მათემატიკა 12 კლასის სახელძ PDF

12
XII
gamomcemloba
inteleqti
guram gogiSvili, Teimuraz vefxvaZe,
ia mebonia, lamara qurCiSvili
maTematika
XII klasis saxelmZRvanelo
redaqtori Teimuraz vefxvaZe
grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis

erovnuli centris (brZaneba ##375, 18. 05. 2012) mier

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi 2012
maTematika
I nawili
XII klasis saxelmZRvanelo
Tbilisi 2012
Guram Gogishvili, Teimuraz Vepkhvadze,

Ia Mebonia, Lamara Kurchishvili
maTHS XII
Part I
Intelekti Publishers
Tbilisi 2012
ISBN 978-9941-439-62-9 (I nawili)

ISBN 978-9941-439-57-5 (saerTo)
© gamomcemloba ìnteleqti~, 2012.
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZDis gamz. 5. tel.: 225 05 22
www.intelekti.ge info@intelekti.ge inteleqti@caucasus.net
intelekti Publishers
5 Ilia Chavchavadze Ave., Tbilisi, Georgia. Tel.: (995 32) 225 05 22
2
Cveno keTilo megobaro!
mogesalmebiT da gilocavT axali saswavlo wlis dadgomas!

imedia, Cveni saxelmZRvanelo karg megzurobas gagiwevT maTema-
tikis didebul samyaroSi mogzaurobisas. SevecadeT, praqtikuli
amocanebis ganxilviT dagarwmunoT maTematikis Seswavlis aucile-
blobaSi. gaxsovdeT, aq miRebuli codna da misi gamoyenebis unari
sxva sagnebis ukeT aTvisebaSic dagexmarebaT.
Tu pirveli gacnobisas romelime sakiTxi kargad ver gaiazreT,
ar daRondeT, gaagrZeleT muSaoba _ amave sakiTxs saxelmZRvaneloSi
kvlav araerTxel SexvdebiT da aucileblad daZlevT mas.
warmatebiT gevloT maTematikis Seswavlis gzaze.
avtorTa madloba
axali saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna da maTi skolaSi danergva ganaTlebis

mimdinare reformis mniSvnelovani nawilia.
eqspertTa, pedagogTa da saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorTa erToblivi Za-
lisxmeviT Seiqmna VII-XII klasebis saxelmZRvaneloebi, romlebic damkvi-
drda saSualo skolebSi. yoveli axali wignis werisas viTvaliswinebdiT
maswavlebelTa mosazrebebs. madlobas movaxsenebT maT nayofieri Tanam-
SromlobisTvis.
gansakuTrebuli madlierebiT gvsurs aRvniSnoT eqspertTa Rvawli:
maT mier Sedgenili 2011-2016 wlebis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT
dawerili XII klasis axali saxelmZRvnelo. gaviTvaliswineT yvela cv-
lileba erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi, eqspertebTan konsultaciebis dros
gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da wina wlebSi miRebuli gamocdileba.
madlobas movaxsenebT yvelas, vinc Tavis arCevans am wignze SeaCerebs.
vfiqrobT es saxelmZRvanelo maT imedebs aucileblad gaamarTlebs.
3
sarCevi
rogor visargebloT wigniT
gameoreba. zogierTi saxis gantolebisa da utolobis

1
amoxsna. simravlis asaxva
1. utolobis amoxsnis magaliTebi

2. utolobaTa sistema
amocanebi gameorebisTvis
3. iracionaluri gantolebis amoxsna
4. simravle. moqmedebebi simravleebze
5. ori simravlis dekartuli namravli
6. asaxva. Seqceuli asaxva
7. grafTa Teoriis elementebi
8. debulebaTa dasabuTebis xerxebi
9. kombinatorika
2 albaToba
1. xdomilobaTa sivrce. xdomilobis albaToba

2. operaciebi xdomilobebze
3. damoukidebeli xdomilobebi
4. pirobiTi albaToba. xdomilobaTa namravlis albaToba
5. did ricxvTa kanonis Sesaxeb
3 algoriTmi. evklides algoriTmi
1. algoriTmi
2. evklides algoriTmi
3. evklides algoriTmis gamoyeneba
4. ricxvTa Teoriis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb
4 funqcia
1. ricxviTi funqcia. ricxviTi funqciis mocemis xerxebi

2. operaciebi funqciebze. funqciaTa kompozicia
1. wrfivi funqcia. wrfivi funqciis cvlilebis siCqare
4. polinomuri funqcia
5. zogierTi racionaluri da iracionaluri funqcia
6. maCvenebliani da logariTmuli funqciebis gamoyenebis
magaliTebi
5 geometriuli figurebi
1. veqtorebi sivrceSi
2. koordinatebi sivrceSi. veqtoruli namravli
3. veqtorebis da koordinatebis gamoyeneba
4. vagrZelebT veqtorebisa da koordinatebis gamoyenebis
magaliTebis ganxilvas; geometriuli gardaqmnebis gamosaxva
dekartul koordinatebSi
5. moculoba
6. zedapiris farTobi
6 monacemTa analizi da statistika
P1. populacia da SerCeva

Aamocanebi gameorebisTvis
2. SerCevis ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebi (mediana, saSualo, saSualo
kvadratuli gadaxra)
3. dawyvilebuli monacemebi. korelacia. gabnevis diagrama
7 vemzadebiT gamocdebisTvis
1. samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami. monakveTis SuamarTobisa da

kuTxis biseqtrisis Tvisebebi
2. racionaluri ricxvebi. ricxvis xarisxi
3. proporcia. proporciis ucnobi wevris povna. ricxvis dayofa mocemuli
SefardebiT. Pproporciuli da ukuproporciuli
sidideebi. Pprocenti
4. cvladiani gamosaxuleba.cvladiani gamosaxulebis
mniSvnelobis povna. igivurad toli gamosaxulebebi.
gamosaxulebaTa gardaqmnis magaliTebi
5. Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebi. mamravlebad daSla Semoklebuli
gamravlebis formulebis gamoyenebiT
6. racionaluri gamosaxulebebis gardaqmnis magaliTebi
7. oTxkuTxedebi
8. msgavsi samkuTxedebi
9. kvadratuli fesvi, iracionaluri ricxvi. namdvili ricxvi.
namdvili ricxvis gamosaxva ricxviT wrfeze.
namdvili ricxvis moduli
10. kvadratuli fesvis Semcveli gamosaxulebis gardaqmna
11. n -uri xarisxis fesvi. ariTmetikuli fesvi
12. piTagoras Teorema
13. racionalurmaCvenebliani xarisxi. Algebruli gamosaxulebis
gardaqmnis magaliTebi
14. marTkuTxa koordinatTa sistema sibrtyeze. or wertils Soris
manZilis gamosaTvleli formula
15. wrewiri. wre
16. kvadratuli gantoleba. vietis Teorema. vietis Teoremis
Sebrunebuli Teorema
17. kvadratuli funqcia. kvadratuli samwevri.
kvadratuli samwevris daSla mamravlebad
18. kvadratuli utoloba
testebi
cnobari
…maTematikuri terminebis leqsikoni
sagnobrivi saZiebeli
maTematikuri niSnebi
logariTmuli cxrilebi
trigonometriuli cxrili
pasuxebi
rogor visargebloT wigniT
wigniT sargebloba rom gagiadvildeT, ramdenime rCevas mogcemT.
saxelmZRvanelos TiToeuli Tavi masSi mocemuli ZiriTadi sakiTxebis

CamonaTvaliT iwyeba.
TiToeuli Tavi paragrafebisgan Sedgeba. paragrafebi, rogorc wesi,

ornawiliania. pirveli nawili Teoriul masalas eTmoba. misi gadmocema
praqtikuli magaliTebis ganxilviT mimdinareobs. am nawils Seswavlili
masalis SejamebiT vasrulebT.
es niSnaki migvaniSnebs paragrafis meore nawilis dawyebas _ `sxva

s da
sxva~. aq istoriuli sakiTxebi da sxva damxmare masalaa mo
cemuli.
a es niSnaki amocanebis CamonaTvals win uZRvis.
zogierTi paragrafis Teoriul nawilsa da amocanebs mosdevs sa-

varjiSoebi, romliTac Seswavlil (maT Soris _ gasul wlebSic)
g sakiTxebs gaimeorebT. am nawilis dawyebas gvauwyebs es sagangebo
niSnaki.
SemogTavazebT jgufuri muSaobis proeqtebs _ es TanaklaselebT-

j an erToblivad muSaobis gamocdilebas SegmatebT. aq SeiZleba dag-
WirdeT informaciis damoukidebeli moZiebac da misi damuSavebac.
i
vin iqneba pirveli. am niSnakiT warmodgenili amocanebis amox-
snisas ecadeT, gamWriaxobasTan erTad sxa rti azrovnebac ga-
moavlinoT.
teqstis ukeT gagebis mizniT saWirod CavTvaleT zo gi

erTi si-
tyvis warmomavlobis, misi msgavsi mniSvnelobebisa an sinonimebis
miTiTeba. aRniSnuli miTiTebebi Cvens leq sikonSia mocemuli.
Cveni
am saTauriT gamoyofil Ca na
werebs Tqven xSi rad SexvdebiT. igi
leqsikoni Tqvens sityvaTa marag
sac gaamdidrebs da ufro gasagebs gaxdis
wignis Sinaarss.
am niSnakiT drodadro SegaxsenebT, rom yvela amocana unda
!
l
eu
gadaita
noT rveulSi da DSemdeg SeasruloT. wignSi Canawerebi ar
rv
Si
unda gakeTdes!
gaufrTxildiT wigns!
masSi Tqvenma Canawerebma wigni SeiZleba
sxvebisTvis gamousadegari gaxados!
6
gameoreba. zogierTi saxis gantolebisa
1 da utolobis amoxsna. simravlis asaxva
am TavSi gavimeorebT gasul wlebSi Seswavlil sakiTxebs sim-

ravleebisa da maTze moqmedebebis, kombinatoruli formulebisa
da grafebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. gameorebasTan erTad ufro Rrmad
SeviswavliT am TemebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.
1.1 utolobis amoxsnis magaliTebi
gavixsenoT, rom kvadratul utolobas kvadratuli funqciis Tvisebebis

gamoyenebiT vxsnidiT. Tu samwevrs aqvs nuli (fesvi), maSin SeiZleba kvadratuli
samwevris mamravlebad daSliTac visargebloT.
vTqvaT, x2+bx+c kvadratuli samwevris diskriminanti D>0 da samwevris

nulebia x1 da x2. maSin
ax2+bx+c=a(x-x1)(x-x2).
amitom
ax2+bx+c>0 da a(x-x1)(x-x2)>0 (1)
utolobebi tolfasia. tolfasia agreTve
ax2+bx+c<0 da a(x-x1)(x-x2)<0 (2)
utolobebi.
vTqvaT, x1<x2. warmovadginoT x-x1 da x-x2 mamravlebisa da maTi namravlis
niSnebi Semdegi cxriliT (x=x1 da x=x2 mniSvnelobebi (fesvebi) gamovricxeT,
isini mocemuli utolobebis amonaxsnTa simravles ar ekuTvnis):
(- ∞; x1) (x1; x2) (x2; + ∞)

x-x1 - + +
x-x2 - - +
(x-x1)(x-x2) + - +
a(x-x1)(x-x2) a-s niSani -a-s niSani a-s niSani
maSasadame, gamovyofT ricxviTi wrfis sam intervals (fesvebis mixedviT):

(-∞; x1), (x1; x2) da (x2; +∞). TiToeul SualedSi a(x-x1)(x-x2) inarCunebs ni-
Sans.
maSasadame, (1) da (2) utolobebi warmodgenili cxrilis mixedviTac Sei-
Zleba amoixnas. amasTanave, ricxviT wrfeze mxolod am utolobebis marcxena
mxaris niSnebs mivuTiTebT.
7
amovxsnaT, magaliTad, x2-9x+20<0 utoloba:
kvadratuli samwevris fesvebia x1=4, x2=5;
gamovyofT Sualedebs da vpoulobT am SualedebSi marcxena mxaris niS-
nebs:
utolobis amonaxsnebis simravlea (4; 5) Sualedi.

am meTodiT SeiZleba amoixsnas ufro rTuli utolobebic. ganvixiloTO
magaliTebi:
1) amovxsnaT utoloba:
(x-3)(x-7)(x-8)>0.
marcxena mxaris nulebia: 3, 7 da 8. am ricxvebis mixedviT gamoiyofa 4

Sualedi: (–∞; 3), (3; 7), (7; 8) da (8; +∞). mocemuli namravli yovel SualedSi
niSans inarCunebs (dadebiTia an uaryofiTi). ase, rom, mocemuli namravlis
niSani TiToeul am SualedSi emTxveva am Sualedis raime wertilSi namrav-
lis niSans. nebismierad SevarCioT TiTo wertili am SualedebSi. magaliTad,
0; 5; 7,5; 10 wertilebSi namravlis niSnebiT davadgenT saTanado SualedebSi
am namravlis niSnebs:
pasuxi: (3; 7)∪(8;+ ∞).
SeniSneT, albaT, namravlis niSnebis monacvleoba Sualedebis cvlilebisas.

amrigad, mocemuli saxis utolobis amosaxsnelad sakmarisia mxolod erT-erT
SualedSi niSnis dadgena da Semdeg niSnebis monacvleoba. es aixsneba imiT,
rom sazRvris wertilebze x cvladis `gavlisas~ mxolod erTi mamravli icv-
lis niSans.
2) amovxsnaT utoloba: (x-3)(x-7)(x-8)≥0.

gaviTvliswinoT, rom wina amocanis amonaxsnebs unda daematos x=3, x=7
da x=8 ricxvebi. saTanado wertilebi suraTze sagangebodaa gamuqebuli.
pasuxi: [3;7]]∪[8; +∞).
8
3) amovxsnaT utoloba: 2
^ h ^ h
x - 3 2 x - 5 $ 0 (3)
^ x + 1h ^ x - 6h
wiladis mricxvelisa da mniSvnelis fesvebis mixedviT xuTi Sualedi
gamoiyofa:
winaswarve SevniSnoT, rom sazRvris wertilebidan amonaxsnTa simravles

ar ekuTvnis –1 da 6 wertilebi, 3 da 5 wertilebi ki _ ekuTvnis (daakvir-
diT am wertilebis moniSvnis wess). roca x<–1, maSin wiladi dadebiTia. amaSi
martivad davrwmundebiT, Tu SevamowmebT wiladis mri cxvelsa da mniSvnelSi
2 2
warmodgenili (x-3) , (x-5), (x+1) da (x-6) Tanamamravlebis niSnebs, magali-
Tad x=–10 wertilSi.
x cvladis –1 d 3 wertilebze gavlisas arc erTi Tanamamravli niSans ar
icvlis, 5 da 6 wertilebze gavlisas ki wiladi niSans icvlis (radgan mxolod
TiTo Tanamamravli icvlis niSans).
pasuxi: (–∞; –1)∪(–1; 5]]∪(6; +∞).
SevajamoT: ganvixileT intervalTa meTodiT kvadratuli utolobebis

amoxsnis procesi. mocemulia ufro rTuli utolobebis amoxsnis mag-
aliTebic.
1. TuU ax2+bx+c kvadratuli samwevris fesvebi x1 da x2 ricxvebia, ma-

Sin ra SualedebSi aqvs am samwevrs a-s niSani?
2. Tu ax2+bx+c kvadratuli samwevris fesvebi x1 da x2 ricxvebia, ma-
Sin ra SualedSi aqvs am samwevrs a-s mopirdapire niSani?
3. vTqvaT, a>0, maSin ra simravlea ax2+bx+c<0 utolobis amonaxsnebi
D>0 SemTxvevaSi?
4. vTqvaT, a>0, maSin ra simravles qmnis ax2+bx+c>0 utolobis
amonaxsnebi D>0 SemTxvevaSi?
5. (x-3)(x+2)(x-8)>0 utolobis amoxsnisas ramden ricxviT Sualeds
gamoyofT? daasaxeleT es Sualedebi.
9
a
SearCieT swori pasuxi
1 vTqvaT, a>0 da x1<x2. maSin a(x-x1)(x-x2)<0 utolobis amonaxsnTa

simravlea
1) (-∞; x1) 2) (x1; x2) 3) (x2; +∞) 4) (-∞; x1)∪(x2; +∞).
2 vTqvaT, a>0 da x1<x2, maSin a(x-x1)(x-x2)>0 utolobis amonaxsnTa

simravlea
1) (-∞; x1)∪(x2; +∞) 2) (-∞; x1) 3) (x1; x2) 4) (x2; +∞).
3 3(x-3)(x+1)>0 utolobis amonaxsnTa simravlea

1) (-∞; -1)∪(3; ∞) 2) (-∞; -1] ∪ [3; +∞)
3) (-1; 3) 4) [-1; 3].
4
x2+1>0 utolobas akmayofilebs
1) mxolod [–1; 1] Sualedis ricxvebi
2) mxolod (–1;1) Sualedis ricxvebi
3) x-is nebismieri mniSvneloba
4) mxolod (–1; +∞) Sualedis ricxvebi.
5 vTqvaT, a>0 da x1<x2<x3. maSin

a(x-x1)(x-x2)(x-x3)>0 utolobis amonaxsnTa simravlea
1) (x1; x2)∪(x3; +∞) 2) (-∞; x1)∪(x3; +∞)
3) (x2; x3) 4) (-∞; x2).
a _x - x i
6 vTqvaT, a>0 da x1<x2. maSin 1
utolobis amonaxsnTa sim-
x - x2 $ 0
ravlea
1) (–∞; x1)∪(x2;+ ∞) 2) (–∞; x1]∪[x2; +∞)
3) (–∞; x1]∪(x2; +∞) 4) (–∞; x1)∪[x2; +∞).
a _x - x i
7 vTqvaT, a<0 da x1<x2. maSin 1
x - x 2 < 0 utolobis amonaxsnTa
simravlea
1) (–∞; x1)∪(x2; +∞) 2) (x1; x2) 3) (–∞; x1]∪(x2; +∞) 4) [x1; x2).
8 y = x - 5 funqciis gansazRvris area

x+5
1) (–∞; –5)∪(–5; +∞) 2) (–∞; –5)∪(5; +∞)
3) (–∞; –5]∪(5; +∞) 4) (–∞; –5)∪[5; +∞).
^ x - 5h ^ x + 4h
9 y= 2 funqciis gansazRvris area
^ x + 5h

1) (–∞; –4)∪(5; +∞) 2) (–∞; –4)∪(5; +∞)
3) (–∞; –5)∪(–5; –4]∪[5; +∞) 4) (–∞; –5)∪(–5; –4]∪(5; +∞).
10
amoxseniT utoloba: x2≥2.
10
1) x≥± 2 2) [– 2 ; 2]
3) (–∞; – 2 ]∪[ 2 ; +∞) 4) (–∞; –2]∪[2; +∞).
amoxseniT utoloba: x - 2 < 0 .

