ngC3+givedat
e,br
iefdescr
ipt
ionandIPM
rat
ing.
Thisrepor
tshouldr
eachsafet
ydepart
mentoutlat
erthan4thofeach
mont h.
 JANUARY/
FEBRUARY1996I
NCI
DENTNEWS
S/
N DATE I
NCI
DENTSUMMARY CLASSRATI
NG FAI LURES
HIGHLI GHTED
01 01/
01/
96 Safetyoffi
ceract
ingasinspect
orfellf
rom a LTI
/D3(
P) -nonuseofr ightt ools
hei
ghtof2. 8asheclimbeddownf rom engi
ne l
adder /scaf fold
str
uctures.Theheardhatfel
loff
,whilethe -super v i
sor /inspect or
vi
ctim hi
thisheadont heconcr
etefloor. absence( i
n
appr opr i
atemanni ng
l
ev els)
-hur rytocompl ete
j
obs
-not askanal ysis
02 02/
01/
95 Nightguardr
etur
nedtodulypostonsa FATD4(
P) - Lackof
producti
onbagel
-af
terabightpart
yinanearby super visor
hamletandgotdrowned.Vict
im wasnever - NoneuseofPFD
swimt est
ed - Nonecompl iance
procedur es
(swimt rust ing)
- Vi olationof
alcohol /Dr ug
policy
03 02/
01/
95 A30Tcr aneovert
urnedatt heedgeofan FAE4(
P) - Nopr e-
accessroadasdrivercl
earedof ft
oavoid oper ational road
coll
i
sionwithoncomingv ehicl
e.Raodedge surv eys
waser odedmoretraff
ict
handesi gnedfor
. - Noj obsaf et y
anal ysis
- I nappr opr i
at e
manni ngl ev els
04 06/
01/
95 Acranebroom hookedoneguystaywi
reof DamageE4(
P) Ov er-speedi ngbyT/ P
stat
ioncommunicati
onmustpull
i
ngitdown driver
operat
orwaswor ki
ngalong.

05 08/
01/
96 Athir
dpartupperdri
verhi
tacompanyvehi
cle RTAE3(
A) Nopre-moband
fr
om rearbucki
ngtheboth.Thei
nci
dent hazar
dtaskanal
ysi
s
occur
redatoguniroad

06 10/
01/
96 At i
pperl
orryf
elloni
tssi
deatI
.Arampasit Nopr e-moband
wentt ot
ipsandint
oabarge hazardt askanaly si
s
07 24/
01/
96 Victi
m wasinvol
vedinl
oadi
ngofpipesi
nsi
de I
ndust
ri
al (
LTI
)li
ft
ing - I nadewuat e
tr
ail
er.Whenone &handl
ingE3(P) cont r
oloflifted
pipes
- St ackedpi pes
notsuf f
ici
ent ly
wedge.
- Noj obtask
analysis
- Poorsuper v
ision
- Lowsaf et
y
awar eness
08 03/
02/
96 Duringaheav ystorm afal
li
ngrubbertr
eehita RTAE5( P) Dri
vingunder
companyv ehicleattherearal
ongjeddoroad, dangerousadv erse
brokingtherearmirroranddenti
ngthebooth wealthierconditi
on
compar tment.Dri
verandpassengerescape
unhur t
.
09. 14/
02/
96 Rapi
dcurr entchangecausedvesselt
o (
MARINE)E5 Poorboat
hi
tclust
er-1.Damagingvessel
r ai
li
ngs (
PAE) operat i
ons.
F/Scanti
leverandperfor
m (Engineswi t
ched
offwhi ledri
ft
ing)
10. 20/
02/
96 SPDCdr i
verhi
tacycl
i
stduri
ngsl
ightr
ain PTAE4(
P) Fail
ur etodriveto
andfract
uredvi
cti
mslegsal
ongair
port suitroadand
road whet her
condi t
ions.I
n
alert
ness
11. 20/
02/
96 Anelectr
ici
anhadhisindexf i
ngernipped I
ndust
ri
al(
LTI
)E3 Not skhaz ard
offaroll
erbel
tasequipmentwasst art
ed (
p) analysis
i
ner r
or
12. 24/
02/
96 Apat r
ol t3rdpar
boathi t
ycanoe, t
hrowing E5(P) Speedt oohi
ghf
or
allt
heoccupantsint
owat er.One prev
ail
ing
recei
vedacutont heforehead condit
ions.

LEARNI
NGPOI
NTS

Toomanyworri
some, needl
essaccident
sar
isi
ngf
rom
 PoorSupervisor
yCont r
ols
 Non-CompliancewithRules
 UseofWr ongTool s
 NoTaskHazar dAnalysi
s.
 PoorCASI-Í
ESManagement

WHATTODO.

Forust
oimpr ov
é, wemust:
1. Ti
ghten-
upSaf et
yandwher enecessar yapplythebluewor
dsoft
heCASHESPol
i
cy
2. MakeSaf etyt
opoftheagendaev erybusinessmeet ing
3. UsetheTaskHazar dAnalysi
sSheètf orallj
obs.
4. Ti
ghten-
uponSuper vi
soryCont r
ols.
5. I
ncreaseCASHESAwar enessi nyourOper ati
ons
6. AdoptandMai nt
ainaBrothe?sKeeperAt ti
tude.
7. Dri
veDefensivel
yAlways.
8. DoPr e-
mobbef orest
art-
upoft hatnewCont r
act.

SAFETYI
NSPECTI
ONCHECKLI
ST

Pl
antorDepar
tment
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_.

Dat
e:_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Thisli
stisi
ntendedonl
yasaremi
nder.Lookforotherunsafeactsandcondi
ti
onsandthenr
epor
tthem so
thatcorr
ect
iveacti
oncanbet
aken.Notepart
icul
arlywhetherunsaf
eactsorcondi
ti
ons.

thathav
e‘causedaccidentshavebeencorrect
ed.Not
eal
sowhet
herpot
ent
ial
acci
dentcausemar
ked“
X”on
previ
ousinspect
ion,
hav ebeencorr
ected.

(
)indi
cat
esat
isf
act
ory (
X)i
ndi
cat
esUnsat
isf
act
ory

1. FI
REPROTECTION.
Ext
ingui
shi
ngequi
pment
.
 Standpi peshoses.Spr inklersheadsandval
ves
Exist.st airsandsi gnsst orageoff l
ammabl
emater
ial
2. HOUSEKEEPI NG.
Aisles.st ai
r sandf l
oor .
Storageandpi l
i
ngofmat erials
Washandl ockedr ooms
Li
ghtandv ent il
ation_ ____
Disposal ofwast e_ _ _
__
Yardsandpar kingl ots.
3. TOOLS.
Powert ools.Wi ri
ng_ ____
Handt ools
Usear i
dSt or agebf t6ols
4. PERSONALPROJECTI VEEQUI PMENT.
Goggl esorf aceshi elds._ ___ _
Safet yshoes_ _____
Glov es_ ____
5. MATERI ALHANDLI NGEQUI PMENT.
Powert rucksandI -landt r
ucks.
El
ev at or s
Cranesandhoi sts
Conv ey ors
Cabl es, ropes.Chai nssl i
ngs
6. BULLETI NBOARDS.
Neatandaf t
eract iviti
es
Displaychangedr egul arl
y
Wel lillustrated
7. MACHI NERY
Pointofoper ati
onguar ds
Belt.Pul l
ey s.Gems.shaf t
set.
Oili
ng, cleani ngandadj usting_ __
__
Mai nt enanceandOi ll
eakage_ ____

8. RESSURE’ EQUIPMENT.
Steam equipment
Ai
rr ecei
versandcompressor
s
Gascy li
ndersandhor
se

9. UNSAFEPRACÏ I
CES,
Excessivespeedofv ehi
cles
I
mpr operIifl
i
ng
Smoki ngindangerareas
Horseplay_____
Runningi nai
slesoronst ai
rs.____
__
I
mpr operuseofai rhoses_____
Remov i
ngmachi neorotherguards
Workonunguar dedmov ing

10.FI
RSTAI D
Fi
rstaidkitsandrooms
St
retchersandfir
eblanket
s
Emergencyshower s
Al
linjur
iesreport
ed

11.MISCELLANEOUS
Acci
dentcausti
cs____
_ _
Newprocesses,chemicalandsol
ve
Dusts,
vapor
sorf
umes.
Ladder
sandscaf
fol
ds
 FI
REPREVENTIONChECKLI
ST.
ELECTRI
CALEQUI
PMENT.

Nomakeshi ftwiri
ng Poseandcont r
olbox
esclean
Ext
ensioncor dsservi
ceable Cir
cuit
spr oper
tyfused
Motorsandtol l
sfreedir
tandgrease Equipmentapproved
Li
ghtsclearofcombust ibl
emateri
al I
nhaz ardsareas(ifr
equir
ed)
Saf
estcleaningsolventsused Groundconnectionscleanandl
ight

FRI
CTI
ON
Machi
ner
ypr
oper
tyl
ubr
icat
ed Machi
ner
ypr
oper
lyadj
ust
edand/oral
i
gned

SPECI
ALFI
RE-
HAZARDMATERI
ALS,

St
orageofspeci
alf
lammabl
es‘ Nonmet
alst
ockf
reeofpumpmet
al

WELDI
NGANDCUTTI
NG.

Ar
easur
vey
edf
orf
ir
esaf
ety Combust
ibl
esremov
alorcov
ered.
Per
miti
ssued,

OPENFLAMES

Keptawayfrom spr
ayr
ooms por
tabl
etor
chescl
eat
’off
lammabl
e
andbooths Nogasleak

PORTABLEHEATERS

Setupwi thampl ehorizont

aland Saf
etymountedonnoncombust
ibl
e
overheadclearance Nousedasrubbi
sh
securedagainsttippi
ngorupset
combustibleremov edorcovered

HOTSURFACES

Hotpipesclearofcombusti
ble sol
der
ingi
ronskeptof
fcombust
ibl
e
Mater
ial
Ampleclearancearoundboi
ler
s Ashesi
nmet
alcont
ainer
s
Andfurnace
“Nosmoki ng”and“smoki
ng Nodi
scar
dedmat
eri
alsi
npr
ohi
bit
ed

Areaclearl
ymarked
Buffcontai
ner
sav ai
l
abl
eandser
vabl
e

SPONTANEOUSI
GNI
TION

Fl
ammabl
ewast
emat
eri
ali
ncl
osed, Pi
l
edmat
eri
alcool
,dr
yandwel
l

Met
alcont
ainer
s v
ent
il
ated

Fl
ammablewast
emateri
al Tr
ashr
ecept
acl
esempt
ieddai
l
y
Cont
ainer
sempt
iedf
requent
ly

STATI
CELECTRI
CITY
Fl
ammableli
quiddi
spensi
ng pr
operhumbl
ymai
ntai
ned
Vessel
sgr
oundedorbonded
Movingmachi
nerygr
ounded

HOUSEKEEPI
NG

Noaccumulati
onofrubbish premisesfreeunnecessar y
Safestor
ageofflammables combustiblemat er
ials
Passagewaysclearofobst
acl
es Noleaksordr ippingoffl
ammabl
es
Andf l
oorfreeofspill
s
Fi
redoorsunbl ockedandoper at
ing
fr
eelywithfusi
blelinksintact

EXTI
NGUI
SHI
NGEQUI
PMENT

Propertype i
nwor kingorder
I
npr operlocat
ion servi
cedatecur r
ent
Unobstructed&marked personnelt
rainedinuseof
equipment

Samplecheckl
i
stserv
esgui
deforsupervi
sori
ndr
awi
ngupi
nspect
ionl
i
stf
orhi
sownar
ea.Li
stshoul
dbe
Revi
ewedregul
arl
ytokeepi
tuptodate.
Saf
etyPrinciples/f acts:
 Safetyhasequal pri
or i
tywi thpr oduct ion.
 Alli
njuriesandoccupat ional i
llnessescanbecont roll
ed.Allaccidentscanbepr event
ed.
 Safetyisev er yone’sr esponsi bility
 Managementi sdi r
ect l
yaccount ablef orpreventi
ng/ control
linginjuri
esand
occupat ional
 Accident scausehar mt opeopl eanddamaget ov aluableequipment
 Trai
ning¡ sanessent ial clementf orsaf ewor kpl
acepr acti
ce.
 Safetyaudi tsar eessent ialtools¡ npr oactivesafetyappr oacht oaccidentpr eventi
on.
 Safewor kpr acticesshoul dber einforcedandal lunsaf eactsunsaf econdi t
ionsmust
becor rectedpr ompt l
y .
 Iti
sessent i
al toi nvestigat eal
l acci dentsanddeducel essonst opr eventrearrange»
 Offthej obsaf etyisasi mpor tantason-t hejob.
 Accidentpr ev ent i
oni slosspr ev ent ion.
 Peoplear ethemostcr iticalelement¡ nt hesuccessofasaf etyandheal thpr ogramme.
 Almost98%ofacci dent sar easr esultofunsaf eact sandpr actices.

Theref
ore,i
tisreasonabletobeser v
epeopleatworksoast ot
akenecessaryremedial
acti
onstopreventaccidents.Oneofthewecanusei sUNSAFEACTAUDI TINGSaf ety
tr
aini
ngobservati
onpr ogramme( STOP)hel
psy ouputthesepr
inci
plesi
ntoacti
on’.When
youdo,itwi
llbeapparenthowef fecti
vet
heyareindevelopi
ngsafeworkpract
ices,and
safeworkmet hodsinwor kenvir
onments,

On-TheJobTr aini
ng
Unsafeactaudi ti
ngispartofon- t
he-
jobtr
aining.
I
tgivesy ouauditing,t
o,pract
ice,whatyouhencepr act
iceswhaty oulear
ntyouprevent
i
njuri
esandi mpr ove/saf
etyperformanceiny ourareaofr esponsibil
it
y.Oneporti
onofyour
on-the-
jobt r
aini
ngr equi
resyout omakesaf ety;observati
onsev erydayaspartofyour
regul
arwor k.

I
njuri
esAndUnsaf eAct .
Acti
onsandsaf ety:thev i
talli
nk
 Concent r
ationpeopl etheiractionsorbehav i
orstell
y ouwhethertheyarewor ki
ng
safel
y.
 Wheny ousy stematicall
yobser vepeople,encour
agingt hei
rsafewor kpract
icesand
addressi
ngt heirat-
ri
skbehav iors(unsafe,act
s)youhel ptopreventinj
uri
esand
damage
 Thekeyi st olookatbehav i
ors-t heobservabl
eact i
onsorpeople!
(a)Asafebehav i
orisonet hatdoesnotexposet heempl oy
eeorot herstotheriskof
i
njury.
(b)Anat-r
iskbehav iorisonet hatcancauseani njurytotheempl oyeeorothers

Atri
skbehav i
ors(al
socall
edunsafeacts)ar
ealwaysexhibit
edbypeople,notbymachi ne!
Hence,y
oumayl ookatevery
thi
ngintheworkplacebutconcentr
ateontheactionsof
peopl
etoseei ftheyar
esafeE.g.someonehasspi l
l
edoilthefl
oororofthewor kshopand
hasnotcleaneditupunsafeact
.Anotheremployeesli
psont heoil
andfract
ureshi swr
ist.
Techni
quesforConducti
ngUnsaf
eAct
sAudi
ti
ng.
 Pr eparati
on,
 Obser vati
on.
 Di scussion.
 Recor ding.
 Fol l
ow-Up.

Pr
eparation:
Employeesshouldbemadeawareoft
hisprogr
amme.Theyshoul
dbeinfor
medoftheobj
ect
ivesand
methodology,andeducat
edont
hebenefi
tsandbowt
heycanco-oper
ateandcont
ri
but
etowardsi
tssuccess.

Theyshouldbet oldthatwor k‘practi

ceswi ll
beobser vedf orthei
rsafetycontent ,
thatway sofimprovingsaf e
worki
ngwi ll
bedi scussedwi ththem andt hatt hei
rideaswi l
lbewelcomeTheamountoft i
me-to,bespent
andtheareast ocov ershouldbedet ermined.Smal lwor ksit
escanbecov ereddai l
y/weekl ywhileefforts
shoul
dbemadet ocov erallsecti
onsof -
largersiteswi thinareasonableper i
od.Whi l
stf i
rstl
inesupervisors
wil
loftenauditont heirownhi gherl
ev el
sofsuper vi
sor sshouldinvol
veasubor dinatewithresponsibi
li
tieson
theselect
edsite.Bef oresett
ingoutf ortheaudi t,r
ev i
ewpr eviousauditfi
ndingsandr ecommendat i
onsf or
theareatobeaudi tedweart henecessar yper sonal protecti
veequipmentr equi
r edtogai nentr
yintothear ea:
suchgoodexampl e-i
mpr esseswor kersmor et hanabundantwor ds.

Observ
ation:
Duri
ngtheaudi t,l
ookf orunsaf e--
acti
ons.Thesemaybeobser vedv i
olat
ionsofsaf etyrulesandprocedur
es
andunsafecondi ti
ons.
 Att hewor ksit
esel ected, stopforaf ewsecondsandobser vethe-wor kacti
vit
yinpr ogress
 Concent rateont heact i
onofpeopl ewor kingandnotonthings.
 Beal erttounsaf epr acti
cest hatarecorrectedasyouenterthearea( evaporat
iveacts)
 Takenot esbutnotwhi l
eobser vi
ngactiviti
es.
 Recogni zegoodaswel laspooract i
ons.
 Dev el
opaquest i
oni ngaltitudetodet er
mi newhatinj
uri
esmi ghtoccuriftheunex pectedhappensand
howt hejobmi ghtbeaf fect ed.Fi
ndouti fthejobcoul
dbedonei namor esafeway .
 Useal l
thesenses- sight
, hearing,sel
l,t
ouch, andf
eeli
ng.
 Obser vef orideasandnotj usttodetermi neprobl
ems

Theabov
est
epsalsoconsti
tut
ethe1JuPontobser
vat
ioncy
cle.
Decide.
Stop.Obser
ve.
.
Act.
Report

Par
ti
cul
arAtt
enti
ontoBePai dTo:
 PersonalPr
otect
iveEqui
pment
.
 Posit
ionsofPeople.
 Reacti
onsofPeople.
 ToolsandEquipment.

 Pr
ocedures/
workrnethods2
 Or
derl
iness(Housekeepi
ng)
,

PersonalPr
otect
iveEqui
pment :
Provi
deBarri
ersagai
nsti
njur
iesto

 Head.
 Eyes/f
ace
 Ears,
Noseandmout
h.
 Hands.andarms.
 Trunks.
 Feetandlegs.

PositionsofPeopl e
 Str
ikingagai nst
.
 Str
uckby
 Caughtbet ween.
 Fal
ling.
 Exposur etohot/ coldtemper at
ure.
 Cont actwith.el
ectri
cal curr
ent.
 Hazar doussubst ances: I
nhale,
Absorb,
Swal
l
ow.
 Overexer t
ion.

Quest
ioni
ngApproach:
 Whatcoul
dgowrong?
 Whatcoul
dcauseittogowrong?
 Whatcanbedonetopreventi
tgoi
ngwr ong?
 Whatcanbecl
onet omini
mizethenegati
veconsequencesi
fitcl
Oesgowr
ong?

Evapor ati
veAct s:
 Stopping/Leav i
ngJob
 AttachingGr oundslockout
s
 Re-ArrangingJob
 Changi ngPosi t
ionSuddenl
y
 Adjusting/AddingPersonalPr
otect
iveEqui
pment

Tool
s/Equipment:
Obser
veemployeesusi
ngoroper
ati
ngt
ool
s/equi
pment
 Ri
ghtfort
heJob?
 UsedCorr
ectl
y?
 I
nSafeCondit
ion?

Procedur
es&Or derl
iness:
Inadequate
 Notknown/under
stood
 Notfol
lowed.
  Bealertforunsaf epracti
cesthatarecorrectedasy ouenterthearea.
 Takenot esbutnotwhi leyouar eobservi
ngact i
vi
ties,soasnotcreate
di
strust.
 Recognizegoodaswel l
aspoorwor kpr acti
ces,
 Keepanopenmi ndwhenaski ngquest i
on.Dev el
opaquest i
oning
at
tit
udet odet erminewhati nj
uri
esmi ghtbeaffected.Questi
onWhy ?
AndWhati f.
..
?’
 Useallsenses, sight
,heari
ng, smel
ltouch.
 Observef ori
deasandnotj usttodetermineproblems

Theabov
estepsconsti
tut
ewhatint
heDuePointSTOPpr
ogr
ammeis
ref
err
edtoastheobser
vati
oncy
cle,
whi
chissummedupasfoll
ows

a.Decide
b.Stop.
c.Observe
d.Act.
e.Report

Eachwor dstandsf oranimportanttechniqueusedbyaski ll

edobserver.
StepIDecidetomakeasaf etyobser v
at i
on
Step2Stopnearpeopl esothatyoucancl earl
yseewhatTheyar edoing
Step3Obser vethepeopl ei
nacar eful,systemat i
cway ,l
ookingatevery
thi
ng
they
aredoingandf ocusingonanyunsaf eacts.a
Step4Actt ocorrectthesit
uation-andt opr ev
entr ecur
rence,i
fyouseeany
unsafeactsAct ioni
ncludestalkingwi t
hheunder st
andswhyt he
unsafe.
Step5Repor tony ourownobser vati
onandact ions

Notethati
nact,y
ounotonl
ycorrectt
hesi
tuat
ion,
butal
socommuni
cat
eyour
saf
etystandar
dstot
heperson.

