CHAPTERSI

I
MPACTSOFTOURI
SM ANDHOSPI
TALI
TY

THEPOSI TIVEECONOMI CEFFECTSOFTOURI SM ANDHOSPI TALI

TY
Likeanyot heri
ndustry,
touri
sm andhospi
tal
ityaff
ectstheeconomyoft hoseareasinwhichit
takesplace.Thear eaaff
ectedmaybear esort,ar
egion,ortheenti
renati
on.Notwit
hstandi
ng
thesizeoft heaf
fectedarea,t
heeconomicef f
ectsoftouri
sm andhospital
it
ymaybecl assi
fi
ed
i
nt of
ourgr oups,namely:ef
fect
sonincome; onempl oyment;onthearea’
sbalanceofpayment
withtheout si
dewor l
d;andoninvest
mentanddev el
opment

INCOME
Thet ourism andhospi tali
t yindust ryobv iouslygener atesi ncomewi thinadest inationcount ry.
Nationswant ingt oincr easet heirincomehav eusedt ourism andhospi talit
yasameansf or
reasonabl yqui ckdev elopment .
Tour ism i
ncome, ingener al ,f
rom wagesandsal ar i
es, i
nter est,r
entandpr ofit
s.Si ncet our ism
andhospi t
alityisal abor -i
nt ensivei ndust ry,t
hegr eatestpr opor ti
onofi tsincomei sder ivedf rom
wagesandsal ar ies.I ncomei sal sogener atedf r
om i nterest ,r
ent,andpr of i
tsont ourism and
hospi tal
it
ybusi nessessuchasi nter estspai donl oanst oanai rl
ineinor dert obuyai rcraft,or
rentpai dtoal andownerf oracarpar k.Incomei sal soobt ainedf r
om di recttaxat ionori ndi r
ect
taxation.Imposi ngv alue-addedt ax( VAT)onhot elbillsi
sanexampl eofi ndirectt axation.
Tour ism andhospi talit
yi sbot hani ncomegener atorandi ncomer edistr
ibutor .Becauseoft he
fl
owofcapi t
al from onecount r
yt oanot her ,manycount riesl i
mittheamountofcur rencyt he
nationalsmayt akeabr oadf orf oreignt r
av el
Thesum ofal lincomei nacount ryiscal ledt henat i
onal income.Thei mpor t
anceoft our i
sm and
hospi tal
it
yt oacount ry’
seconomycanbemeasur edt hrought henat i
onal incomecr etedby
tourism andhospi tality.Themostcommonmet hodf orest imatingthei ncomegener atedf rom
tourism andhospi talityisbydet ermi ni
ngt hemul tipl
ierforadest i
nation.Mul tipli
er saremeans
ofest imatinghowmuchex t
raincomei spr oducedi naneconomyasar esultoft heinitial
spendi ngori nject i
onofcash.

EMPLOYMENT
Empl oyment ,fr
om l ocaltonat ional,benefitsaswel l fr
om t ouri
sm.I ngener al,thet ouri
st
i
ndust ryoffersmor eempl oymentoppor t
unit i
est hanot hereconomi csect ors.Gener ating
empl oymenti sper hapst hegr eatestadv antageoft our ism andhospi tali
tyonadev eloping
economy .Tourism andhospi tali
tygener atesempl oy mentf asterf ordev el opingnat i
onst hanf or
developedones.I ngener al,t
our i
sm andhospi t
ali
t yempl oyeesindev elopednat i
onsar eusual l
y
paidless.Indev elopingcount riest heopposi t
eist rue.
Therear ethreet ypesofempl oy mentgener atedbyt our ism andhospi tal
ity.Thesear et hedirect,
i
ndirect,andinducedempl oy
ment .Directempl oymenti sgener at edasar esul tofpr oviding
goodsandser vicesdi rectlyt
ot our i
stinhot els,r
est aur ant s,bars, ni
ght club, andt hel i
ke.I ndi
rect
empl oymentconsi stsoft hoseposi t
ionsthatar eassoci atedwi thot hert our i
sm- relatedact iv
iti
es
butar eusedbybot hthelocal residentandt hetour ist.Shopsandf oodwhol esalersar e
consideredt obesour cesofi ndirectempl oy ment .Inducedempl oy mentr eferst opeopl e
workinginposi tionsonl yperipher all
yrelatedt otour ism andhospi t
ali
ty ,
butgener atedbecause
ofit
.