2
11
x 3
1) (–∞; – 2 )∪(0; 2 ) 2) (–∞; – 2 )∪( 2 ; 3)
3) (– 2 ; 2 )∪( 3 ; +∞) 4) (– 2 ; 0)∪( 2 ; 3 ).
12 Tu (x-a)(x-b)>0 utolobis amonaxsnTa simravlea (-∞; b)∪(a; +∞),

maSin aucileblad
1) a<b 2) a=b 3) a≥b 4) a>0 da b<0.
^ x - 3h ^ x - 4h
13 TuU 2 # 0 utolobis amonaxsnTa simravlea [3; 4], maSin
^ x - ah
1) 3≤a≤4 2) a=4 3) a>4 an a<3 4) a=3.
^ x - 3h ^ x - 4h
14 TuU 2 # 0 utolobis amonaxsnTa simravlea [3; 4), maSin
^ x - ah
1) 3≤a≤4 2) a=4 3) a>4 an a<3 4) a=3.
amoxseniT amocanebi
15 SeavseT (rveulSi) cxrili gamosaxulebebis niSnebisa da sazRvris

wertilebSi mniSvnelobaTa miniSnebiT.
(-∞; -4) -4 (-4; 3) 3 (3; +∞)

x-3
x+4
(x-3)(x+4)
amoxseniT utolobebi:
a) 2(x-3)(x+4)≥0, b) –3(x-3)(x+4)>0.
16 SeavseT cxrili gamosaxulebebis niSnebisa da sazRvris wertilebSi

mniSvnelobaTa miniSnebiT.
(-∞; 0) 0 (0; 4) 4 (4; 5) 5 (5; +∞)

x

x-4
x-5
x(x-4)(x-5)

cxrilis mixedviT amoxseniT utoloba:
a) x(x-4)(x-5)≤0, b) -2x(x-4)(x-5)<0.
11
17 SeavseT cxrili gamosaxulebaTa niSnebisa da sazRvris wertilebSi
mniSvnelobaTa miniSnebiT.
(-∞; 6) 6 (6;+ ∞)
x-6
!
l
eu
rv
Si
x2+2
(x2+2)(x-6)
amoxseniT utolobebi:
a) 3(x2+2)(x-6)>0, b) -3(x2+2)(x-6)≥0.
18 SeavseT cxrili gamosaxulebebis niSnebisa da sazRvris wertilebSi

mniSvnelobaTa miTiTebiT.
(-∞; -5) -5 (-5; 0) 0 (0; 2) 2 (2; +∞)

x-2
x
x+5
x ^ x - 2h
x+5
cxrilis mixedviT amoxseniT utoloba:
a) 3x ^ x - 2h $ 0 , b)
x ^ x - 2h $ 0 .
x+5 - 3 ^ x + 5h
19 amoxseniT utoloba intervalTa meTodiT:
a) 3(x-2)(x+3)≥0, b) -3(x-2)(x+1)≤0,
g) -2,4(x+1)(x-1)(x+5)>0, d) 2(2x-3)(x+1,2)<0,
e) 2(2x-3)(x+1,2)(x+3)≥0, v) x(x+1)≤0,
z) x(4x-3)(x+10)>0, T) -3x(4x+3)(x-10)≥0.

a) 5(x-4)(x+8)≥0 b) -3(x-2)(x+6)>0,
g) (x2+1)(x-3,5)>0, d) (x2+2)(x+2)≤0,
e) (x2+x+1)(x-5,2)(x+10)>0, v) 2(x-0,5)(x+12)(x2+3)≤0.

2 ^ x - 1, 5h ^ x + 2h - 5 ^ x + 2, 4h ^ x - 0, 3h
a) $ 0 , b) < 0,
x - 3, 2 ^ x + 5h ^ x + 6h

g) x ^ x - 1h < 0 , d) x ^3x + 1h $ 0 .
5 ^ x + 4, 2h ^ x - 0, 2h - 4 ^0, 5x + 1h ^ x - 10h
22 amoxseniT utoloba:
x ^ x 2 + 2h # 0
a) x 2 + 1 > 0 , b)
2
,
x -1 ^ x - 1h ^ x + 5h
^ 2 h
g) - 0, 42 x - 4 < 0 , d) x 2 + 5x $ 0.
x +4 ^ x + 5h ^ x - 5h
2
12
2x 2 - 10x + 11 > 1
x 2 - 6x + 8 . (4)
amoxsna. (4) utoloba tolfasia
2x 2 - 10x + 11 - 1 > 0 ,
x 2 - 6x + 8
^ x - 1h ^ x - 3h
anu > 0 (5)
^ x - 2h ^ x - 4h
utolobis.
amovxsnaT (5) intervalTa meTodiT:

pasuxi: (–∞; 1)∪(2; 3)∪(4; +∞).
a) (x-5)2(x+3)(x-4)≥0, b) (x-5)2(x+3)(x-4)>0,
g) (x-5)2(x+3)(x-4)<0, d) (x-5)2(x+3)(x-4)≤0,
e) (x2-2x-3)(x+1)(x+9)<0, v) (x2-2x-3)(x+1)(x+9)≤0,
z) (x2-3x+2)(x-1)(x+10)>0, T) (x2-3x+2)(x-1)(x+10)≥0.
a) x 2 + 4x + 5 $ 0 , b) x 2- 36 < 0 ,
2 2
x + 5x + 4 x -4
g) x + x x 2 > 0 , d) 1 $ 1 .
x+1- x-2 4x 2 - 4x + 1 1 - 4x 2
x2-13x+12
>0, b) 6x 2 + 7x - 3 # 0 ,
2
a)
x(x+2) x +x+4
g) 1 1 > 0 , d) 2 1 # 23 .
2x 2 + 5x - 3 + 2x 2 + 3x - 9 x - 7x + 12 x -9
a) x+ x ≥2,
1 1 1
b) x+ x >2, g) x+ x <2,
1
d) x+ x ≤2.
a) x - 2x2 - 4x + 8 $ 0 ,
3 2
b) x + 2x2 + 2x + 4 < 0 ,
3 2
x - 2x x -4
3x - 2x 2 + 3x - 2 # 0
3
4x 2 - 9
g) 3x 3 + 7x 2 - 6x , d) 4x 3 12x 2 9x > 0 .
- +
13
29 ipoveT funqciis gansazRvris are:
x2 , x 2 + 1 , g) y = x 2 - 25 , x 2 + 25
a) y = b) y = d) y = x 3 - 9x .
x +1
2
x2 x 3 - 9x
x2- 4 ^9x 2 - 6x + 1h ^4x 2 - 1h
a) y = , b) y = ,
x - 6x 2 + 9x
3
x 3 + 4x
1 ^ x 2 + 3xh ^ x 2 + 4xh
g) y = , d) y = .
x 1 - xh ^ x + 10h
2^
- 2, 5 ^ x - 3h ^2x - 3h
a) x 3 - 5x # 0 , b) x - 3x2 + x - 3 > 0 ,
3 3 2

x + 5x x -x
g) x - 10 $ 0 ,
2
d) x 3 - 10x $ 0 .
x-r x + x - 12
2
32 wylis avzs marTkuTxa paralelepipedis

forma aqvs. fuZis erTi gverdi meoreze 5
dm-iT metia, paralelepipedis simaRleze
ki _ 5 dm-iT naklebi. ra zomebi unda
hqondes am avzs, rom misi moculoba iyos
im kubis moculobaze meti, romlis gver-
di parlelepipedis fuZis didi gverdis
naxevaria?
33 konteiners marTkuTxa paralel-

epipedis forma aqvs, romlis fuZis
gverdebi metia konteineris simaR-
leze, Sesabamisad, 2 m-iT da 6 m-iT.
ra zomis gverdi eqneba kubis for-
mis konteiners, romlis moculoba
naklebia pirveli konteineris mocu-
lobaze 8-jer mainc, simaRleebi ki
orives toli aqvs.
j
amoxseniT utoloba sxvadasxva xerxiT (geometriulad _ sakoordi
nato wrfis gamoyenebiT; modulis Tvisebebis gamoyenebiT _ sxvadasx-
va SemTxvevis ganxilviT; Tu SesaZlebelia, kvadratul utolobaze mi-
yvaniT _ kvadratSi axarisxebiT).
a) |x|>3, b) |x|<7,
g) |x-5|≥10, d) |2x-5|<3,
e) |3x-6|>|x|, v) |x-3|+|x-5|<3.
14
1.2 utolobaTa sistema
ganvixiloT amocanebi, romelTa amoxsna utolobaTa iseTi sistemis amoxsnas

ukavSirdeba, romelSic kvadratuli utolobac SeiZleba Sediodes.
amocana 1
x
marTkuTxedis formis fotosuraTis
zomebia 12sm´18sm. mas vawebebT marTkuTxe- x
dis formis muyaos furcelze ise, rom muy-
aos arSia erTnairi siganis iyos. miaxloebiT
(1 mm-mde sizustiT) ra zomebi unda hqondes 12 sm
muyaos furcels, rom arSiis farTobi ar
iyos fotosuraTis farTobze naklebi da 18 sm
gaormagebul farTobze meti.
amoxsna. TuU arSiis siganes x-iT aRvniSnavT, maSin arSiis farTobi Sei-
Zleba ase warmovadginoT:
4x2+2⋅12x+2⋅18x.
pirobis Tanaxmad, gvaqvs:
4x2+24x+36x≥12⋅18 (1)
4x2+24x+36x≤2⋅12⋅18. (2)
veZebT x-is im mniSvnelobebs, romlebic (1) da (2) utolobebs akmayo-
filebs _ anu, veZebT
4x2+24x+36x≥12⋅18
4x2+24x+36x≤2⋅12⋅18
(3)
utolobaTa sistemis amonaxsnTa simravles _ unda amoixsnas (3) sistema.
(3)-is tolfasi sistemaa:
x2+15x-54≥0
x2+15x-108≤0.

gamovsaxoT am utolobebis amonaxsnTa simravleebi:
(–∞; –18]∪[3; +∞) da ; - 15 - 657 ; - 15 + 657 E
2 2
sadac a = - 15 - 657 , a = - 15 + 657 .

1 2 2 2
(3) sistemis amonaxsnTa simravle _ (1) da (2)utolobebis amonaxs-
nebis simravleTa TanakveTa _ ase warmovadginoT:
a1≤x≤-18 an 3≤x≤a2.
15
Tumca, unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom amocanis pirobis mixedviT x
ar SeiZleba uaryofiTi iyos, maSasadame,
x∈[3; a2], a2≈5,3.
es niSnavs, muyaos furclis zomebi (miaxloebiT) unda iyos 18x24 sm-
dan 22,6x28,6 sm-mde.
ganvixiloT utolobaTa sistemis amoxsnis magaliTebi.
magaliTi 1
amovxsnaT 3x>5
x2-5x+6>0
utolobaTa sistema. es sistema
x> 5
3
(x-2)(x-3)>0
sistemis tolfasia. warmovadginoT misi TiToeuli utolobis amonax-
snebis simravleebi;
5
3
x> 5
3
x<2 an x>3

maTi TanakveTaa ( 5 ; 2)∪(3; +∞) simravle.
3
5
pasuxi: ( ; 2)∪(3; +∞).
3
magaliTi 2
amovxsnaT
x2-x+21≥0
x2-10x+9<0
sistema.
radgan x2-x+21 samwevris diskriminanti uaryofiTia, amitom x2-
x+21>0 nebismieri x-isTvis; e i. am utolobis amonaxsnTa simravlea
(–∞;+∞). maSasadame, sistemis amonaxsnTa simravle emTxveva meore
utolobis amonaxsnTa simravles.
imedia, ar gagiWirdebaT meore utolobis amoxsna.
16
magaliTi 3
amovxsnaT utolobaTa sistema:

x 2-x+2<0
x 2-8x+15≥0.
jer ganvixiloT x2-x+2<0 utoloba.
• aqvs Tu ara am utolobas amonaxsni?
• warmoadgineT am utolobis amonaxsnTa simravle.
• ra simravlea nebismieri simravlisa da carieli simravlis Tanakve-
Ta?
am kiTxvebze swori pasuxebis gacemis Semdeg davrwmundebiT, rom
sistemas ara aqvs amonaxsni.
• SeiZleba Tu ara, sistemaSi Semavali utolobebidan yoveli utolo-
bis amonaxsnTa simravle ar iyos carieli simravle, sistemis amonaxsnTa
simravle ki iyos carieli simravle? ra SemTxvevaSi gveqneba aseTi Sede-
gi? moiyvaneT aseTi SemTxvevis raime magaliTi.
SevajamoT: ganxilulia amocana, romlis amoxsna iseT utolobaTa siste-

mas ukavSirdeba, romelic kvadratul utolobebsac Seicavs. moyvanilia
utolobaTa sistemis amoxsnis magaliTebi.
1. ras ewodeba utolobaTa sistemis amonaxsni?

2. rogor vpoulobT utolobaTa sistemis amonaxsns?
3. ra SemTxvevaSi ewodeba utolobaTa or sistemas tolfasi?
4. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom utolobaTa sistemas ar hqondes amonaxsni?
ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moxdes es? kerZod, Tu sistemis mxolod
erT-erTi utolobis amonaxsnTa simravle aris carieli, yvela da-
narCens ki aqvs amonaxsni, maSin ra saxis simravle iqneba sistemis
amonaxsnTa simravle?
a
1 Tu utolobaTa sistemis erT-erT utolobas ara aqvs amonaxsni,

maSin sistemas
1) aqvs erTi amonaxsni 2) aqvs uamravi amonaxsni
3) ara aqvs amonaxsni 4) aqvs ori amonaxsni.
17
2 4x2 -4x+1≥0
x2-4x>0
utolobaTa sistemis amonaxsnTa simravlea
1) (–∞; 0)∪(4; +∞) 2) [ 1 ; +∞) 3) (–∞; 1 ] 4) (–∞; 0]∪[4; +∞).
2 2
3
x2+x+1<0
x2-9x≥0
sistemis amonaxsnTa simravlea
1) ∅ 2) (–∞; 0) 3) (9; +∞) 4) (–∞; 0] ∪ [9; +∞).
4 x2+x+1>0
x2-6x≥0

1) ∅ 2) (–∞; 0)∪(6; +∞) 3) (–∞; 0]∪[6; +∞) 4) [0; 6].
5 4x2-4x+1≤0
x2-4x<0
2) (–∞; 1 )∪( 1 ; +∞)

1) (0; 4)
2 2
1 }.
3) (0; 4) 4) erTelementiani simravle _ { 2

6 x2-8x+12≥0
3+2x-x2≥0
1) [–1; 6] 2) [–1; 2]∪[3; 6] 3) [–1; 2] 4) (–∞; –1]∪[3; +∞).
7 x2-x≤12
x2≥16

1) [–4; 3] 2) {4} 3) (–∞; –4] 4) (–∞; –4]∪[4; +∞)
8 16≤x2≤10x ormagi utoloba tolfasia sistemis:

1) x2≥16 2) x2≥16 3) x2≤10x 4) x2≤16
x2≥10x 10x≥16 x2≥16 x2≤10x.
9 –2<x2-3x<4 ormagi utoloba tolfasia sistemis

1) x2-3x-4<0 2) (x-4)(x+1)<0
x2-3x+2<0 (x-1)(x-2)>0
3) (x-4)(x+1)>0 4) x2-3x-4>0

(x-1)(x-2)>0 x2-3x+2<0.

18
10 |x2-5x|≤6 utoloba tolfasia sistemis
1) (x-6)(x+1)≤0
2) x2-5x≤6
(x-2)(x-3) ≥0 x2-5x≤-6

3) x2-5x≥6 4) (x-6)(x+1)≥0
x2-5x≥-6 (x-2)(x-3)≤0.

amoxseniT amocanebi
amoxseniT utolobaTa sistema:
11 a) 2x+5≥0 b) 5x-4<0 g) 4x2-3≥0

x2-4x-21<0, 4x2+x-3≥0, 2x-1<0,
d) 2x2+x-0,48>0 e) (x2+1)(x-1)≤0 v) (x-2)(x 2+x+1)>0

x+1≤0,
x(x-10)>0, x(x+1,2)≥0.
12 a) (x-1)(x+5)≥0 b) 3(x+4)(x-2)>0 g) x(3x+1)≤0

(x+7)(2x-1)<0, -(x+5)(2x-7)≥0, -(x+1)(x+0,3)<0,
d) (4-x)(4x+3)≥0 e) x(x-2- 3 )>0 v) (x- 5 +1)(x-1)≥0

x(2x-5)>0, (x+1)(3-x)≥0, x( 3 -x)>0.
13 a) x2-2x-3≤0 b) 5x2+19x-30≥0 g) 4x2-8x-5>0

5x2-7x>0,
x2+3x-4<0, (3-x)(4x+1)≤0,
d) 3x2+x+5≤0 e) x2+4x+5≥0 v) 2x2+5x-7>0

2x2+x-1<0, 4x2-x-0,5>0, 7≤2x+5x2.
14 a) x2-x+2>0 b) 4x2-3x+1>0 g) 4x2+4x+1≤0

4x2-4x+1≥0,
9x2+6x+1>0, x2+2x<0,
d) x2>4 e) x2-2x+1≤0 v) 4x2-12x+9>0

2 2 2
x -4x+4≤0,
2x >1, 5x -9x≥-4.