Discussion:
Thepur poseis-toensur ethatemploy
eespar t
ici
pat
einimprov
ing
performancethr oughrecogniti
onandcorrecti
onorthei
rownUnsafeAct
s.
 Taket imetoputempl oyeesatcase
 Beopen, directandf r
iendly,
notconfr
ontati
onal
 Commendgoodper formance
 Askquest ionsandl i
stentoanswers.
 Al l
owempl oy eesthemselvestodetect
/identi
fyt
hehazar
dsandthe
probabl
esol uti
ons.
 Guidediscussions,donotmani pulat
eorl ecture
 Donotbl amebutr atherhelptheempl oyees.
 Auditsshouldnor mallynotbeusedt odiscipl
ineempl oyeeort hecompany
bythemai ncli
ent .Sanctionscanonl ybei mposedwher esaf etyrul
esar
e
consist
entl
yv i
olated.
 Encouragewor kerstodi scusstheirsafetyconcer nsandofferideas
 Takenot eoftheirrequest sandideas.Followt hem upandf urnish
employeeswi t
hf eedback.
 Discussyourobser vationswithempl oyeesbef oreleavi
ngthear ea.
 Commendt hem forpar t
ici
pati
onandco- oper ati
on
Recording:
 Li sttheunsafeactsobserv
eddiscussedandcor
rect
ed.
 I t
emsf orfurt
heracti
onshouldbenot ed.
 Makecopi esavail
abl
ef orf
oll
ow-up.

Fol
lowup:
 User epor
ttocorrectlapsesandweaknesses
 Tr ai
nwhererequir
ed
 Checkont hesafetyperformancetr
endsinthear
eaorsit
e
 Discussimportantreportpoi
ntsi
ncludi
ngacti
onplanst
oimpr
ovet
hesi
tuat
ionatsur
etymeet
ings.

Impl
ementati
on:
Fort
hispr
ogrammet obeef fect
ive
 Management ’
scommi tmentisvit
al.
 Thef r
ontl
inesuper
visorwhoi sthekeymani
nthi
spr
ogr
ammeshoul
dbeadequat
elyt
rai
nedt
oensur
e
ef
fect
ivei
mplementationofthescheme.

ReasonsforLi neSuper vi
sortocar
ryOutU.A.
A:
 Under standst heJobbet ter
 Hast het echnicalkwon-how
 Hasaut horitytomakechanges
 Hei salway sthere
 Cani nteracteasi l
y,wi
ththeworkf
orce

Keyt
oGoodsaf etySupervisi
on:
 Setgoodex amples
 Knowt heoperati
on
 bealertforunsafecondi t
ions
 Inspectof t
en,i
nspectintell
i
gentl
y
 Takeef fecti
vecorrect
iveactions
 Mai ntaindisci
pli
ne
 Knowy ouremployees.

Qual
it
iesofaGoodLeader :
 Appr oachable
 Accessi bl
e
 Recogni zeli
mi t
ations
 Pol i
te
 Keenobser ver
 Communi catesef fecti
vel
y
 Knowl edgeable
 Showgoodexampl e.
 Mai ntai
ndiscipli
ne
 Takei mmedi atecor rect
iveact
ions
 Knowhi sempl oyees.
 UNSAFEACTAUDI
TING

I
NTRODECTI
ON:

WHATI SUNSAFEACTAUDI T?
Thisi
sapr ogr
ammedesi gnedtoenableacompanyt hr
oughl i
nest affi
denti
fyunsafewor kemployees.Such
unsaf
eactseithercauseaccidentsdir
ectorcreateunsafetakeappr opri
atemeasurestopr ev
entaccidents
andassociat
edinjur
ies.UnsafeActsauditsareconductedmai nl
ybysuper visor
ystaff
;howev er
,non-
super
visor
ypersonnel mayalsobei nv
olvedwhenevertheneedar ises.Iti
saboutobservingpeopleatwor k,
obser
vingacti
onsofpeopl ethatareunsafethatmayultimatel
yleadt oaccident.

OBJECTIVESOFUNSAFEACTAUDI TING.
Theobj
ect i
vesofunsaf eaudit
ingincludet hefol
lowi ng:
 Increasesaf etyawar eness.Thiswi l
lreducesi gnifi
cantl
ythepotenti
alsf
oraccident
sintheindi
vi
dual’
s
worki
nghabi ts.
 Raisest andards:byi mprovingorr eaf
f i
rmingaccept edstandardsofsociety
 Promot ecommuni cati
onandunder standi
ng, andensur eeffect
iveuseoftheresour
cesofthebusiness.
 Mot ivat
eempl oyee’ssubordinates:bychangingt hei
ratti
tudetowardssafet
yinordert
oacceptpersonal
r
esponsi bi
l
ityforit.Changet heculturalat
tit
udet osafety
,from onewhere

1.Unsafepract
icesar
econdoned
2.Safetymanagementisreacti
ve, concentr
atingstat
ist
ics
3.Safetyi
sseenanextra,
notani ntegral
,par
toft hebusiness
4.Safetyi
sseenassomeoneel se’sresponsibil
i
ty,t
oonewher eunsaf
eact
sandunsaf
econdi
ti
onsar
e
obser
v ed,
ident
ifi
edanderadicated

Safet
ymanagementispr
oact
ive,
concer
nedwit
hpr ovi
ngt
omanagementthatsafet
yisanintegr
al andcost
-
eff
ecti
vepar
tofbusi
nessmanagement,
super
visi
on,andt
hewor
kconceptsafetyas’
apersonalresponsi
bil
i
ty,

DEFI
NITI
ONSOFUNSAFEPRACTI
CESANDCONDI
TIONS.
UNSAFEPRACTI
CE

Anunsaf
epracti
ceisconduct(whet
herwi
tnessedornot
)thatunnecessar
il
yincr
easest
hel
i
kel
i
hoodofi
njur
y,
vi
olat
esest
abl
ishedsafet
yrules,
ori
scont
rarytoexpect
edconduct

ANUNSAFEACT:
 Isanobser vedunsaf epracti
ce(
ortheconsequencesofanunsaf epract
ice)forwhichresponsi
bil
i
tycan
defini
telybeassi gned
 Of f
ersinjur
ypot enti
altotheemployeeinvol
vedandmayex poseotherpeopletolfJury
, (
somer ul
e
viol
ati
onsmaynotdi r
ectl
yinvol
vedinj
uryexposure)
.
 couldbeav i
olationofeit
heranestabli
shedsafet
yruleorprocedur
e,orofunwr i
tt
enruleofcommon
senseorgoodj udgment .
TheQuali
ti
esofaGoodObser v
er:
 Isselecti
ve
 Knowwhatt ol ookfor
 Asking;why?Whati f?
 Keepanopenmi nd
 Lookdeeperi ntothi
ngs
 Notsat i
sfi
edwi thovervi
ewimpressi
ons
 Recordobserv ati
onsystemati
cal
ly
 Issafetyconscious

Conclusi
on
Unsafeactaudi
tconsti
tutesav eryusefultool
inprevent
ingacci
dents.Managementshouldi
ntr
oduceand
sustai
niti
nallthecompany ’
soper at
ions.Employeesaretobeencouragedtocooper
ateandpartici
pat
ein
theconductofunsafeactaudit
s.Thecompani esaswellasemployeesstandtogai
niftheyr
egularl
y
conductunsaf
eactauditsintheirworksit
es.

UNSAFEACTAUDITREPORTFORM.
Li
stunsaf
eact
sand/
orunsaf
econdi
ti
onswhi
chcoul
dcauseacci
dent
s

LOCATI
ON:

SI
TE I
TEM NO. HAZARDS CHECK
OBSERVED
UNSAFEACT UNSAFE FURTHER
CONDI
TION ACTION
REQUIREMENT
GOODHOUSEKEEPI NG
Goodhousekeepingisthegeneralcl
eanliness,andorder
lyarrangementand
st
orageof equipment,tool
sandmat eri
als,aswellasti
dinessont hework
si
te:‘
apl
aceforev er
ythi
ng,andever
ythinginitspl
ace.’

Fundament alsofHousekeepi ng.

Anuncl ut
teredworkplaceisfundament altoanyworksit
essaf et
ypr ogr
am.I n
addit
iontocl eanl
iness,i
ndust r
ialhousekeepingmustincludeot herfactor
s,
suchasor der
li
nessandpr operar r
angementofmat eri
als.I
tisimpor tantt
o
knowt hebenefit
sofgoodi ndust r
ialhousekeepi
ng.
Let’
sr eview the importance and meani ng oforderi n achi
ev i
ng good
housekeeping,anddiscusssomegui desforchecki
ngyourownwor karea.

WHYGOODHOUSEKEEPI NG?
Sl
oppywor ki
ngcondi ti
onscanl eadt oal ackorpr idei llyourwor k.Weshov e
l
ook slipperyf l
oors,obst acles in aisles,t ools on t he f l
oor s,f loors and
pl
atf
or mst hatarenotinpr opercondi t
ion, orot herhousekeepi nghazar ds.
I
naddi ti
ont oencour agingpoorat t
it
udes,badi ndust rialhousekeepi ngcan
l
eadto:
 Sli
psf rom sli
ckorwetf loors,platforms,andot herwal kingandwor ki
ng
surfaces.
 Tri
psf rom objectsormat er i
alsthatar eleftinwal kway sandwor kar eas.
 Fal
lsf r
om hol es in wal ki
ng and wor king sur faces,unev en f l
oor i
ng,
uncov eredpitsordr ains,andboxesandpal let
st hatar eusedi nst
eadof
adequat eplat
forms.
 Colli
sionscausedbypoor lystoredmat eri
als,ov erhangi ngorpr otr
uding
objects,haphazar d spotting ofpal l
ets,and use ofai sles f orst ori
ng
mat eri
alsandequi pment .
 Poori ndustri
alhousekeepi ngcr eateshazar dsf oral lempl oyeesi nt he
i
mmedi atearea.

GoodIndustrialHousekeepi ng:
 El
iminatesacci dentandf i
recauses.
 Savesener gybyel i
minatingtheneedt owor
k“ar
ound”congest
edar
eas
and“deadwood”st oredint heworkarea.
 Provi
dest hebestuseofspace.
 Keepsinvent oryofmat eri
alstoami ni
mum.
 Helpscont rolproper
tydamage.
 Guaranteesagoodwor kplaceappearance.
 Encouragesbet terworkinghabits.
 Refl
ectsani mageofawel l-
runoperat
ion.
 Reducest heamountofcl eanupandj ani
tori
alwork.
 Reducesoper ationcost.
Increasespr oduction.,
 Makespr oductioncont r
oleasy,becausemat erial
sandpar
tsar
cnotmixed
up.
 Ensureslessscr apandf ewerr ej
ects,which-r
esult
sint
heconser
vat
ionof
material
sandpr ocessedparts,

ORDER
Housekeepingismor ethanj ustsweeping t hefloorand wiping dustoff
machinesandequi pment.Cleanl
inessisonl yapar tofhousekeepi ng.The
mostcr i
ti
calandmostov erl
ookedpar tofhousekeepi ngisORDER.Awor k
ar
eaisi norderwhentherearenounnecessar yobjectsintheareaandwhen
al
lnecessaryitemsarei ntheirproperplaces,NO int hi
sdefiniti
onmeans
NONENOTANY- -NOTEVEN ONE!A wor kpl
acei snotconsider edtobei n
or
dersimplybecause,thereisapl aceforever y
thi
ngandev er
y thingisini
ts
pl
ace.”

Doyouusey ourproducti
onareaforstor
age?Doy oukeepsuppl
iesinthe
ar
eabecausetheywillbeneededoneofthesedayIft
herei
soneitem i
nan
ar
eathati
sunnecessaryornoti
nit
sproperpl
ace,t
henyoudonothaveorder
.

Order¡smaintained,notachieved.Youcannotputanar eainorderandt hen

for
getabouti t
.Adai lyconsciousef fortbyev eryonewor kinginthear eais
necessar
ytomai nt
ainor der
.Orderalsomustbeobt ai
nedt hroughouttheday .
I
fy ouwaituntiltheendoft hedayandt henpl aceevery t
hinginorder,what
gooddiditdoy ouduringt heday?Disorderwastest i
me, energyari
dmat eri
als.
Everyemployeehasar esponsi
bil
it
yt oensurethemai ntenanceofor der,

ESTABLISHIÑGAHOUSEKEEPI NGPROGRAM.
A goodhousekeepi ngprogram musti ncludecarefulplanni
ng,acl ean-
up
schedule orpoli
cy,eff
ecti
vei nspecti
on,and continuous super
visi
on and
enfor
cement of house-keeping rules. These polici
es should win t he
cooperat
ion,ofal
landsundryto,att
ainthedesir
edstandardofhousekeeping.

i
nspecty ourar eaf orunnecessar
ytool
s,equi
pment
,part
s,mater
ial
sand
suppl
ies;it
emst hatarenotneededshoul
dbesenttothestor
ageroom or
usedforsalvage.

Inspect
ioni
sani ndispensabl
efunct
ionoft
hesuper
visort
omai
ntai
nahi
gh
stan9ar
dofhouse-keeping.
Inspecti
on isthe quali
ty cont
rolofAccidentPr eventi
on.House- keepi
ng
i
nspect i
onisahighlyeff
ectiv
emeansofdi scover
ingcondi t
ionswhi
char eor
maybecomehazar dous.Itencour
agesempl oy
eeco- operati
onbecausei ti
s
evidentthatmanagementisconcernedwi
ththewel f
areofitsemployees.

I
tisessenti
al t
hatt
hesupervi
sorappr eci
atest hi
sfactandper
suadeshismen
t
oacceptt hesamef act
,andthatinspectiondoesnotmeanspy i
ng,tr
yingto
f
indsomet hingwrongorsomeonet o blame.I tisawayofdet er
mi ni
ng
whetherornotever
ythi
ngissati
sfactorysaf et
y-wi
seandproduct
ion-
wise.

Reorgani
zethestor
agear eainyourworkpl
ace.Est
ablishoneormorestorage
areasforholdi
ngfi
nishedproductsanddail
yquantit
iesofrawmat er
ial
sand
suppli
es;st
oragear
easshouldnotobstructai
slesandwor kar
eas.

Howdoesgoodhouse-
keepi
ngpr
eventacci
dent
s?

Letuslookatthefol
l
owi
ngt
abl
eofhouse-
keepi
ngpoi
ntsandt
her
esul
tsi
f
theyar
enotobser
ved,

Poi
ntsResul
tifnotobser
ved

1.Cl
eanupoilspi
ll
s a)
Sli
ppi ngb)Fir
e
2Putawayallequipmentandtool
snot a)
Trippingandfail
ing
3.Keepal
lst
airways,wal
kwaysinuse b)
.Damaget oequi
pment
Andmeansofaccesscl ean. Tr
ippingandf ai
li
ng
4.Stackmat
erial
sneatly Obstructi
onincaseemergency
exit
.
St
ackm aycol
l
apse,part
icul
arl
y
Wit
houtbei
ngtakendown.

5.Knocknai l
sdown Cut,t
ears,
andpunct urewounds
6.Paintequipmentt ocompl ywith Movingorprojecti
ngpartsmay
not
Colorcodeandkeep. Beseeneasily.
7.Fastenspanner setc.t
owr ist, Spannerortoolmayf al
land
str
ikewi t
hstri
ngwhenwor ki
ngaloft
. Someonebel ow.
8.Remov eallnuts,bolt
s,tools Anarticl
esmayf al
land
str
ike
Equipmenti r
onaloftimmedi atel
y someonebel ow
i
tisnol ongerrequir
ed.
Thef ol
lowingli
stwillbeofgr eathel
ptoev
erywor kmenifisaheadman.
a.Setagoodex ampl einy ouownof fi
ceordeskar ea.
b.Appeal toy ourjuniorspr i
de
c.Explainthespeci fi
cr esponsibi
lityeachempl oyeehasont hesubject .
d.Makesur ethaty ourinstructi
onsanddi rect
ionst oempl oyeesai-ecompl et
e
andareunder stood.
e)Keepacl osecheckongener alwor ki
ngcondi ti
ons
f)Maintainacl earandcl eangangway .
g)Prov i
depr operdustbi nf orcottonwast es,empt ymilkt i
nset c.
,
h).Donotper mitany thi
ngt obest oredev entempor ari
lyonwi ndowpl anesor
hungfrom wal l
s.
i
).Provideseat sandbenchesf orempl oyeeswher enecessar y
.
j
).Eli
mi natethepr acticeofkeepingexcessmat er
ial
satwor kplaces.
k)Ensur ethatequi pmentusi ngcool antdonotal l
owoil orwat ertoleakon
the
l
).Encour ageempl oyeestor eportconditi
onswhi chcont r
ibute

PERSONALPROTECTI
VEEQUI
PMENT..
I
MPORTANCEANDUSEOFPERSONALPROTECTI
VEEQUI
PMENT.

Thesear epiecesofequi pmentandappar el

susedorwor nbyawor kerto
protecthim againstt hehazar dsexisti
ngi nhiswor ksit
uati
on.Thisisa
statutor
yrequir
ement .I deal
ly,ev
eryeffortshouldbemadet oel
iminat
eall
haz ar
ds.Engineeringr eview orchangeofmat eri
alscoul
dbeconsi der
ed.
Personalprotecti
v e equipmentonl y becomes necessary,when al
lother
effort
sateli
minatingthehazar dhaveprovedabor t
ive.

I
tmustal so be emphasized thatpersonalpr ot
ect
ive equipmentdo not
preventtheoccidentorremov ethehazard.Theycanonlymi ni
mi zet
heeff
ect
ofthehazar dont heworkerorreducethesev er
it
yOfthei nj
uryresul
ti
ngfr
om
theaccident.Theydonoti ndemnifyt
hewor ker.Aworkeristherefor
emaking
agreatmi stakeifhedeli
beratel
yexposeshi mselft
orisksjustbecause‘
heis
QAput t
ingonper sonal
protecti
veequipment.

PERSUADI NG WORKER TO USE PROVI DED PERSONAL PROTECTI VE

EQUI PMENT.
I
ti s commonl y obser
ved thatsome wor kersr esentwear i
ng personal
pr
ot ect
iveequi
pmentwhi l
eper f
ormingthei
rdut i
es.Theyadv ancereasons
which have psychol
ogi
cal,ergonomic and economi c under
tones.These
i
nclude:-

-Di
scomfor
tduet
oweat
hercondi
ti
ons.
-Wrongsi
ze
-Personalprot
ecti
ve‘
equi
pmentdoesnotkeeppacewi
thf
ashi
on
-Exposureofgradeofworker
s
-Paymentf ort
heequipmente.
g.saf
etyshoes.

Sincet heseapparel
smustbewor nwher ehazardscannotbeel i
minated,
effor
tsmustbemadet oper suadewor kerstoweart hem.Thesafet
yof fi
cer
musti nsistt
hatappropr
iateper sonalprotect
iveequipmentneededforajob
arewor nbyallpersonsengagedi ndoi ngthej ob.Allpersonsi
ncluding
managementwor king in orcor ni
ng t o a work site mustputon t he
recommendedper sonalprotecti
v eequi
pment .

Thefol
lowi
ngmeasurescanbeempl
oyedt
oensur
eef
fect
iveuseofper
sonal
prot
ect
iveequi
pment.

(
i) EDUCATI ON:Wor ker sshoul dbet horoughl yeducat edont heneedand
i
mpor tanceof per sonalpr otectiveequi pment .Thi swi llenablet hem
bearwhat everdi scomf ortthepr otectiveequi pmentmi ghtbr i
ng.They
shoul dal sobeencour agedt oputasi de“ egodr i
ve”andbeconcer ned
witht hepr otectioni twi llprovi
de.Theyshoul dalsor eal
izet hatt hisi sa
statut oryr equirementwhi chtheymustcompl ywi t
hi ft
heyar etor emai n
i
nt hei rj obs.
(
ii
) CHOI CEOFSTYLES:Resent mentduet ov agar i
esoff ashioncanbe
solvedby ’allowingempl oyeest ochoosef rom agr oupofpr e-
sel ected
stylesofper sonalpr otectiv
eequi pment .Sincet heymadet hechoi ce,it
willbedi f
fi
cultfort hem t orefuseusi ngi flateron.
ASACONDI TION OFEMPLOYMENT:Thi suseofper sonalpr otect iv
e
equi pmentcoul dbei ncludedatt heon- setascondi t
ionoft hej obbei ng
offered.Accept anceoft heot heraut omat ical
lymeansaccept ancet o
weart henecessar yper sonal protectiv
e
equi pment
(
ii
i) PAYMENTFOR APPAREL:Al lper sonalpr otectiveequi pmentt hatan
empl oy eemust
wearwhi le per f
or ming hi sj ob shoul d be pr ov i
ded free ofchar ge.
Wor ker sshoul dNOTbemadet opaypar tofit.Themanagementoft he
companyshoul dr eali
zet hatthisisast atutoryrequirement .

PROCUREMENTANDI SSURANCEOFPERSONALPROTECTI VEEQUI PMENT

Thesaf etyoffi
cershoul dbef amili
arwiththety
pesandst yl
esofper sonal
prot
ectiveequipmentav ail
abl
ei nthemarket.Heshoul
drecommendt het ype
thatwillgivetheneededpr otecti
ontot heemployeewhoi sperformi nga
part
icul
arj obs.Forinstanceabandgl ovethatt
heprotectawor ker’
shand
againstacidbur nscannotpr otecthim agai
nstasharpobject.Similarit
ya
saf
etyshoethatisv er
yusefuli
námetalwor
kshopmaybeahazar di
tsel
fin
anelect
ri
calar
epr ocuredandsuppl
i
edtoemploy
ees.Theyshoul
dal
sobeas
comfort
ableaspossible.