BALANCEOFPAYMENTS
Tour
ism andhospi
tal
i
tyhasamaj
ori
nfl
uenceont
hecount
ry’
sbal
anceofpay
ment
s.Bal
anceof
pay
mentsisanaccounti
ngofflowofgoods,
ser
vices,andfundsinandoutofthecountr
yduring
agi
venperi
od.I
facount r
ypaysoragr
eestopaymor emoneyt hanitr
ecei
ves,i
thasadefici
tin
i
tsbal
anceofpayments.i
fitr
ecei
vesmoremoneyt hanitsendsorexpor
ts,i
thasasurpl
usin
i
tsbal
anceofpayments.

INVESTMENTANDDEVELOPMENT
Onceanareahasbecomeeconomicall
ysuccessful
,busi
nessmenandgovernmentagenci
es
maybeinfl
uencedtoinv
esti
ntouri
sm andindust
ryandotheri
ndust
ri
esinthatar
ea.Thisi
s
knownbyeconomistsasanaccel
erat
orconcept.

NEGATI VEECONOMI CASPECTSOFTOURI SM ANDHOSPI TALITY

Whilemostcountri
esencouragetour
ism andhospi t
ali
tyforit
seconomi cbenefi
ts,t
herear
e
somenegat iv
eeconomicaspectsoftourism andhospi tal
it
ythathav et
obeidentif
iedand
di
scussed.
Thesear ehi
ghinfl
ati
onandlandspeculationdestinati
on;highleakagesfr
om theeconomiesof
developi
ngcountri
es;l
owr et
urnsoninvestment sbecauseofseasonal indemand;and
overdependenceontouri
sm andhospit
ali
t y.

I
NFLATI ONANDLANDVALUES
Thei nflationaryef fectsoft our i
sm andhospi t
ali
tycanar i
seindi fferentway s.Richt ouristscan
affordt obuyi t
emsathi ghpr ices.Ret ail
ers,real
izi
ngt hatt hei
rpr ofitscanbegr eat l
yi ncreased
bycat eringt ot ourist,increasedt heirpricesoncer tainpr oductsandpr ov i
demor eexpensi v
e
goodsandser vices.Suchst orescancompet emor esuccessf ull
ywi t hthosecat eringt olocal
resident s.Theycanaf for dtopayhi gherrentsandt axeswhi char epassedont othecust omers
throughhi gherpr ices.Thus, l
ocal residentshav etopaymor ef orthei rgoods.
I
nf lati
onwi thi
ndest inati
onar easi sal socausedbyi ncreasingl andv alues.Growt hi nthet ouri
st
tradecr eat esaddi tional demandf orland, andcompet i
tionf r
om pot ent i
albuy er
si ncreasest he
priceofl and.Thedemandf ormor ehot elsv acat
ionhomes, andt our i
stf aci
lit
iesmaybr i
ngmor e
i
ncomet obui l
ders, realestateagent s,andlandowner s, butlocal resident sarefor cedt opay
mor efort heirhomesbecauseoft hei ncreasedv al
ueofl and.

HIGHLEAKEAGES
Leakageoccursfr
om av ar
iet
yofsources.Itoccursfrom thecostofgoodsandser vicesthat
mustbei mport
edtosatisf
ytheneedsoft ouri
sts.Anothersour ceofl
eakageistheremitt
ance
ofprofi
tsandwagest ooutsi
desources.Athir
dsour ceofl eakageistheexpendi
tur
ef or
promotionandpubli
cit
ytoencouragetouri
ststov i
sitacertaindesti
nati
on.

SEASONALI TY
Manyt our
istr
egi
onsexperi
encelowreturnsoni nvest
mentbecauseofseasonalfl
uctuat
ionsi
n
demand.Theseasonali
tyofdemandisr efl
ectedinhoteloccupancyr
ates.Manyhotel
s
exper
iencegreat
lyr
educedrevenuesduringtheoffseason.

OVERDEPENDENCEONTOURI SM ANDHOSPI TALI

TY
Somedestinati
onshavemadet hemselvesvul
nerabletochangesint
ouri
stdemandby
becomingov er
dependentont
ourism andhospit
ali
tyfort
heirl
ivel
i
hood.Tour
ism i
shi
ghl
ypr
one
tochangefrom wit
hinandout
sidetheindustr
y.