15 a) x(x-70)>30(x+10)-3x b) x(x-1)≥ 36 - x
10
(x-10) ≤100(x+1)+20x,
2
2(3+x)>x(x+1),

g) x(x+1)<
x + 1 + 3 d) 2(x+1)2+x>0
4 8
(x-1)2>1, 2x(x+3)≥(x-3)(x+3).
19
1
a) y = 2x + 3 + x 2 - 4 , b) y = - 4x - x 2 ,
3x - 10x + 3
2
2
x - 4 + 3 , ^ x + 1h - x
g) y = 2
d) y = ,
9 - ^ x - 3h 1 + 2x 2 + x - 15
11x - 9 - 2x 2 , v) y = 9 - 4x 2 - 1
e) y = ,
x - 6x + 9
2
x+3
x2+ x , x+3 .
z)* y = T)* y =
x-3 x+3-5
17 amoxseniT ormagi utoloba:
a) 4<x2≤9x, b) 1≤x2<9, g) -2≤x2-3x<4, d) -1<x2+2x<3.
a) |x2-2x|<3, b) |x2-10|<6, g) |x2-x-4|<2, d) |x2-3x-1|<3.
19 ipoveT a-s im mniSvnelobaTa simravle, romlebisTvisac

x2-9x+18≤0
sistemas:
2x-3a≥0
a) ara aqvs amonaxsni,
b) aqvs mxolod erTi amonaxsni,
g) aqvs uamravi amonaxsni.
warmoadgineT utolobis amonaxsnTa simravleebi b) da g) SemTxvevebSi.
20 ipoveT a-s im mniSvnelobaTa simravle, romelTaTvisac

x2-4x≥0
sistemas:
x2+ax≤0

a) ara aqvs amonaxsni, b) aqvs mxolod erTi amonaxsni,
g) aqvs uamravi amonaxsni.
b) da g) SemTxvevebSi amoxseniT utolobaTa sistema.
21 ras SeiZleba udrides milis diametri (d) miax-

loebiT, Tu misi kedlis sisqe unda iyos 2 mm-is
toli, xolo milis gamtari nawilis ganivi kveTis
farTobi ar iyos 0,5m2-ze naklebi d 1 m2-ze meti.
22 sarwyavi arxis ganiv kveTas tolferda trapeciis

forma aqvs. ferdis daxris
kuTxe zeda fuZisadmi 600-ia, qveda fuZe _
2,5m. ra siRrmis unda iyos (ipoveT miaxloebiT)
arxi, Tu mis gamtarunarianobisTvis saWiroa,
rom ganivi kveTis farTobi ar iyos 10m2-ze na-
klebi da ar iyos 15m2-ze meti?
20
23 motoriani navi mdinaris dinebis mimar-
TulebiT 10km-is gavlis Semdeg miemarTeba
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT _ 6 km-is man-
Zilze. mdinaris dinebis siCqare 1 km/sT-ia. ra
sazRvrebSi unda icvlebodes navis sakuTari
siCqare, rom am gzis gavlaze daxarjuli dro
ar iyos meti 4sT-ze da ar iyos naklebi 3
sT-ze?
24 x-is ra mniSvnelobebisTvis aris WemSariti toloba:

a) ^ x 2 - 9h = x 2 - 9 ,
2
b) ^ x 2 - 7x + 6h =- x 2 + 7x - 6 ?
2
25 Tu turistebi yoveldRiurad
dagegmilze 5km-iT met manZils gaivlian, ma-
Sin 6 dReSi isini 90km-ze metis gavlas moas-
wreben. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi _ dReSi 5km-
iT naklebis gavlisas _ 8 dReSi 90km-ze na-
klebi manZilis gavlas. ramdeni km-is gavlas
apirebdnen turistebi 1 dReSi?
26 ipoveT miaxloebiT sportuli moednisT-

vis gamoyofili marTkuT xedis formis nakve-
Tis zomebi, Tu moednis sigrZe da sigane 5 da
3-is proporciulia, farTobi ar aris naklebi
375m2-ze da ar aRemateba 500m2-s.
j
amoxseniT sxvadasxva xerxiT (sinjvis xerxi, kvadratuli utolo-
bis Sedgena):
a) cnobilia, rom orniSna ricxvis erTeulebis cifri 4-iT metia
aTeulebis cifrze. am orniSna ricxvisa da amave cifrebiT Cawerili
sxva orniSna ricxvis namravli naklebia 1620-ze, xolo am ricxvebis
jami metia 80-ze. ipove es orniSna ricxvi.
b) cnobilia, rom orniSna ricxvis erTeulebis cifri 3-iT nak-
lebia aTeulebis cifrze. am orniSna ricxvis mis momdevno orniSna
ricxvze namravli 2750-ze metia, xolo am orniSna ricxvebis jami 150-
ze naklebia. ipoveT mocemuli orniSna ricxvi.
g) marTkuTxedis sigane 2 sm-iT naklebia sigrZeze, farTobi nak-
lebia 224 sm2-ze, xolo diagonali metia 19 sm-ze. am marTkuTxedis
gverdebis sigrZeebi (sm-ebSi) naturaluri ricxvebiT gamoisaxeba. ip-
oveT es gverdebi.
21
i
amoxseniT amocanebi
1 ori momdevno mTeli ricxvis namravli naklebia 6-ze. ipoveT es

ricxvebi.
2 ori momdevno luwi ricxvis namravli naklebia 48-ze, ariTmetikuli

saSualo dadebiTi ricxvia. ipoveT es ricxvebi.
3 a-s ra mniSvnelobisTvis akmayofilebs 4x 2 + ax + 9 # 0 utolobas

2
x -x+1
x-is mxolod erTi mniSvneloba? ipoveT es mniSvneloba.
4 ramdeni nuli aqvs x2-ax-1 kvadratul samwevrs?
5 ra gansxvavebaa y=x+2 da y = x - 4
2
funqciebis grafikebs Soris?
x-2
6 amoxseniT gantoleba: |x2+x+10|=x2+x+10.
7 dawereT raime utoloba, romlis amonaxsnia:

a) (–∞; –3)∪(5; +∞),
b) [0; 6], g) (0; 6], d) [0; 6), e) (0; 6).
8 moWadrakeTa turnirSiO moWadrakeTa yoveli

wyvili TiTo partias Ta Sobs. aRniSneT x-iT
ma
moWadrakeTa odenoba da gamosaxeT x-is mimarT
kvadratuli samwevriT Catarebul SexvedraTa
odenoba.
9 y=ax2+bx+c parabolas abscisaTa RerZTan erTi saerTo wertili

aqvs _ (–1; 0), ordinatTa RerZs kveTs (0; –2) wertilSi.
a) SeadareT a koeficienti 0-s,
b) ipoveT c.
10 ipoveT manZili y=x2+4x+4 parabolis wverodan koordinatTa saT-

avemde.
11 ra maxvil kuTxes qmnis wuTebisa da saaTebis maCvenebeli isrebi 21

saaTsa da 36 wuTze.
22
g
amoxseniT amocanebi
1 20 sm sigrZis da 15 sm siganis mqone marTkuTxedis sigrZec da si-

ganec x sm-iT Seamcires.
a) gamosaxeT darCenili nawilis farTobi x-ze damokidebuli gamosax-
ulebiT, b) daadgineT x-is dasaSvebi mniSvnelobebi.
2 1200 _ lariani saqoneli jer ianvarSi

ga
Zvirda, Semdeg _ maisSi, orivejer erTi
da imave procentiT. aRniSneT x-iT procen-
tebis ricxvi da gamosaxeT saqonlis axali
fasi kvadratuli samwevriT. daasaxeleT am
samwevris koeficientebi.
3 cnobilia, rom y=ax2 kvadratuli funq-

cia zrdadia (–∞; 0] Sualedze da |a-1|=3. ipoveT a.
4 cnobilia, rom (a2-4)x=a2+2a wrfiv gantolebas (x-is mimarT) uamra-

vi fesvi aqvs. ramdeni nuli aqvs x2-ax+1 kvadratul samwevrs? ipoveT
es nulebi.
5 cnobilia, rom (9a2-4)x=3a2-2a wrfiv gantolebas (x-is mimarT)

fesvi ara aqvs. ipoveT y=ax2+2x kvadratuli funqciis nulebi.
6 ipoveT manZili y=-x2+4x-5 da y=x2-14x+39 parabolebis wveroebs

Soris.
7
a-s ra mniSvnelobebisTvis ara aqvs utolobas amonaxsni (x-is
mimarT)?
3x 2 + 2ax + â + 6h # 0 .
2
^ x - 3h + 1
8 amoxseniT gantoleba:
a) |5x2+14x-3|=5x2+14x-3,
b) |3x2+2x-5|=-3x2-2x+5,
g) |x2-3x+4|=-x2+3x-4. d) 2
^ x 2 - 4h =x -4.
2
a) |x+5|⋅(x-3)>0, b) |x-3|⋅(x+5)>0,

g) |x2+2x-3|⋅(x+4)≤0, d) |x2-9|⋅(x-10)<0.
23
2x 2 - 7x + 6 $ 0
a) x - 9 # 0 , b)
2
,
|x + 3 | ^ x - 2h | x |
^ 2 h
g) | x + 52x | x - 5 # 0 ,
2
d) | x + 5 | + 1 $ 0 ,
x - 4x |x + 6 |
^ x - 2, 5h ^ x + 2h 4x 2 - 1
e) # 0 , v) > 0.
5-3 5 - 17 - 1
11 ipoveT k-s im mniSvnelobaTa simravle, romelTaTvisac
y = 3x 2 - 4kx + 3 da y = kx 2 - 2kx + 3
funqciebi gansazRvrulia nebismieri x-sTvis.
12 ipoveT a-s im mniSvnelobaTa simravle, romelTaTvisac y=(a2+a)x2-

6x+3 parabolis Stoebi zeviT aris mimarTuli, y=(2a2-7a-4)x2+x-4
parabolisa ki qveviT.
13 a-s ra mniSvnelobebisTvis aris y=(a2-1)x2+6x-1 kvadratuli funq-

ciis grafikis Stoebi mimarTuli: a) zeviT, b) qveviT?
14 k-s ra mniSvnelobebisTvis ara aqvs y=kx2-6x+7 kvadratuli funq-

ciis grafiks saerTo wertilebi abscisaTa RerZTan?
15 p-s ra mniSvnelobebisTvis iRebs y=x2-2px+1 funqcia:

a) mxolod dadebiT mnSvnelobebs,
b) mxolod uaryofiT mniSvnelobebs?
16 ramdeni nuli aqvs y=2x2+2kx-k-1 kvadratul funqcias?
17 marTkuTxedis perimetri 80sm-ia. aRniSneT marTkuTxedis sigane x-iT.

a) gamosaxeT marTkuTxedis S farTobi x-is saSualebiT;
b) ipoveT x-is is mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac S funqcia Rebulobs
udides mniSvnelobas.
18 120 m sigrZis meseriT SemoRobili

marTkuTxedis formis nakveTs udidesi
farTobi aRmoaCnda. ras udris am nakve-
Tis gverdebis sigrZeebi?
19 a sm perimetris mqone marTkuTxedebs

Soris romels aqvs udidesi farTobi?
24
20 warmovidginoT, rom ori sxeuli marTobul
gzebze moZraobs. isini moZraobas erTdoulad iw-
yeben. erT-erTi moZraobs A-dan da Sordeba gze-
bis gadakveTis O wertils, meore uaxlovdeba O
wertils. cnobilia, rom pirvelis siCqare 40km/
sT-ia, meoris _ 60km/sT, OA=5km, OB=12 km. ram-
deni saaTis Semdeg iqneba sxeulebs Soris manZili
umciresi? ipove es manZili.
a) 1 + 3 - 5x # 0 , b) x 3 $ 0,
x2+ 1 x-1- x+3
g) 3 x > 0 , d) 2 x - 1 > 1.
x+2+ x+3 2x - 1 + x
a) y = 2+ 3x x ,
x - 2 + 10 - x
b) y = 3 - x +
2x 2 - 29x + 104
x-3
g) y = x - 1
^ x - 1h ^3x + 2h 4x 2 - 7x - 2
1 x2+ x
d) y = + x-2.
|x - 4 |
25
1.3 iracionaluri gantolebis amoxsna
vTqvaT, Ox (abscisaTa) RerZze veZebT im A y

wertils, romlidanac B(1; 1) da C(5; -2) werti
lebamde manZilebis jami 5 erTeulis tolia.
Tu gavixsenebT or wertils Soris manZilis B(1;1)
1
formulas, saZiebeli wertilis koordinatebs x da
y-iT aRvniSnavT, maSin amocanis amoxsna miiyvaneba O A(x;y) 5 x
x-is yvela im mniSvnelobis povnaze, romlisTvisac –2
C(5;–2)
x2 - 2x + 2 + x2 - 10x + 29 = 5 . (1)
(1) gantoleba iracionaluri gantolebaa, erTucnobiani gantoleba,
romelSic `fesvqveSa~ gamosaxuleba (gamosaxulebebi) x ucnobs Seicavs.
cxadia, igi tolfasia
2 2
x - 2xx2 +
- 29 =29
2x + -5-
25 = 10 -x10
25 - 2xx2 +
- 2 x + 2 (2)
gantolebis. (2)-is fesvebi iqneba im gantolebis fesvebic, romlebic misgan orive
mxaris kvadratSi ayvaniT miiReba
2
x2-10x+29=25-10 x - 2x + 2 +x2-2x+2
10 x2 - 2x + 2 =8x-2;
5 x2 - 2x + 2 =4x-1;
am gantolebis fesvebi
25(x2-2x+2)=16x2-8x+1 (3)
gantolebis fesvebicaa. (3) gantolebas ki erTi fesvi aqvs _ x= 7 , SemowmebiT

davrwmundebiT, rom igi (1)-is fesvicaa.
3
axla am amocanis amoxsna _ A wertilis SerCeva _ sxva xerxiTac vcadoT.
• daukvirdiT sakoordinato sibrtyeze A da B wertilebis ganlagebas. ra
SemTxvevaSi iqneba AB da AC manZilebis jami umciresi?
• SeecadeT ipovoT gantoleba BC wrfis _ im wrfis, romelic SeiZleba
Caiweros y=kx+l saxiT da romelic B da C wertilebze gadis.
• rogor vipoviT am wrfisa da Ox RerZis gadakveTis wertilis abscisas?
axla iracionaluri gantolebis amoxsnis sxva magaliTebi ganvixiloT.
magaliTi 1
amovxsnaT gantoleba:
8 - x 2 = x . (4)
es is SemTxvevaa, roca kvadratSi ayvanis Semdeg miRebuli gantolebis

yvela fesvi ar aris (4)-is fesvi. marTlac,
8-x2=x2, saidanac x=2 an x=–2.
x=–2 ar aris (4)-is fesvi (asec vityviT: –2 gareSe fesvia)
pasuxi: x=2.
26
Semdegi amocanis amoxsnac miiyvaneba iracionaluri gantolebis amoxsnaze.
magaliTi 2
vTqvaT, marTkuTxedis perimetri 35 sm-ia, diagonali _ 12,5 sm. vipo-

voT marTkuTxedis gverdebi.
Tu erT-erTi gverdi x sm-ia, maSin meore iqneba 156, 25 - x 2 sm
da amocanis amoxsna miiyvaneba iracionaluri gantolebis amoxsnaze:
2x + 2 156,25 - x 2 = 35 , (5)
anu
2 156, 25 - x 2 = 35 - 2x .
kvadratSi ayvanis Semdeg miRebuli kvadratuli gantolebis fesvebia
x=7,5 da x=10. isini (5)-is fesvebicaa.
SevniSnoT, rom am gantolebis amoxsnisas SeiZleboda Tavidan agvecile-
bina iracionaluri gantolebis miReba. marTlac, erT-erTi gverdi _ x,
II _ b 35 - x l . piTagoras TeoremiT x2+(17,5-x)2=(12,5)2. misi fesvebia
2
x=7,5 da x=10.
SevajamoT: ganvixileT iracionaluri gantolebebis amoxsnis magaliTebi.
1. ra xerxiT SeiZleba amoixsnas iracionaluri gantoleba?