I
SSUANCEOFPERSONALPROTECTI VEEQUI PMENT
Thesaf etydepar tmentshould wor koutapr ocedurefori ssui
ng outt he
neededper sonalprotecti
veequipmenti nempl oyees.Thedepar t
mentshoul d
haveani deaofhowl ongapar t
icularpersonalprotecti
veequipmentwi l
llast
,
putt
ingintoconsi der
ationthewor ksituati
oninwhi chtheequipmentwi l
lbe
used.Thisperiodcanbeest i
mat edfrom eit
herthemanuf acturer’
scatal
ogue
orexperi
encegai nedf r
om previ
oususage.

A practi
cewhi chi scommonamongwor kerst odayi ssel l
i
ngofper sonal
protecti
veissuedt othem bet hecompany .Awor kermaybei ssuedwi t
ha
newpai rofsafetyshoes.Youmi ghtfi
ndhi m stil
l usingtheoldshoewhenhas
si
gns ofdet er
iorati
on.To prev entthese pr act i
ces,t he ol
d ordamaged
personalprotecti
v eequipmentshoul dber et
ri
ev edf rom empl oyeeswhen
i
ssui ngthem withnew ones.Pr operrecor dsshoul dbekeptofal lper
sonal
protecti
veequipmenti ssuedtoempl oyees,i ndicatingdat eofi ssuanceand
si
z e.Theempl oyeeliestosignagainsthi snamef ortheitemsgi v
ent ohim.
Effortsshouldbemadet oensur et
hatt hesei temsar einst ockbef orethe
dateofissuance

TYPES0FPERSONALPROTECTI VEEQUI PMENT

a)HELMENT:Thi spr otectst heheadagai nstf al
l
ing,liquidsleaki ngfrom
facil
it
iesandbumpi ngofheadagai nstoverleadstructures.
b)EYEGOGGLES:Thesear eofv ar i
oustypes,theypr otecttheey esfrom
splashesofcor r
osivel i
quid, fl
yingparti
cle,dust
sandhar mful radi
ati
on.
c)FOOT PROTECTI ON:Compr i
sesofsaf et
yshoes/ boots,j ob mast er
,
swampshoes, rainboot setc.Theypr ot
ectt hefootagai nstinjuri
es.
d)FACESHI ELD:Pr otectst hef aceandneckagai nstl i
ghti mpact ,fl
ying
parti
cles,hazardouschemi cal,hotsplashes,heat ,radiati
onandot her
hazards.
e)HANDGLOVES:Thesepr ot ectt hefi
ngers,palmsandhandf rom burns,
cuts,brui
sesandscr atches.
f)EARPROTECTI ON: Earmuf f s/Plugs
g)RESPI RATORYEQUI PMENT:Pr ot
ectagainstinhalationofdanger ous
substances,e.g.fumes, dust ,vapouretc.

h.APRONS/
COVERALI
S:pr
otectt
hebodyf
rom cont
actwi
thhot,
corr
osi
veortoxi
csubst
ances.
i
.BELTSANDHARNESSES:Thesear
etobeusedwhenwor ki
ngatanel
evat
edplace
j
.FIRESUIT:Wornbyfir
efighter
sduringfirefi
ghti
ng
k.CUTLASSSHEATH:f orsafecarr
iage/keepingofcutl
asses
l
.LEARNING,STICK:usedbyf or
m cutterstopreventt
heirl
egs
n.PROTECTIVECREAMS:Rubbedont helegs,handsandbodytor
epel
har
mful
creat
ures
inthebush/
swamp.
m.Personsengagedinwaterborneoperations.

PPEREQUI
REMENTFORDI FFERENTJOBS
JOBS PPEREQUI REMENT
GASWELDI
NGANDCUTTI
NG Wel dinggoggl es, leat herapr onsl eat hergl ov es
sleev ecov eralls, wel derscapandsaf etyboot s
Wor katheight s2m andabov e Har ness/ saf et ybel ts, strappedhar dhar ts, safety
shoesandcov erall.
Gri
nding/chippi ng/cutti
ngcr acking Saf et yshoes, handgl oves, cover allsandhar dhat .
Ful lv iewgoggl es( spect acl etype) ,heat herboot s
nose- maskandearmuf f
Wor kinconf i
rmedspace Hoodagai nstpoi sonousv apour s, sel fcont ained
breat hingappar atus( SCBA) ,cov er all saf etyshoes
l
ifel i
neandhar dhat
El
ect r
icwelding Wel dingshi eld, leat herapr ons, cov eral l
sl ongsl eev e
typegl ov es, saf etyhoot s
Metal f
oundr y/radiati
on/ heat Shi elds, har dhat ,hi thand, glov es, saf et yboot
cov er al l
s( Alumi nized)
Spraypainting Respi rat or ,plaingoggl es, cov erall (longsl eev e
saf et yboot s)
Wor koffthef attyabov ewat er Lifej acket /vest s
Asphalti
ngwor k Cov er all
, leat herapr ons, shields, rubbergl ov e
(PVC) ,rubberboot s
Wor ki
ngwi thchei cals/explosives Compl etecov erall/sui t,
rubberboot shar dey e/face
shi eld, full –v iewt ypegaggl esPVCapr ons, PVC
glov es, respi rat or
Metal machining Ey e/ faceshi eld, full vi
ewgaggl es, cov erall
spect acl et ypegoggl es, handgl ov es, saf etyshoe
andhar dhat .
Dustgener ati
ngoper ations Ful lv iewgoggl es, respi rator ,cov er allhar dhi tand
saf et yboot s/shoes.
Sei
smi coper ations( l
inecut t
ing,chai
nsaw Har dhat s, leat herhandgl ov es,shi nguar dsr ubber
operati
ons, dril
ling,etc.
) boot s, cov eralls, mat chetsheat hs, steel -
toedj oy
mast er( saf et yshoes) .Chai n
 sawchaf fwi remessf aceshi elds, l
if e
j
acket /wor kv est( i
fswampar ea)
Sur
veyoper
ati
ons(
Land&Swamp) Steel toedswampboot s, handgl ov es
cov er all machet esheat h, shinguar d, l
i
fe
j
acket s/ wor kv est( ifswampar ea), rubber
boot sr espi rat or .
Cement
ing/
concr
eti
ng Rubberboot s,handgl oves, cov eralls,
respi rat or( nodemask) ,har dhat s
Mat er ial handl ing( strap)
Fi
eldwel
loper
ati
ons Safet yboot ,handgl ov es, har dhat ,cov erall
hardhat s, cov eralls, safet yboot s,handgl oveswor k
vest /lifej acket s( ifswamp
oper at ion
Wor
kshopwellservi
cesoper
ati
ons\ Har d.hat ,saf et yshoes, saf etyboot s, goggl es
Wel
lki
ll
i
ng/si
mul at
ion. breat hi ngappar atus, carmuf fs,handgl ove
rubber /leat her )
Noi
seassoci
atedwor
ks Ear-muf f/pl ugsaf et yshoes, har dhat ,
Cov er all Har dhat s, l
eat herhandgl ov essaf etyshoes
toxicdustmask, di sposabl ecov eral ls.
Engi
ne/
equi
pmentser
ving Safet yshoesbumpcaps, har dhat scov erall
l
eat herhandgl ov e.
Bat
ter
yBankwor
k Cov er all,rubberapr ons/ boot s, handgl ov es
(rubbert ype) ,
r espi rator/nosemaskandey e
goggl e
Re-
baggi
ng/
disposal
ofwast
echemi
cal Har dhat s, rubberkneeboot s, cov eral l
s
(l
ongsl eev es)r ubberhandgl oves,
respi rat or,goggçs( fullview
Har dhat s, saf etyshoes, cov erallandr ubber
Poll
uti
onprevent
ion/
cont
rol
onl
andr
igs handgl ov es
Pestcont
rolwork Compl et ecov er /sui t(inter nallypadded
protect ionagai nsthonest /beesat tacks, etc)
safet yboot s, hoodandgl oves.
Pol
lut
ionpr
event
ion&cont
rol
cont
ainment
, Lifej acket s/ vest shar dhat s/hel met s,rainboot scover
all
s
onswamprigssi
te (l
ongsl eev e) ,
r ubberhand
glov esandr ubberboot
 FI
REPREVENTI
ONANDPROTECTI
ON

1.
0INTRODUCTI ON
Fi
reconsti
tut
ionagreathazar
dboth-
li
,thei
ndustr
iesandat[
hedomesti
csect
ors.Fi
recausegr
eatl
osses,
it
i
stheref
oreimport
antthatwetakeal
lnecessar
ymeasurestopr
eventi
t.

Thecontroloffi
reprovidedmanwi thhisfir
stmeansofadv ancement.I
tbr oadenedhisIchoiceoff oodby
enabli
nghimt ocook,itwidenedhi sli
vingrangebyprovi
dinghim wit
hanex ter
nalsourceofheat,itimprov
ed
hist
oolsbyper mit
ti
ng’ him asourceofl i
ght,f
ir
ewassoi mportanttopri
mi ti
vemant hathemadei toneof
thefour,
elements,i
.e.earth,f
ir
e,airandwat erwhi
cht r
adehiswor l
d.Howev erpri
mi t
ivemansdi scoveryof
fi
realsor
ev eal
edtohi mi t
sawesomedest r
ucti
vepower,whichwear cexperienci
ngtoday.T-le,
wor shi
pped
fi
reandusedi tbutheal sowentinf earanddreadofitsdestr
ucti
venature.‘

Thecountry’
sfir
elossesf
requentl
yannouncedorpubli
shedhav ealway sbeeninmill
i
ons;ofNair
a,beita
resi
dent
ialbui
ldi
ng,amarketplace,shoppi
ngcent
eroroffi
ceapar t
ment .Addedtothefi
nanci
allossaret
he
physi
calaspectoftempor
aryorpr ol
ongedlossof
”accommodat ion,lossofessent
ialpr
opert
y,busi
ness
documentsandr ecor
dsandsomet i
mesIiv
ešarel
ost.Al
lifquanti
fiedrunsuntobil
l
ions

2.0DEFINI
TIONOFFI RE:
W wil
lbeexaminingsomedef init
ionsheresoastounder st
andf i
rebehavi
orsandtoknowt hephysi
csand
chemist
ryoffi
re:
1. Fir
eisar apidcombi nati
onoft woormor esubstanceswithoxygeninwhich(02)r
esulti
nginthe
producti
onofheatandl ight.
2. Fir
eisachemi cal
react i
onbet weencombusti
blemat eri
alsandoxygeninwhichenergyisevol
vedin
theform ofheatandl ight.
3. Fir
eisachemi cal
react i
onknownascombust i
on.Itistherapi
dox i
dat
ionofcombust i
blemater
ial
accompani edbyar eleaseofener gyi
ntheform ofbeltandli
ght.

1PHYSI CSANDCHEMI STRYOFFI RE:

From theabovedefinit
ions,i
tisverycl
earthatt heproductionofheatandl i
ghtconstit
utewhatisknownas
physi
csoff i
reorcombust i
onwhiletherapi
dcombust ionpr ocessofcombust i
blemateri
alswithox y
genis
knownast hechemi str
yoff i
re.Nowonderi tisapopul arsay i
ngi nf
ireser
viceunit
sthatthereare‘Notwo
fi
resthataresame’ becauseeachf i
re’
schar acteri
sti
csandmet hodsofex t
incti
ondependl ar
gelyonthe
chemistryofsuchfire,
1. Themat eri
alsthatarcburni
ng
2. Thebehav i
orofsuchmat er
ial
sandr eactions.
3. Hazar dsinvolv
edi nfi
ghti
ngsuchf i
re
4. Andhowsuchf ireshoul
dbeext i
ngui shed,wit
ht heappr opr
iateext
ingui
shingagent.

THECHEMI STRYOFCOMBUSTI ON:

Combustionistheprocessofburni
ng.Forcombusti
ont
otakeplace,t
hefol
lowingel
ementsmustbepresent
attheappropri
atepropor
ti
ons.Theyare:-Heat
,Fuel
andOxygen;andafort
helement,
theChemi
calChain
Reacti
on,ref
erredtoasthe“TETRAHEDRONORPYRAMAI D”.
SeeFigur
es1and2. .
 THEFI
RETRI
ANGLE

HEAT OXYGEN

FUEL

FUEL Fi
g.1

FUEL

OXYGEN CHAIN
REACTION

HEAT

Fig2
Formany ,years,t
hepr incipleoffi
reextinguishle1’tcent
eredar oundt hefir
e
tri
angl
eandont heremov alofanyofi t
st hreesidest hef
ireisextinguished.
(Fi
g1).
Howev er
,remodel i
ngt hef ir
etri
anglesintoaf ir
e“ pyrami
d’,presentsamor e
real
ist
icconceptofex tinguishmentbecausei talsotakeintoconsi derati
on
theChemical chai
nr eactionneededt osust ainthecombust ion.(Fig.2).

Thepy rami
dhasf oursi
desorfacesandeachfaceisdir
ectl
yadj
acentt
oand
connectedtotheother,
itt
her
eforeaccur
atel
yrepresent
sthei
r
i
nterdependencyRemov al
ofone,ormoreofthefaceswill
putof
fthefi
re.
(Seefig2).

Thefi
rePy
rami
dorTet
rahedr
oncont
ainst
hef
oll
owi
ngel
ement
s:HEAT,
FUEL,
OXYGEN
ANDCHAINREACTI
ON.

DEFI
NITI
ONS.
HEAT:I
saf or
m ofener
gy ,
anignit
er.I
tist
heatt
ainmentofcert
ain
t
emperatur
ewhencombi nedwithotherel
ement
swi l
lresul
ttof
ir
e.
Heatsourcecouldbefrom thefoll
owing:Weldingspark,el
ect
ri
cityspar
k,
fr
ict
ion,car
elessdi
scardingofcigar
etteends,nakedlight
,el
ectr
icit
y,
di
schargethrough’
Lighteni
ngov erheatedbearing,
etc.

FUEL:I
sanyt
hingthatcanbur
n.Anymater
ial
iscombust
ibl
eis:
fuel
.Fuel
coul
dbeinSoli
d,Liqui
dandGaseousf
orm.

Sol
idFuel:
Wood, Rubber,Cott
on,Booksetc.
Li
quidFuel;
Petrol
,Kerosene,Oi
l,Al
cohol,
diesel
,et
c.
GaseousFuel:
butane,Propane,Methane.

FLASHPOI NT:
Flashpoi
ntisdefi
nedasthemini
mum t emperat
ureat.whi
chali
qui
d,’
vapoun
i
nsuf f
ici
entquant
ityt
oform amixt
urewiththeai
rthatwil
li
gni
teOff
lash’
temporari
l
yifsourceofi
gni
ti
onisint
roduced.

FLASHPOI
NTOFSOMEPETROLEUM PRODUCTS

MATERI ALSFLASHPOI NT;

Petrol.45°cbelowzer
o
Toluene40° c
Kerosene100° c.
Diesel125°c
Mot oroil
300°c

FIRECLASSI FI
CATI ON
Fir
ear ecl assif
iedintof ourcategori
esinthepresentday,basedonfuel
burning
Class’A’ Thesear efiresofor dinar
ycombustiblemateri
als,someti
mes
referr
edt oas‘ Freebur ningmat eri
als’
.Theyi
ncludewood, paper
,cott
on
mat eri
als, t
hatch,grass, et
c.

Class‘e’
Thesearef i
resinv
olvinghighlyfl
ammabl eli
quidsorl
iquefi
able
soli
ds.Theyincl
udePet r
ol,Kerosene,gasoli
ne,pai
nt,l
ubri
cati
ngoil,
etc.
l
iquefi
ablesoli
dsincl
udeHy drocarbonmat eri
alssuchasplasti
cs,Rubber,
etc.

Cl
ass‘c’
Theyarebasical
l
yfi
rei
nvol
vi
nggases.Theyi
ncl
udeBut
ane,
Met
hane,
Pr
opane,Acet
ylene,
etc

Cl
ass‘
D’Thesear
efi
rest
hati
nvol
vemet
all
i
csubst
ances;
e.g.Magnesi
um,
Zinc,Potassi
um, Al
umi
num,et
c.Theyr
eactv
iol
ent
lywi
thwat
er.Speci
al
exti
nguishingagent
sar
erequi
redon

ELECTRI CITY..
Electri
cit
ydoesnotconst i
tuteaclassInmoder nfi
reclassi
fi
cation.Electri
cit
y
i
sener gyandonl yasourceofHeat .Researchcarr
iedoutbyFOC( Fire
OfficersCommi tt
ee)inUKshowst hatEl
ectri
cit
ydoesnotbur n.Iti
st he
mat eri
alsinvol
vedthatburandtheyarereferr
edtoas“ Ener
gizedEl ectr
ical
Mat eri
als”
.Isol
ati
ngcurrentfrom t
hebur ni
ngelect
ricalmater
ials,t
hef i
rewi l
l
fallunderanyoftheabov eclassesoffif
e.

PRODUCTOFCOMBUSTI ON.
1.Fi
regasesref
ertothev apor
izedpr
oductofcombust
ion.
2,Fl
ameinthevisi
bleluminousbodyofaburni
nggaswhi chbecomehotter
andlessl
uminouswheni tismixedwit
hincr
easedamountofoxy gen.
:.

3.Heati
saform ofener
gywhi
chi
smeasur
edi
ndegr
eesoft
emper
atur
eto
si
gnif
yit
sint
ensi
ty.

4.I
tisr
esponsi
blef
orthespr
eadoff
ir
e.Smokei
sáv
isi
blepr
oductof
i
ncomplet
ecombustion.

TWOKI NDSOFCOMBUSTI ON.

FLAMI NGCOMBUSTI ON:
isproducedwhenoxy genr
eactswithfl
ammabl
e
gases.Thiskindofcombusti
onr equi
resami ni
mum of10%oxygenby
vol
umet osupportt
hecombustion(ex:thef
lameofkerosenel
ampand
l
ightedcandied.

SMOTHERI NGCOMBUSTI ONdoesnotpr oducesf l

amebutcasesember son
thesurf
acesofsolids:Thi
skindofcombustionrequir
esaslowas3%oxy gen
byvolumetosuppor tthecombusti
onasasol i
dunder goesparal
ysi
sand
rel
easesthegases.Ifismetbytheoxygenont hesurfaceofsoli
dthatcauses
theemberstoarrear.Thetemperat
ureproducedinsmot her
ingcombustionis
muchhigherthaninf l
amingcombusti
on.

PHASESOFBURNI NG
Whenf i
reisconfi
nedinabuildi
ngorroom, asituati
ondev el
opswhi ch
requi
rescaref
ull
ycal
culatedandexecutedventil
ati
onpr ocedures,
iffur
ther
damagei stobeprevent
edanddangerr educed.Thistypeoff i
recanbebest
underst
oodbyani nvest
igat
ionofi
fsthree“progressiv
ephases.Theyar e:
(a)I
nci pi
entorBeginningphase
(b)Freeburningphase
(c)Smol der
ingphase
Heatedt otheiri
gniti
ontemperat
ure.Whentheyreacht
hispoint
,
simultaneousignit
ionoccursandtheareabecomesful
lyinv
olvedi
nfi
re..

CAUSESOFFI RE.
Thesear et
hreemajorcausesoff
ir
enamel
y;
a).Carel
essness.
b.Accident
.
c).Arson.

CARELESSNESSII GNORANCE.
 Overloadingofel ectri
calsockets.
 Usingunder r
at edel ectr
icalcables.
 Fail
uretoswi tchof fel
ectri
cityequi
pmentwhennoti nuse
 Managi ngfaultyel ectr
icalappli
ancesorcables
 Carel
essdi scar dingofgl owingCigaret
teends
 Keepinghighlyf lammabl eli
quidathomee. g.Pet
rol
 PoorHouse- Keepi nginplaceofwor kHome
 Smoki nginpr ohibitedareassuchasPet r
olorgasfi
ll
ingst
ati
ons,
etc.

ACCI
DENT.
 Planecrash.
 Mot orAcci
dent
 Trainderai
l
mentNatur
alPhenomena
 VolcanicEr
upti
on.
 Earthquake
 Li
ght eni
ng

ARSON.
Thesearefi
resdel
iber
atel
ysetbyper
son(s)e.g.sett
ingapetrol
eum pi
pe-
li
ne
onfir
e,bur
ningI
nahouseofapol i
ti
calopponent,r
eli
giouswar...
Anex ampl
eofarsonistheWorl
dTradecentreinNew- Yor
lc:
HEATTRANSMI SSI
ON.
Heatt
ransmissi
onortr
ansferi
nvol
vesanumberofnat
ural
laws.Oneofsuch
l
awsis.thel
awof‘Heatfl
ow”.

I
tst at
est hatheatt
endstoflowfrom ahotsubstancetoacoldsubst
ance.
Thecol derofthetwobodiesincontactwill
absorbheatunt
ilbot
hbodies
reachthesamet emper
atureandfir
est ar
ts.