SOCIALIMPACTSOFTOURI SM ANDHOSPI TALITY

SOCIALTOURISM oftouri
sm andhospi
tal
i
tyrefert
othechangesi
nthequal
i
tyofl
i
feof
resi
dent
softour
istdesti
nati
ons.
HOST–VI SITORI NTERACTS
Tourism andhospi tal i
tycausesmor ei nteract i
onbet weenpeopl espar ticul arlybet weent he
touri
stsorv isitorsandt helocal resident sorhost s.Tounder st andt hesoci al impactt our i
sts
haveonanar ea, thechar acteristicsofv ari
oust ypesofv i
sitor sandt helev el ofi nt er
actionwi th
thehost sshoul dbecl arif
ied.Smi th( 1997) ,categor izedt our istint osev er al typesandout l
ined
herviewsont heint ensi t
yofi nter act ionbet weent het our ist( visitors)andt hel ocal r
esident s
(hosts)
.hercl assificat ionsar easf ol l
ows:
1.Expl or er–Thi st ypeofv isitori si nterest edi nbei nganact ivepar ticipant s- observ er
amongt hepopul ation.Theexpl orereasi lyadapt st ol ocal lifestylesanddoesnotneed
speci al tour i
staccommodat ion;
2.El i
t e–Thi st ypeoft our isti sf ewi nnumber .Hecanaf f
or dt opaywel lforunusual
vacat ions.Hei swel l-
trav eledandusual lyknownas“ thej et -
setter ”.Hedi ffersf r
om t he
expl oreri nhi sat ti
tude.Hi sar rangementar eei thermadebyat rav el agentormaybepr e
-planned.Al thoughhei swi l
lingt osampl et hel ocal li
f esty l
es, her equi ressomedegr eeof
comf or t
3.Of f beat–Thi st our i
stadapt swel lt
osi mpl eaccommodat ionandser vicespr ov i
dedf or
theoccasi onal guest s
4.Unusual Tour ist–Thi st our istl ov esub- exot iccul t
ur al sites, andt heunusual orpr i
mi tiv
e
sitesasl ongashecanqui ckl yandsaf elyr et urnt omor ef ami li
arsur roundi ngsand
groups
5.I ncipientmasst our i
st–Thi si sv isi
torwhol ooksf ort heameni tiesofWest ernsoci et i
es
i
nhot elsandot hertravel -
r elatedf acili
ties.Hei sami xtureofbot hpl easur eseekerand
busi nesst rav eler
6.MassTour ist–Hecomesf rom t hemi ddlecl ass.Hear ri
v esi nadest inationwi t
hot her
tour i
st s.Ther ei sadi ver sityoft astesamongt hem andt hei rattitudei s“y ougetwhaty ou
payf or ”
7.Char terTour ist–Thechar tert our i
stcomes“ esmasse”wi thot herofhi ski ndcr eating
anext remel yhi ghamountofbusi nessandr eceiv i
ngahi ghdegr eeofst andar dizationi n
ser vi
cesandpr oduct s.Thei nt eract i
onbet weent hev isitorsandt hehost si slimitedand
i
mper sonal .

Posit
iveSocialEf
fectsofTour i
sm andHospi t
ali
ty
1.I
tcreatesanewmedi um forsocialchangeandmul t
icult
ural
understandi
ng
2.I
tencour agesadaptati
ont othereali
ti
esofmoder nlif
eandwor kstowardimpr
ovi
ngt
hehost
countr
y’senvir
onmentandl i
festyl
eopt i
on
3.I
tpromot esknowledgeanduseoff orei
gnlanguage
4.I
timpr ov
eshealthconditi
onsanddi sease

Soci
alChangeandMul
ti
cul
tur
alUnder
standi
ng

Onemosti mpor tantbenefit

soft ouri
sm andhospi t
ali
tyi
sthebr i
ngingtogetherofdi verse
peopletohel pthem under standoneanot her .PopePiusXIltouchedont hisaspectoft ouri
sm
andhospi tali
tywhenhespokeof" subjecti
ngonesel fj
oyful
lyorsor rowf
ull
ytot he
i
nconv eniences,greatorsmal l
,whichcanwi thdi
ffi
cul
tyofav oi
ded.TheUni tedNat i
onsWor ld
Touri
sm Or gani
zat i
on( UNWTO)consi derstour i
sm asanencount erbetweenaper sonanda
desti
nationi nit
snat uralset
ting.Aboveal l
,theUNWTObel i
ev esitisanexchangeorencount er
betweeni ndivi
dual groupsorpeopl easwel lasbet weensocialgroups.Thus, i
tbecomesan
encounterbet weennat i
onsandanex changeofv al
ues.Theimpactoft hisexchangei s
si
gnifi
cant l
ydi f
ferentbetweeni ndustr
ial
izednat i
onsanddev elopingagri
cultural
nations.The
mor
eisol
atet
hecount
ryv
isi
ted,
themor
esi
gni
fi
cantt
hesoci
alchangesar
eli
kel
ytobe.