2. ras vuwodeT iracionaluri gantolebis gareSe fesvi?
3. SeiZleba Tu ara iracionaluri gantolebis kvadratul gantole-
baze miyvanisas miviRoT gareSe fesvi?
4. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom iracionalur gantolebas ar hqondes fes-
vebi?
a
1 x - 1 +2=0 gantolebas
1) erTi fesvi aqvs 2) ara aqvs fesvi
3) uamravi fesvi aqvs 4) ori fesvi aqvs.
27
2 5 - 2x =1–x gantolebis kvadratSi ayvanisas miiReba mocemuli gan-
tolebis gareSe fesvi _
1) x=-2 2) x=2 3) x=1 4) x=-1.
3 x + 1 = 2x da x+1=2x
1) tolfasi gantolebebia
2) araa tolfasi gantolebebi
3) SeiZleba ar iyos tolfasi gantolebebi
4) zogjer ar aris tolfasi gantolebebi.
4 (x-2)2=2x-1 gantolebis yoveli fesvi aris

1) x-2= 2x - 1 gantolebis fesvi
2) 2-x= 2x - 1 gantolebis fesvi
3) |x-2|= 2x - 1 gantolebis fesvi
4) x-2=2x-1 gantolebis fesvi.
5 x-2= 2x - 1 gantolebis yoveli fesvi aris

2
1) (2-x) =2x-1 gantolebis fesvi
2) (x-2)2=1-2x gantolebis fesvi
3) (x+2)2=2x-1 gantolebis fesvi
4) (x-1)2=2x+1 gantolebis fesvi.
6
3x - 5 = 3 gantolebis fesvia
1) 4 2) 14 3) – 14 4) 7 .
3 3 3
amoxseniT amocanebi

a) 3x + 1 = 6 , b) 2x 2 - 3 = 15 ,
g) ^ x - 4h ^ x + 11h = 4 , d) 2x ^ x + 3h = 6 .
3 x - 4,
a) x 2 + x + 2 = 2 , b) =
x-2
g) x = 3 - x , d) 3x + 1 = 2x - 3,
x + 1 = 3x - 5
e) .
x-3
28
9 tolfasia Tu ara gantolebebi:
a) x + 3 = 4 da x+3=16, b) x2–2 x 2 –1=0 da x2-2x–1=0,
g) 16x 2 - 25 = 39 da ^4x - 5h ^4x + 5h = 39 ,
d) 16x 2 - 25 = 39 da 4x - 5 $ 4x + 5 = 39 ?
10 amoxseniT gantoleba axali cvladis Semotanis xerxiT?
a) x-1+ 6 = 5, b) 4 3 ,
2x + 1 = 11 +
x-1 2x + 1
g) 5 x 2 - 2x - 6 + 6 = 17 , d) 2x - x - 3 = 0,
x - 2x - 6
2
e) x 2 + 3 x 2 - 3x + 4 = 3 ^ x + 2h, v) x+2 +3 x - 3 4.
x-3 x+2 =
11 kvadratSi ayvanis gareSe aCveneT, rom gantolebas fesvi ara aqvs:
a) x - 15 - 12 - x = 3,
b) 3x + 1 + 2 x + 4 + 1 = 0,
g) 3+ x - 1 = 1, d) 3 - x = x - 4,
e) 2x - 6 + 3 - x = 3, v) x+ x-4+ x + 5 = 4, 9 .
a) x 2 + 8x + 16 = x 2 - 16 ,
b) 1 + 1 + x x 2 - 32 = x ,
g) 3x - 2 2x + 1 = 6 , d ) x 2 - 2x + 10 = 2x - 5 ,

e) x 2 - 2x + 10 = 5 - 2x .
a) 2x - 1 + 2 x+2 2x - 1 + x+2 = .
3, b) 2$ 3
x+2 2x - 1 = x+2 2x - 1
x - 2 + 12 - x = 4 .
amoxsna. gantolebis orive mxare aviyvanoT kvadratSi, miviRebT:
x-2+2 x - 2 12 - x + 12 - x = 16 .
gamartivebis Semdeg kvlav aviyvanoT kvadratSi:
x - 2 12 - x = 3, (x-2)(12-x)=9, x2-14x+33=0,
x1=3, x2=11.
SemowmebiT vrwmundebiT, rom orive ricxvi gantolebis fesvia.
pasuxi: x=3, x=11.
29
a) x - 2 = 1 - 2x - 3 b)
2x - 1 + x - 1 = 5 ,
g) x - 1 + 2 x - 2 = 1 , d) x-2 +2 x = 2 2,
e) 2 - x + 1 = 11 + x , v) 12 - x + - x = 6 .

16 (jgufuri muSaoba) amoxseniT sxvadasxva xerxiT (koordinatebis
gamoyenebiT, kvadratSi ayvaniT). SeadareT amoxsnebi:

a) x 2 + 4 + x 2 + 10x + 34 = 5 2,
2 2 2 2
b) ^ x - 1h + ^ x - 6h + ^ x - 4h + ^ x - 2h = 5,
g) x 2 - 6x + 10 + x 2 - 4x + 8 # 10 .
x 2 - 2x + 5 + x2 - 16x + 89 = 7 2 .
30
1.4 simravle. moqmedebebi simravleebze
1) Tu A aris (x + 1) d x - 1 n = 0 gantolebis namdvili fesvebis simravle

2
(im fesvebis, romlebic namdvili ricxvebia); B ki _ amave gantolebis mTeli
fesvebis simravle, maSin A da B SeiZleba ase CavweroT:
A = * x (x + 1) d x - 1 n = 0, x ! R 4 , (1)
2
B = * x (x + 1) d x - 1 n = 0, x ! Z 4 . (2)
2
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi dasaxelebulia garkveuli (gansazRvruli) Tviseba. yvela
obieqti, romelsac es Tviseba aqvs, qmnis Sesabamis simravles. TviT obieqtebi
am simravlis elementebia. SesaZloa am Tvisebis mqone obieqti arc arsebobdes
_ miiReba carieli simravle ( ∅ ). magaliTad, carieli simravlea
C = % x x 2 + 1 = 0, x ! R / . (3)
Tu raime M simravle gansazRvrulia TvisebiT, romelic aqvs am simravlis

yovel elements da ara aqvs yovel obieqts, romelic M-s ar ekuTvnis, maSin
am Tvisebas M-simravlis maxasiaTebeli Tviseba ewodeba.
Tu raime D simravle mocemulia P(x) maxasiaTebeli TvisebiT, maSin am sim-
ravles ase CavwerT:
D = % x P (x) /.
1
cxadia, (x + 1) d x - 1 n = 0
gantolebis fesvebia –1 da 2 . axla (1) da (2)
2
formulebiT warmodgenil simravleebs maTi yvela elementis CamoTvliT Cavw-
erT:
1
A = ) - 1; 2 3, B = {- 1} .
A orelementiania, B _ erTelementiani, * x (x + 1) e x - 12 o = 0, x ! n 4 sim-

ravle carielia.
carieli simravlis magaliTia, agreTve, {x | 1 < x < 2, x∈N}, erTelementianisa _
) x 1 # x # 3 , x ! Z 3.
2 2
eqvselementiania {x | x≤6, x∈N} simravle, romliTac SeiZleba warmovadgi-
noT yvela SesaZlo Sedegi albaTobis TeoriaSi ganxiluli eqsperimentisa:
vagorebT kamaTels da vakvirdebiT _ ra ricxvi mova.
Tqvenc daasaxeleT ramdenime magaliTi erT, or da samelementiani sim-

ravleebisa;
31

gaixseneT carieli simravlis aRniSvna da daasaxeleT carieli simravlis
ramdenime magaliTi.
 daasaxeleT raime sasruli simravle da maxasiaTebeli Tviseba, romliTac
is ganisazRvreba. SeiZleba Tu ara misi mocema yvela elementis CamoTvliT?
 SeiZleba, Tu ara usasrulo simravlis mocema yvela elementis CamoTv-
liT? Tu es SeuZlebelia, iqneb zogjer elementTa miniSneba gamoiyeneba?
 vTqvaT, A simravle mocemulia maxasiaTebeli Tvisebis miTiTebiT:
A={x | x∈N, x < 10}. SeecadeT A simravle misi elementebis CamoTvliT aRweroT.
sasrulia Tu usasrulo es simravle?
 vTqvaT, A simravle mocemulia maxasiaTebeli TvisebiT: A aris yvela or-
niSna naturalur ricxvTa simravle, romelTa cifrebi erTnairia. kidev ra
maxasiaTebeli TvisebiT SeiZleba aRvweroT A simravle? aRwereT igi yvela
elementis CamoTvliTac.
 kidev erTxel daasaxeleT naturalur, mTel, racionalur da namdvil
ricxvTa simravleebis aRniSvnebi.
 gaixseneT, ra SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom mocemuli simravleebi tolia.
2)
gavixsenoT, rom planimetriaSi ganxiluli yoveli SesaZlo figura si-
brtyis wertilTa simravlis raime qvesimravles warmoadgens. analogiurad,
raime sakiTxis Seswavlisas, xSirad, im simravleebs ganvixilavT, romlebic
erTi garkveuli simravlis qvesimravlea; aseT simravles universaluri sim-
ravle vuwodeT. mas U-Ti aRvniSnavT xolme. vTqvaT, A misi qvesimravlea —
am simravlis elementebi U simravlis elementebicaa. magaliTad, Tu U natu-
ralur ricxvTa simravlea, maSin A SeiZleba luw ricxvTa simravle iyos. Tu
U sibrtyis wertilTa simravlea, maSin A SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, raime wris
wertilTa simravle.
axla gaixseneT Canaweris azri: A⊂B, (À aris B-s qvesimravle~, À Sedis
B-Si~, `B moicavs A-s~). amave azris mqonea `B⊃A~ Canaweri. Tu, amave dros, ar-
sebobs elementi, romelic ekuTvnis B-s da ar ekuTvnis A-s, maSin, rogorc
gaxsovT, A-s ewodeba B-s sakuTrivi qvesimravle.
magaliTad, Tu A={0; 1; 2}; B={1; 2}; C={2; 3}. maSin B aris A-s sakuTrivi
qvesimravle, B ar aris C-s qvesimravle, C ar aris B-s qvesimravle.
 SeecadeT moiyvanoT kidev erTi magaliTi, roca ar sruldeba arc M⊂N
da arc N⊂M.
cxadia, A⊂B ar gamoricxavs B⊂A; Tu orive damokidebuleba WeSmaritia, ma-
Sin A da B simravleebi tolia — A=B.
simravleebisa da maT Soris damokidebulebebis TvalsaCino gamosaxvis
mizniT simravleebs brtyeli figurebiT (ZiriTadad, wreebiT) gamovsaxavdiT
xolme _ e. w. venis diagramebiT (maT eiler-venis diagramebsac uwodeben). Tu
A⊂B, maSin A-sa da B-s Soris SesaZlo damokidebulebebs aseTi ori saxis dia-
gramiT warmovadgenT:
32
A
A, B
B
a) b)
a) diagramis mixedviT A warmoadgens B simravlis sakuTriv qvesimravles,

b) diagramis mixedviT ki A=B.
simravleTa Soris A⊂B damokidebuleba bevri ramiT waagavs ricxvebs Soris
a≤b damokidebulebas, kerZod, nebismieri A da B simravleebisTvis gvaqvs:
1) A⊂A; 2) Tu A⊂B da B⊂A, maSin A=B; 3) Tu A⊂B da B⊂C, maSin A⊂C.
Tumca, aris gansxvavebac _ ricxvebSi (simravleebisgan gansxvavebiT) yovel
a-sa da b-s Soris aucileblad sruldeba erT-erTi SemTxveva: a≤b, an b<a. kidev
erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa: arsebobs a ricxvi, romlisTvisac ar srulde-
ba 0≤a, maSin rodesac nebismier A simravlisTvis ∅⊂A, anu carieli simravle
nebismieri simravlis qvesimravlea.
axla simravleebze moqmedebebi gavixsenoT:

1) TanakveTa _ A∩B _ yvela im elementis simravle, romlebic orive sim-
ravles ekuTvnis, anu ekuTvnis A-s da ekuTvnis B-s. am maxasiaTebeli TvisebiT
A∩B simravle ase Caiwereba:
A∩B={x | x∈A da x∈B}.
magaliTad, Tu A={1; 2; 3}, B=(2; 3; 4}, maSin
A∩B={2; 3}.
 suraTze gamosaxuli diagramis mixedviT aRwereT A
da B simravleTa Soris damokidebuleba da miuTiTeT fig- I II III
ura, romelic A∩B simravles gamosaxavs.
A B
2) gaerTianeba _ A∪B _ yvela im elementis simrav-
le, romelic ekuTvnis A da B simravleTagan erT-erTs mainc, anu A∪B Sedgeba
im elementebisgan romlebic: ekuTvnis A-s, ar ekuTvnis B-s; ekuTvnis B-s, ar
ekuTvnis A-s; ekuTvnis A-sac da B-sac. es maxasiaTebeli Tviseba mokled ase
Caiwereba: ekuTvnis A-s an B-s. amrigad,
A∪B={x | x  ∈A an x∈B}.
 zemoT gamosaxul diagramaze miuTiTeT figura, romelic A∪B-s gamosa
xavs.
3) sxvaoba _ A\B _ A-s yvela im elementis simravle, romelic B-s ar

ekuTvnis. amrigad, A\B={x | x∈A da x∉B}.
magaliTad, Tu A={1; 2; 3; 4} da B={3; 4; 5; 6}, maSin A\B={1; 2}.
 amjerad diagramaze miuTiTeT figura, romelic A\B simravles gamosaxavs.
4) damateba — Tu U universaluri simravlea, romlis qvesimravlea A, maSin
A-s damateba _ CA (an A', an A) _ aris U\A simravle _ U-s im elementebis
simravle, romlebic ar ekuTvnis A-s, anu A'={x | x∈U da x∉A}.
33
U
suraTze marTkuTxediT universaluri simravlea gamo-
A saxuli.
 ra simravlea warmodgenili damuqebuli nawiliT?
axla simravleebze moqmedebebis zogierTi Tviseba warmovadginoT:
(1)
A∪B=B∪A

A∪(B∪C)=(A∪B)∪C (2)
(3)
A∪A=A

A∩(B∪C)=(A∩B)∪(A∩C) (4)
(5)
A∪∅=A
(6)
A∪U=U
imedia, ar gagiWirdebaT am Tvisebebis dasabuTeba.
warmogidgenT erT-erTi Tvisebis dasabuTebas:

A∩(B∪C)=(A∩B)∪(A∩C).
vTqvaT, raime x∈A∩(B∪C), maSin x∈A da x∈B∪C; maSasadame, x∈A da x ekuTv-
nis erT-erTs mainc B da C-dan, anu x∈B an x∈C; Tu x∈A da x∈B, maSin x∈A∩B
da amitom x∈(A∩B)∪(A∩C). Tu x∈A da x∈C, maSin x∈A∩C, x∈(A∩C)∪(A∩B); am-
rigad, A∩(B∪C)⊂(A∩B)∪(A∩C);
analogiurad vaCvenebT: Tu raime x∈(A∩B)∪(A∩C), maSin x∈A∩(B∪C), anu
(A∩B)∪(A∩C)⊂A∩(B∪C).
amrigad,
A∩(B∪C)=(A∩B)∪(A∩C).
xSirad mosaxerxebelia aRniSnuli Tvisebebis venis diagramebiT ilustri-
rebac.
Tu am formulebSi movaxdenT ⊂ da ⊃; ∅ da U; ∪ da ∩ simboloebis urT-
ierTCanacvlebebs, kvlav WeSmarit tolobebs miviRebT.
 CawereT es axali formulebi da SeecadeT daasabuToT maTi WeSmaritoba.

magaliTad, (4) da (5) formulebi miiRebs saxes:
A∪(B∩C)=(A∪B)∩(A∪C); A∩U=A.
axla `damatebis~ Tvisebebi warmovadginoT:
A∪A'=U
(7)
A∩A'=∅
(8)
∅'=U
(9)
U'=∅
(10)
(A')'=A
(11)
(A∪B)'=A'∩B'
(12)
(A∩B)'=A'∪B'
(13)
34
SeamCnieT, albaT, simravleTa gaerTianebis an TanakveTis damatebis Sed-
genisas, yoveli simravle Sesabamisi damatebebiT icvleba, ∪ da ∩ simboloebi
ki erTmaneTs Caenacvleba.
 SeecadeT daasabuToT (7)-(13) Tvisebebi.
3) axla simravleebze moqmedebebis gamoyenebebi warmovadginoT.

vTqvaT, S gvirilebis simravlea, P _ im yvavilebis simravle, romlebic min-
dorSi izrdeba.
warmovadgenT oTxi tipis winadadebas am simravleebis Sesaxeb da iqve mivu-
TiTebT maTi Caweris sxvadasxva formas
`yvela S aris P~
a: yvela gvirila mindorSi iz-
S ⊂ P `Tu S, maSin P~
rdeba
`S-dan gamomdinareobs P~
b: àrc erTi gvirila mindorSi
S ∩ P = ∅ àrc erTi S ar aris P~
ar izrdeba~
c: `zogierTi gvirila mindorSi
S ∩ P ≠ ∅ `zogierTi S aris P~
izrdeba~
d: `zogierTi gvirila mindorSi
S ∩ P ≠ ∅ `zogierTi S aris P ~
ar izrdeba~
roca, magaliTad, aq vwerT: `yvela S aris P~, an `zogierTi S aris P~, isini,
Sesabamisad, warmogvidgenen winadadebebs:
`S simravlis yoveli elementi P-s elementicaa~,
`S-is zogierTi elementi P-s elementicaa~.
analogiurad aRviqvamT mesame svetis sxva winadadebebsac.
Tu s warmogvidgens S simravlis nebismier elements, p ki _ P simravlis
nebismier elements, maSin es ori winadadeba, Sesabamisad; aseTi formiTac Cai-
wereba:
`yoveli s aris p~;
`zogierTi s aris p~.
analogiurad Camoyalibdeba danarCeni ori winadadebac.
msjeloba: `Tu yoveli A aris B da yoveli B aris C, maSin yoveli A aris

C~, simravleebis gamoyenebiT martivad Caiwereba:
Tu A ⊂ B da B ⊂ C, maSin A ⊂ C.
winadadeba: `zogierTi A aris B~ _ Semdegi oTxi diagramiT gamoisaxeba (1,
2, 3, 4):
A B
A, B A B
B A
1 2 3 4
35
axla simravleebze moqmedebebis gamoyenebiT amovxsnaT praqtikuli amoca-
na: saTxilamuro inventariT movaWre maRaziis menejerma SemTxveviTi SerCevis
wesiT gamokiTxa 160 myidveli saTxilamuro sportis sayvareli saxeobebis Ses-
axeb. gamokiTxulTagan oTxmocma daasaxela krosi, samocdaaTma _ swrafdaS-
veba, ocma _ orive es saxeoba; sxva saxeoba aravis dausaxelebia.
gamovarkvioT:
a) ramden myidvels ar dausaxelebia krosi an ar dausaxelebia swrafdaS-
veba?
b) ramdenma daasaxela swrafdaSveba, magram ar daasaxela krosi?
g) ramdenma myidvelma daasaxela krosi an swrafdaSveba?
d) ramden myidvels ar dausaxelebia sayvareli saxeoba?
gamokiTxulTa simravle U-Ti aRvniSnoT, krosis moyvarulebisa _ C-Ti,
swrafdaSvebis moyvarulebisa _ D-Ti. pirobis Tanaxmad, am simravleebis el-
ementebis odenobebia: n(U)=160, n(C)=80, n(D)=70; amasTanave, n(C∩D)=20.
warmovadginoT es informacia venis diagramiT:
U A
D
60 20 50
30
diagramis mixedviT, SearCieT zemoT CamoTvlili SekiTxvebis swori pasuxe-

bi:
a 130
b 30+60+50
g 30
d 50
SevajamoT: gavixseneT simravleebze moqmedebebi, warmodgenilia am moq-

medebebis Tvisebebi da maTi gamoyenebis magaliTebi.
s
simravleebis geometriuli figurebiT (mag-
aliTad, wreebiT) warmodgena da maTi gamo
yeneba debulebaTa dasabuTebis gamartivebisa
da TvalsaCinoebis mizniT cnobili ingliseli
maTematikosis jon venis (1834-1923) saxels uka-
vSirdeba. ufro adre, XVIII saukuneSi analogi-
uri diagramebiT sargeblobda didi Sveicarieli
jon veni
36
maTematikosi leonard eileri (1707-1783). eileri
iyo 800-ze meti samecniero naSromisa da aRmoCe-
nis avtori. magaliTad, mxolod ricxvTa TeoriaSi
man 140 naSromi gamoaqveyna. maTematikis garda mas
aqvs Sromebi fizikaSi, meqanikaSi, astronomiaSi;
amitom igi ase moixsenieba: didi maTematikosi,
fizikosi, meqanikosi da astronomi.
leonard eileri
1. ras ewodeba ori simravlis gaerTianeba?