Thefollowingar et hemet hodsbywhi chHeati st r

ansf err
ed;
a)CONDUCTI ON:
Isthet ransferofHeatv i
amet albeamsf rom t heHott ot hecoldregion,in
a( Buildi
ng)whi chint urngivesr i
set oasecondar yfir
e( SeeFig4)
b)CONVECTI ON:
Conv ect i
ononl yoccur sinl
iquidsandgases.Whena. l
iquidorgasisheat ed,
i
tex pandsandmushr oomsupwar dstil
litreaches’ abar r
iere.
g.Ceili
ngina
building,thenasecondar yfir
ewi l
loccur.(SeeFi g5) .
c)RADI ATI ON:
Heatmaybet ransmi ttedinaSt r
aightli
nebymeans, whi chisneit
her
conduct ionnorconv ecti
on.Heatf r
om thesunpassest hroughastraight
l
ineunt i
liti
sabsor bedbyanopaqueobj ect se. g.glass.Whent heradi at
ed
heatpassest hrought heglasswi ndowf orinst ancewhi chactsasal ens,
thecombust i
bleobj ectinsidet hehousewi lli
gni te.Thisisheattransferby
radiation.(SeeFi g.6) .
d)DIRECTCONTACT:
Flamei ndirectcont actwi t
hf uelinthef i
rear eai ssomet i
mesbl ownby
windt otheadj ourningf uel
sandi gnit
ionwi lltakepl ace..

REASONSFORFI
RESPREAD:

Fi
respr
eadseasi l
ybyconduct ion,convecti
onandr
adi
ati
onwi
thi
nabui
l
ding
duetot
heirfol
lowi ng:
 Delayindiscov eri
ngthef i
re.
 Largequant i
t yofcombust ibl
emat eri
als.
 Lackoffirer esi
sti
ngstruct ur
es.
 Openingint hef l
oorsandwal l
s.
 Rapidburningofdustdeposi ts.
 Fl
owi ngoil
s, fatsandhy drocarbons.
 Combust i
blef urni
shingandf abrics.
 Combust i
bleconst ruct
ionofbui ldi
ng..

Lackofunder
standi
ngoft
hespr
eadoff
ir
eleadst
opani
csi
tuat
ions,
uncoor
dinat
edf
ieat
tackbyper
sonswhonotknowl
edgeabl
eonf
ir
e.

FI
RESAFETYANDTHELAW.
Everysyst
em isgovernedbylawswhi chenablepeoplet
owor keff
ecti
velyand
eff
ici
entl
y,fi
resaf
etyisnoexception.InNiger
ia,t
heFactori
esAct,t
heFire
Servi
cesActandot herlawsconcerni
ngt ofi
reareinexi
stenceandproper
underst
andingofthislawsandregulati
onswill

enabl
eOrganizati
ons,Indivi
dual
stoputinplacefi
resaf et
ymeasur esinthe
homeandt heirworkpl
aces.TheFactor
iesActisv eryexpli
cit
;Insecti
ons35
and366rt heactanditsay sEver
yEmployershallensurethattherequir
ement
ofthi
spartoftheseregulati
onsiscompil
edwi t
hinrespectofev eryworkpl
ace
1.Inst
allat
ionoffir
efighti
ngequi
pmentandf i
redet ect
ionsy st
em.
2.Emer gencyRoutesandExi t
sli
ghts.
”
3.Mai ntenanceofabov esyst
ems.

Tr
aini
ngofper
sonnel
ont
heabov
eequi
pmentandsy
stems,
’

FIRERI SKASSESSMENT.
Inthissect i
ononei sl ookingt hemet hodsusedi ncarr
yingoutfir
eri
sk
assessmenti nwor kplacest hatwillenableussolvetheproblemsoffir
e
protecti
on.I nev er
yr i
skassessmentt herearef
ivestepsinvolv
edincarr
ying
outfireriskassessment ,whi chincl
udest hefol
lowing;
I dent i
fyf i
rehazards
I dent i
fypeopleatr isk
 Ev aluate,remov e,r
educeandpr otectf
rom ri
sk
 Recor d, pl
an,inform, i
nst r
uctandt rai
n
 Keepassessmentunderr evi
ew, :

I
denti
fyf
ir
ehazar ds.
Foranyf
ir
et ost
ar t
,ther
ear
ethr
eet
hingst
hatmustbepr
esent
:
 sourceofi
gni ti
on,
 Sourceoffuel
 Sourceofox ygen

1fanyoneoftheseismi ssi
ng,af
irecannotst
art.Taki
ngmeasurestoavoi
d
thethr
eetogetherwil
ltheref
orereducethechancesofafi
reoccurr
ing.

I
denti
fysourcesofigni
ti
on.
Youcanidenti
fythepotent
ial
igni
ti
onsour
cesi
nyourpr
emi
sesbyl
ooki
ngf
or
possibl
esour
cesofheatwhi
chcoul
dgethotenought
oigni
temat
eri
alf
ound
i
ny ourpremi
ses.

Thesesour cesi nclude:

Smoker s’ mat eri
al,e.g.cigarett
es,matchesandl i
ghters;
 Nakedf lames, e.g.candlesorgasorl i
quid-
fuell
edopen- f
lameequipment
;
 Electrical,gasoroi l
-fi
redheat er
s(fi
xedorpor t
able);
 Hotpr ocessese. g.wel di
ngbycont r
actorsorshrinkwrapping;
 Cooki ngequi pment ;
 Faultyormi susedel ectri
calequipment;.
 Lightingequi pment ,e.g.halogenlampsordisplaylight
ingtoocloset
o
storedpr oducts;
 Hotsur facesandobst ructi
onofequipmentv enti
lat
ion,e.
g.off
ice
equipment ; andAr son.

I
ndicati
onsof‘near
-mi
sses’,suchasscorchmarksonfurni
tureorf
it
tings,
di
scoloredorcharr
edelect
ri
cal pl
ugsandsocket
s,ci
garett
eburnsetc.,can
hel
py ouident
if
yhazardswhichy oumaynotother
wisenotice.

Identi
fysour cesoff uel..
Any t
hingt hatbur nsi sfuel foraf ire.Youneedt olookf orthethingst hatwill
burnreasonabl yeasi l
yandar ei nenoughquant i
tyt opr ov i
defuel f
oraf i
reor
causei tto‘spr eadtoanot herfuel sour ce.Someoft hemostcommon‘ f
uels’
foundi nof f
icesandshopsar e:
 Flammabl e-l
i
qui d-basedpr oduct ssuchaspai nts, thi
nnersand
adhesi ves;
 Flammabl eli
qui dsandsol v ent s,suchaswhi tespi rit
,methy l
ated,spi
rit,
cooki ngoi lsanddi sposabl eci gar ettelight ers;
 Flammabl echemi cals,suchascer taincl eani ngpr oducts,photocopier
chemi calsanddr y ’
cleaningt hatuseshy dr ocar bonsol vents;
 Packagi ngmat erial
s, st
ationer y ,
adv erti
singmat erialanddecor ati
ons;
 Pl asti
csandr ubber ,
suchasv i
deot apes, poly uret hanefoam- fi
ll
ed
fur ni
tureandpol y styr
enebaseddi splaymat er ials;
 Text il
esandsof tfurnishings, suchascur tainsandcl ot
hingdisplays;
 Wast epr oducts, parti
cularlyf inelydi videdi temssuchasshr edded
paperandwoodshav ings, offcut s, anddust ;and
 Flammabl egasessuchasl i
quef iedpet roleum gas( LPG).

Youshoul dal
soconsidert
hemat eri
alsusedtol
inewall
sandceil
i
ngs,e.
g.
poly
styreneorcarpetti
l
es,t
hefixt
uresandfit
ti
ngs,andhowtheymight
contr
ibutetothespreadoffi
re.
Identi
fysour cesofoxy gen.Themai nsourceofoxy genforaf ireisi nt heair
aroundus.I nanencl osedbuil
dingthisisprov
idedbyt hev entil
ationsy stem i
n
use.Thi sgeneral
lyfall
sintooneoft wocategori
es:nat ur
al ai
rfl
owt hrough
doors, windowsandot heropenings;ormechanicalaircondi t
ioningsy stems
andai rhandlingsystems.Inmanybui ldi
ngstherewi l
lbeacombi nationof
systems, whichwillbecapableofintroduci
ngIextractingair,toandf rom the
buil
ding,

Additi
onal sourcesofox ygencansomet i
mesbef oundinmat erial
susedor
st
oredatpr emisessuchas:
 Somechemi cals(oxi
dizingmat eri
als),whichcanpr ovideaf i
rewith
addi ti
onalox y
genandsohel pitbur n.Thesechemi calsshoul dbe
ident i
fi
edont heircontai
nerbyt hemanuf acturerorsuppli
erwhocan
adv iseastot heirsaf
euseandst orage.
 Ox ygensuppl iesfrom cyli
nderstorageandpi pedsystems, oxygenusedin
wel ding”
processes; and
 Py r
ot echni
cs( fi
reworks),whichcont ai
noxi di
zingmat eri
alsandneedt obe
treatedwi t
hgr eatcare.

I
DENTI
FYI
NGPEOPLEATRI
SK

Aspartofyourfir
er i
skassessment ,youneedt oident
ifythose’atriskifthere
i
saf i
re.Todot hi
sy ouneedtoident i
fywher eyouhavepeopl ewor king,ei
ther.
atpermanentwor kst
ati
onsoroccasi onallocati
onsaroundt hepremi ses,and
toconsider
”whomaybeatr isk,such.Ascust omers,visi
ti
ngcont ractorsetc.
,
andwher ethesepeoplearel
ikel
yt obef ound.Youmustconsi derallthe
peopl
ewhouset hepremisesbuty oushoul d’paypart
icul
arattenti
ont o
peopl
ewhomaybeespeci al
lyatrisksuchas: -

 Employeeswhowor kaloneand/ori ni
solatedareas,’of’.Cl
eaners,
securi
tystaff
;
 Peoplewhoar eunfami l
i
arwiththepremises,e.
g.visi
torsandcust omers;
:.
,
 Peoplewithdisabi
li
tiesort
hosewhomayhav esomeot herreasonfornot
beingabletoleavethepremisesquickl
y,e.
g.elderl
ycust omersorparents
withchil
dren;

 Ot
herper
sonsinthei
mmedi at
ev i
cini
tyoft
hepr
emi
ses;
and
 Peopl
ewithl
anguagedi
ff
icult
ies.
EVALUATE,REMOVE, REDUCEANDPROTECTFROM RI SK.
Themanagementofthepr emi sesandt hewaypeopleuseitwillhavean
eff
ecton,y
ouev al
uat
ionofr i
sk.Managementmaybey ourresponsibi
li
ty
al
oneortheremaybeot hers,suchast hebuil
dingownersormanagi ng
agent
s,whoalsohaveresponsi bil
it
ies.Inmulti
-occupi
edbuildi
ngsallthose
wit
hsomecont rol
mustco- operateandy ouneedt oconsi
dertherisk
gener
atedbyothersi
nthebui l
di ng.

Eval
uatether
iskofafir
eoccurring.
Thechancesofafi
restart
ingwil
l bel
owi f
,yourpr
emiseshav
efewi
gni
ti
on
sour
cesandcombustibl
emat er
ialsarekeptawayfrom t
hem.

Generall
y ,f
iresstartinoneofthreeways:
Acci
dent all
y,suchaswhensmoki ngmateri
alsarenotproperl
yext
ingui
shed
orwhen
l
ight
ingdi splaysareknockedov er;
 Byactoromi ssion,suchaswhenel ectr
icalof
fi
ceequipmentisnot
properlymaintained,orwhenwastepackagi ngisal
lowedtoaccumulate
neart oaheatsour ce;and
 Del iberat
ely,suchasanar sonatt
acki nvolv
ingset
ti
ngf i
ret
oexternal
rubbishbinspl acedtooclosetot
hebui l
ding.

InStep2youi denti
fi
edthepeople’l
ikelyt
obeatr iskshouldafir
estart
anywhereinthepremisesandear l
i
eri nStep3youi dent
ifi
edthechancesofu
fi
reoccurr
ing.Toev al
uatether
isktopeopl e¡
ny ourpremises,y
ouwi l
lneedt
o’
underst
andt hewayf i
recanspr
ead.Fi rei
sspreadbyt hreemethods:
 Conv ecti
on;
 Conduct ion;
and
 Radiation.

Radiationheat st heai rthesamewayasanel ect

ri
cbarheat erheat sar oom.
Anymat erialcloset oaf irewi llabsorbingheatunt i
ltheitem star tsto
smol dersandt henbum.Smokepr oducedbyaf i
realsocont ai
nst oxicgases
whichar ehar mf ultopeopl e.Af i
reinabui ldingwi t
hmodem f i
tti
ngsand
mat eri
als‘gener atessmoket hatisthickandbl ack,obscuresv ision,’causes
greatdiffi
cul t
yi nbreat hi
ng-andcanbl ocktheescaper outes.Iti sessential
thatthemeansofescapeandot herfireprecaut i
onsar eadequat etoensur e
thatever yonecanmaket heirescapet oapl aceoft otalsafetybef orethef i
re
andi t
sef fectscant r
apt hem i nthebui ldi
ng.I nevaluati
ngt hisrisktopeopl e
youwi llneedt oconsi dersi t
uat i
onssuchas:
 Fi r
est arti
ngonal owerf l
ooraf fecti
ngt heonl yescaper out eforpeopl eon
upperf loorsort heonl yescaper outeforpeopl ewi thdisabili
ties;
-
 Fir
edevelopinginanunoccupi edspacet hatpeoplehast opassbyt o
escapefrom thebui l
ding;
 Fir
eorsmokespr eadingt hr
oughabui ldingv i
aroutessuchasv ert
ical
shaft
s,servi
ceduct s,ventil
ati
onsy st
ems, poorl
yinst
all
ed,poorl
y
maintai
nedordamagedwal l
s,part
iti
onsandcei li
ngsaffecti
ngpeoplein
remoteareas;
 Fir
estart
inginaser v
iceroom andaf fectinghazardousmat er
ial
s;
 Fir
espreadingrapidlythrought hebuil
dingbecauseofcombust i
ble
str
uctur
al el
ement sand/orl argequantiti
esofcombust i
blegoods;
 Rapidverti
calfi
respr eadinrackeddisplay s;
 Fir
eandsmokespr eadingthroughabui lding

RECORDPLAN, I
NFORM, I
NSTRUCTANDTRAI N
InStep4t herearefourf ur
therel
ement-ofther
iskassessmentyoushould
focusont oaddresst hemanagementoff ir
esafet
yinanypr emi
ses.I
n
smallerpremisesthiscouldbedoneaspar toftheday-t
o-daymanagement,
howev er
,ast hepremi sesortheorgani
zat
iongetl
argeritmaybenecessary
foraformal str
uctur
eandwr it
tenpoli
cytobedevel
oped.

Recordt hesignifi
cantf
indi
ngsandactiontaken.
Anor ganizat
ionthatemploysfi
veormor epeople,y
ourpremisesi
slicensed,
oranal ter
ati
onsnot i
cerequi
ri
ngy out
odosoi si nf
orce,youmustrecordthe
signi
ficantfi
ndingsofyourfi
reri
skassessmentandt heacti
onsyouhav e
taken.

Si
gnifi
cantf i
ndi
ngsincludedet ail
sof
 Thef ir
ehazardsy ouhav eidenti
fied
 Theact ionsyouhav etakenorwi lltaket or emov eorr educethechanceof
af i
reoccurri
ng.
 Personswhomaybeatr i
sk, par
ticularl
yt hoseatgr eatestr
isk.
 Theact ionsyouhav etakenorwi lltaket or educether isktopeoplefr
om
thespr eadoffi
reandsmoke( protecti
v emeasur es).,
 Theact ionspeopleneedt otakei ncaseoff i
reincludingdetail
sofany
personsnomi natedtocar r
youtapar t
icularf uncti
on( youremergency
plan).,
 Thei nformat
ion,inst
ructi
onandt raini
ngy ouhav eident i
fi
edthatpeopl
e
needandhowi twi l
lbegiven.

METHODSOFFI REEXTINCTION.
Fi
reext
inct
ioni
sthepr
inci
pleofel
imi
nat
ingoneormor
eoft
hecombust
ion
pr
ocess.

Thi
scanbeachievedthroughthefol
lowingmet
hods.
COOLING,SMOTHERING, STARVATIONANDI NTERRUPTINGTHECHAIN
REACTIONPROCESS.
COOLING:TheremovalofHEATbyt heappli
cat
ionofwat
er,
eit
heri
nbul
kor
spr
ayjetsbel
owtheigni
tiontemperatur
e.

OXYGEN FUEL

Fi
g.4COOLI
NG.

SMOTHERI NG.
Thisistheremov al
orli
mit
ingofthesuppl
yofoxygent
othefi
re.Thi
scanbe
achievedby:
 Cov eri
ngt hebur
ningar
eawithaFireBl
anketormet
all
ide.
g.burni
ngfr
y
pan.
 Useofdr ychemical
powderOf,dr
ysand,.
 Useoffoam (
Aqueousfi
lmfoamingfoam (
AFFF)
 UseofCarbondi
oxide(
C02)fi
reexti
ngui
sher.

FUEL HEAT

NO
OXYGEN

FI
G.5SMOTHERI
NG

STARVATI
ON:-
Thi
siscar
ri
edoutbyt
her emoval
ofcombusti
blemat
eri
alsf
rom t
henei
ghbor
hoodoft
hef
ir
e,e.
g.t
hrowi
ng
awaycombust
ibl
emateri
alsfr
om aroom onf
ir
e.
Shut
ti
ngagasOfpetr
oleum pi
pe-
li
neon

OXYGEN HEAT

FUE
L
OX
YG
EN

BREAKI
NGTHEFIRETETRAHEDRONORPYRAMIDSEPARATI
ONOR
INTERRUPTI
NGTHECHAINREACTION.
 FI
REEXTI
NGUI
SHERS

PORTABLEFI REEXTINGUI
SHERS:
Theyaremeanttocombatfir
esattheiri
nci
pientstages;hencetheyare
ref
err
edt oas“Por
tabl
eFir
eExti
nguisher
s”
TYPES:therear
efourty
pegeneral
l
yusedi nthiscountryatpresent
.Theyar
e
asfol
lows:-

S/
N TYPES BSCOLOUR EEUCOLOUR USES MATERI
AL
CODING
Wat
ert
ype RED RED Cool
i
ng Wood, paper,
texti
les
Foam CREAM RED Smot
her
ing Highly
WHITE fl
ammabl e
e.g.pet rol
kerosenedi esel
.
Etc
Car
bonDi
oxi
de BLACK RED Smot
her
ing Gasesand
energiz ed
electri
cal
mat erials
Dr
ychemi
cal
prov
ide BLUB RED Smot
her
ing Met als,
energiz ed
mat erials,
etc

STEP1
Car r
ytheFireExti
nguisherf
r om wher eitishungandputitdown.
STEP2
Stri
ket heknoborv al
ve
STEP3.
Remov et heSafet
ypin
STEP4
Directthenozzl
eatt hebaseoft hef i
re
NB
Ifi
tisDCP, dir
ectcontentalongt hewi nd:
FIREBLANKET:
Somet imesusedonsmal lf
ireassoci atedwithki
tchenI
texti
ngui
shesf
uel
by
smot heri
ng
BUCKETSOFSAND
Theyar eusedformoppi ngupspi l
l
ages61’ fl
ammabl el
iqui
dsandprev
ent
suchl i
quidsfr
om, f
lowingorspr eadingdownsl op
FIREPREVENTI ON
Fir
epr ev entioni st heprimaryresponsibil
it
yofev er
ywor ker.Inspir
erofnilthe
knowl edgeonaf i
reex ti
nct
ion,thebestandmostef fecti
vewayofcont roll
i
ng
fi
reist opr ev enti tfr
om occurri
ngFi repreventionmeasur esshouldinclude
thefollowi ng:
 Sour ceofi gniti
onshoul dnotbecl osetof uelsthatmI htbef l
ammabl e
 NOSMOKI NG”si gnsshouldbeobey ed,
 WoodHouseKeepi ngmustbegi venpri
ority
 Fuel leaksshoul dnotbeal l
owedt ofall
onhotsur faces.
 Flammabl el iquidsshouldbest or
ed’onlyindesi gnatedlocations.Smoki ng
areasi spr ohi bit
ed.
 Wel dingwor kshoul dbecar riedoutinacl eanenv ir
onment ,freefrom
combust ible
mat erialspet rol,paper,
rags, et
c.