Adapt
ati
ont
otheReal
i
tiesofModer
nLi
feandI
mpr
ovementoft
heHostCount
rysLi
fest
yle

Thi
sposi
ti
vesoci
albenef
iti
sther
esul
toft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.I
hequal
ityofl
if
ei mprov esinplaceswher etour
ism andhospi
tal
it
y1I
sbeingdevel
opedby
bri
ngi
ngbot ht
heur baninfrastr
ucture(water,
housing,sewer
age)andpopul
ati
onbenefi
ts
(medi
calcare,
socialassistance,schools)t
ogether

2.Thechangesthatoccurinoccupat
ionandincomepat
ter
nscr
eat
eami
ddl
ecl
asswi
thi
ts
di
ffer
entatt
it
udes,val
ues,andsocial
concerns;

3.i
ncr
easedsoci
almobi
l
ityr
esul
tsi
nnewempl
oymentoppor
tuni
ti
esi
ntour
ism andhospi
tal
i
ty;
and

4Changesinf
amil
yrel
ati
onsOccurthr
oughtheemploymentofwomenoutsi
dethehome.Thi
s
i
ncreasest
hefami
l
yincomeandgivestheworker
'schi
l
drenmoreoppor
tuni
tyforhi
gher
educati
on.

Thus,t
ouri
sm andhospitali
typromotepr
ogressandmoder nizat
iont
hroughexposur
etoot
her
at
tit
udesandvalues.I
tbringsaboutimprov
ementsinfacil
i
tiesandservi
cesaswellas
i
mpr ov
ementsintheli
festylesandqual
it
yoflif
eoftheresi
dent sof

t
hehostcount
ry.

UseofFor
eignLanguage

Useofaforei
gnlanguagebr
ingspeoplei
ncontactwit
ht hoseorot
herlanguagegroups.The
needandthedesir
etocommuni cat
eincr
ease,
inter
estinboththehostandv i
sit
orstol
earn
anot
herl
anguage.

Visi
torst
oot herdesti
nati
onsoftenwanttolear
nal anguagetoimprovethequalityoff
uture
experi
ences.Theymayr enttapesorbuybookstoassistthem inl
earningalanguage.Many
populart
ouristdest
inati
onshavedevelopedshort
-t
erml anguagecoursestoassistvi
sit
ors.

I
mpr
ovedHeal
thCondi
ti
onsandDi
seaseCont
rol

Thedesi
reoftouri
stsforhi
ghqualit
ypubli
chealthfaci
l
iti
escancont
ri
but
etothemaintenance
andimpr
ovementoft hosefaci
li
ti
esindest
inati
onareasandprovi
deaddi
ti
onalsour
cesof
rev
enuewhich,i
nturn,canbeinvest
edinupgradingwaterand

sewagedi
sposal
faci
l
iti
es.

Throughtouri
sm andhospi
tal
it
y,l
ocalresident
scanbecomeawar
eofbot hheal
thproblemsand
goodhy gi
ene.Thi
sawarenesscanleadtoachangeintheheal
thi
nfr
astr
uctureofadest i
nat
ion.
I
mpr ovementinonecommuni t
ythenpav esthewayf
orimprov
ementofthewholeregion.

Negat
iveSoci
alEf
fect
sofTour
ism andHospi
tal
i
ty
Whil
etour
ism andhospit
ali
tyhasenableddi
ffer
entpeopl
etost
rengt
hent
hesoci
alst
ruct
ure,
masstour
ism hasbroughtwit
hitexpensesandprobl
ems.Among

t
hesear
e:soci
alsat
urat
ion;
changesi
nthesoci
alst
ruct
ure,
behav
ior
,andr
oles;

communi
typr
obl
ems;
andnegat
ivedemonst
rat
iveef
fect
s.

Soci
alSat
urat
ion

Thepresenceofl
argenumbersoftour
ist
sinpart
icul
arplacesatspeci
fi
cti
mesresul
tsin
sat
urati
onorcongesti
onoffaci
l
iti
esandserv
icesandcompet i
ti
onforli
mit
edr
esources.The
l
ocalresi
dentsf
requent
lyr
esenthavi
ngtosharethei
rfaci
li
ti
esandservi
ceswi
thvisi
tor
s.