2. ras ewodeba ori simravlis TanakveTa?
3. ras ewodeba ori simravlis sxvaoba?
4. ra xerxebiT SeiZleba warmovadginoT yoveli sasruli simravle?
5. sul mcire ramdeni qvesimravle aqvs yovel simravles?
6. ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom A simravle B simravlis qvesimravlea
(A⊂B)?
7. aris Tu ara carieli simravle yoveli simravlis qvesimravle?
8. ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom ori simravle tolia?
j
1 warmoadgineT venis diagramiT winadadeba:
a) `yvela A aris B~;
b) `zogierTi A aris B~;
g) `zogierTi A ar aris B~;
d) àrc erTi A ar aris B~.
2 SeadgineT maTematikuri debulebebi, rom

lebic zemoT mocemuli formiT SeiZleba
Caiweros (upiratesoba miecema im jgufs,
romelic met debulebas warmoadgens).
3 warmoadgineT zemoT mocemuli formis msj-

elobaTa magaliTebi, romlebSic TiToeuli Seicavs or wanamZRvars da
erT daskvnas. venis diagramebis gamoyenebiT SeamowmeT _ WeSmaritia
msjeloba, Tu mcdari.
37
a
1 dedamiwis zedapiris im wertilTa simravle, romlebSic erTi da

igive saSualo wliuri temperaturaa, aris
1) izobari 2) izoTerma 3) grZedi 4) ganedi.
2 dedamiwis zedapiris im wertilTa simravle, romlebsac erTi da

igive grZedi aqvs, aris
1) ganedi 2) paraleli 3) izoTerma 4) meridiani.
3 mocemulia simravleebi: A={1; 21; 121; 15; 52; 512}; B={16; 2; 5};
C={1; 21; 15}; D={21; 15; 52}; Q={5; 12}.
maTTvis WeSmaritia
1) B⊂A 2) mxolod C⊂A 3) C⊂A da D⊂A 4) Q⊂C.
4 Semdegi gamonaTqvamebidan, romeli ar aris WeSmariti?

1) arsebobs simravle, romelsac mxolod erTi qvesimravle aqvs
2) arsebobs simravle, romelsac mxolod ori qvesimravle aqvs
3) arsebobs simravle, romelsac ara aqvs qvesimravle
4) arsebobs simravle, romelsac 2-ze meti qvesimravle aqvs.
5 vTqvaT, A aris safexburTo turnirSi monawile gundebis simravle,

Y _ erT-erTi monawile gundi, y - Y gundis moTamaSe. Semdegi
Canawerebidan, romeli ar aris swori
1) Y⊂A 2) Y∈A 3) y∈Y 4) {Y}⊂A.
6 Tu raime A, B da C simravleebisTvis A⊂B da B⊂C, maSin

1) C⊂A 2) B⊂A 3) C⊂B 4) A⊂C.
7 Tu raime A da B simravleebisTvis A⊂B da B⊂A, maSin

1) A≠B 2) A=B 3) A∪B≠A 4) A∩B≠A.
8 Tu raime A da B simravleebisTvis A⊂B, maSin

1) A∩B=A 2) A∪B=A 3) A∪B=A' 4) A∪B=B'.
9 Tu raime A da B simravleebisTvis A⊂B, maSin

1) B⊂A 2) B=A 3) A'⊂B' 4) B⊃A.
10 suraTze warmodgenili A da B simravleebisTvis

A
1) A'⊂B' 2) A'=B' B
3) B'⊂A' 4) B⊂A. U
38
11 suraTze warmodgenili A, B da C simrav
leebisTvis
1) A∩B≠B∩C 2) A∩B⊂C
A B C 3) B∪C⊂A 4) A∩C≠∅.
12 suraTze warmodgenili A, B da C simravleebisTvis

1) A∪B⊃C 2) A∩B=A∩C
3) A∪B⊂C 4) A∪C≠C. A B C
13 Tu U universaluri simravlea, maSin nebismieri A simravlisTvis U\A=

1) A 2) A' 3) U 4) ∅.
14 A simravlis damatebis damateba _ (A')'=

1) A' 2) U 3) A 4) ∅.
15 (A∪B)'=
1) A'∩B' 2) A'∪B' 3) ∅ 4) U.
A B
16 ricxviT wrfeze moniSnuli AB monakveTis
-1 0 5
wertilTa simravlea
1) {x | x∈N; -1≤x≤5} 2) {x | x∈Z, x≥-1 an x≤5}
3) {x | x∈R, x≥-1 an x≤5} 4) {x | x∈R, -1≤x≤5}.
17 nebismieri A simravlisTvis A∩∅=

1) A 2) U 3) ∅ 4) A'.
18 nebismieri A simravlisTvis A∪∅=

1) A 2) U 3) ∅ 4) A'.
19 vTqvaT, A erTelementiani simravlea, A={a}; maSin

1) {a}⊂A 2) {a}∈A 3) a⊂A 4) a=A.
20 erTelementiani simravlis qvesimravleebis ricxvi aris

1) 2 2) 1 3) 0 4) 3.
21 vTqvaT, x∈R (R namdvil ricxvTa simravlea) da A aris x2+3=0

gantolebis fesvebis simravle, anu A={x | x2+3=0, x∈R}, maSin A=
1) {1} 2) {–1} 3) {–1; 1} 4) ∅.
22 Tu simravles mxolod erTi qvesimravle aqvs, maSin is

1) carieli simravlea 2) erTelementiani simravlea
3) orelementiani simravlea 4) universaluri simravlea.
23 Tu P martiv ricxvTa simravlea, S _ Sedgenil ricxvTa simravle,

maSin P∪S=
1) N 2) P 3) S 4) N\{1}.
39
24 Tu P martiv ricxvTa simravlea, T — luw naturalur ricxvTa
simravle, maSin P∩T=
1) ∅ 2) P 3) T 4) {2}.
25 nebismieri A da B simravleebisTvis, x∈A∩B niSnavs:

1) x∈A da x ! B 2) x ! A da x∈B
3) x ! A da x ! B 4) x∈A da x∈B.
26 nebismieri A da B simravleebisTvis, x∈A\B niSnavs:

1) x∈A da x∈B 2) x∈A da x∈B'
3) x∈A' da x∈B' 4) x∈A' da x∈B.
27 vTqvaT, A im moswavleebis simravlea, romlebic swavloben inglisurs;

B im moswavleebis simravlea, romlebic swavloben germanuls; maSin im
moswavleebis simravle, romlebic swavloben orive enas, aris
1) A∪B 2) A∪B' 3) A'∪B 4) A∩B.
28 vTqvaT, P tolgverda samkuTxedebis simravlea; Q _ tolferda sam

kuTxedebis; S _ tolferda marTkuTxa samkuTxedebis. a), b), g) da d)
suraTebidan romelze SeiZleba iyos isini gamosaxuli?
P S
Q
P
Q P
S Q P
S S Q
a) b) g) d)
1) a) 2) b) 3) g) 4) d).
29 vTqvaT, A aris yvela mTeli dadebiTi ricxvis simravle, B _ yvela

im mTeli dadebiTi ricxvis simravle, romlebic iyofa 6-ze. maSin
1) A=B 2) A⊂B 3) B⊂A 4) A∩B=∅.
amoxseniT amocanebi
30 vTqvaT, raime A, B da C simravleebisTvis A\B=C. daasabuTeT, rom

maSin SeiZleba ar iyos WeSmariti toloba A=B∪C.
miTiTeba. gamoiyeneT kontrmagaliTi:

A={1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6}, B={2; 4; 5; 6; 8}.
SearCieT kidev sxva kontrmagaliTi;
 warmoadgineT diagrama, romelic miuTiTebs dasaxelebuli
tolobis mcdarobaze.
40
31 mocemulia simravleTa wyvilebi:
a) A da A∩B; b) A da A∪B; g) A∩B da A∪B.
yovel wyvilSi erT-erTi simravle meoris qvesimravlea. CawereT es
mimarTeba ⊂ simbolos gamoyenebiT.
32 mocemulia: A aris im rombebis simravle, romelTac kuTxeebi marTi

aqvs, B _ kvadratebis simravle, C _ im marTkuTxedebis simravle,
romlebsac toli gverdebi aqvs, D _ oTxkuTxedebis simravle, romelTac
yvela kuTxe marTi aqvs, E _ marTkuTxedebis simravle. miuTiTeT toli
simravleebi.
33 vTqvaT, A={x | x∈R, x<-1,7}; B={x | x∈R, x>-1,2}. ipoveT A da B

simravleebis TanakveTa (gamoiyeneT ricxviTi wrfe).
34 vTqvaT, P={x | x∈Z; -4 ≤  x  ≤  6}; S={x | x∈N; 3 ≤  x  ≤  10}. ipoveT

simravle P\S.
35 vTqvaT, K=Z\N. Semdegi gamonaTqvamebidan romelia WeSmariti?

a) -3∈K; b) 0∈K; g) 0∉K; d) -3,5∈K; e) 2∈K; v) 12∉K.
36 vTqvaT, N naturalur ricxvTa simravlea, Z _ mTel ricxvTa

simravle, C _ luwi naturaluri ricxvebis simravle, P _ martivi
ricxvebis simravle. gamosaxeT venis diagramebiT es simravleebi.
37 vTqvaT, M aris amozneqili mravalkuTxedebis simravle, C _

amozneqili oTxkuTxedebis, K _ kvadratebis, P _ marTkuTxedebis, T
_ samkuTxedebis. gamosaxeT es simravleebi venis diagramebiT.
38 erT-erTi skolis moswavleTa nawili

mxolod inglisurs flobs, nawili _ mxolod
germanuls, danarCenebi _ orive enas.
moswavleTa 90% flobs inglisurs, 70% _
germanuls. moswavleTa ra procenti flobs
orive enas?
39 vTqvaT, A aris 30-is martivi gamyofebis simravle, B _ 42-is martivi

gamyofebis simravle. ipoveT A∩B.
40 vTqvaT, A da B universaluri simravlis is qvesimravleebia, romelTa

TanakveTa ar aris carieli simravle. gamosaxeT venis diagramebiT (raime
SesaZlo SemTxvevaSi):
a) (A∩B)'; b) A∩B'; g) A'∪B; d) A∪B'.
41 daasabuTeT:
a) (A\B)\C=A\(B∪C); b) (A\C)\B=(A\B)∩(A\C);
g) A∪(B\C)⊃(A∪B)\C; d) (A\B)∪C⊃(A∪C)\B.
41
42 vTqvaT, A, B da C raime simravleebia. daasabuTeT:
a) A\B=A∩B'; b) (A\B)'=A'∪(A∩B).
43 vTqvaT, gvaqvs pirobiTi winadadeba:

`Tu A, maSin B~ (1)
 gamosaxeT es gamonaTqvami diagramiT.
 aCveneT diagramis gamoyenebiT, rom, Tu aRniSnuli gamonaTqvami
WeSmaritia, maSin WeSmaritia gamonaTqvami:
`Tu ara B, maSin ara A~,
anu _ `Tu B', maSin A'~. (2)
 aCveneT, rom, roca gamonaTqvami `Tu A, maSin B~ WeSmaritia, maSin
gamonaTqvamebi:
`Tu B, maSin A~, (3)
`Tu A', maSin B'~ _ (4)
SeiZleba mcdari iyos.
 moiyvaneT raime pirobiTi winadadeba ((1) tipis), romlis
WeSmaritobis simravle* emTxveva danarCeni samis ((2), (3), (4))
WeSmaritobis simravleebs, an _ ar emTxveva zogierTis WeSmaritobis
simravles (romels SeiZleba ar daemTxves?).
miTiTeba.
I magaliTi: `Tu naturaluri ricxvis kvadrati kentia, maSin es
ricxvic kentia~;
II magaliTi: `Tu naturaluri ricxvi 5-iT bolovdeba, maSin is
5-ze iyofa~.
44 miuTiTeT simravlis maxasiaTebeli Tviseba:

a) yvela paralelogramis; b) yvela marTkuTxedis;
g) yvela kvadratis; d) yvela tolferda samkuTxedis.
45 miuTiTeT raime saerTo Tviseba, romelic aqvs mocemuli simrav

leebidan TiToeulis yovel elements, garda erTi elementisa:
a) {samkuTxedi, kvadrati, trapecia, wre, wesieri eqvskuTxedi};
b) {4; 6; 18; 15; 158}; g) {2; 7; 13; 16; 29};
d) {1; 9; 67; 81; 121}; e) {1; 5; 10; 175; 180};
v) {Tbilisi, Telavi, foTi, londoni, zestafoni};
z) ) 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 1 3 .
3 4 5 5
46 mocemulia simravle: A={1; 2; 3; 4; 5; {4; 5}}.
a) aris Tu ara {4; 5} am simravlis qvesimravle?
b) aris Tu ara {4; 5} am simravlis elementi?
* WeSmaritobis simravle _ im obieqtTa simravle, romelTa mimarT gamoTqmuli wina-

dadeba WeSmaritia.
42
47 ipoveT {x | x∈N, x≤20} simravlis kenti ricxvebiT Sedgenili qvesim
ravlis TanakveTa im ricxvebiT Sedgenil qvesimravlesTan, romlebic
3-ze gayofisas naSTSi iZleva 1-s.
C
48 suraTze gamosaxulia A, B da C simravleebi.
II IV VIII
ra simravleebia gamosaxuli romauli cifre
V
biT _ I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII (gamosaxeT VI VII
isini mocemuli simravleebis saSualebiT)? A
III
I B
49 gamoikiTxa 100 studenti.
aRmoCnda, rom maT gan 28 flobs germanuls,
30 _ rusuls, 42 _ inglisurs, germanuls da
inglisurs _ 8, germanuls da rusuls _ 10,
inglisurs da rusuls _ 5. sa mive enas flobs
3 studenti.
a) ramdenma studentma ar icis arc erTi ena?
b) ramdeni flobs mxolod rusuls?
g) ramdeni flobs rusuls an inglisurs?
d) ramdenia iseTi studenti, romelic arc inglisurs flobs da arc
germanuls?
miTiTeba. gamoiyeneT venis diagrama da gamosaxeT simravleebi stu

dentebisa, rom
lebic floben germanuls, inglisurs, rusuls.
amocanis piro bebis mixedviT miRebul 8 figuraSi CawereT
studentebis Sesabamisi odenobebi.