Anothermethodoff
ir
epr
event
ioni
sby
:
Education
Engineeri
ng
Enforcement

Educat
ion Engi
neer
ing

Engi
neer
ing

SPARKSARRESTER
Allvehicl
esgoi ngintoanar eacont ainingf l
ammabl eatmospher eshould
“SPARKARRESTER”
FIREEMERGECNYANDEVACUATI ONDRI LLPROCEDURES
I
nt heev entoff i
reoranyemer gencyr equi r
ingtheEVACUATI ONofper sonnel
,
dot hefoll
owing:
1.Raiseal arm byshouting“ FI
RE!FI RE!
2.Telephonet hefire/Saf etydepar tment ,No112.
3.Extinguishthefirewiththeappr opriatefir
eexti
nguisheri
f
knowl edgeable,attheincipi
entst age.
4.Iffir
eisuncont rol
labl
e,leavet hebui ldingthr
ough-1:henearestEXI
T
ROUTE
5.Mov ebriskl
yandor derl
yt otheAssembl yorMusteringpoint,
 6.Operatetheal
arm ar
oundyou.
7.ThemostseniorSupervi
sororper
sonshouldhav
eaquickrol
lcal
l.
8.Reporttothef
ir
edepartmentonarri
val
,ofany
bodyl
efti
ntheinf
erno,
so
thatr
escuecantakeplacei
mmedi at
ely
.,,

ROLEOFFI REWARDEN ROLEOFSECURI TY ROLEOFFI RE

STAFF DEPARTMENT
1.Repor tdef
ectsofthe 1.St opal l
v ehicl
e 1.Soundcl earalar
m,
alar
ms. mov ement stoal
low enroutethef i
re.
 Ensureescaper outes accessf orf i
re 2.Rescuet rapped
arefree medi calfireand Staff
 Checkbui l
dingfor medi c1cr ew 3.Exti
nguisht hefi
re
Clar
encef rom fi
re 2.crowdcont rol
hazardatal l
times
2.Incaseoff ir
e
 Ensur
enoproper
tyi
s
Raisealar
m: Fuel !Fi
re!! bei
ngtakenaway
Fightthefi
reatt heincipientstage.
helpinevacuationofper sonnel
andv i
sit
or
Ifther
eisnay onel ef
tbehi nd,aler
t
Firedepart
mentonar r
ival.
Donotal l
owany onet ogot othe
buildi
ngforleftit
em, untiltol
dt o
doso

NOTE:
DONOTRE-
ENTERBUI
LDI
NGONFI
REFORPERSONALBELONGI
NG

:
Euphr
atesI
nst
it
uteOfSaf
etyAndManagementPr
ofessi
onal
sNi
ger
ia

1. RAI
SETUEALARM SHOUTFI RE!FIRE!!FIRE!!
!
operateAlarm System (Ifavai
labl
e)
2. TELEPHONEFI
RE TelNo…………………………………………
3. EXTINGUI
SHFI
RE Don’tendangery ourself
.
Usenear estavai
lablefir
eequi pment
4. EXI
TBUI
LDI
NG: Leav
ebui
l
dingt hroughnearestex i
t
assembl eatmut ter
ingpoi nt

LEAVI
NGBUI
LDI
NG Swi
tchedof
fel
ect
ri
cal
aappl
i
ance

9e.
g.comput
er,
li
ght
set
c.)

2.ASSEMBLE: Pr
oceedt
omut
ter
ingpoi
nt

CALMLYBUTPURPOSELY

Assi
stf
ir
ewar
deni
nrol
lcal
l

LESSONLEARNEDFROM EMERGENCYI
REDRI
LLS

OBSERVATION LESSONS
onhear
ingthefi
realar
m,astaffr
an ‘
Obst
ructi
onoftheescaperoute
I
ntoateatr
oll
eyparkedbyhelandi
ng i
sabreachofsafet
yrule.Ther
efor
e.
Ofast
air
casewhi
l
etr
yingt
oescape Troll
ey soranyot herobj ectshoul d
notbeatt hel andingoft hest air
caseinor derto
2.Acal
lerphonedthef
ir
est
ati
onandsai
d“We avoidi njury.
havef
ir
edr i
l
lhere,
makeunacomeo: “Nott odef eatitspur pose, t
reatallal
armsas
realev eni fsimul ated.Call f
irestati
onandr eport
3.Feelingdist
ri
butedandt odemonstrate fi
renotf iredr i
ll
.
dedicationtoduty
, astaffdel
i
ber
atel
yi gnor
ed “Onhear i
ngt hef i
real arm LEAVE
thefir
eal ar
m andr emainedinhi
soff
ice.Thefi
re what ev ery ouar edoingandescape
team fetchedhim duri
ngsearchandrescuebut tosaf etyi mmedi atel
y .Smokeki ll
s
herefused fastert hanf ire.Don’tmi ssy ourli
fewhile
tooblige attempt i
ngy ourt asksandt argets
‘
Onsi ght i
ngsmokeorf ir
e,quickly
4.ateagir
lobser
v edthicksmokeooz ingOut rai
seanal arm anddon’ tlookoft heoccupant .
fr
om anoffi
ceadjacentt oherPant r
y.She Alldepar t
ment stomakeemer gencyprocedures
openedthedoorfoundsSmoke- lodged,she partoft heor i
ent ati
onpr ogrammef orallstaff
cl
osedthedoorandSt artedlookingforthe
‘
OGA’ whowasTheof fice.After4mi nute,she Neitherthehandbel lnorAl ee-
ois
wasgone. anappr ovedwayofr aisi
ngf i
realarm.Nose
SomeoneElsenoticedthepr oblem andr ai
sed from thepumps, pl
ants
analar
m andgener atorwillr
endert hehand
belli
nef f
ecti
vewhi l
e
5.Insomelandlocat
ions,
schoolhandbeltsor Alee-ocontainsCPCwhi chi s
Alee-
ohandsit
enwer eusedduri
ngemer gency environmentunf ri
endly.Thef i
re
torai
seal
arm depar t
ment /
stati
oncanassi styouinprocuri
nga
standardmanual ly
6.Somev i
sitor
swer enotaccount
edforduri
ng operatedsiren.
anemergencyf i
reexerci
seDespit
ethe“Al
l “Alway susev i
sit
or’
sr egi
sterfor
account
edfor :
reportBythefi
rewardensa properaccount abil
i
tyofy ourv i
sit
orssafet
yof
vi
sit
orwasf oundInthetoil
et your.visi
torisyourreasonabi l
it
y
7.Dur i
nganemer gencydril
li
noneoft he ‘
itisri
skytore-ent
erabuil
dingonfi
reasitis
Admi nist
rat
iveblocks,astaffwentbackher l
ikelyt
hatsmokewi ll
innegatetheef
fecti
veuse
offi
cet ocol
lectpersonalbelongi
ngs.Shewas oftheemer gencyexi
tthusmakingescape
rest
rainedbyt hefir
eOf f
icer Impossibl
ewi t
hdeathasa
consequence
 ENVI
RONMENTAWARENESS

THEENVI RONMENT.
Theenv i
ronmentisoursur r
ounding-ev eryt
hingar oundLIS,Itisalifesupport
ingsystem consist
ingofai r,
water,
landandal lpl
ants,humanbei ngsandani mal sl
ivi
ngt herei
nandt heint
er-r
elat
ionships,whichexist
amongt heseoranyoft hem (ecosystem) .
 Humanex ist
encewi l
lnotbepossi blewithoutai r
,waterandl and.
 Ev eryt
hingmani stodayisdependentont heenv i
ronmentev erythi
ngmanwi llbetomor r
owwi l
lsti
l
l be
dependentont heenv i
ronment.
 Fort hisreasonwear esupposedl ytobecar etakersoftheenv i
ronment,andascar etakers,weneededt o
protectandpreserveitevenwhiledoi ngbusi ness?Bydoi ngthis,wewouldbeappl yi
ngt heprincipl
eof
“sustai
nabledevelopment”andpr eser v
ationoft heecologicalsystem.

SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT.
Sust
ainabl
eDepar
tmenti
sti
l
edevel
opmentt
hatmeet
soft
hepr
esental
sot
hatoft
hef
utur
egener
ati
on.

I
nor derwords, sust
ainabledevelopmentisal
labouttaki
ngcar
eõftheneedsoft
hepresentgener
ati
on
wit
houtcompr omisingtheabil
i
t yofthefut
uregenerat
iontomeett
hei
rownneeds,Pr
inci
plesofSust
ainabl
e
Development .
 Dut yofcare
 Duedi li
gence
 Env i
ronment alManagementpl an
 GoodHouse- keeping..

CHARACTERISTICSOFENVI RONMENT.
 Theenv i
ronmenti
scontinuousar
idhasnopolit
icalboundary
 Theenv i
ronmentcanreestabl
i
shit
selfgi
venadequateti
me.
 Impactson“theenvi
ronmentmanifestst
hemselvesinareasevenout
sidet
hesour
ceofi
mpact
.

Thusfrom t
heabov
eiti
scl
earthatwecannott
reatourl
ocal
env
ironmenti
ni sol
ati
onoft
hegl
obal
envi
ronment.Wemustt
her
efor
eadoptaglobalpost
urei
nhandl
ingtheenv
ironment.

COMPONENTSOFTHEENVI RONMENT.
Thet
hreecomponent
sofenvir
onmentar
c:biot
ic,
Abi
oti
candsoci
al.
Bi
oti
c—livi
ngt
hingsAbi
oti
c—nonliv
ingthi
ngs

Fauna-ani
mal
s

Mi
cro
Bi
oti
c
Mi
cro

Fl
ora—Pl
ant Mi
cro
Mi
cro
Abiotic-Water,
air,l
and.
Wat er-hy dr
osphere.
Air-at mosphere.
Land- li
thosphere.
Social-Istheman- madeenv i
ronment;
iti
ncl
udessuchsoci
etaldevel
opment
suchasf amil
ygr oup,v
il
lageorurbancommunit
y,hi
scult
ure(beli
efsand
atti
tude),poli
ti
csgov er
nmentet c.

ENVIRONMENTALRESOURCES
Envi
ronment
alr
esour
cescanbegroupedi
ntot
wo:
Renewabl
eandNon-r
enewabl
eresour
ces.

Renewable-anynatur
alresour
cethathasnatural
inher
entabi
li
tyfor
regenerat
ion,t
hati
sareasonabl
etimeli
mititcanregener
atewater,
plant
,
solarener
gy .

Non—renewabl
e-Iti
snotr
enewabl
eti
mei
.e.mar
cthana1,
000y
ear
se.
g.oi
l
,
gas,
sol
idminer
al.

General
ly,
envi
ronmental
resour
cesar
cmanyexampl
esar
e:ni
l
’,soi
l
,ani
mal
,
pl
ants,andnat
uralr
esourceset
c.

ENVIRONMENTALASPECTS.
Envir
onmentalAspect
sareelement
sofouracti
vit
ies,
productorser
vices,
whichcanint
eractwit
hti
l
eenv i
ronmentandhavocthepotent
ialt
oimpacton
i
t.
ExamplesofEnvir
onmental
Aspectsare:

 Waste.
 Emissi
onstoair
.
 Di
schargestosoil
.
 Noi
se,Odour,Heat,Li
ghtet
c.(
Nui
sance)
.
 UseofEnergy.

WhatisEnvi
ronmentalPoll
uti
on?
Envi
ronment
alPol
luti
onisthereleaseofanysubst
anceint
otheenvi
ronment
i
nsuchquantit
yorlevel
thatwil
lbedetri
mentalorcausehar
mt ot
he
env
ironment
.Anysubstancethatcancause

poll
uti
oni
sapoll
utant
.
TypesofPol
l
uti
on.
*Airpolluti
on.
*Wat erpol l
ution..
*Land/ soilpolluti
on.
Li
kelySour cesofEnv ir
onmental
Pol
luti
on.Ai
rPol
l
uti
on.
*Releaseofcombust ibl
egases
*.Volatil
eOr ganiccompounds(VOC’s)
*Particulates( Soot,
asbest
osdust)
*Fugitiveemi ssion
*Bushbur ninget c
Thepr oblemswi t
hbombt hr
eatsarethatther eisnodef i
nit
erecordtoascert
ainit
sproperplacingi
ntermsof
stat
isti
cs.AccordingtotheFBT( FederalBureauofI nvesti
gati
on)account,
about2000bombi ngsoccurever
y
yearintheUni t
edStatesofAmer icaalone;talklessofotherregi
onsofthewor l
d.Between1992and1995, i
t
wasst atedthatthetotal
number sofbombi ngi ncreasedbyabout5%whi chtheamountofdamageal one
i
ncreasedbymor ethan200%, personalinj
uries
rosebyal most100%anddeat hthusincreasedby180%.Thef i
nanci
alworthofthesedestr
uct i
onsisputata
bil
li
ondol lar
sannuall
y.

BOMBTYPESANDCONSTRUCTI ON
Ther
earebasicall
ytwot y
pesofbombs:(i
)Theex plosi
vedevi
cesand(ii
)thei
ncendiar
ydevi
cesThe
expl
osi
vedevi
cesexpl odecausi
ngdest
ructi
onbyt herel
easeofheat
,energyandfragment
s,whi
let
he
i
ncendi
arysi
mpl ycausesfire
Bombsconstr
uct i
onvaryfrom t
hesi
mplestpipebombt othesophi
sti
catedel
ectr
onicdevi
ce.

Near lyallbombsr equi rea“firingtrain)tost artt heex plosion.Thef i

ringtrai
nconsistsofadonat or,abooster
andt hemai ncharge.Whent hedet onat orbur ns, i
tcausest heboost ertochargeandt henset sofft hemain
char get oexampl eI nconstruct i
ngbombsdi ffer entex plosivemat er
ialareneeded,thesei ncl
ude, Ammoni um
Nitrate,Gum powder ,
Blackpowder , Nitr
ocel l
ul oseandsmokel esspowder ,Tr
ini
tr
ont o(T. N.
T).Dy namic
Nitroglycerinetc.thesear echemi calswi t
hl owandhi ghex pl
osiveeffects.
Incendi arydevi
cesar esimplydev i
seputt oget hertopr oducef i
re.Amat chthrowni nt
oabar rel
fullofoil
y
ragscoul dbeconsi deredasi ncendiar ydevices.Anot hercommoni ncendiarydevi
ceist he“ Molotovcocktai
l
abot tl
efil
ledwithker oseneorot heri nfl
ammabl eliquidsandst oppedwi thacott
onorpi eceofrag.The
stopperi ssetonf ireandwhent hebombi st hrown, t
hebot tl
e
breaksandi tscont entsbursti ntoflame

PREVENTIVEMECHANI SMS
Thebestwayt osecur eanor gani
zati
onr oom anint
ernalbombt hreati
stopr eventbombersfrom ent
eri
ng
thegr
ound.Therear efourbasi caspectsofprevent
ivesecuri
ty
1. Peri
met ersecurity:
Thispreventsunauthori
zedaccessint othepremises
 Per i
met erFences
 Ent r
yCont rol
 Del i
verance
2. Int
ernalsecurity:
Throughi nt
ernalsecuri
tydoesnoteli
mi natethepotential
forpl
anti
ngbombs, i
t
doeshel ptoreducet heprobabili
tyofasuccessfulbombingorki dnappingthr
ough;

 Openi ngs
 Conceal ment
 Hi ghRi skAr eas
3. Personnel Secur i
ty
Backgr oundi nvest i
gat ion
Allpersonnel hav ingaccessi nhi ghRiskAr eashoul dbesubj ect edtothoroughbackground
i
nv esti
gat i
onbecausehi ghlyorganizedterroristgroupmaywantt oplacesomeonei nsi
det he
organizationt opl antabomb.Pr otecthighRi skAr easbyal l
owi ngonlyli
mi tednumberof
personnel inent ert here.Theseper sonnelshoul dbei dent
ifi
edbyJ. Dcard, magneti
call
ycoded
cardspeci aldoorl ocks
Tr aining
Theor gani zationshoul destabli
shpr ocedur esf orfi
reandsecur i
typer
sonnel t
ofol
lowcaseofa
bombt hreat .Swi tchboar dsandphoneoper ator sshouldreceivespecialtraini
ngonhowt o
respondst oat elephonedbombt hreatCooper ati
veEf f
ort
sWhenabombt hreati
sreceived,i
tis
necessar yf oral lempl oyeestocooper at
eful l
yandf ol
lowallprocedures,di r
ecti
ngtraff
icoutof
thebui l
dingandmai ntaincalm, otherwisemay hem andconf usionmayensue.
4. El
ect ronicScr eeningDev ices:
CCTV; I
ntrusional ar m, met alScanner .

SECURI TYRESPONSE
Whenabombt hreati
sreceiv
ed,managementshoul
dbeal
ert
edof‘
thesi
tuat
ionassoonaspossibl
etoavoi
d
delay.Theappr
opriat
eresponsemustbedi
ctatedpr
omptl
yadchai
nofcommandunderstoodaccordi
ngt
o
predetermi
nedprocedur
es.
Thefol
l
owingbasi cresponsemaybeused
1. Ful
lEvacuat i
on:,
Shouldbeor dered,
Personnel shouldbeassembl edi nasafedistancefrom t
hebuil
dingtoavoidi
njur
ies
Supervisorypersonnel shoul
ddisconnectelectri
calappar
atusi
ntheirar
easandbui l
ding
Donotuseel evat orduringevacuati
on.
2. Pol
iceSear ch:
 Pol i
cespeci al bombsdi sposalsquadsshoul dbecall
edin
 Thei rexpertiseandsophi sti
catedequipment swill
enablet
hem tosearchandidenti
fyany
potential
lydanger ousobjects.

3. PersonnelWor k-AreaSearch:
 Per sonnelshouldbeor deredtowai tatdesi
gnat
edareaunti
lthebomb
 I nvesti
gati
oniscompl eted.
 Empl oyeesknowtheircolleaguesbet t
er
 Empl oyeescandetectfasteranyst r
angeobject
.
 Recept ionrooms,lavatori
es,lockerrooms,f
lower,
vast
,I-
Jai
lsandcor
ri
dor
sshoul
dbe
searchedproperl
y

RULESFORCONDUCTI NGASEARCH.
 Sear chi
ngiscumber someandr equir
esgreatconcentrationthussearchparti
esshouldbereli
evedat
short.
 Mai ntai
nanaccur ater ecordoft
heareatobesear ched.Ar easwhichhav ebeensearchedandclear
ed
shouldbeclearl
ydesi gnatedandareasfoundtobehaz ardousshouldalsobeclearl
ydesignat
ed.
 Consi dernoareatobesaf e.
 Any thi
ngoutoft heor dinarymustbeconsider
edsuspici ous
 Donott ouchanyst rangedev i
ces

LETTERORPARCELBOMBS
Theriskfrom let
terorpar
celb9mbsisdif
fer
entfr
om pl
antedbombsi
nthesensethatl
ett
erbombscar
ry
concealableexplosi
vedevi
cesinsmall
packagesmeanttokil
lani
ndi
vi
dual
ortoinj
ureorharasst
he
employees, t
herebydampeningthei
rmoral
e.

WHATTOLOOKOUTFORI NLETTERBOMBS.
Mostl
ett
erbombsexposeswhati sintheircontent
,thusemployeesshouldbetrai
nedonhowt orecogni
ze
someofthesecl ues;
 Iti
salway sheav i
erononesidet hantheot her
 Ithaswirespr ot
rudi
ngf r
om itsomet i
mes
 Leavesagr easy,darkstai
nont heenv el
op, whi
chisaregularfeat
ureofsomeex plosi
veonpaper
 Smellsstrangeandodd
 Iti
sdeliveredi nfr
equentl
y
 Iti
ssuspi ci
ousl ypackaged(Heav i
lytaped)
 Comesf rom unf amili
arsource
 Soreareaddr essedinroughandunusual handwr i
ti
ngwhilesomear eneat
lyaddressed.

KIDNAPPI NGANDHOSTAGETAKI NG.

Kidnappingi st hemostsensi tiveproblem ev erencount eredbysecur i
tyagents.TheRansom demandst hat
usuallyfoll
owedi sal
arming.Ransom demandsf ort her eleaseofhost ageoftenposeaser i
ousdil
emmai n
thesenset hat,ifthedemandsar emet ,i
tbecomesanav enuef orfurt
herkidnappingtotakeplace,andifnot
met ,harm wi l
lcr onetothehost age.
Thepr oblem becomesendemi candper sist
entbecauseor ganizat
ionslackadequat econti
ngencyplansto
arrestit
,wheni thappens.
Secur i
tymeasur essuchasper imeterfences, i
nternal secur i
tyant!personnelsecuri
tyhelpstoreducethe
threatofkidnappi ngandhost agetaking,thussecur ityof fi
cialsshouldhaveapr edeterminedsetofplansto
deal wit
haki dnapsi tuat
ion.Besides,all
per sonsinv ul ner ablepositi
onsofbei ngkidnappedshouldknow
whatt odoandwhatnott odoinsuchsi tuationbecauset heirmanner sandattit
udemaydet er
minethe
treatmentt heymayr eceivefrom thekidnapper s,t
hei rlivesmayal sodependont heirabil
it
ytoconduct
themsel vespr oper l
y.Atthispointiti
sbestt or emaincal m anddoex actl
ywhatt hekidnapperaresayyou
shoul
ddo.Obser
vethesurroundi
ngwher eyouarehel
dandleav
eenoughfinger
.pri
ntswher
eevery
oucan.
Youmaytal
ktothekidnapperstoletof
fyourtensi
onandi
nthatpr
ocess,
donotr emindt
hem t
hatyoucan
i
denti
fyt
hem,thi
scouldamountt odeath.

SECURITYRESPONSE.
WhenanOr gani
zat
ionisnoti
fi
edofakidnap,t
heOrgani
zati
onneedst
oestabl
i
sht
wobasi
cthi
ngs;
fir
st,
that
theki
dnappershav
elikenhost
agethei
rvict
imsandthatt
hev i
cti
msar
cali
ve.