Indesti
nati
onsthatatt
ractalargenumberoft ouri
sts,publ
ictr
ansportati
onissocr owdedwith
tour
ist
sthatther
eishar dl
yanyr oom forlocalresi
dents.Shopsarefulloftr
avelers,f
orci
ngthe
l
ocalstochangetheirshoppin8pat t
erns.Str
eetsarefullofvi
sit
orsresult
ingtot r
affi
cjams.
Thus,satur
ati
onorcongestionbr oughtaboutbyt ouri
sm andhospit
alityi
sof t
enci t
edasa
soci
alcost.

Changesi
ntheSoci
alSt
ruct
ure,
Behav
ior
,andRol
es

Touri
sm andhospital
it
ychangest hetradit
ionalformsofempl oymentwhichresult
si nthe
l
oweringofthestatusofagricul
tural
wor kers,migrati
onofthepopulati
onandthebr eakingupof
famil
i
es.Manyy oungpeopl edemandf reedom from theirf
amili
es.Theyal
sodisregardsoci al
normssuchasr espectforelder
sandcl osef amil
yt i
es.Youngwomenwhoent erthewor kforce
havechangedtheirtr
adit
ionaldresstotouristcl
othes.

Touri
sm andhospi tali
tyinsomear easleadst oothersoci
alprobl
emsinthefami ly.Somewi v
es
whowor kint ouri
sm andhospitali
tyestabl
ishment shavehighersal
ari
esthantheirhusbands.
Thisoft
enl eadstot helossofselfconfi
denceamongt hei
rhusbands.Inaddi
tion,theiri
mproved
wayofdressi ngandgr oomingcausest heirhusbandstobej eal
ousandsuspicious.Thishasled
toahigherdi vor
cer at
e.
Thisdi
srupt i
oninthekinshipsystem reducescohesivenessinthewholecommuni ty,
thus
changi
ngt hepopul ati
oncharacteri
sti
cs.
Thisdi
srupt i
oninthekinshipsystem reducescohesivenessinthewholecommuni ty,
thus
changi
ngt hepopul ati
oncharacteri
sti
cs.

Communi
tyPr
obl
ems

Prosti
tut
ion,of
tencall
edthe"oldestprofessi
on,
"cert
ainl
yexist
edbeforethegr
owthofmass
touri
sm.Itisdi
ffi
cultt
osayhowr esponsibl
etour
ism andhospit
ali
tyhasbeenfort
heri
seof
prosti
tut
ionintour
istdest
inat
ions.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
her
easonsf
ort
hei
ncr
easeofpr
ost
it
uti
oni
ntour
istr
esor
ts:

1.Theprocessesoftouri
sm andhospi
tal
i
tyhav
ecr
eat
edl
ocat
ionsandenv
ironment
swhi
ch
att
ractpr
osti
tutesandthei
rcli
ent
s;

2.Byit
sverynat
ure,t
ourism andhospi
tal
i
tymeansthatpeopl
eareawayf
rom t
hepuri
tani
cal
bondsofnormall
ivi
ng,anonymityi
sassuredawayf
rom home,andmoneyisav
ail
abl
etospend
hedoni
sti
cal
l
y.Theseci
rcumst
ancesar
econduci
vet
othesur
viv
alandexpansi
onofpr
ost
it
uti
on;

3.stouri
sm andhospit
ali
tyaf
for
dsempl oymentforwomen, itmayupgradethei
reconomic
stat
us.This,
intur
n,mayleadtothei
rli
beral
izat
ionandev ent
uall
ytothei
rinv
olvementin
prost
it
uti
ont omaint
ainoracqui
reneweconomi clevel
s;and

4.Tour
ism andhospi
tal
i
tymaybeusedasascapegoatf
ort
hegener
all
ooseni
ngofmor
als.

Theuseofer
oti
cpictur
esandsuggest
iveslogansi
nanadv er
tisementleadssomet
our
ist
sto
ant
ici
pat
esun,sea,
sand,andsexaspartofthei
rvacat
ionexperience.