50 vTqvaT, wina amocanaSi ganxiluli ga mo
kiT
xvis analogiuri
gamokiTxvis Sede Ti iyo: gamoikiTxa 100 studenti; rusuls
gebi ase
flobs 18 studenti; flobs rusuls da ar flobs ger manuls _ 13;
flobs rusulsa da inglisurs _ 9; germanuls _ 27; inglisurs _ 48;
inglisursa da germanuls _ 4; arcerTs _ 24.
a) ramdeni flobs mxolod germanuls?
b) ramdeni flobs rusulsac da germanulsac?
g) ramdeni flobs inglisuri da germanuli enebidan erT-erTs mainc?
51 wina amocanebis analogiurad,

100 studentis gamokiTxvis Sedegebi
aseTia: samive ena _ 5; germanuli
da rusuli _ 10; inglisuri
da germanuli _ 8; rusuli da
inglisuri _ 20; germanuli _ 30;
rusuli _ 28; inglisuri _ 50.
a) ramdeni studenti ar flobs am sami enidan arc erTs?
b) ramdeni studenti flobs am sami enidan mxolod erTs?
g) ramdeni studenti flobs am sami enidan mxolod ors?
43
52 klasis 30 moswavlidan 19 cekvis wreze dadis, 17
_ simReris; 11 _ gitaraze dakvris; 12 _ cekvisa
da simReris; 7 _ gitarisac da cekvisac;
5 _ simRerisac da gitarisac; 2 _ cekvis,
simReris da gitaris. daadgineT:
a) aris Tu ara moswavle, romelic arc erT
wreze ar dadis?
b) ramdeni dadis cekvis da ar dadis gitaris
wreze?
g) ramdeni dadis mxolod erT wreze?
d) ramdeni moswavle dadis mxolod or wreze?
53 vTqvaT, U universaluri simravlea; A, B, C, D _ misi

qvesimravleebi.
• daasabuTeT rom:
a) U\(A∩B)=(U\A)∪(U\B), anu (A∩B)′=A′∪B′;
b) U\(A∩B∩C)=(U\A)∪(U\B)∪(U\C), anu (A∩B∩C)′=A′∪B′∪C′;
• dawereT formulebi im SemTxvevebisTvisac, roca qvesimravleebis
ricxvi aris: 4; 5. SeecadeT daasabuToT Tqveni varaudi.
miTiTeba. b) Tu x ar ekuTvnis A∩B∩C simravles, maSin x ar ekuTvnis

an A-s, an B-s, an C-s, anu erT-erTs mainc am simravleebidan.
maSasadame, ekuTvnis an A-s, an B-s, an C-s damatebas.
54* (cnobili mezRaprisa da msjelobaTa dasabu

Tebis Sesaxeb mravali amocanis avtoris lu is
kerolis amocana).
brZolaSi 100 mekobridan 70-ma erTi Tva li
dakarga, 75-ma _ erTi yuri, 80-ma _ erTi xeli,
85-ma _ erTi fexi. SeafaseT im mekobreebis
odenoba, rom lebmac dakarges Tvalic, yuric,
xelica da fexic.
miTiTeba. gamoiyeneT toloba:

U\(A∩B∩C∩D)=(U\A)∪(U\B)∪(U\C)∪(U\D);
U _ universaluri simravlea, A, B, C, D _ misi qvesimravleebi.
CvenTan U-Si elementebis ricxvi aris 100. marcxena mxareSi
elementebis ricxvia 100-n; n _ im mekobreebis ricxvia, romlebmac
dakarges Tvalic, fexic, yurica da xelic. marjvena mxareSi
elementebis ricxvi, cxadia, ar aRemateba sxvaobebSi elementebis
odenobebis jams.
55 SeadgineT wina amocanis analogiuri amocana da amoxseniT.
44
56 vTqvaT, n(P) aris P simravlis elementebis odenoba. daasabuTeT:
n(A∪B)=n(A)+n(B)-n(A∩B).
miTiTeba. elementebi, romlebic erTdroulad Sedis rogorc A-Si,

ise _ B-Si, e. i. A∩B-Si, n(A)+n(B) jamis gamoTvlis dros orjer
iangariSeba. maSasadame, am jamidan unda gamovakloT n(A∩B),
rom miviRoT A∪B simravlis elementebis odenoba _ n(A∪B).
57 daasabuTeT:
n(A∪B∪C)=n(A)+n(B)+n(C)-n(A∩B)-n(A∩C)-n(B∩C)+n(A∩B∩C).
miTiTeba. I xerxi: SeiZleba CavweroT:

n(A∪B∪C)=n((A∪B)∪C)
da gamoviyenoT wina amocanis Sedegi:
n((A∪B)∪C)=n(A∪B)+n(C)-n((A∪B)∩C)=
n(A)+n(B)-n(A∩B)+n(C)-n((A∩C)∪(B∩C))=
n(A)+n(B)+n(C)-n(A∩B)-n(A∩C)-n(B∩C)+n(A∩B∩C).
II xerxi: SeiZleba wina amocanis analogiuri msjeloba gamoviyenoT.
58* wina ori amocanis Sedegebis mixedviT gamoTqviT varaudi A∪B∪C∪D

simrav
lis elementTa odenobis formulis Sesaxeb da SeecadeT
daasabuToT Tqveni varaudis WeSmaritoba.
59 gamosaxeT venis diagramis gamoyenebiT gamonaTqvami:

a) Tu arcerTi a ar aris b da zogierTi c aris b, maSin zogierTi c ar
aris  a;
b) Tu yvela a aris b da zogierTi c ar aris b, maSin zogierTi c ar
aris  a;
g) Tu zogierTi a aris b da zogierTi b aris c, maSin zogierTi a
aris  c.
romelia msjelobaTa am formebidan swori (ra SemTxvevebSi gamomdi

nareobs wanamZRvrebidan daskvna)? aageT kontrmagaliTi, romelic gvi
Cvenebs, rom g) forma ar aris swori.
60 venis diagramebis gamoyenebiT aCveneT, rom mocemuli msjeloba ar

aris swori (mocemuli wanamZRvrebidan ar gamomdinareobs dasaxelebu-
li daskvna):
a) 47-e skolis yvela moswavle TbilisSi cxovrobs da kotetiSvi-

lis quCaze mcxovrebi yvela moswavle TbilisSi cxovrobs; maSasadame,
kotetiSvilis quCaze mcxovrebi yvela moswavle 47-e skolis moswavlea;
45
b) yvela saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi gvxvdeba Sec-
domebi; yvela saskolo saxelmZRvanelo ada mianebis
mier aris dawerili; maSasadame, yvelaferi, rac
dawerilia adamianebis mier, Seicavs Secdomebs.
g) Cqari matareblebi K baqanTan ar Cerdeba; dRes K

baqanTan arc erTi matarebeli ar gaCerda; maSasadame,
yvela es matarebeli _ Cqari iyo.
d) Cveni klasis moswavleebidan arc erTi ar aris Tbilisis `dinamos~

fan-klubis wevri, radgan isini sawevro gadasaxadebsac ki ar ixdian. ma-
Sasadame, yvela, vinc ixdis sawevro gadasaxads, aris Tbilisis `dinamos~
fan-klubis wevri.
e) yvela profesionali fexburTeli valde

bulia TamaSis dros daicvas fexburTis Ta maSis
yvela wesi; Cveni klasis arc erTi moswavle ar aris
profesionali fexburTeli; maSasadame, Cveni kla-
sis arc erTi moswavle ar aris valdebuli fexbur-
Tis TamaSis dros daicvas TamaSis yvela wesi.
46
1.5 ori simravlis dekartuli namravli
suraTze sakoordinato sibrtye da masze ori wertil- y

ia (M1 da M2) gamosaxuli. M1 wertilis abscisaa 1, or-
dinati _ 4; asec vambobdiT: M1 wertils (1; 4) ricxvTa 4 M1(1; 4)
wyvili Seesabameba. misgan gansxvavebul M2 wertils _
(4; 1) ricxvTa wyvili. (1; 4) wyvili (4; 1) wyvilisgan
1 M2(4; 1)
gansxvavebulia, anu dalagebul wyvilebs ganvixilavT
da ara 1 da 4 ricxvebis simravles _ gaxsovT, albaT, O 1 4 x
{1; 4} da {4; 1} simravleebi erTmaneTs emTxveva, toli
simravleebia.
nebismieri ori A da B simravlisTvis SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT dalage-

buli wyvili (a; b), sadac a∈A da b∈B. `dalagebuloba~ niSnavs: Tu a=c
da b=d, maSin (a; b)=(c; b) da piriqiT, Tu (a; b)=(c; d), maSin a=c da b=d.
A da B aracarieli simravleebis dekartuli namravli A×B ewodeba
yvela dalagebuli (a; b) wyvilis simravles, sadac a∈A da b∈B.
Tu A da B simravlidan erT-erTi mainc carielia, maSin dekartuli namrav-

lic carielia _ A×B=∅.
magaliTi 1
vTqvaT, A={1; 2; 3}; B={2; 6}.

maSin
A×B={(1; 2); (1; 6); (2; 2); (2; 6); (3; 2); (3; 6)}.
 ramdeni elementisgan Sedgeba A×B simravle?
 SeadgineT B×A dekartuli namravli. Seicavs Tu ara es simravle
(dalagebuli wyvilebis simravle) (1; 6) elements?
 tolia Tu ara A×B da B×A simravleebi?
magaliTi 2
vTqvaT, A={1; 2; 3}. SevadginoT dekartuli namravli A simravlisa A

simravleze;
A×A={(1; 1); (1; 2); (1; 3); (2; 1); (2; 2); (2; 3); (3; 1); (3; 2); (3; 3)}.
am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba ufro martivi aRniSvnac gamoviyenoT: A2
(A×A=A2).
 ramdeni elementisgan Sedgeba A×A?
 SeadgineT A simravlis orelementiani qvesimravleebis simravle.
ramdeni elementisgan Sedgeba es simravle? ra gansxvavebaa am simravlesa
da A2-s Soris?
47
magaliTi 3
gavixsenoT, rom R-iT namdvil ricxvTa simravles aRvniSnavT; sakoor-

dinato sibrtyeze, yoveli wertili erTaderTi dalagebuli (x; y) wyvilis
(x∈R da y∈R) Sesabamisia da piriqiT _ yovel dalagebul (x; y) wyvils,
anu R2-is elements am sibrtyis erTaderTi wertili Seesabameba; SeiZleba
vTqvaT: gvaqvs urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisoba sakoordinato sibrtyesa
da R2-s Soris; zogjer asec amboben _ sakoordinato sibrtye aris R2
simravle.
magaliTi 4
vTqvaT, A={a1; a2; a3; ...; am}; B={b1; b2; ...; bn); A×B dekartuli namravli
SeiZleba cxrilis saxiT warmovadginoT (m striqoniTa da n svetiT):
(a1; b1) (a1; b2) ... (a1; bn)
(a2; b1) (a2; b2) ... (a2; bn)
- - - - -
(am; b1) (am; b2) ... (am; bn)

 ramdeni elementisgan (wyvilisgan) Sedgeba A×B simravle?
magaliTi 5
erTi kamaTlis orjer gagorebisas _ roca gvainteresebs ra movida

pirvel jerze da ra movida meoreze, gvaqvs elementaruli xdomilobe-
bi: (x; y), 1≤x≤6; 1≤y≤6; SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom elementarul xdomilobaTa
sivrce aris A={1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6} simravlis Tavis Tavze dekartuli nam-
ravli _ A2, igi 36 elementisgan Sedgeba.
SevajamoT: ganvsazRvreT ori simravlis dekartuli namravli:

A×B={(a; b)| a∈A; b∈B}; sadac (a; b) dalagebuli wyvilia; analo-
giurad ganisazRvreba sami an meti simravlis dekartuli namravli.
s
`dekartuli namravli~ _ es saxelwodeba dekar-
tis pativsacemad SemoiRes.
rene dekarti (1596-1650) _ didi frangi filoso-
fosi, maTematikosi, fizikosi da fiziologi. dekar-
tis maTematikuri Sromebi ukavSirdeba filosofiasa
da fizikaSi mis aRmoCenebs. man SemoiRo geometriaSi
cvladi sididisa da funqciis cnebebi. bevri maTema-
tikuri simboloc mis mieraa SemoRebuli. misi mrava-
li mecnieruli miRwevidan gamorCeulad unda aRin-
iSnos, rom man, fermasTan erTad, safuZveli Cauyara rene dekarti
koordinatTa meTods, riTac geometriisa da algebris
erTobliv Seswavlas mieca dasabami.
48
1. ra gansxvavebaa {a; b} orelementian simravlesa da (a; b) dalage-
bul wyvils Soris?
2. ra SemTxvevaSia ori dalagebuli wyvili toli?
3. ras ewodeba X da Y simravleTa dekartuli namravli X×Y?
a
1 Tu A simravle Sedgeba m elementisgan, maSin A×A dekartul nam-

ravlSi elementTa odenobaa
1) 2m 2) m+1 3) m-1 4) m2.
2 Tu A simravle Sedgeba m elementisgan, B _ n elementisgan, maSin

A×B namravlis elementTa odenobaa
1) mn 2) m2n2 3) m+n 4) mn-1.
3 vTqvaT, Z mTel ricxvTa simravlea. romeli formulaa swori?
1) ( 1 ; 1)∈Z×Z 2) (-5; 1)∈Z×Z
4
3) ( 1 ; 5)∈Z×Z 4) ( 2; 1)∈Z×Z.
2
4 sakoordinato sibrtyis wertilTa simravle SeiZleba ase CavweroT:
1) N×N 2) R×R 3) Z×Z 4) Q×Q.
5 sakoordinato sibrtyis mTelkoordinatebian (mTel) wertilTa sim-

ravle SeiZleba ase CavweroT:
1) N×N 2) R×R 3) Z×Z 4) Q×Q.
6 suraTze erTeulovani kvadratia gaferadebuli; am kvad

ratis
wertilTa simravle SeiZleba ase CavweroT: y
1) R×R 2) [0; 1]×[0; 1]
1
3) [0; 1)×[0; 1) 4) = 0; 1 G # = 1 ; 1 G .
2 2
7 R×R namravli SeiZleba ase CavweroT: x
O 1
1) R2 2) Z2 3) N2 4) Q2.
8 [0, 1]×[0; 1] namravli SeiZleba ase CavweroT:

1) (0;  1)×(0;  1) 2) (0;  1]×[0;  1)
2
3) [0;  1] 4) (0;  1)2.
49
9 vTqvaT, A={1; 2; 3}. romeli formulaa araswori?
1) (1; 1)∈A2 2) (1; 2)∈A2 3) (3; 1)∈A2 4) (4; 1)∈A2.
10 vTqvaT, A={1; 2; 3}. B misi qvesimravlea. maSin B ar SeiZleba iyos

1) B={1; 2} 2) B={2} 3) B={1; 1} 4) B={2; 1}.
11 Tu (a; b) da (c; d) dalagebuli wyvilebia da a=c; b≠d; maSin

1) (a; b)=(c; d) 2) (a; b)≠(c; d)
3) (a; b) SeiZleba toli iyos (c; d) wyvilis
4) (b; a)=(d; c).
12 Tu (a; b) da (c; d) dalagebuli wyvilebi tolia, maSin

1) a=c; b≠d 2) a≠c; b=d 3) a≠c; b≠d 4) a=c; b=d.
amoxseniT amocanebi
13 vTqvaT, M={1; 2; 3; 4; 5}, N={6; 9; 8; 7; 0}. SeadgineT M×N simravle.
14 SeadgineT A da B simravlee-
bis dekartuli namravli:
A = {akaki wereTeli; vaJa-
fSavela; nikoloz baraTaSvili;
ilia WavWavaZe};
B = {kacia-adamiani; gamz-
rdeli; baxtrioni; Tornike eri-
sTavi; qvaTa RaRadi; merani; gan-
Tiadi; SemoRameba mTawmindaze}.
dekartuli namravlis elementebi ganalageT marTkuTxovani cxrilis
saxiT:
nawarmoebi

mwerali
daStrixeT cxrilSi is ujra, romelic Seesabameba wyvils _ pirveli

èlementi~ aris meoris avtori.
15 vTqvaT, M qarTul anbanSi Tanxmovnebis simravlea, N _ xmovnebis.

warmoadgineT M×N da N×M simravleTa ramdenime elementi.
50
16 vTqvaT, M={7; 20; 80; 100; 45; 38}, K={1, 19, 5; 40; 13}.
 SeadgineT M×K simravlis is P qvesimravle, romlis wyvilebSi
pirveli elementi naklebia meoreze.
 M da K simravlis ra elementebi ar Sevida P simravlis arc erT
wyvilSi?
17 SeadgineT yvela orniSna ricxvis M simravle, romelSic aTeulebis

Tanrigis cifri ekuTvnis A={9; 7; 1} simravles, erTeulebis _ B={5;
4; 0} simravles. ra kavSirs xedavT M simravlesa da A×B dekartul
namravls Soris?
18 gamosaxeT sakoordinato sibrtyeze A da B simravleebis dekartuli

namravlis elementebi:
a) A=(2; 4; 6}, B={-2; 1};
b) A=B={-1; 0; 1};
g) A={x  |  x∈N, 3 ≤  x  ≤  7}, B={y  |  y∈N; 4 ≤  y  ≤  9};
d) A={x  |  x∈R, 3 ≤  x  ≤  7}, B={y  |  y∈R; 4 ≤  y  ≤  9}.
19 A×B simravlis yvela elementi gamosaxulia sakoordinato sibrtyeze

(gamuqebuli wertilebi; wertilTa daStrixuli simravleebi; d) sura-
Tze daStrixulia I da IV meoTxedebi). ipoveT A da B.
a) b) g) d
20 gamosaxeT sakoordinato sibrtyeze X×Y, roca

a) X={x  |  x=3}, Y={y  |  y∈R, 3 ≤  y  ≤  6};
b) X={x  |  x∈R; -1 ≤  x  ≤  4}, Y={y  |  y  = 4};
g) X={x  |  x∈R; -1 ≤  x  ≤  2}, Y={y  |  y∈N, y  ≤  3}.
21 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 cifrebisgan (maTi gameorebac SeiZleba) SeadgineT yvela

is orniSna ricxvi, romelic:
a) iwyeba 4-iT;
b) bolovdeba 2-iT;
g) erTnairi cifrebisgan Sedgeba;
d) iwyeba 1-iT da mTavrdeba 5-iT;
e) iwyeba 2-iT da mTavrdeba 3-iT;
rogor daukavSirebT am amocanis amoxsnas dekartuli namravlis cne-
bas?
51
i
1 sul ramden aseuls Seicavs ricxvi oTxas ocdaori milion samas

Tvrameti aTas xuTasi?
1) 422318 2) 4223185 3) 42231 4) 4223150.
2 podiumze gamosuli modelebidan yovel mexuTes

TeTri qudi exura. modelebis ramden procents ar
exura TeTri qudi?
1) 95%-s 2) 5%-s 3) 80%-s 4) 20%-s.
3 zooparkis binadarTa 1 -s
4
volierSi aqvs auzi, danarCenebis 2 nawili ki
3
sauzmeze xils miirTmevs. zooparkis binadarTa ra
nawils Seadgenen isini, romelTa volierSi auzi ar
aris da sauzmeze xils ar miirTmeven?
1) 1 2) 2 3) 1 4) 11 .
4 3 6 12
4 marTkuTxedi miRebulia sami toli kvadratis erTmaneTze midgmiT.