Thusthepersonwhor ecei vedthephonecallshould;

I
. Ver i
f ythename( s)ofthekidnappedvicti
ms, wheretheywereseizedandtakento.
II
. Recor dt heconv ersation,i
fthephoneisequippedwi thataperecorder
.
I
II
. Theper sonr eceivingthephoneshouldaskt ospeakt othevict
imt oascer
tai
ntheident
it
yandver
if
y
ift
hev ict i
mi sal i
veornot
IV. Keept heki dnapper sont hephoneasl ongaspossibleeit
hertotracethecal
lortogetval
uabl
e
inf
ormat ionfrom t hekidnapper
s
V. Recor dt hekidnapper sdemands
VI. Donotpr ovoket hekidnapperswith,
yourut t
erances
VII
. Dur ingt heconv ersati
on,youshouldbeabl etoknowaboutt hem,doesheshehasaccent ,

I
sheamal
eorf
emal
e,whati
shi
sment
alst
ate-har
shorcal
m?,
ishey
oungorol
det
c.

NDUSTRI ALESPI ONAGE

Indust
rialEspionagei sthepr act
icewherebycompanyl osesvaluableinformationtocompetit
orsandot her
unauthor i
zedpersons, whomayl ikel
yusesuchinfor
mat i
oneitheragai nstthecompanyoragai nstt
he
target
edcompani es.Everyor ganizat
ionori
ndustr
yisapot ent
ialtargetf ori
ndustr
ial
espionage,becauseat
anygivent imeormoment ,an,organi
zati
onisconsci
ouslyorunconsci ousl y
,spyi
ngonot herorgani
zati
on,
thustot hesecurit
y’,personnel,thenatur
eofri
skwhi chindust
rialespionageposescal l
sformor ededicat
ion
andalertness.

TARGETEDINFORMATI
ON
Mostti
mesiti
sdif
fi
cul
ttoknowwhatinf
ormat
ionspi
esar
eint
erest
edi
n,butt
heunderl
i
stedar
esome
i
nfor
mationt
hatmaybeofrel
evance.
1.Secr etformulafordesi gnsandt echnology
2.Listofcust omer sandsuppl i
ers
3.Salesandser vi
cespr omot ionplans
4.Resear chanddev elopmentpl ans/pr
ojects
5.Policydeci si
onsonf utur
eact i
vit
ies
6.IndustrialRelat
ionsnegot iati
on
7,Empl oyeesconf identialr
eports
8.Othercl assif
iedinformation

I
tshouldbenotedt
hatther
iskofespi
onageisposedbothi
nter
nal
l
yandext
ernal
l
y.Theint
ernalespi
onagei
s
posedbythecompanyemployeesandext
ernalbyagent
swhoarewor
kingf
orcert
ainor
ganizat
ions.

FORMSOFESPI ONAGEATTACK
Therecanbesomanyway :ofspy i
ngast her
ear emanyspies.Thecommonestmet hodsincludethe
fol
l
owi ng;
1. Cat chingont hecarel
essness, boastf
ulnessandnegligenceoftheemployeesofat arget
edcompany .
2. Plant i
nganagenti nthetargetedcompany
3. Cor ruptingempl oyeesofthet argetedcompanyorf orminganemot i
onalattachment .
4. Elect r
oni call
ybuggingtel
ephonesandof fices
5. Ent eringt hepremisesofthetar get
edcompanyt ogatherinf
ormati
oneitherasav i
sit
or,contractor
,Ut
il
it
y
officialsorev enasani nt
ruder.
6. Usingt empor aryorcasualwor kers
7. Hol dingadet ai
ledint
ervi
ewf orknowl edgeableemployeesforanadver
tisedfinancial
lyattracti
vebutnon
-existingj ob.

PRECAUTIONARYMEASURES
Li
keanyotherf orm oft heft,i
ndust r
ialespionagecannotbeer adicat
edt otal
ly
,butthesearesomebasic
measur
est ocount eri
ndust ri
al espi onage.
1. Throught hesur v
eyofal l possibil
it
ies
2. Donotputdoubt fulorhi ghlyvulnerablestaf
finsensiti
veposit
ion
3. Security,trai
ning/wor kshopont hesignifi
canceofsensiti
veinf
or mati
onandi tsdamagi
ngeffectdue
toitsleakage
4. Establishingclearlydef inedpr ocedur esforhandli
ngclassi
fi
eddocument s
5. I
nvest i
gat ionofanysuspi ciousinformat i
onleakage
6. Destroy i
ngal lunwant eddocument spr operl
y
7. Onlyhonestandt rustedsecur it
yper sonnelshouldoverseet
hedocumentpr oducti
oncent
re
8. Changet hekey sandl ocker sofv ul
ner abl
einformati
oncentreperiodi
cal
ly.

SABOTAGEININDUSTRIES.
Sabot
agecanbedefi
nedasthephysi
caldest
ructi
onofgover
nment,
orindustri
alproper
ti
esorinst
allat
ions.
Thi
sactwhichf
all
sshor
tofnormalmil
it
aryoperati
oni
saimedatachiev
ingsubv er
sivepol
it
ical
objecti
ves.I
t
canal
sobeusedtoassi
staforei
gnpowertof1111herapoli
ti
cal
aim orint
erest.

TYPESOFSABOTAGE.
Ther
ear ethreet ypesofsabot age,namely;
1. Psychological Sabotage:Thisinvol
vesthepreventi
onordiscour
agementofaper sonorpersonsfr
om
gett
ingonani mportanttarget
.Therefor
e,hi
sinabil
it
ytogetthere,sabotagehisplantosuccess
2. PhysicalSabot age:Physicalsabotagecomes¡nf or
m ofbombbl ast,fi
re,t
heft
,vandal
izat
ionor
assassination.Whenabui ldi
ngissetablazewill
ful
ly
,expl
odes,theprocess’ofachiev
ingwhatthe
sabotagei smeantf or
,
3. Mechani cal Sabotage:Thistypeofsabotageiscommon¡ nindustr
ies,Defense

Cor
por
ati
on,
manuf
act
uri
ngi
ndust
ri
es.I
tinv
olv
eswi
l
lful
damageofmachi
ner
yot
hert
hanexpl
osi
ves0.
1’f
ir
e.

CLASSESOFSABOTAGE.
THEPROFESSIONALS:Thesearetrai
nedmenandwomendedi cat
edandt echnicall
yprof
ici
entint
heir
oper
ati
on.At
tacksofhost
il
eint
ell
igenceserv
icesordomest
icsubver
sionor ganizat
ionarenormal
lywell
pl
anned.I
nmostcasestheyaretr
espassersandmostseparat
edterr
oristnormallyemploythei
rserv
ices.
I
nsomei nst
ances,gover
nmenthasbeenknownt ousepr
ofessi
onal
swit
hint
heArmcoForcesorSecur
it
y
Agenci
esasprofessi
onsaboteurs.
THEAMATEUR: Thesearcuntrai
nedorpart
iall
ytrai
nedi
ndi
vidual
sorgr
oupcapabl
eofusi
ngonlysimpl
e
methodsofdest
ructi
on.Theyareusual
l
yinsiderswhohavegoodknowl
edgeofsabot
ageoperat
ion.

SABOTEUR’ STECHNIQUES.
1.Theprofessi
onalsaboteuristr
ainedtostr
ikewhenYeastex
pected.
2.Takeadvantageofexisti
nghazar dssuchasdanger
ousmateri
alsint
het
argetar
ea.
3.Makehisat t
ackl
ooksl i
keanacci dent SECURITYOFYOURCAR
4.Usesdistr
acti
ngtacti
cst oconfusesecuri
tyguar
ds Youcanturncr
iminalt
opasser
s-by
5.Becapableofmanuf acturi
ngexplosi
ves. byfor
ti
fyyourt
argets.
Ensur ethedoorofourcari slocked
wher everitispacked.
METHODSOFSABOTAGE. Usedemobi li
zesori ntruderalarm
1.Expl
osiv
esandexpl
osi
ons. systemst of urt
herpr otectyourcar.
2.Fi
re. Thesi mpl estemobi l
izeistoremov e
3.Mechanical
. somet hingf rom y ourengine
compar t mentwhenev er
4.Assassi
nati
on. youpar ky ourcari napubl i
cplace.Do
notleav ev aluablesint hecar
REASONSFORSABOTAGE. especiallyont hecarseat .Valuabl
es
1.Toaffectandinfl
uencei nter
nationalpol
iti
cs. shouldbel ockedi ntheboot .
Ensur ey ourgat eislocked
2.Torevengeorbar gainforstatusofpolit
icalpr
isoners. beforer eti
ringtobedeachday .
3.Responsetoactual orperceiv
edi nj
usti
ce.
4.Todemor al
izethegov ernmentwi thav i
ewt ooverthrowi
t.
5.Assumeal owpr ofi
le.

PERSONALSECURI TY:
 Wat chy ou’ rebanki nghabi ts!Younev ercant ellwhoist r
ail
ingy ou.
 Dev elopex tr
asecur i
tyconsci ousnessandbeal erttodev el
opment saroundy ou.
 Cul t
ivategoodsenseofobser vati
on:wat chout ,peoplemaybet r
aili
ngy ou.
 Av oidrout inepat t
er nsofact i
vit
iesthatwoul denablewoul d-beassai l
antstoPiny oudown.
 Besensi t
iv etoar easoft hreatandpl aceswher eyouar emostv ulnerabletoattack(
youarct hebest
j
udgeoft his)andcal lforassi st
anceatf irstsignthatsomet hi
ngunusual hashappenedori shappen
 Bewar eoff r
audst ersandt ri
cksterswhocomei ndi f
ferentguises.Donotconductat ransactionexcept
.
a)Withapr oper l
yident ifi
edper son
b)I
nar ecogni zedpl aceof ’business’
c)I
nthepr esenceoft r ustedper sonsormember sofyourf amily
 Donotst ayov ernighti ncondi ti
onswhi chi solat
ey oufrom personsabl etogiveor
summonassi stancei nt heev entofdi str
ess..

SECURI
TYATHOME

Cutdownovergr
ownweedsorshr
ubsaroundyourhomeitmaygi
vecov
ert
o
i
ntr
udeTreatcal
ler
swi
thcaut
ionwhet
herknownorunknown.

Ensur
eyourhousehassi
mpleirongril
l
sontheex i
tdoorsandonni lwindows.
Ensur
ethatexi
tsar
eaccessi
bleincaseofemergenci
es.Occasionall
ydodr i
ll
stoensur
ewor
kabi
l
ity
.
Checkdoorsandwi
ndowseachni ghtt
oensur
et heyarelockedbeforegoingto
bed.

 I
ntheunli
kelyeventofsuccessf
ulbreak-
ins,avoi
deye-Lo-
eyecontactwit
htheintr
uders.
“
JustCooperatewiththem”.
 I
tisadvi
sabletohaveameansofcommuni cati
onwiththesecur
itydepar
tmentortheNi ger
iaPoli
ce
f
orce.
 I
nstr
uctchil
drennevertoadmitstr
angersintothehouse.Teachthem howtodetectpersonsthatmaybe
f
oll
owingthem.
 Warnhouseholdnottoacceptli
ft
sfrom stranger
s.
TRAVELSECURI TY
 Rest ri
cti nfor mationony ourt raveltotrustedr elationsandf ami l
ymember s.
Donott ravel atnight.
 Tel lsomebodyathomeori ntheof f
icethatyouar egoingwi t
h, whom youar egoi ngtoseeandt he
expecteddat eofr et
urn.
 Donott ravel byroadwi thlargesumsofmoney !Buti fyoumust ,t
henav oidex posingthem i ntheluggage
orintheboot .
 I fyouar eal one, avoidstoppi ngal ongt hehighwayt opur chasef ooditems.Youmaybeeasyt argetfor
carsnat cher s,
 Knowt hecondi ti
onoft her oadandr oute.
 Av oidgi vingl if
ttost r
angef acesi ncludingunifor medsecur i
typersonnel excepty ouknowt hem
 Bewar yofacci dentscenesal ongt hehi ghway .Theymaybeboobyt rapsbyr obber s.
 Ensur et haty our.vehicl
ei sr eadyf orthejourney .( Sparet i
re,jackandot hernecessar ytools).
 Cooper atewi thbona- fi
desecur i
tyagent satcheckpoi nt
s.
 I ntheev entt hatsecur i
tyoper ativesar enotpr esentatwel l
-knowncheckpoi ntsandt heot herwisebusy
roadappearunusual l
yqui ety oushoul dbesuspi cious!Robber ymaybet aki
ngpl aceahead.
 I fconfront edbyr obbers;cooper atefull
y ,
thereaf terreportt othenearestpol i
cest ati
on.
Alwaysi ndi catey ourintentiont ounf astenyourseatbel tifconf r
ontedbyar medearsni tchers.Theyt hi
nk
youar etr yi
ngt opullaweapon.
Off
iceSecur
it
y.
10Point
storemember

NEVERLEAVEHANDBAGSONDESKSOR Taket
hem wi
thy
ouorl
ockt
hem
WALLETINCOATSI
NYOURABSENCEaway

ALWAYSKEEPMONEYI
NASAFEPLACE Eveni fisonl yt heT- farenev er
l
eav eiti nanunl ockeddr awer
duringt heday .Atni ghtputi tina
safeorr emov ei tfrom t he
buildingal toget her.
BECAREFUL Alway sputt hem i nasaf eplaces
anddonotputspar ekey ssaf es,
etci ndeskdr awer s.Deposi tthem
atthesecur itypost
FASTENVULNERABLEWI
NDOWSI
NYOUR Iti
seasyt of orget ,parti
cLi l
arlyin
ABSENCE ther aini ngseason, andat hiefcan
cornandgoi ncoupl eof
minut es.
NEVERASSUMEASTRANGERWANDERI
NG Chal lengehi m: CanIhel py ou? ”
I
NTHEBUI LDI
NGUSAMEMBEROFSTATE candet erhi m/ her
DONOTJUSTACCEPTTHATASTRANGERIS Checkwi thsomeonei naut hor i
ty.
AUTHORIZEDTOBEINTI
-I
FBUI
LDI
NGJUST Ifthest rangeri sf r
om t hepost
RECAUSEHESAYSSO officeort het y
pewr itercompany
someonei ny ourf i
rm wi llknow.
Andnev eral lowany onei n
remov eof ficeequi pmentwi thout
checki ngf i
rst .
DONOTBEOVERAWEDBYCALLERS Eveni fhedoeswantt oseet he
Managi ngDi rect ormakesaf ehe
i
sknownandex pect ed.
NEVERLEAVECALLERSALONGI
NYOUROFFI
CE Uset het elephonet oenqui r
e
whet hersomeonecanseehi m.
DONOTDISCLOSECONFI
DENTI
AL Nomat terhowi mpor tanthemay
I
NFORMATIONTOASTRANGER seem al way sr epor tanysuch
requestf ori nfor mat iont oyour
empl oy ee
DONOTASSUMEALLSTAFFAREASHONESTAS Takecar eofy ourpr oper t
yand
YOU thatofy ourempl oyer
 JOURNEYMANAGEMENTSYSTEM
ANDDEFENSI
VEDRI
VING.

I
NTRODUCTI ON
Theneedf oranyor
ganizat
iont
ohavesaf
eandeff
ici
entpl
ans,pr
ocedur
esandst
andar
dsofoper
ati
on(
s)i
n
respectt
ot r
anspor
tat
ionofper
sonnel
andgoods(
EquipmentandMachiner
y)

THEOBJECTIVESOFJOURNEYMANAGEMENT
 Safetyofper
sonnel andgoods.
 Preventi
onofaccident(
s).
 Toachieveeff
icientuseofv ehi
cleandotherr
esourcesandtoreduceundueex
posur
e.
 Toachieveunif
or m st
andardsofpracti
ceforcompaniesandcontract
ors.
 Topr omoteasinglepointr
esponsibil
i
tyfortr
ansport
ati
onacti
vit
ies.

WHATI SJOURNEYMANAGEMENT
JourneyManagementincl
udespl
ans(poli
ci
esandstandards)andpr
ocedur
esi
nvol
vedi
nthesaf
eand
eff
ici
entt
ranspor
tat
ionofgoodsandpersonnel
overlandandwater.

JOURNEYDECI SIONMAKI NG.

Beforeembarki
ngonanyj our
ney,
keydeci
sionofj
our
neymanagementmustbemade.Theessencei
sto
el
iminateundueexposur
eofpersonnel
totr
anspor
tat
ionr
isks.

Ther
efor
e,theneedtoexposepeoplemustbedul ymade,
afteral
lal
ternati
ves,ifpossi
ble,
useot
her
communicati
onreamse.g.fax,
e-mail
,tel
ephonesetc,
wherenophysicalcontactisessent
ial
.

DEFINITIONOFTERMSI NJOURNEYMANAGEMENT
Journey:Thewor djourneyshallmeananyj ourneycar
ri
edoutint
hepursuitofcompany’
sbusi nesswhet her
bycompanyori tscont ractor
s’whichisrequiredbythecompanytobemanagedi naccordancewi ththi
s
standard,asdetai
ledinsect i
onJour neyManagement :shal
lmeantheacti
onstakenbyaper sont oauthori
ze,
plan,monitor
,andclose- outajourneysothatanyr i
sktohealt
hsaf
etyortheenvir
onmentisidentifi
ed,
assessedandcont rol
ledandsot hatrecoverymeasuresaremadeavail
ableshoul
dthejourneynotbe
compl et
edasplannedf oranyr eason.

JourneyPain:
shallmeanthedocument,whichdetai
l
sthet
imi
ngsandr
out
eort
hej
our
ney
,incl
udi
ngr
est
stopsthevehi
cleandthedri
verandpassengers.
HomeBase:
shallmeantheoper
ati
ngbasewher
ethedr
iverandv
ehi
clear
cnor
mal
l
ybased,
andf
rom wher
e
t
heout
wardjour
neystar
ts.

TheAuthor
izi
ngPerson:
is.tmanagerordepar
tmentheadwhoguar
ant
eest
hei
ntegr
it
yoft
hej
our
ney
managementsyst
em ofthecompanyordeportment
.

TheJourneyManager:i
sthepersonwhoplans,monitor
s,andcl
osesoutthejour
ney .TheJour
neyManager
al
soil
li
terat
esanyrel
evantacci
dentorman-l
ostproceduresi
ntheeventofanaccidentoravehicl
e
becomi
ngov er
due.

RESPONSI
BILI
TIES
Thefol
l
owi
ngpeoplear
cinv
olv
edi
naj
our
ney
,eachwi
thcer
tai
nresponsi
bil
i
ties:

TheAut
hor
izi
ngperson
 TheJourneyManager
 TheDri
ver.
 ThePassenger
(s).A

RESPONSI BILITIESOFTHEAUTHORI ZI
NGPERSDN
 TheAut hor
izingpersonisamanagerordepar t
mentheadwhoguar ant
eestheint
egri
tyoft hejourney
managementsy stem ofthecompanyordepar tment
 TheAut hor
izingpersonisresponsibl
eforappoi nti
ngsupervi
sorsasJourneyManager sandf orensuri
ng
thattheyarefull
yawar eofthei
rresponsibil
i
ties.
 Therecanbemor et
hanoneAut horizi
ngper soninanycompanyordepar tmentbuttheirident
ityand
functi
onshall beunderst
oodbyal lsupervi
sorsandot herj
ourneymanagers.
 TheAut hor
izingPersonisresponsibleforcompl i
ancewiththi
sstandardbyhissubordinates,andfor
arrangi
ngfort hebri
efi
ngofsuper vi
sorsanddr iver
s.

RESPONSI BILITIESOFTHEJOURNEYMANAGER
 TheJour neymanageri sresponsiblef orthepl anning, monit
or i
ng, andanal ysi
sofaj ourney.Thej ourney
managerr emainsresponsibleforthev ehicleanddr iverunti
l t
heyr eturnt othehomebase, unlessthe
vehicleanddr i
verareretainedbyanot herl ocati
onf orotherwor k.Ther esponsibil
i
tyf orthedriverand
vehiclemustt henbeaccept edbyaj our neymanageratt hatotherl ocation.
 Thej ourneymanageri sresponsiblef orinitiati
nganyemer gencypr ocedur es(suchasman- lostaccident,
etc)whenhei snoti
fiedofanacci dentort hev ehiclebecomesov erdue, bycontactingther el
ev ant
emer gencycont r
olroom ordut yofficer.
 Wher eaj ourneywouldendaf t
ernor mal wor ki
nghour sthej ourneymanagershal lhandov erthe
responsibili
tyatt
hecl oseofwor ktoacompet entper sonondut y( i
.e.Duty
superv
isi
on/Dispatcher)asagreedwiththedri
v erdur
ingthepl
anni
ngphaseofthejour
ney.Thejourney
managershallensurethatthepersonissuff
icientl
ybrief
edaboutt
hejour
neyandgiventhejour
neyplan.
 Whent hejourneymal i
ngerischangedwithinthenormalworki
nghours,
thedri
vershal
lbeinfor
medat
theearl
iestopportunit
y.

RESPONSI BILI
TIESÒFTHEDRI VER
 Thedr i
veronlyifauthori
zedandf i
ttodri
veandtowearsetbel l
andtoensur eallpassengerswearseat
bel
ts.
 Fort hecondi ti
onofhisv ehicl
e,loadandfordri
vi
ngsafetyandinaccordancewi t
ht heJourneyPl an.
 Thedr i
vershallnotdepar tunt
ilhehasreceiv
edandunder st
oodt heJourneyPlan,toget
herwi t
ht he
manifestandanyr elevantSHOC( SafeHandl
ingofChemicals)Card(i
ftheloadishaz ardous).
 Tocont acttheJourneyManageratcer t
ainti
mesorplacesdur i
ngthejourneyoratdestinati
on, asagreed
wit
ht heJour neyManagerbef oredepartur
e.
 Thedr i
vershallcontacttheJour neymanagerift
her
ear eanyproblemsordi f
fi
culti
esen- r
oute,andwhen
hereturnstohomebase.