Negat
iveDemonst
rat
iveEf
fect
s

Negat
ivedemonst
rat
iveef
fect
sconsi
stoft
our
istbehav
ior
swhi
chcanbe

consideredsocial
lyandeconomi cal
lyi
nappr opri
ate.Oneoft hemaj orr esult
sofnegat i
ve
demonst rat
iveeff
ectsist hepolari
zati
onoft hehost sfr
om thet ourist
s, whichhappensina
numberofway s.Fir
st,touri
stsoftendemandcommodi ti
esandf acil
it
iesbey ondtheeconomic
capacityoflocalr
esidents.Richtouri
stsfrequentlyeati
nf i
ner estaurant sandli
veinluxur
ious
hotelsinareascharacteri
zedbyhunger ,unempl oyment,andl i
mi tedeconomi copportunit
y.Thi
s
dispari
tyhasled,insomecases, tomili
tantrevoluti
onaryact
ionbyt hel ocalr
esident
s.

Second, t
hesoci al nor msoft het ouriststhatar ev er
ydi ff
erentf r
om t helocalcustomsgi verise
tosocialproblems.Al so,thev al
uesandmat eriali
sm ofy oungt ravelersarecopiedbyt hey oung
l
ocal people.Exampl esarenudebat hing,inappr opri
atemannerofdr essing,andi r
responsi ble
behav i
or.
thi
rdfactorwhi chi ni
tiatespolarizationi sthei mpor t
ationoff oreignwor kersfrom mor e
developedcount ries.Thesewor ker swhoar emor eskilledthant helocal peoplegener all
yget
bett
er-payi
ngj obsandar eusual l
ysuper vi
sor soft heless-ski
lledlocal people.Thesef oreign
workersalsocompet emor efavor ablyforgoodsandser vi
cest hant helocals.Thus,thel ocals
begintoresentt hef or ei
gners.Theopposi teist r
ueint hecaseofsomeoft hedev eloped
countri
eswher eless- ski
ll
edimmi grant stakel ower -
pay i
ngjobs, thus,formingal owersoci al and
economi cgroup.Thi sassoci at i
onsomet i
mescr eatessoci alproblemssi ncet heimmi grant sare
notawar eoft henor msandst andar dsoft hehostcount r
y.

I
mpactofTour
ism andHospi
tal
i
tyonCul
tur
e

Tour i
sm andhospi t
alit
yincr
easestheaccultur
ationpr ocessaswel last
heculturalconver
gence
ofpeopl e.Acculturati
onisdefi
nedast hosechangest hatoccuri
nacul t
urethroughborrowing
from othercultures.Thesechangesmayi ncludet echnology,l
anguage,andvalues.Cult
ural
conv er
gencei sthet endencyofworldcult
urestobecomemor ealike.Averygoodexampl eof
thisistheadopt ionofmanyEur opeanway sbypeopl eofless-
developedcountri
esbecauseof
theirexposuret oEur opeancul
tur
eandt echnology .

Posi
ti
veEf
fect
sofTour
ism andHospi
tal
i
tyonCul
tur
e

Thetwomostimpor
tantposit
iveef
fect
softouri
sm andhospi
tal
i
tyoncul
tur
ear
ethepr
omot
ion
ofi
nter
cul
tur
alcommunicat
ionandtherenai
ssanceofnati
vecul
tur
e.

I
nter
cul
tur
alCommuni
cat
ion
Mobi l
i
ty,whichisapr erequisi
teoftour
ism andhospitali
ty,
isnecessaryfordiff
erentsoci
al
groups,nati
onalit
ies,andcul t
urestomeetandi nt
eract.Suchinter
acti
onmaycont ri
butet
othe
remov alofsocialornationalprej
udi
cesandt hepromot i
onofbet t
erunderstandingandposi
ti
ve
socialchange.Cross-cultur
alcommunicati
onsbet weent ouri
stsandthei
rhost smaypr omote
changesi nlocal

Renai
ssanceofNat
iveCul
tur
e

Tourism andhospit
ali
tymaybei mpor tanttothehostcount r
ytoremindit
speopleofit
shistory
andculture.I
nEasternandWest er nEur ope,manyt r
adit
ionalFol
kcult
ureandcostumesar e
preservedforthebenefi
tsoftourists.Folkculturef
estiv
alsareorgani
zedtoat
tractvi
sit
ors.
Model cult
uralcent
ersinbothdev elopedanddev el
opingcountri
eshavebeenhighlypr
ofit
able
andhav ehelpedmaintaini
nterestint heircul
tures.