TiToeuli kvadratis farTobia 25 mm2. ipoveT marTkuTxedis perimetri.
1) 3 sm 2) 6 sm 3) 4 sm 4) 40 sm.
5 SeiZleba Tu ara, rom A×B da B×A namravlebs mxolod oTxi saerTo

elementi hqondes? dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi moiyvaneT A da B
simravleTa raime magaliTi.
52
1.6 asaxva. Seqceuli asaxva
vTqvaT, X im luwi naturaluri ricxvebis simravlea, romlebic ar aRemate-

ba 20-s, Y ki _ 20-ze naklebi kenti martivi ricxvebis simravle: 
X={2; 4; 6; ... ; 20}, Y={3; 5; 7; 11; 13; 17; 19}.
x iyos X-is nebismieri elementi, y ki _ Y-is. SevadginoT yvela iseTi (x, y)
dalagebuli wyvilebis simravle, romlebSic x iyofa y-ze. miviRebT _
M={(6; 3); (10; 5); (12; 3); (14; 7); (18; 3); (20; 5)}.
amrigad, winadadebiT (TvisebiT, wesiT): `x iyofa y-ze~ aRwerilia erT-erTi
Sesabamisoba X da Y simravleebs Soris. am Sesabamisobis dros X-Si aRmoCnda
elementi, romelsac ar Seesabameba arc erTi elementi Y-dan.
axla X da Y-s Soris aseTi Sesabamisoba ganixileT: `x naklebia y-ze~ da
 warmoadgineT yvela aseTi (x, y) wyvilis simravle _ K.
 am Sesabamisobisas yovel x-s X-dan Seesabameba Tu ara raime y elementi
Y-dan?
 xom ar Seesabameba romelime x-s erTze meti elementi Y-dan?
albaT SeniSneT, rom M da K simravleebi, romlebiTac dasaxelebuli ori
Sesabamisobaa mocemuli, qvesimravleebia X×Y simravlis _
X×Y={(x, y) | x∈X, y∈Y}.
axla zogierTi saxis Sesabamisobebze SevCerdebiT: 
vTqvaT, X samkuTxedebis simravlea, Y aris namdvil ricxvTa R simravle.
Tu x∈X da y∈Y, maSin winadadebiT `y aris x-is farTobi~ ganisazRvreba iseTi
Sesabamisoba, roca X simravlis yovel elements Y-is erTaderTi elementi
Seesabameba.
Sesabamisobas, romlis dros X simravlis yovel elements See-

sabameba Y simravlis erTaderTi elementi, ewodeba X simravlis Y
simravleSi asaxva.
Tu am Sesabamisobas f-iT aRvniSnavT, maSin CavwerT: f :  X  →  Y. kerZod, roca

Y=X, maSin f aris X-is asaxva X-Si.
f : X  →  Y asaxvisas Y-is is elementi, romelic x-s Seesabameba ase Caiwereba:
f (x). mas f asaxvisas x-is saxe ewodeba, Tu f (x)=y, maSin x-s ewodeba f asaxvisas
y-is winasaxe.
maSasadame, X-is Y-Si f asaxvisas yoveli x∈X elementisTvis arsebobs iseTi
erTaderTi y elementi, romelic x-s Seesabameba: y=f (x); Tumca SesaZlebelia,
rom raime y ar iyos arc erTi x-is Sesabamisi an erTze meti wina saxe hqondes
(magaliTad, erTi da imave ricxviT uamravi samkuTxedis farTobi SeiZleba
gamoisaxos).
53
am suraTze warmodgenilia X da Y simravleebs Soris Sesabamisobis oTxi ni-
muSi. simravleTa elementebi wertilebiTaa gamosaxuli. X-is yoveli elementi
isriTaa dakavSirebuli Tavis Sesabamis elementTan Y-dan.
X Y X Y X Y X Y
imedia am oTxi Sesabamisobidan amoicnobT: 
 Sesabamisobas, romelic asaxvas ar warmoadgens;
 X-is Y-Si asaxvas.
aRvniSnoT f (X)-iT f : X  →  Y asaxvisas X-is yvela elementis saxeTa simravle _
f (X)={y | y=f (x), x∈X}.
f (X)-s uwodeben X-is saxes f asaxvisas ( f-is mniSvnelobaTa simravles), TviT
X-s ki f-is gansazRvris ares. magaliTad, Tu X=R da f :  R  →  R asaxva f (x)=x2
formuliTaa gansazRvruli, maSin f (X)=[0; +∞), f (X)⊂R.
Tu f (X)=Y, maSin f-s vuwodebT X-is Y-ze asaxvas (`ze~-asaxvas). magaliTad,
`ze~-asaxvas warmogvidgens asaxva f :  A  →  B, Tu A={-2; -1; 0; 2; 4}, B={0; 1;
4; 16} da asaxva gansazRvrulia f (x)=x2 formuliT, x∈A. marTlac, f (A)={0; 1;
4; 16} da f (A)=B. am SemTxvevaSi zogierTi y∈B aris A-s erTze meti elementis
Sesabamisi.
Tu X={1; 2; 3}, Y={1; 4; 9; 10}, maSin
f (x)=x2 formuliT ganisazRvreba X simrav-
lis Y-Si iseTi asaxva, roca X-is gansxvave-
bul elementebs gansxvavebuli saxeebi aqvs.
aseTi saxis asaxvebs X-is Y-Si Seqcevad asax-
vebsac uwodeben.
ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi: 

Tu f asaxva [a; b] Sualedis yovel x ricxvs
Seusabamebs AB wiris (x; y) wertils, maSin es
asaxva Seqcevadia _ gansxvavebul x1 da x2 wertilebs gansxvavebuli M1 da M2
wertilebi Seesabameba. amasTanave, wiris yoveli wertili aris [a; b] Sualedis
erTaderTi ricxvis Sesabamisi.
vTqvaT, f aris X-is Y-Si Seqcevadi asaxva. maSin SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT f (X)-
is X-ze iseTi asaxva, romelic f (X)-is yovel y elements `daabrunebs~ y-is wi-
nasaxeSi, anu X-is im erTaderT x elementSi, romlisT-
X f Y visac f (x)=y.
f (X)-is X-ze aseT asaxvas f-is Seqceuli (Sebrunebu-
li) asaxva ewodeba da f -1-iT aRiniSneba.
amrigad, Tu f Seqcevadi asaxvaa, maSin
-1
f ( f (x))=x, f -1( f (X))=X
x∈X,
da yoveli gansxvavebuli y1 da y2-sTvis (y1=f (x1) da
54
y2=f (x2)), f -1(y1)≠f -1(y2), anu x1≠x2 (amas Tqven iolad daasabuTebT sawinaaRmde-
gos daSvebis meTodiT). f-is gamomsaxvel diagramaSi ìsrebis SebrunebiT~ f -1-is
diagrama miiReba.
X simravlis Y simravleze Seqcevad asaxvas X da Y simravleTa urTierT-
calsaxa Sesabamisobasac uwodeben.
Tu f nebismieri asaxvaa X simravlisa Y-Si da y∈Y, maSin f -1(y)-iT aRiniSneba
y-is yvela wina saxeTa simravlec (sruli wina saxe) _
-1
f (y)={x | x∈X, f (x)=y}.
-1
cxadia f (y) SeiZleba iyos carieli simravlec, an usasrulo simravlec.
moiyvaneT saTanado magaliTebi.
daubrundiT paragrafis dasawyisSi warmodgenil diagramebs da gamoarkvi-
eT: 
 warmoadgens Tu ara romelime maTgani urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisobas?
Tu aseTi Sesabamisoba ver aRmoaCineT Tavad moiyvaneT aseTi Sesabamisobis ori
magaliTi.
SevajamoT: visaubreT or simravles Soris Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb; ganvsaz-

RvreT X-is Y-Si asaxva _ Sesabamisoba, roca X-is yovel elements Y-is
erTaderTi elementi Seesabameba; ganvsazRvreT e. w. `ze~-asaxva _ X-is
Y-ze asaxva, roca Y-is yoveli elementi X-is erTi romelime elementis
saxe mainc aris.
vTqvaT, f aris X-is Y-Si asaxva da X-is gansxvavebul elementebs Y-is
gansxvavebuli elementebi Seesabameba, maSin f-s ewodeba Seqcevadi _ Sei-
Zleba ganvsazRvroT f -1 asaxva f (X)-isa X-ze. X simravlis Y simraleze
Seqcevadi asaxva urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisobaa.
asaxvis kerZo saxeebia: ricxvTa D simravleze gansazRvrulia f fun-
qcia, romelic D-s yovel elements Seusabamebs erTaderT f (x) ricxvs
(nebismieri simravleebis SemTxvevaSic zogjer terminebs: àsaxvas~ da
`funqcias~ erTi da imave azriT gamoviyenebT); geometriuli gardaqmne-
bi _ sibrtyis Tavis Tavze Seqcevadi asaxvebi (magaliTad, paraleluri
gadatana).
X da Y simravleebs Soris Sesabamisobis ganxilvisas, ar aris gamor-
icxuli SemTxveva: X=Y, anu _ Sesabamisoba X simravlesa da imave X sim-
ravles Soris, kerZod, SeiZleba gvqondes asaxva X-isa amave X-Si.
s
asaxvebis im kerZo SemTxvevebisTvis, romlebic paragrafSia
warmodgenili sxva saxelwodebebsac iyeneben: f :  X  →  Y asaxva, romelic
X-is gansxvavebul elementebs Y-is gansxvavebul elementebs Seusabamebs
inieqciaa; `ze~-asaxva _ siureqcia; X da Y simravleTa urTierTcal-
saxa Sesabamisoba _ bieqcia.
55
1. ra saxis Sesabamisobas ewodeba X simravlis Y simravleSi asaxva?
2. ra saxis Sesabamisobas ewodeba X simravlis Y simravleze asaxva?
3. ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom X-is Y-Si f asaxva Seqcevadi asaxvaa?
4. ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom f aris urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisoba
X da Y simravleebs Soris?
a
1 Tu f aris X simravlis asaxva Y simravleSi, maSin X-is yovel ele-

ments Seesabameba Y-is
1) erTaderTi elementi 2) ori elementi mainc
3) sami elementi 4) aranakleb oTxi elementisa.
2 X aris wrewirebis simravle, Y aris namdvil ricxvTa simravle;

f :  X  →  Y asaxvaa, romelic yovel wrewirs Seusabamebs mis sigrZes. f
asaxva aris
1) X-is Y-Si asaxva
2) X-is Y-ze asaxva
3) X-is Y-Si Seqcevadi asaxva
4) urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisoba X-sa da Y-s Soris.
3 vTqvaT, A={0; 5; -7; 13}; B={1; 2; 3}. Sesabamisoba gansazRvrulia

A×B-s C, D, E da F qvesimravleebiT; romeli maTgani warmogvidgens A
simravlis B-Si asaxvas?
1) C={(0; 1), (5; 2), (5; 3), (-7; 1), (13; 3)}
2) D={(0; 3), (5; 3), (-7; 3), (13; 2)}
3) E={(0; 1), (5; 2), (-7; 3)}
4) F={(0; 1), (0; 2), (-7; 3), (13; 3), (5; 3)}.
4 suraTebze sakoordinato sibrtyis wertilebiT mocemulia Sesabam-

isobebi X={1; 2; 3; 4; 5} da Y={0; 1; 2; 3} simravleebs Soris; romeli
maTgani ar warmogvidgens X-is Y-Si asaxvas?
1) 2) 3) 4)
56
5 vTqvaT, X⊂ Z, X ≠ ∅, Y aris dadebiTi mTeli ricxvebis kvadratebis
simravle, f :  X  →  Y aris Sesabamisoba _ X-is yovel elements Seesabam-
eba misi kvadrati.
es asaxva Seqcevadia, roca, magaliTad,
1) X=Z 2) X={x | x∈Z, x≥-2}
3) X={x | x∈Z, x≥-10} 4) X=N.
6 oTxkuTxedebis ra X simravlisTvis warmoadgens asaxvas Semdegi Se-

sabamisoba: `X-is yovel elements masSi Caxazuli wrewiri Seesabameba~?
1) roca oTxkuTxedebis mopirdapire kuTxeebis jami 1800-ia
2) roca oTxkuTxedebis simravle emTxveva paralelogramebis simravles
3) roca oTxkuTxedebis mopirdapire gverdebis jami tolia
4) roca oTxkuTxedebis simravle emTxveva marTkuTxedebis simravles.
amoxseniT amocanebi
7 aris Tu ara asaxva:

a) Sesabamisoba, romelic yovel wrewirs masze Semoxazul samkuTxeds
Seusabamebs;
b) Sesabamisoba, romelic yovel mTel ricxvs Seusabamebs misi 5-ze
gayofisas miRebul naSTs;
g) Sesabamisoba, romelic yovel marTkuTxeds mis farTobs Seusabam-
ebs?
8 vTqvaT, m mocemuli naturaluri ricxvia. yovel mTel ricxvs Sevu-

sabamoT m-ze gayofisas miRebuli naSTi.
 aris Tu ara es Sesabamisoba asaxva? ra aris misi gansazRvris are,
mniSvnelobaTa simravle?
 aris Tu ara es asaxva Seqcevadi asaxva?
 ra ricxvebisgan Sedgeba am asaxvisas 0-is wina saxe?
9 aRvniSnoT r -iT (r=0, 1, 2, 3, 4) im mTeli ricxvebis simravle,

romelTa 5-ze gayofisas miRebuli naSTia r.
 SeadgineT simravle
X={ 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; }.5
vTqvaT, Y={ 0; 1; 2; 3; 4}.
ganvixiloT f Sesabamisoba X da Y simravleebs Soris: f (r )=r (r=0; 1; 2;
3; 4);
 aris Tu ara f Sesabamisoba asaxva?
 aris Tu ara f Sesabamisoba `ze~-asaxva?
 aris Tu ara f Seqcevadi asaxva; urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisoba?
57
10 X simravlis elementebia gamonaTqvamebi: 
p: `yvela naturaluri ricxvi luwia~;
q: `yvela martivi ricxvi kentia~;
r: àrsebobs marTkuTxedi, romelic kvadratia~;
s: `zogierTi namdvili ricxvi iracionaluri ricxvia~;
t: `yvela namdvili ricxvi iracionaluri ricxvia~.
Y simravlis elementebia 0 da 1; Y={0; 1}.
yovel gamonaTqvams SeusabameT 0 an 1: Tu is WeSmaritia _ 1, winaaR-
mdeg SemTxvevaSi _ 0;
 aris Tu ara es Sesabamisoba asaxva? warmoadgineT is wyvilebis
saxiT.
 aris Tu ara es asaxva X-is Y-ze asaxva, Seqcevadi asaxva?
11 X aris sibrtyis wertilTa simravle; l

wrfea sibrtyeze. yovel M wertils Sevusa-
bamoT misi simetriuli M1 wertili l wrfis
mimarT.
 aCveneT, rom es Sesabamisoba asaxvaa;
 ipoveT AB monakveTis saxe am asaxvisas;
 arsebobs Tu ara AB monakveTis iseTi
wertili, romelic Tavis saxes emTxveva (asax-
visas AB-s uZravi wertilia)?
12 vTqvaT, A={3; 6; 9}, B={0; 1}.

 SeadgineT simravleebi: A×B, B×A.
 daamyareT raime urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisoba A×B da B×A simrav-
leebs Soris.
13 vTqvaT, X=Y={0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5}; Sesabamisoba mocemulia formu-
liT: y = = 2x G , (x∈X, y∈Y) _ y aris

y = = 2x -is
G mTeli nawili. aris Tu ara
3 3
es Sesabamisoba X-is X-Si asaxva?
14 R namdvil ricxvTa simravleze gansazRvrulia Sesabamisoba for-

muliT: a) y=3x; b) y=x2.
aris Tu ara es Sesabamisoba R  →  R asaxva; Seqcevadi asaxva; urT-
ierTcalsaxa Sesabamisoba?
15 mocemulia sxvadasxva Sesabamisoba N×N simravlisa N-Si: 

a) (x; y)  ∈  N×N elements Seesabameba x⋅y;
b) (x; y)  ∈  N×N elements Seesabameba x da y-is udidesi saerTo
gamyofi;
g) (x; y)  ∈  N×N elements Seesabameba x+y.
TiToeuli SesabamisobisTvis daadgineT, aris Tu ara igi asaxva
N×N  →  N?
58
16 ricxvTa ra simravle SeiZleba iyos X, rom Sesabamisoba (x; y)  →  y : x
iyos asaxva X×X simravlisa X-Si?
17 mocemuli Sesabamisobebidan romelia asaxva X simravlisa Y-Si; `ze~-

asaxva?
a) X wreebis simravlea, Y=R, yovel wres misi farTobi Seesabameba;
b) X wreebis simravlea, Y _ dadebiTi namdvili ricxvebis simravle.
yovel wres Seesabameba misi farTobi;
g) X={x | -5 ≤  x  ≤  7, x∈R}; Y=R; f (x)=x2;
d) X={x | -5 ≤  x  ≤  7, x∈R}; Y={x | 0 ≤  x  ≤  49, x∈R}, f (x)=x2;
18 vTqvaT, X saxelm-
wifoTa simravlea, Y
ki _ qalaqebis simravle da
gvaqvs f Sesabamisoba _ f :  x 
  y, `x saxelmwifos deda
qalaqi aris y qalaqi~ (Sesa-
bamisobis Caweris aseT sax-
es momavalSic gamoviye nebT
xolme). aris Tu ara es Sesa
bamisoba asaxva?
19 gaixseneT asaxvis raime magaliTebi, romlebic TqvenTvis aris cno-

bili geometriuli masalidan.
20 vTqvaT, f :  x  →  x2-5x+4 aris asaxva R-isa R-Si. ipoveT

a) [3; 7] monakveTis saxe;
b) 4-is sruli wina saxe;
g) [-2; 4]-is sruli wina saxe.