RESPONSI BI
LITIESOFTHEPASSENGER( LAND)
Towearseatbel ts.
 Toensur enounaut hori
zedpassengersarecarri
edinthevehicl
e.
 Theensur edr iveradherestotheJourneyPlan.
 Toensur et hedr i
veroperateswithi
nnati
onalandcompany ’
sspeedli
mit
s,andinasafemanner,t
aki
ng
notofprevaili
ngweat herconditi
ons.
 Passenger sshal lnotpressuri
zeordiv
ertdr
ivertochangefr
om theJour
neyPlanexceptf
orsaf
ety
reasons.

RESPONSI BILITIESOFTHEQUARTERMASTER.
 Thequar termasterisresponsi bl
ef orhisvessel
/craf
t,load,andpassengers,andf orsail
i
ngsaf elyand
accordingt otheJourneyPl an.
 Thequar termastershallnotdepar tuntilhehasreceivedandunder stoodthejourneyplan,togetherwith
themani festandanyr elevantShoecar d(i
ftheloadishaz ardous).
 Thequar termastershallcont actt
hej ourneymanageratcer tainti
mesorpl acesduringthejourneyorat
desti
nat i
on, asagreedwi ththejourneymanagerbef oredepar tur
e.
 TheQuar t
ermastershall contactthejourneymangeri ftheremeanypr obl
emsordi ffi
cult
iesen-routeand
whenher eturnstobase..

 Thequar
ter
mast
ershal
loperat
ehisvessel
/cr
aftinl
i
newit
hMer chantShippi
ngrul
esandregul
ati
ons
 Thequar
ter
mast
ershal
lnotsai
lduri
ngthecurfewhour
sunlessauthor
izedwaiv
erhasbeenrecei
vedi
n
wri
ti
ng.

RESPONSIBILITI
ESOFTHEPASSENGER( MARI NE)
 Passenger sshallnotpressur
izeordivertthequar t
ermastert
ochangefrom thejourneyandinst
ruct
ions
exceptforsaf
etyreasons..
 Passenger smustensur eabidestri
ctl
ytodepar tureti
mes.
 Passenger smustensur eQuar t
ermasteroperatedt otheJour
neyplan..
 Passenger sshallensuretheQuartermasteroperatedinasafemanger ;
takingnoteofprevai
li
ngweat her
condit
ions.
 Passenger smustensur enounaut hori
zedpassenger sboardthevessel
/craft
.Authori
zedpassenger
sar c;
companyst af
f,contract
orsstaffworki
nginactiv esit
esorapprov
edt hi
rdpatti
es.
 Passenger smustpossesv al
idswimmi ngpasspor ts

JOURNEYMANAGEMENTSYSTEM
QUALI
FYINGJOURNEYS

Thefol
lowi
ngjourneysshal
l(asaminimum)bemanagedaccor
dingt
othepr
ovi
si
onsoft
hisst
andar
d:Al
l
j
ourney
sinvolv
ingmedium andheavyvehi
cles.
 Al l
journeyi
nvolv
ingmedium andheavyvehi
cles
  Al
li
nter-
stat
ejourneys.
 Al
lj
ourneyswhichexceed100km r
oundtri
p.
 Al
lj
ourneysatnightoutsi
decompany
’sbases.

TheGeneralManager,
product
ionorthedutymanagershal
laut
horizeal
ljourneysatnight.
Journey
snotcoveredbytheabovefourpoint
sst
il
lrequi
rebeauthori
zi
ng,planningandr ecor
ding.Howev
er,
for
mal j
ourneymanagementisnotr
equiredandi
tissuff
ici
entt
hatdetai
lsoft hejour
neyar center
edin
vehi
clel
ogbook.

THEJOURNEYPLANFORLANDTRANSPORT
Thej
ourneypl ancanbei nanyf ormatorsi ze,butthefoll
owinginf
ormati
onshal
lbeincl
uded:
 Purposeofj ourney.
 Registrationnumberandt ypeofvehicle.
 Driverdet ai
ls.
 Numberofpassenger s/cargoonmani f
est .
 Depar t
ur epoint.
 Actual depar t
ure.dat
eandt i
me.
 Plannedr out ewithnameort imeofeachr estpoint.
 Dest i
nat i
onandcont actnameandt elephonenumber .
 Estimat eddur at
ionanddi st
anceofjour ney.
 Nameofj ourneymanagerandcont actt elephonenumber .
 Ifpartoft hejourneyistobedoneatni ght,thereasonwhy,andatt
achthewri
tt
enauthori
zat
ion.
 Tick-boxest oshowt hat:

 ASHOCcar dhasbeeni ssuedifhaz

ardousmat
eri
alsar
ecar
ri
ed
 Vehi
cleconditi
onhasbeenchecked
 Dri
versli
cense/per
mi tchecked.
 Welfar
eitemsrequired.

THEJOURNEYPLANFORMARI NETRANSPORT
Thejourneypl ancanbei nanÿf ormalorsiz e,
butt hefoll
owinginf
ormationshal
lbeincl
uded:
 Nameoft hev essel /
fleetnumber
 Nameoft heQuar termaster
 Numberofpassenger sonmani fest-
 Depar t
ur epoint
 Act ual departuredat eandt i
me
 Rout ewi t
hnameort i
meofeachr est,
 Ex actar ri
valpoi nt
 Est i
mat edarri
v al dateandt i
meanddi stanceofj ourney
 Nameof j
ourneymanagerandcont actnumber
 Ifpar toft hejour neyist obedoneatni ght,thereasonwhy ,
andattachthewrit
tenauthor
izati
on.
 At i
ck-boxi fhazar dousmat er
ial
sar ecar r
ied,toshowt hataSHOCcar dhasbeengiventot he
Quar t
ermast er...

JOURNEYMANAGEMENTVI OLATION
Thefol
lowingactsbyuser saredeemedv i
olat
ions.Viol
ati
ons,whichincl
udedeviati
onsfrom ajourneypl
an,
wil
lbemoni t
oredanddef aul
terswil
l facetheappropri
ateLi
neRev iewPanelsortheVehicleAccidentRev
iew
Panel(
VARP)f ordiscipl
inaryacti
on.
 Dr i
vingoroperatingcompany ’sv ehicl
ewithoutauthor
it
yorcompet ence.
 Dr i
vingoroperatingcompany ’sv ehicl
ewithfault
yspeedomet er
 Dr i
vingoroperatingcompany ’sv ehicl
ewithoutthedri
versrecommendedpr escri
pti
onglasses.
 Dr i
vingunderthei nf
luenceofal coholordrug.
 Operati
ngav ehicleduringcurfewhourswi t
houtpr i
orauthori
zati
on.(Thebanonni ghtdri
vingforbi
ds
dri
vingbetweent hehour sof1830t o0600hour swithoutseniormanagementappr ovalexceptvehi
cle
att
achedt otheairportwhenf i
ghtsaredelayed.
 Deviati
ngfrom anappr ovedroutetoaest i
mat i
on.
 Non-report
ingorconceal mentofanacci dentorinci
dent.
 Fai
luretouseseat beltbytheDr i
verandpassenger s
 Tamper i
ngwi t
ht heIn-Vehicl
eMoni t
ori
ngSy stem (I
VMS)i nordertorenderi
tineffecti
ve.
 Anyf al
seentryintheJour neyManagementFor m.
 Dri
vingandort raveli
ngasapassengeri nacompanyv ehicl
ewithoutan,JVMSi nstall
ed.
 Fai
luretoinspectv ehi
clebeforeusee.g.toensurev ehi
cleroadworthy.

DEFI
NITI
ONANDCONCEPTOFDEFENSI
VEDRI
VING

DEFINITION
Defensivedrivi
ngisdriv
ingt opreventacci
dents(coll
isions)inspi t
eoft hei
ncorrectact
ionsofothers(other
roadusers)andt headversecondi ti
onsaroundyout hedr iverandt hussaveli
ves,ti
me, moneyandpr operty
.
Thisisskil
ladr i
vercanmast ert
hroughstudy,t
raini
ngandpr acti
ce.
Theconceptofdef ensivedr i
vingrequir
esthedri
vertoav oidallaccidentsi
rr
espectiv
eofwhat evert
hecause
mightbe.Heshoul dnotcl aimr i
ghtofwaynorblamet heacci dentonsomef act
ors,hl’
shoulddepend
himselfagainstunsafeactionsofot her
sorunsafecondi tionsar oundhim.Thisshouldhehisf r
ameofmi nd
atallt
imes.

ADVERSECONDI TIONS
Therearesixcondit
ionspresentineverydri
vingsi
tuation.Theyare:l
ight
,weat her,r
oad,tr
aff
ic,vehicl
eand
thedri
ver.Theseconditi
onscanbef avorableoradverse.Whent heyarefavorable,t
heymakedr ivi
ngeasier
.
Howev er
,whent heyareunfavorabl
e,dr
ivingbecomesmor ediff
icul
tincr
easingt hechancesofget ti
ng
i
nv ol
vedinaccident
s,Thedr i
verundersuchci r
cumstancehast oadjust(ortail
or)hisdri
vi
ngt osuitthe
prevai
li
ngconditi
ons.Iti
sonlywhent hedr i
vel’
rai
lstoadjustli
stdri
vingthattheseadv er
seconditionscan
causeaccident

HOW TODEFENDAGAI NSTCONDI TIONS:-LIGHT

Thel i
ghtfrom thesuncandazzl ethedr iverwhenhef acesthesuneitherinthemor ni
ngordur ingsunsell
ing
i
nt heev eni
ng.Thedr iv
ershouldslowdownandputont hesunv i
sor.Hecanal sowearsunglasses.
Somet imes, t
hereistoolit
tl
edur i
ngday timehour ssinceasatdawnordusk, whentheskyisdar kdueLa
rai
l’
—cl ods,whenr oadwayi scoveredwi thsmokeordust .Insuchsi
tuations,turnonyourlow-beam li
ghts
andr educey ourspeed.
Alnight,li
ghtfrom theon-comingv ehicleortheonebehi ndy oucandaz zl
ey ou.Whent hel
ightisfrom t
he
vehiclebehind,adj
usty ourrear
viewmi r
ror.Sbthatthelightraysdonotst r
ikeyour
ey
esdi rectly.Forl ight sfrom on- comi ngv ehicle, communi cat
etwicetot hedriv
erbyf l
ashi
ngy ourli
ghtsifthe
dr
iverfail
st ot urnhi sl ightstol owbeam, starttodef endyoursel
fagainstbeingblindedbydoingt hefol
lowing:
 Tur ny ourey esf rom thebr ightlightstot her ightanddownal itt
lebitfortheroadedgemar ki
ngstoguide
you.Nev err etaliatebygi vingt heot herdr i
v erf ullbeam,
 Reducespeed( slowdown) .
 I ncreasingf ol l
owi ngdistancei fther eisav ehi cleahead.
 Wat chf orpedest rians,cyclistandobst ructions.I fy
ouar ebl
indedbef oreyoucouldturnaway .Stopand
recov er.Ittakes4- 7secondst or ecoversi ght .Donotdr iv
ewhi l
eblindedbyon- comingvehicl
eheadlights.
Donotov erridey ourheadl i
ght s.Alway skeept hem cleanandwel l
-aimed.

Theadverseweat hercondi t
ionsadri
vermayencount
eri
ncl
uderai
ns,
dewandhi ghwi
nds.Dur
ingr
uinsand
heav
ydew, dothefollowing:
 Reducespeed.
 Increasef ol
lowingdistance.
 Putonl ow-beam headl i
ghts.
 Par kinopenspacei ftherainisv
eryheav
yorwhenwindisv
eryst
rong.Putonhazar
d
 lightsifyouparkbyt her oadsi
de.
 Av oidhy dr
oplaning.

ROAD:
Studythecharacter
ist
icsofther oady ouaredriv
ingon:
ShapeofRoad-i st
her oad.straight
,curvedfl
atorhi l
ly
?Roadsi gnswi l
lguideyou.Lookoutf
orthem.
Reducey ourspeedwhenappr oachingcurves(bends)andhi lls.
RoadSur face-canbeconcr ete,asphalt
;gravel
,latentofdirt.Itcanbedr y,wet
,smoothorbumpy .There
couldbelaneandpav ementl inesornot.Adjustyourdr i
vi
ngt osuitcondit
ions.
Shoulder-Checkwhet herther oadhasshoulderandi fitissaf etodriveonduringemergency
.Ifshoulder
l
oosegr avelsorcover
edwi thwetl eavesormud, hecarefulassuchsur f
acecancauseskiddi
ngwat chfor
roadsignsandbecar efuli
nr oadconst r
ucti
onar eas.

TRAFFIC
Traff
icmeansev erythi
ngusingtheroad.Theyhav ear i
ghtt ousetheroadli
keyout
houghmanyoft hem do
notusetheroadpr operl
y.Thedefensivedr i
vershouldr eali
zethatthegr
eatert
heamountoftr
aff
iconthe
road,t
hemor ethechancesf orconfl
ict
sandcol l
isions.Hencet akethefol
l
owingpr
ecaut
ions:
 Av oi
dtherushhour sandcongest edr outeswhenev erpossibl
e?
 Al waysyiel
dr i
ghtofwayt opedestrians.
 Tr eatmotorcyclesasequalstofull
-sizev ehi
cle.
 Tr
avelatthesamespeedwit
hothertr
affi
c.
 Heconsider
ate;
don’
tclai
mri
ghtift
hisisnecessar
ytopr
eventacol
l
isi
on,

VEHICLE
Thev ehi
clemustbewel lmaintained.All
thepartsmustbeingoodwor ki
ngorder
.Ev erymorning,bef
ore
star
ti
ngy ourvehicle,checkallfl
uidlevel
s,br
akes,tr
affi
cat
ors,
haz ardl
ight
s,ty
resincludi
ngspar etyr
e,horn,
adli
ghts,andallotherindicat
ors.Cleanyourwindshiel
dandmir r
ors.Observ
etheseindicator
sasy oudrive
yourvehicl
e.Uset heseat bel
talways.Besureyourjack,wheelspannerandprovi
dedt oolsar
ei nyourboot.
Befami l
i
arwithal lthegadgetspr ovi
dedinyourvehicl
e.

DRIVER
Dri
verer r
oraccount sf ormor et han70%ofal lcolli
sions.Adr i
vershoul ddet er
mi newhet herhei sphy sicall
y
andemot i
onallyf i
tbef oredr i
ving.Adr i
verfitnesst odr i
ve-isaffect edbyt hef oll
owingf act ors: .
 Age-y oungdr i
verst houghr eactv er
yf ast,ar einex peri
encedandof tenr eactincor r
ect l
y.
 Theyspeedt oomuch.Mi ddle- ageddr iverst endt obçov erconf identbecauseoft heirex perience.They
shoul dstayal ert.Ifstressedoranxi ous, theyshoul dchanget heirst ateofmi ndbef or eget ti
ngbehi ndthe
wheel .Oldormat uredr iv
ersshoul dchanget heirdrivi
nghabi tst osui ttheirphysical abil
iti
es.Theyshoul d
driv
eshor terdistancesst ayouti fheav yf astt raffi
croadanddr iveonf amili
armudandst reets.
 At ti
tudeaggr egat i
v eor“ mef i
r st”personal it
iesf requentlyleadt ocol li
sions
 Al cohol :Adv erselyaffectsj udgment ,react iont imeandcoor dinat i
on.Donotmi xdr ivingwi thdrinking.
 Dr owsi nessandf ati
gue: donotdr iveify ouar et ir
ed.Alway s“t aket enf rom two”.Takeanaporl et
someoneel sedr iverDonotr elyoncof feel okeepawake.
 Phy sicalImpai rment :visi
onandhear ingpr obl ems, muscl eweakness, epil
epsy ,
’hear tdisease, diabetes
etc,increasedr i
vingr i
sk.Consul tyourdoct orwhet heryoushoul ddr ive.
 Emot i
ons: anger ,wor r
y, f
rust rati
on, j
oyandex cit
ementr educeconcent rat
ion.Cont rol y
ouremot ions
befor edriving.

PERFECTTRIP
Adefensi
vedri
verai
msatmakingperf
ectt
ri
psal
way
s.Aper
fectt
ri
pisonecompl
etedwi
thoutanyoft
hef
ive
dri
vi
ngerror
s:
 COLLI SI
ONS
 TRAFFI CVIOLATI
ONS
 VEHI CLEABUSE
 SCHEDULEDELAYS.
 DI SCOURTESYtootherr
oaduser
s
ELEMENTSOFDEFENSI VEDRIVI
NG.
Def
ensivedr ivi
ngr equirest hef oll
owi ngf i
veel ement s:
1. KNOWLEDGE: Adr ivermustknowt het r
aff i
cr egulati
onsoft hecount ryandanyedi ts,by-
lawsandot her
requi
rement sofv ariousLocal Gov ernmentAr eas.Hemustknowt hecor rectpr ocedureswhi lebehindt he
wheel,hazar dsandhowt oav oidt hem.
2. ALERTNESS: Adr ivermustbe’ attent i
ve,awakeandawar eofwhati shappeni ngar oundhim.I -l
eshoul d
notbedi stracted.Dr i
v i
ngr equires100%concent r
at i
on.Hei sal oneoper ator.
Thepilot,forinstance, hasaco- pilot,radarandai rcont rol
lerst ohelp;ashi p’scapt ainhasr adar,sonar
andawel l-
trainedcr ewt or elyupon; t
hetraindr i
verhasaf ir
eman, adead- mant hrottl
e,crossinggat es
andfixedr ailsonwhi chtor un.Themot orv ehi cl
edi verhowev er,hasnohel per.Italldependsonhi mt o
spotdangerandt akeappr opr i
atest epstoav oidit.
3. FORESI GHTThi sist heabi li
tytoant i
cipateimmedi ateandl ong- ter
m event ualit
iesandpl anf orthem.The
dri
verpr edictsthel ikelyact ionsofot herroaduser sandpr epar estoav oidacol li
si
on.
4. GOODJUDGMENTS.Meansusi ngourcommonsense, experienceandi ntuiti
ont ochosewi selyfrom a
numberofchoi cesi nanyt raffi
csi tuat i
on, andact ingcor r
ectlyint i
me.
5. SKILL.Isneededt ohandl et hev ehi cleeffectivelyinbasi candemer gencycondi ti
onsei t
herbr aki
ng, ri
ding
oftheroad, passing, changi ngl anes, orhomi ng

WHATDEFENSI VEDRI VINGREQUI RESOFYOU

Her
e’swhatDef ensi veDrivi
ngr equi resofy ou:
 Youmustoper ateav ehicleinsuchamannert hatyouav oi
dbeinginvolvedinaprev
entableacci
dentor
contr
ibutetoot hersbeingi nv olvedi nanacci dent.
 Youneedt oknowandobser veal lapplicati
ont r
aff
icrul
esandr egul
ations
 Youshoul dmai ntai
naconst antal ertnessf ort
heill
egalact
sanddr iv
ingerrorsofot
hersdriv
ers.You
‘
mustbe, will
ingt omaket i
mel yadj ustment sinyourowndr i
vi
ngsot hatsuchi l
l
egalact
sander ror
sdo
notaffectorinvolveyou.
 Youmusti ntell
igentl
yadj usty ourdr i
v i
ngt othespecial
hazardspresentedbyabnormal,unusualor
changingcondi t
ionsin:
 Themechani cf uncti
oningofy ourv ehicle
 Ther oadsur face
 Theweat her.

 Youneedat horoughknowl edgeoft her ul

esof
ri
ght-
of-way,andbewill
ingt oy i
eldt
oot her
dri
versregardl
essoft
heser uleswhenev er
necessarytoavoi
danacci dent .
 Youshouldhav eanatti
tudeofconf idencet hat
youcan.driverwi
theverhav ingaprev entable
acci
dent.
 Theli
ghtav ai
l
able
 Thetraff
ic
 Yourphysicalf
it
ness.
 Yourstateofmind

COMMUNI
TYAFFAI
RS

BASI
CCOMMUNI
TYAFFAI
RSI
SSUES

I
NTRODUCTI ON.
I
nNiger
ia,justl
ikeinotherpart
softheworl
d,i
ndustr
iesarcestabli
shedforspeci
ficpur
poses.I
nmostcases
f
ort
hepr oductionofspecialpr
oduct
sthatwi
lly
iel
dincomef ortheoperati
ons(OwnersofCompany)andat
t
heti
mepr ov i
deemploy mentopport
uni
ti
esformember softheirhostCommuni t
ies.

Forthesei ndustr
iestomeett heirpri
maryobjectiv
esofgener atingincome, meet‘t
heirobl
igati
ons‘tothei
r
stakehol der
sandatt hesamet i
meengagei n’ somedev elopment alprogr
amme’ sintheCommuni ti
esin
whicht heyoperate,employ
ersandempl oyeesmustensur econt i
nuousanduni nt
errupt
edpr oducti
onofthei
r
products.Bearinginmindthef actthatmost,ifnotalloftheindustri
esoper at
eindiffer
entCommuni t
ies,
thereisadi r
eneedt oensuret hattherel
ati
onship’betweent heseCommuni ti
esandt heCompanyi smost
cordialandmut uall
ybenefi
cial.Theprinci
palactorsinmaki ngthiswi t
hintheCommuni tyandi nt
eractwit
h
theCommuni tymember s..