Posit
iveEnvi
ronmentalI
mpactofTourism andHospital
it
y
Touri
sm andhospit
ali
tyhascreat
edenv i
ronmentalawarenessint
woway s:
1.Contactwi
thscenicareashasrai
sedman' sawarenessoftheeart
h's|
beaut
ymadei
teasi
er
forhi
mt oseeandenjoyitwithmini
mum damage, and

2.Envir
onment al
awarenesshasbeenhei
ght
enedbymasst
our
ism whi
chcauseddi
rectand
i
ndirectdest
ructi
on.

Conser
vat
ion

Conservationandpr eservationoftheenv i
ronmentnotonl ybenef i
tthelocalareabutt heyalso
determinet hefutur
eoftour ism andhospi t
ali
ty.Fir
st,t
helocalresidentsbenefitfr
om the
preserv
ation.Second, t
our i
sm andhospi tali
ty,f
oraslongasi tdrawst ouri
sts,will
continuetobe
asocioeconomi candculturalasset.Theai m oftheNationalParkSer vi
ce,wit
ht heinclusi
onof
conservati
on, i
smuchbr oadernowt hanitwasi nthepast.Thenat ionalpar
ksi nEastAf ri
ca,
Kenya,andTanzani awer ef oundedt oprotectwildl
if
e.

Dev
elopmentofAt
tract
ions

Sever
al Countr
iesaroundt heworldarei
dentif
yingar
easwhi chhavethepotent
ial
touri
stInthe
Cari
bbeani sl
andofSt .Croix,
theUSNationalParkServ
icehasestabl
ishedanddev el
opedan
underwaternationalpar
k.Thisuniquesi
teattr
actssnorkel
erandthoseint
erest
edincorals.I
t
hel
ppr eser
v etheareaandcr eat
esanawar enessofthecharact
erofthecoralr
eefsandthesea
fl
oor

A.Hi
stor
icPr
eser
vat
ion

Manyhistor
icalsitesinbothur banandr ur
al areashav ebeenpr eser
vedtoat t
racttouri
sts.
ExamplesareIntramur osorWal l
edCi t
yinthePhi l
i
ppi nes, JamestownandCol onial
Will
i
amsburgi nVirgini
a,USA. ,
Mont .St.Michel i
nFr ance, andthePlymouthPl antat
ionin
Massachusetts,USA.Thi srestorationandr ejuvenationpr ocessisoccurri
ngthroughoutt he
worldandservesasmaj orchar acteri
sti
csofanar eai ntendedtoi mpresstouri
sts.

B.Resi
dentBenefi
ts
Touri
sm andhospi
tal
it
ybenef
it
sthel
ocal
resi
dent
sinanumberofway
sThef
ir
stbenef
iti
sthat
theresul
tsofconversati
onandpr eserv
ationcanenjoyedbythelocalcommuni t
yaswel
lasby
thetouri
sts.Thecr
eationanationalparksandmonument sprov
idesquickaccesst
oavari
etyof
naturewondersandout dooracti
vi
tiestobothlocal
resident
sandv i
sit
ors.

Anot
herbenef
itwhi
chresul
tsf
rom t
ourism andhospi
tal
i
tydevel
opmentcanbeseenincoastal
ar
eas.Thedevel
opmentofacoast
alresortal
lowsfr
eeaccesstotour
ist
sandl
ocalr
esident
s.

Negat
iveEnv
ironment
alI
mpactofTour
ism andHospi
tal
i
ty

Exceedingt hecarr
y i
ngcapacityandsat urati
onlevel
sofanareawill
negati
vel
y-effectt
hatarea.
Theterm" car
ryi
ngcapacityisthedegreeofdev el
opmentacertai
ncantakewithouthaving
detr
iment aleff
ectsontheenv ir
onment .Ifthetouri
stdevel
opmentbecomessaturated,t
hev er
y
att
racti
onswhi chdr awvisi
torstoaplaceaybedest royed,
causi
ngthedecl
ineinqualit
yand
popular
ityofacer taint
ouri
stdestinat
ion.

Env
ironment
alConf
li
cts

Someoft heproblemsaf fect i

ngt hequali
tyoftheenvi
ronmentar edestructi
onoft hev egetation,
poll
uti
on(ai,water,
andnoi se),andthedestructi
onofwil
dlif
e.1nedest r
uctionofthev eget ation
occursbecauseoft helargenumberoft ourist
swhot r
ampl eonthev egetati
on.Inmanypar ks,
campershav ecutbranchesoft r
eesandcompl etel
ycutdownsmal ltrees.InareasSuchas
Oceanfrontsandislands, manyv i
sit
orsgoingtoandfrom theareadest r
oyt hevegetationcov er
,
thuschangingthenatural habitatsforbi
rdsandanimalsand, i
nsomecases, ev
enchangi ngt he
temperat
ureoft hearea.Somet imes,thelossofveget
ationleadstosoilerosionandt hef urther
debasementoft heenvironment .

Airpol
l
utionresul
tsfr
om thegasf
umesemittedbyautomobil
es,t
axi
s,buses,ai
rcr
aft
s,and
fact
ori
es.Areaswithl
argenumber
sofvehi
clesusual
lysuf
ferfr
om ai
rpoll
ution.

Waterpollut
ionist
her esultofthedischargeofuntreat
edwast efrom resortsorboatsint
oseas,
ri
vers,
lakes,andspr i
ngs.Thelackofanef fecti
veseweragesystem insomear eashasledto
thewidespreadpolluti
onofthei nshorewatersmakingfishconsumpt i
oni nadvi
sableand
swimmi ngunhealt
hy .Moreover,suchdiseasesascholera,t
yphoid,vi
ralhepatit
is,
anddy sent
ery
arecausedbyseaf oodf r
om polluted

Noisepoll
uti
oni
sassoci
atedwitht
raffi
ccongest
iononlandandonai
r.Manyrecr
eat
ional
vehicl
essuchasmotor
cycles,
motorboats,
andair
craf
tscauseal
otofwater
s.

Geol
ogi
cal
Conf
li
cts

Touri
sm andhospit
ali
tyaffect
sgeological
formati
ons.Sometour
istscol
l
ectmi
neral
s,r
ocks,
fossi
l
s,andcoral
sfrom touri
stat
tract
ions;ot
hersdestr
oynat
uralfor
mati
onsbyvandal
i
zing.

Resi
dentConf
li
cts

Anumberofconf l
ict
sfrequentl
yoccurbetweenresidentsandtouristsortouri
sm developers.I
n
ci
ties,hotel
sarebuil
tattheexpenseofresident
ialaccommodat i
ons.Thei ncreasi
ngv alueof
l
andof tenforcesr
esidentstomov eawayfrom t
hear ea.Hotel
dev elopmentalsobringst r
affi
c
congestionandairpoll
uti
on.Infi
shingandhunti
ngar eas,t
heincreasingdemandcr eates
problemsf orl
ocalfi
shermenandhunt er
swhonowcompet ewiththet our
istsaswellaswi th
eachot
her
.

Confli
ctbetweentouristsandt helocalresident
smayal soari
sebecauseofdamaget othearea
broughtaboutbyli
ttering,vandali
sm, andt r
affi
ccongesti
on.Inr
uralareas,t
hedamagetocrops,
farm bui
l
dings,andliv
est ockarecommoncompl ai
ntsoffar
mers,togetherwi
tht
heincr
easi
ng
valueoflands,
compet iti
onf orlabor
,andl and
erosi
on.

I
mpactCont
rol
Measur
es

Twomeasur eswhi chwillr

educethenegat iv
eimpactoftourism andhospit
ali
tyhavebeen
i
dent i
fi
ed,t
hus,cr
eat i
ngaqual i
tyenvir
onmentf orbothr
esidentsandtouri
sts.Fir
st,
thegeneral
protect
ivemeasuresandsecond, regulati
onandcontroloftouri
stdevel
opment .Theprot
ecti
ve
measur esar
edesignedt osafeguardthev ar
iousaspect
soft heenvir
onment -
endanger
ed
animalsandplant
s, beaches,
andf oreststhr
oughthecreati
onofnat i
onalparksandwilder
ness
areas.

Theman- madeenvir
onmenti
sincludedi
ntheconservati
onandrestorat
ionofhist
orical
or
archaeologi
calmonuments,v
aluablebui
l
dings,
andneighborhoods.Thesemeasur eshavetwo
object
ives-t
oprotectt
heenvi
ronmentandtomai nt
ainit
satt
racti
venessasat ouri
stdesti
nat
ion.

Regulati
onandcont rolrefer
stozoningandlanduse,andplanningspecifi
cati
onsont he
faci
li
ti
esbeingbuiltast oheight,
appear
ance,openspace,andov er
alldesi
gn, amongother
thi
ngs.Thesear erapidlydoneinsomecountriesl
i
keSwi t
zerlandwherebui l
dersmustfoll
ow
cert
ainarchi
tectur
al styl
esbeforepermi
ssi
oni s8ventordevelopment.Thesear edoneto
preventunat
tracti
vet ouri
stdevel
opment