Thepr i
maryobj ect
ivesofthecourseinquest
ionistocri
ti
cal
lyandobjecti
v el
yex ami
netherel
ati
onship
betweenOilindustryCommuni t
ybasedworkersandthei
rhostCommuni t
ieswithaviewtoident
if
yareasof
funct
ion,ar
easofmut ualagreementandconsequentl
yeducatethem onthef actoft
heirr
esponsi
bil
it
ies,
l
oy al
tyandobligati
onsareprimar i
l
ytothei
remployersandnotvice-
versa.

Const
anteducat
ionandenl
ight
enmentt oensur
eindust
ri
alhar
monyandmi ni
mizeareasoffuncti
oncannot
beoveremphasi
zed.I
tal
soincreasetheCommuni t
ybasedworkers’awarenessandtheirownroleint
he
Company’
s’goal
saswellastheirownrolei
ntheconti
nuousst
riv
e, t
owardspr ogr
essfortheallgr
owthofthe
Company.

Enli
ght
enmentbri
ngspeaceandharmonyaseachworker
sbecomesawareofthei
mportanceofhi
sacti
on
sandcont
ri
buti
onstothesuccessoft
hecompany,
theCommunityi
nwhichtheyworkandthenati
onal
economyatl
arge.

COMMUNI TYPERCEPTI ONINTHENI GERIANOILINDUSTRY

OilandgasisNigeria’
smostimpor t
anteconomicresourcef
orthemoment
,Itcont
ri
butesnearl
y90%of
governmentrevenue.Iti
sfoundbothinNigerDel
taregionofswamps,
mangroveforest
-popul
atedar
eaanda
fewplacesinsouth-westofNiger
ia.

I
naway ,explor
ingactivit
iesinseveralwaystouchontheli
vesoftheinhabi
tant
soft hehostcommuniti
es.I
t
i
nvol
vesforinstance,theconstructi
onofroadsandcanals,t
hebreakingupofvirgi
normangr ovefor
estand
i
ntheprocessthedest ructi
onoff aunaandfloraaswell
asthepollut
ionoftheenvi
ronmentandt he
i
ntr
oducti
onofent ir
elynewcul tur
al pr
acti
cesandv al
uesyst
em.

VI
SIONFORTHENI GERIANPEOPLE
1. Wemustt ransf or
m Ni geri
atoaMaj orIndust ri
albeltofWor l
dClassstandardthatwill
bepr oudofri
ch
cult
ur e,ful
l ofmat urit
yandat ourism attractioncher i
shedbyitsstandard.
2. Assur anceofgai nfulemploymentf orqual i
fiedNi geri
ansintobothOilandnon-Oilsectors,I
nLocaland
ForeignCompani esoper ati
ngi ntheNi ger i
a.
3. Youths: Abl e-bodiedmenandt heWor kingCl assknowi ngtherol
estowar dst
hemeani ngofdev el
opment
andcont ri
but i
ngt hei
rquot atoachi eveasui tableEconomicGr owthandDev el
opmentf orbotht
he
count ryandt hemsel ves.
4. Freedom f rom oppr ession,Freedom f rom mar ginal
izati
on
5. Nationbui ldingbyt ruthful
ness, r
ighteousness, goodwillmessages,fai
thandcooper at
ion.
 APPRECI
ATI
ONOFBASI
CCOMMUNI
TYAFFAI
RSI
SSUES

WHATI
SCOMMUNI
TYAFFARI
S?

Theterm-Communi tyr
efer
stopeoplei
nhabit
ingacert
ainlocal
i
ty,
havi
ngsomedegreeofpol
it
icalaut
onomy ,
asenseoffell
owship,auni
for
m setofr
eli
giousbel
i
efs,ethni
chomogenei
ty,
andof
tenaparti
culardominant
occupat
ionfunct
ion.

Ogbebor( 1992)expr
essedt hataCommuni t
yisagroupofpeopl
elocatedinagivengeographi
calareawi t
h
commongoal sandaspir
ation.Butthatasitmay,Communi t
yaff
air
scoul dberefer
redtoastheprocessby
whicht heeff
ortsof
thepeoplethemselvesareuni t
edwiththoseofgovernmentaut
hori
ties,Oi
li
ndustri
esorotherest
ablishment
apartfrom Oili
ndust
ri
estoimpr ovetheeconomic,soci
alandcul
tur
al condi
ti
onsoft heCommuniti
es, to
i
ntegratetheseCommuni ti
esi nthel
ifeofthenati
onandtoenablethem tocontr
ibuteful
l
ytonati
onal
progress.

Communi tydev elopmentpolicy(aims&obj ectiv

es) .
 Toi mpr ov ethequali
tyofl i
feintheCommuni tyinit
soper at
ingareaOili
ndust r
iesandother
establishmentshal laim at:
 Est ablishingaCommuni tydevelopmentpr ogrammewhi chappl i
esWor l
dst andardsofpracticetoserv
e
i
tshostCommuni ti
es
 Faci li
tatingwor ki
npar t
nershipwiththehostCommuni ti
esandwher eappropriat
ewi t
hgov ernment,
donor s,non- gover
nment alorganizat
ions,Communi t
ygr oupsandot herstakeholders.
 Encour agi ngthefull
par t
ici
pationofhostCommuni t
iesinpr oj
ectimplement at
ionandmoni tori
ng.
 Mai nt
ai ningcommuni cati
onwi thsocialsegment softhehostcommuni ti
esi nordertoaddresstheir
needs
 Focusi ngCommuni t
ydev el
opmentassi stanceonact i
vi
tieshavinghighimpactandbr oadbenef it
sforthe
l
ostpopul at
ion
 Pay ingspeci alatt
enti
ont othemosteconomi cal
lydisadvantagedsocialgroup.

OBJECTIVESOFTHEREPRESENTATI ONOFOI LINDUSTRI ESANDOTHER

COMPANI ESINTHECOMMUNI TIES
1. Theobjecti
vesofther epr esentationofOi li
ndustri
esinv ariouscommuni ti
esinclude:
2. Toenablethecompanyt obeseenbycommuni ti
esasapar tnerinthesocio-
cul
turaldev el
opmentof
thei
rareas
3. Tofostergoodwil
lfortheCompanyi nt heareasofoper ation
4. Toprovideaguidefort hecont rol ofrepresentat
ionstot radit
ionalrul
ersandopinion/community
l
eadersinthecommuni tieswher eOilcompani es,operate.
5. Tocreateatransportbasi sfort hetreatmentofal lexpenditureintheCommuni ti
esbyv ari
ousst
aff
oftheallCompanies/otherest abl i
shment

COMMUNI TYMOBI LI
ZATION
Itsi
mplymeansbringingtoget
hermember softhecommuni tyforaparti
cul
arpur
pose;iti
sveryessent
ial
in
anycommunityprojectandisthekeytocommuni typar
ti
cipati
on.Wil
li
ngnesstopar
ti
cipatei
nanOi l
establ
i
shmentprojectisanecessaryi
ngredi
entforthesuccessofthatproj
ect
.

OBJECTIVESOFCOMMUNI TYMOBI LIZATION

Theobj
ect i
vesofcommuni t
ymobi l
izati
onwi thregardtodi f
ferentOi lcompanypr ojectsinvar
ious
communitiesare:
1. Toencour ageCommuni typarti
cipati
on
2. Tocreateawar enessi ntheCommuni tymember sil
lthepr ojecttobecar r
iedout
3. Toinform undeducat ethecommuni tymember sonser viceav ail
abletothem wi t
hav i
ewofhelpi
ngt
hem
onhowt ousenecessar yfacil
i
tiese.g.Heal t
hSchool, Pi
pe- bornewat er,
elect
ricit
yet c
4. Tomot ivateandenlistthesuppor tofthecommuni t
ymember sinplanni
ngand
i
mplement ingprogrammesi n’t
hel oyalt
yf ortheimprovementofl ivi
ngconditi
ons.
5. Toeducat ethepeopl eaboutprev ai
li
ngpr oblemsandhowt opr eventandcont rolthem.
ADVANTAGESOFCOMMUNI TYMOBI LIZATION
1. Mor eoft heCompany ’spr ojectwil
lbeaccompl ished.
2. Servicecanbepr ov idedatal owercost
3. I
thel pstosol vethepr oblem ofinsecur i
ty
4. I
thel pstor educet hedest ructi
onofCompany ’sequipmentmaint
aingoodrapportbetweenCompany’
s
personnel andt hei ndigenes.
5. I
thel pstoinf ormt hecompanyaboutt hepr oblem (s)i
nthatpar
ti
cularCommunity.
6. I
tcanbeacat al
ystf orfurtherdev el
opmentef forts.
7. I
tleadst oasenseofr esponsi bi
li
tyforapr oject.
8. I
tensur est hatthingsar edonei nther i
ghtwaywi t
hinagi
venCommuni tywhereaprojecti
stobecar
ri
ed
out.
9. I
tf r
eepopul ati
onf rom dependenceonpr ofessi onalst
hati
stheCompanywi l
lnotonlydependon
professionalsbutal somakedowi t
hthelocal peopl ewho:maybeunskil
ledl
aborers

DI
SADVANTAGESOFCOMMUNI TYMORI LIZATIONPar t
ici
pati
on
1. Themember sofapar ti
cularCommuni t
ymayl iketoi mposerol
esandr egul
ati
onsorideal onaparti
cular
companyint ermsofempl oy ment ,
wages, sal
aries,soci
alameniti
es,et
c.
2. Someoft hemember sofaCommuni tymaywantt oassumenecessar yownershi
poft helandwher ethe
Company ’
spr ojectisbeinglocatedandassucht heywouldnotwantt ohumblethemsel v
est odothejob
accordi
ngtot het asteofthecompany .
3. Theycanuset heirpersonalclashestoaf f
ectthegr owthanddev el
opmentofthecompanyi nthei
r
Communi ti
es.
4. TheCompany /Cont r
actorconcer nedmayspendmor emoney ,t
imeand’ per
sonneli
npr ovi
dingthei
r
needs.

TABOOS/ TOTEMSINVARIOUSCOMMUNI TI
ES-
S
Tabooscouldbedefi
nedasthi
ngsorplacesmember
sofaparti
cularCommunit
yav
oid,
becauset
heyt
hink
theyar
eoffensi
veorembarr
assi
ngtothesmoothgover
nanceofthatpar
ti
cul
ar
Communi t
y.Itcouldbeasoci al custom whi chmember smustbeav oi
dedorar el
igiouscustom thatforbida
parti
cularacti
vit
ybecausei tmayof fendGod.
Whiletotemsont heotherhand, areani mal plant
sf oods,etc,t
hatar cthoughttohav easpecialspir
it
ual
connectionwithapar ti
culart r
ibeandCommuni t
y.
Bethatasi tmay ,iti
sinstructivetonot et hattaboos, t
otemsandl awsinagi venCommuni t
ywher eapr oject
i
st obecar ri
edouti sbeingl earntort aughtt otheCompany ’spersonnelbythosewhoar econversantwi t
h
thecustomsandt radit
ionsoft hatpar t
icularCommuni t
y.Thiswillenablethecompany ’
slawseither
posit
ivelyornegat i
vel
y.Posi ti
vei nthesenset hat,understandi
ngt helawscanser vet hecompanyandst aff
from embar r
assment ,arr
est ,fi
nesand
campnat i
onsast hecasemaybe; andnegat i
v etheotherwayr ound.Al lCompanieswor ki
ngindiffer
ent
Communi t
ieshavet obebr iefedconcer ningthev ari
oust aboosandt otemssot hattheCompani esst af
fwi ll
beatt hesafeside.

CONFI
NEDSPACEOPERATI
ONS

OBJECTI
VES

Dur
ingandatt heendofdi scussionpar
ti
cipant
swil
l:
1. Defineconf i
nedspace.
2. Listexampl esofconfinedspace
3. Identif
ythehazar dsofconfinedspace.
4. Appr eci
atesafetyprecauti
onsofwor ki
nginaconfi
nedspace.

I
NTRODUCTI ON:
 Scoresofaccidentshavebeenr ecor ded.inmanyconst ructi
onandcor rosioncontr
olorgani
zati
onsin
recentti
mesar i
singfrom impropermanagementanduseofconf inedspaceoper ati
ons.
 Recentinvest
igati
onshav ealsoex posedt heignoranceofmanyt echnicianson
confinedspacesafetyprocedures.Manyhav epassedawayt othegreatbey ondbytheignoranceoftheir
coll
eaguesont hedangersofconf inedspace.
 Yet,scoresofotherssustainedvariousdegr eesofinj
urywhiletheirmanagementi ncur
redhugef i
nancial
,
lossesduetoignoranceanddel iberateviolati
onsofconfinedspacemanagement .

DEFI
NI TIONS:
Theterm conf i
nedspacemeansal lareasorpi ecesofequi pmentwhere:
Normal airi
si nshortsupply.Thi
ssi mpl ymeanst hatexist
ingvent
il
ati
onisinsuf
fi
cientt
oremov edangerous
ai
rconcent rati
onsand/ oroxygendef i
ci encymayex i
steddev el
op.
 Aconf i
nedspacemeansaspacet hatdoesnotcont ai
nor‘wit
hrespectto
atmospher i
chazards,havingthepot ential
tocont ai
nhaz ar
dscapabl
eofcausingdeathorseri
ous
phy si
cal harm.?
 Cl osedcompar tmentsorpoor lyvent il
atedspaceoranyspacest hatarenotwellvent
il
ated,
or,which
hav ebeencl osedforanyappr eciabl elengthoftime.

However,wor ki
ngconfi
nedspacescanbedanger ousbecause:
1. Venti
lati
oni spoor-anunprotectedworkercansuff
ocatequickl
yinconfi
nedspace.
 Danger ousgasesar eal
sooftenpresentandcaninj
ureorkil
l
2. Detecti
onofmanypot enti
alhazardsispr
acti
call
yimpossibl
ewithoutt
heuseofspecial
equi
pment
wit
houtt heuseofspecial
3. Escapeorr escuefrom aconfinedspacecanbev er
ydiff
icul
twit
hlimit
edorrest
rict
edmeansofent
eri
ng
orexit
.

TYPES0FCONFI NEDSPACES.
Confi
nedspacesexi
sti
nmanyset
ti
ngs,
butar
eespeci
all
ycommoni
nst
orageandt
ranspor
tat
ionf
aci
l
iti
es.

EXAMPLES:
Pipel
ines,tunnel
s,t
anks,
v essel
s,manholes,shi
p-hol
ds,subcell
ars,sewer
,si
l
os,
vaul
ts,
col
l
ect
orpot
,col
umn,
coldstoragelocker
s,r
oofs,offl
oati
ngtank,andtrenchover4ftdeep.
 Under
groundandenclosedspacesaret
hemosteasi
1/r
ecogni
zedconfi
nedar
eas
 Anopenditch,
open-
toppedvaultormanyi
rr
egul
arbyshapedst
ruct
urecanal
sobeaconf
inedspace.

HAZARDSOFCONFI NEDSPACES:
A)Thesemayoccursinglyori
ncombinati
on
1.Lackofcommunicati
onwithworker
soutsidei
ncreasest hedangerofanyemployeei
nsi
detheconfined
spaces.
2.Lackof02cancauseawor kert
ocoll
apsealmostinstantly
.Normal ai
r:21%oxygen,
danger-
below19.5%
oxygen:
,
3.Lackofoxygencanbecausedbytherusti
ng,f
ir
e,airusingbacteri
aorthebui
ldupofothergases.,
‘

PHYSICALEFFECTSOFTOXI CGASESORVAPOURS
1. Breat
hingofvapoursf
rom petrol
eum productsgivesef f
ectr
angingfrom:mildexhi
l
arati
on,i
rr
it
ateskin,
eyes,
noseandt hr
oat,
severedheadache, completeintoxi
cat
ion,unconsci
ousnessanddeath.
2. Theeffect
sbecomemor epr onouncedast hepercentageisi
ncreasedandt i
meofex posur
eisincr
eased.

C)COMBUSTI ON:
 Abui l
dingofflammablegasesasv apour
scanburn
 Gasesandv apour
scanbef ormedbyscaleorresi
duei
nsi
detheconfi
nedspace,
bysolvent
susedfor
cl
eani
ngdecomposi t
ionsoforganicmater
ial
s.
 Aspar k,opennameorst at
icelect
ri
cit
ycancausefl
ammablegasesorvapour
stoigni
teorexpl
ode..

OTHERHAZARDSMAYI NCLUDE:
 Heat,whichcancauseheatexhaust
ion,crampsetc.
 Noise,whichmaybeintensi
fi
edinsmal lspacesandint
erf
ereswi
thcommuni
cat
ion
 Chemicalssuchasirr
it
ati
ngsolvent
s,residueorscal
eintankset
c

SAFETYPROCEDURES:
 Danger sar eof tenandal way sundet ectable,
Assumehaz ardsar epresentunti
lyouarcsuretheyarenot
.
Though, situationsdi ffer,buther earesomebasi csafet
ymeasur esy oushouldalwaysadoptwhen
wor ki
ngi nconf i
nedspaces:
1. Beforey ouent er,
getr eadyt o:.
(a)REVI EW COMPANYGUI DELINES: ,
-Findoutwhatpot entialhazar dsy ouface.
-Whatsaf etyequi pmenti sr equi
red.••.
-Whatt odoi nanemer gency .,.
-Followofal l
companyr ules&r egulati
onsi nrespectofsaf et
ypr ocedures.
(b)GETPROPERAPPROVER: ,•.:.,
-Getper mi ssionoranent ryper mitfrom thçãut hori
tyconcerned.
-Postitconspi cuousl yatt hewor ksitecarefùll
yr eadandex aminest hepermitpr
ecept-
by-pr
eceptand
foll
owst heper mitsi nstructions.
(c)BLOCKSOURCESOFDANGER: ..,
-Lockoutal lelectricalcircuitswitches, pi
peJinest oandfrom thev essels,
andpumpset c,
-Testlockedoutequi pment1‘ Closeall bl
ankswi t
hsoli
dflanges

-Lockandt agallbli
ndsusedinvalv
esandpi pesaccordi
ngtocompany
regulati
ons.,.
: .
-neut r
ali
zeallpotent
ial
mechanical’
andliqui
d
(d)TESTBEFOREENTERI NG.
-Test i
ngofai rwit
hintheconfi
nedspaceusingappr opr
iat
etesti
ngdevi
cesshoul
dbecontinuousorwith
suff
icientfrequencytoensurethatt
hedev el
opmentofdanger ousai
rcont
aminat
ionand/
or02def i
ciency
operation.

Besur etheyar eworkingproperl

y
Inser
ttestpr obethroughventinaccess(
ifun-
vent
ed,fol
lowapproved
procedures)Thenopenaccessandt estmorethor
oughly(st
ayoutsi
dewhi
l
etest
ing)
,Testal
lpar
ts(
bot
tom,
areasofirregularshapeetc).

I
fhazar
dousgasesorv
apourar
edet
ect
ed,
vent
il
ateandcl
eant
hespace,
testagai
n
(e)VENTI LATEANDCLEAN:
-Vent i
lateconf i
nedspacescompl etel
ywi thposi t
ivev enti
l
at i
on( forcedai r,bl
oweruni
tetc)..
-User ecommendedpr ocedures,eveni fno,haz ar
dwasdet ectedbyt esti
ng.I f
possible,r emov eresidues,sl
udgeet c,whi chcanr eleasehar mf ulgases.Bef ore
entry
, cleanwi thsteam orwateraccor dingtocompanyr egulation.
(f)ASSEMBLEPROPEREQUI PMENTANDPOSTOBSERVERS:
-Gatherr equi redrespirat
ors,
lif
eli
ne, t
ool setcbefor ey ouenter.
-Nev erent eraconf i
nedspaceunl essanobser ver1sposedneart heent ranceofthespace.
-Anobser v ermustknowemer gencyandr escuepr ocedure.
-Hav epr opersaf etyandpr ot
ectiveequi pmentr eady .
-Theobser vermustal sobeinconst antcommuni cati
onwi ththewor ki nside,and
mustbeabl et ogetimmedi atehelpinanemer gency .

2.WORKCAREFULLY:
Itpay
smor edividendst owor kcareful
lyandsafel
yi nconfi
nedspaceoperati
ons.
Andso, l
etusex aminepossi bleway sofachi
evingthis..
a)FOLLOW ALLRECOMMENDEDPROCEDURES:
-Knowandf oll
owal lcurrentproceduresforyourjob.
-Wearal l
appr opri
ate,requir
edpr otect
ionandsafetydev i
ces,ev
enifexposur
e
timeisbrief.
-Ifarespirat
orisrequired,enterwithitonMaintainconstantcommunicati
onwithobser
ver
s..

b.
)USETHERIÇHTTOOLSANDEQUI P&I
ENT:
-Useonl
ywhatissafeforthepar
ti
cul
arenvi
ronmente.
g.usehandtoolswi
th
mini
mum spar
kingpotenti
al,
expl
osi
onprooftool
sandprot
ecti
veequipment

wherefl
ammabl efumesandgasesmaybepi tsentC.
c)TESTREPEATEDLY, .
.
Testi
mmedi atel
yafterenteri
ng(eveni
fnodet ect
edfr
om out
side)
Testfr
equentl
ywhilewor ki
ngespecial
l
yif
Testbeforeev
erynewent r
y(fore.
g.af
terbr
eaksandlunch)f
orv ent
il
ati
on
e)CONTI NUEVENTILATI ON.
i
t&SZ4J