21 mocemulia asaxvebi: 
a) yovel wrewirs sibrtyeze SevusabamebT mis centrs;
b) yovel erTeulovan wrewirs sibrtyeze SevusabamebT mis centrs;
g) yovel kvadrats sibrtyeze SevusabamebT mis perimetrs (kvad-
ratebis simravlis asaxva dadebiT namdvil ricxvTa simravleSi).
romeli asaxvaa Seqcevadi?
59
1.7 grafTa Teoriis elementebi
1)
grafTa Teoriis sawyisebis Seswavla gasul wlebSi daviwyeT. grafebs
logikuri amocanebis amoxsnisas, simravleebs Soris Sesabamisobebis
TvalsaCinod warmodgenisas viyenebdiT. gaviRrmavoT Cveni codna am
mimarTulebiT.
gavixsenoT, rom grafs geometriuli figuriT warmovadgendiT _
wertilebiTa da am wertilTa SemaerTebeli wirebiT (wiboebiT) Sedgenili
figuriT, romelSic SeerTebuli SeiZleba iyos: mocemul wertilTa (wveroebis)
yoveli wyvili, an mxolod maTi nawili, raime wertili _ Tavis TavTan;
amasTanave; raime ori wertili SeiZleba ramdenime wiriTac iyos SeerTebuli.
magaliTi 1
H H
suraTze gamosaxulia qimiu
ri nae
rTis C2H6 (meTanis) struqturuli
formula da Sesabamisi grafi. H C C H
atomebi wertilebiT aris gamosa
xuli, kavSirebi _ wirebiT. H H
magaliTi 2
H
suraTze benzolis struqtu
ruli C
formula da Sesabamisi grafia gamo H C C H
saxuli.
H C C H
C
H
magaliTi 3
mravalwaxnagas wveroebsa da wiboebs Soris kavSirebic SeiZleba sibr

tyeze grafiT gamovsaxoT:
suraTebze pirami
disa da ku
bis SemTxve
vebia gamo
saxuli. SeecadeT
aRweroT gamosaxvis procesi.
60
magaliTi 4
vTqvaT, frenburTelTa turnirSi 6 gundi

monawileobs; aRvniSnoT es gundebi ase: A, B,
C, D, E, F. turniri erT wred Catarda.
A B C D E F
A 1 1 1 0 0
B 0 1 1 1 1 SexvedraTa Sedegebi suraTze
C 0 0 1 1 1 cxriliTaa warmodgenili.
D 0 0 0 0 0
1 aRniSnavs mogebas,
E 1 0 0 1 1
0 _ wagebas;
F 1 0 0 1 0
B
A
am suraTiT e.
w. orientirebuli grafia
C
warmodgenili, romelic cxrilis Sesabamisadaa
Sedgenili _ isrebi mimarTulia mogebuli gundidan F
wagebulisken. D
E
magaliTi 5
suraTze warmodgenili grafi saavto B

E
mobilo gzebis qsels warmogvid gens
(6 qalaqs Soris).
C A
D F
magaliTi 6
grafiT simravleebs Soris Sesabamisobebic SeiZleba gamovsaxoT.

amjerad wertilTa simravle ori nawilisgan Sedgeba. erTi nawili pirveli
simravlis elementebia, meore nawili _ meoris.
pirveli simravlis elementebi X1, X2, X3, X4 Y1
X1
wertilebiTaa warmodgenili, meore simravlis
elementebi _ Y1, Y2, Y3 wertilebiT. X2 Y1
es Sesabamisoba sibrtyeze orientirebuli X3
grafiTaa warmodgenili. Y1
X4
Tu gvaqvs Sesabamisoba raime X simravlesa da
amave X-s Soris, maSin grafi SeiZleba maryuJsac
Seicavdes, anu wibos, romelic raime wveros Tavis TavTan aerTebs.
romelime ori A da B wvero SeiZleba SeerTebuli iyos orive isriT
_ A  →  B da B  →  A.
61
magaliTi 7
vTqvaT, X={2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9}
da X-is yovel x elements Seesabameba
amave X-is y elementi (erTi an ram 2 3 4 5
denime), Semdegi Tvisebis mixedviT: `x
iyofa y-ze~. saTanado grafi suraTzea 6 7 8 9
gamosaxuli~.
2) axla grafis cneba aRvweroT simravleTa Teoriis gamoyenebiT. Tavda

pirvelad martivi grafi ganvsazRvroT.
martivi grafi aris simravleTa wyvili: (V; E), sadac

1) V aris aracarieli simravle, mis elementebs wertilebs an
wveroebs vuwodebT;
2) E aris V-s raime orelementiani qvesimravleebis simravle. am
elementebis TiToeul wyvils (orelementian qvesimravles) grafis
wibo ewodeba.
grafi aRvniSnoT _ G asoTi, vwerT: G=(V; E).
B magaliTad, suraTze gamosaxulia martivi grafi,

H
romelSic
D
V={A, B, C, D, K, F, G, H, I} _ wveroebis sim-
A F I ravlea;
G
E={{A, B}, {A, C}, {B, D}, {C, K}, {K, F}, {K,
K G}, {H, I}} _ wiboebis simravlea.
C
{A, B} wiboze vityviT, rom is akavSirebs
(aerTebs) A da B wveroebs. amrigad Cven warmovadgineT TqvenTvis ukve cno-
bili cnebis _ grafis _ axleburi gansazRvreba erT kerZo SemTxvevaSi.
miaqcieT yuradReba
E orelementian simravleTa simravlea _ martiv B

grafSi wveroTa yovel wyvils erTaderTi wibo
SeiZleba akavSirebdes erTmaneTTan; amasTanave, ar C A
arsebobs maryuJi _ martiv grafSi yoveli wvero Tavis TavTan ar aris da-
kavSirebuli. Tu am or SezRudvas movxsniT, miviRebT ufro zogad cnebas
_ grafis cnebas. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gvqondes maryuJi da e. w. jera-
di wibo _ wibo meordebodes _ aq E aris wyvilebis raRac mimdevroba
(wyvilebi SeiZleba gameordes). orientirebul grafSi TiToeuli wyvili
dalagebuli wyvilia.
62
 ganixileTwina nawilSi mocemuli magaliTebi da gansazRvreT _ romel
maTganSia warmodgenili martivi grafi, orientirebuli grafi, grafi jeradi
wiboebiT?
grafis, kerZod, martivi grafis zemoTmoyvanili gansazRvrebis mixedviT
SeamCnevT, rom erTi da imave grafis sxvadasxvanairi warmodgena SeiZleba; su-
raTze mocemulia grafis sxvadasxva gamosaxuleba:
A B B
C B C
A C A B A D
C D D D
grafis gansazRvrebidan vRebulobT, rom SeiZleba romelime wvero ar iyos

mocemuli wibos bolo _ ar iyos am wibos incidenturi. Tu wvero arc erTi
wibos incidenturi ar aris, mas izolirebuli wvero ewodeba. Tu G grafis
romelime wvero n cali wibos incidenturia (n cali wibo iyris Tavs am wvero-
Si), maSin n-s am wveros xarisxi ewodeba.
grafis warmodgena SeiZleba saTanado marTkuTxovani cxriliT. Tu wveroe-
bia X1; X2; ...; Xn, maSin grafs warmovadgenT cxriliT, romelSic raime i-uri
striqonisa da k-uri svetis gadakveTaze warmodgenili ricxvi gviCvenebs xi da
xk wveroebis SemaerTebeli wiboebis odenobas.
magaliTad, suraTze warmodgenil grafs Seesabameba Semdegi cxrili:
X2 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 0
X4 2 1 0 2 1
X1
3 1 2 0 1
4 0 1 1 0
X3
 ipoveT am cxrilis yovel striqonSi (an svetSi) ricxvebis jami.

 SeadareT miRebuli ricxvebi grafis Sesabamisi wveroebis xarisxebs. ra
varaudis gamoTqma SeiZleba? SeecadeT daasabuToT gamoTqmuli varaudi.
 ra grafis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs mTavar diagonalze (suraTze gamoyofilia
mTavari diagonali) mxolod nulebi?
warmoadgineT raime martivi grafisTvis analogiuri cxrili. ra saerTo
Tvisebebi eqneba nebismieri martivi grafisTvis Sedgenil aseT cxrils?
63
3)
axla grafTa Teoriis mniSvnelovani debuleba _ eileris Teorema Camo-
vayaliboT. winaswar kidev ramdenime cneba gavixsenoT.
ganvixilavT sasrul grafebs _ wveroebis simravle sasrulia.
jaWvi (sawyisi M1 da bolo Mn wveroebiT) ewodeba gansxvavebuli wiboebis
raime M1M2, M2M3, ..., Mn-1Mn mimdevrobas. Tu M1 da Mn erTmaneTs emTxveva
jaWvs cikli ewodeba.
am suraTebze A da B,
C da D, K da L wertilebi
jaWviT ukavSirdeba erT
A C D L
maneTs, K da L-is dama K
kavSirebeli jaWvi cikls B
warmoadgens.
Tu grafis wveroTa yoveli wyvilisTvis arsebobs maTi damakavSirebeli
jaWvi, maSin grafs bmuli ewodeba.
bmuli grafi ar aris bmuli, Tumca igi Sedgeba

ori bmuli nawilisgan.
nebismier grafs vuwodoT brtyeli grafi, Tu SeiZleba misi sibrtyeze

gamosaxva ise, rom wiboebs wveroebis garda saerTo wertilebi ar hqondes,
grafis wveroebs Seesabamebodes sibrtyis sxvadasxva wertilebi da es
wertilebi grafis wiboTa Sesabamisi wirebisTvis SeiZleba mxolod boloebs
warmoadgendes.
suraTze gamosaxulia brtyeli bmu
li grafi, romelic sibrtyes yofs 5
III V nawilad. V nawili usasruloa _ is
II gaferadebulia. TiToeuli nawili grafis
IV
waxnagia (waxnagis nebismieri ori wertili
I SeiZleba SevaerToT wiriT, romelic
mTlianad am waxnagSia). am grafs 8 wvero
da 11 wibo aqvs:
8+5-11=2;
 SeamowmeT es Tviseba magaliT 3-Si ganxiluli grafebisTvis.
eileris Terema
vTqvaT, G brtyeli bmuli grafia, v, e da f, Sesabamisad, aris am grafis

wveroebis, wiboebisa da waxnagebis odenobebi; maSin
v + f - e=2.
winaswar vigulisxmoT, rom mocemuli grafi sibrtyeze gamovsaxeT. yoveli
brtyeli grafisTvis es gamosaxva SeiZleba ise ganxorcieldes, rom wveroebis,
waxnagebisa da wiboebis odenobebi ar Seicvalos.
64
eileris Teoremis dasabuTebis procesis warmosadgenad grafSi iseTi
cvlilebebi SevitanoT, romlebic v+f-e gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobas ar cvlis.
magaliTad,
pirvel SemTxvevaSi àmovagdeT~ erTi wibo, amiT waxnagebis ricxvi erTiT

Semcirda, wveroebis ricxvi ucvlelia. meore SemTxvevaSi amovagdeT `dakiduli~
wvero saTanado wibosTan erTad, waxnagebis ricxvi ucvlelia. orive SemTxvevaSi,
v+f-e ar icvleba.
am moqmedebaTa mimdevrobiT Catarebis erTi SemTxveva suraTzea gamosaxuli:
brtyeli grafi wertilad gardaiqmna. misTvis ki v=1, f=1, e=0;

v+f-e=2.
yoveli brtyeli bmuli grafi SeiZleba am moqmedebebis Sedegad (roca v+f-e
ar icvleba) wertilad gardavqmnaT; wertilisTvis v+f-e=2.
axla am debulebis gamoyenebis magaliTi _ erTi Zveleburi amocanis amoxsna

ganvixiloT:
SeiZleba Tu ara, rom sami saxlidan sami Wisken
gzebi ise gaviyvanoT, rom yoveli saxli dakavSirebuli
iyos samive WasTan da gzebi ar gadaikveTos?
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dasmulia amocana: arsebobs
Tu ara raime brtyeli grafi, romelsac 9 wibo da 6
wvero aqvs? Tu aseTi grafi arsebobs, maSin gveqneba:
6+f-9=2, f=5;
yoveli waxnagi am xuTidan SemosazRvruli unda iyos 4 wiboTi mainc
(suraTze ori saxlis or WasTan dakavSirebisas miRebuli
erTi SesaZlo waxnagia gamosaxuli), amitom wiboebis ricxvi
unda iyos aranaklebi 5 $ 4 = 10 -isa (yoveli wibo mxolod
2
ori waxnagis `saziaro~ wibo SeiZleba iyos).
miviReT winaaRmdegoba.
65
yoveli bmuli grafisTvis WeSmaritia Semdegi debulebebic wveroebis
xarisxebis Sesaxeb (wveros xarisxi am wveros incindenturi wiboebis ricxvia):
a) wveroebis xarisxebis jami orjer metia wiboebis odenobaze;

b) kenti xarisxis mqone wveroebis odenoba luwia.
FsuraTze warmodgenilia a) debu

B C lebis dasabuTebis procesi. yoveli
wibo or nawilad aris gayo fili _
E
yoveli naxevari erTaderT wveros
A Seicavs; Tu raime wveros xarisxi
D aris n, maSin is incidenturia
zustad n naxevris; maSasadame,
xarisxebis jami luwi ricxvia _ is wiboebis naxevrebis odenobis tolia _
wiboebis odenobaze orjer metia.
b) aris a)-s uSualo Sedegi _ radgan wveroebis xarisxebis jami (is luwi
ricxvia) or nawilad SeiZleba warmovadginoT _ `kenti~ wveroebis xarisxebis
jamad (kenti xarisxebis mqone wveroebis xarisxebis jamad) da `luwi~ wveroebis
xarisxebis jamad. es meore jami ki, cxadia, luwia, maSasadame, pirveli nawilic
luwia.
daasabuTeT, rom WeSmaritia winadadeba: im adamianebis ricxvi, romelTagan
TiToeuls kenti raodenobis megobari hyavs, luwia.
SevajamoT: gavixseneT grafTa Teoriis zogierTi cneba; gaviRrmaveT Cveni

codna am mimarTulebiT _ grafis sxvadasxva saxiT warmodgena, grafTa
Teoriis debulebebi, zogierTi gamoyeneba.
termini `grafi~ 1912 wels gamoiyena germanelma mecnierma

ma _ grafi man uwoda ramdenime wertilis, an ricxvis
Ser
Cveni erTobliobas, romelTagan zogierTi erTmaneTTan aris
leqsikoni dakavSirebuli.
incidenturoba _ termini laTinuri incidentis-dan warmoiSva
_ `SemTxveviT momxdars~, `SemTxveviT rameze dacemas~ ukavSirdeba.
incidenti _ Sejaxebas, gaugebrobas (ZiriTadad usiamovnos) niSnavs.
s
grafTa Teoriis erT-erTi saintereso problema oTxi feris
amocanaa _ SeiZleba Tu ara nebismieri ruka ise gavaferadoT oTxi
feriT, rom arcerTi ori mezobeli (saerTo sazRvris _ wibos mqone)
qveyana (waxnagi) erTi feris ar iyos?
es problema didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo amouxsneli; oTxi feris
amocanis amoxsna mxolod mZlavri kompiuteruli sistemis gamoyenebiT
gaxda SesaZlebeli. SeiZleba asec iTqvas: am cnobili problemis amoxsna
maTematikosTa da programistTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, mZlavri
teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis safuZvelze moxda – rukis aRniSnuli wesiT
gaferadeba SesaZlebelia.
66
a
1 suraTze gamosaxuli grafi Seesabameba

1) piramidas 2) kubs
3) dodekaedrs (Tormetwaxnagas)
4) oqtaedrs (rvawaxnagas).
2 suraTze gamosaxuli grafi Seesabameba

1) piramidas 2) kubs
3) dodekaedrs 4) oqtaedrs.
3 martiv grafSi yoveli ori wvero SeiZleba SeerTebuli iyos

1) erTi wiboTi 2) ori wiboTi
3) sami wiboTi 4) oTxi wiboTi.
4 suraTze gamosaxuli grafi

1) aris brtyeli grafi
2) ar aris brtyeli grafi
3) mxolod maSin gaxdeba brtyeli, roca
movaSorebT erT wibos
4) SeuZlebelia gardavqmnaT brtyel grafad.
5 Tu brtyel bmul grafSi wveroebis ricxvia 6, wiboebis ricxvi aris

7, maSin waxnagebis ricxvia (ùsasrulo waxnagis~ CaTvliT)
1) 4 2) 2 3) 3 4) 5.
6 suraTze gamosaxuli grafi

1) ar aris martivi grafi
2) aris martivi grafi
3) ar Seicavs maryuJs
4) ar Seicavs jerad wibos.
amoxseniT amocanebi
7 grafs ewodeba sruli grafi Tu misi yoveli ori wvero SeerTebulia

erTaderTi wiboTi. Tu sruli grafis wveroTa ricxvia n, grafs ewodeba
sruli n-grafi.
 gamosaxeT sruli n-grafis magaliTebi, roca n=3; 4; 5; 6;
 ramdeni wibo aqvs srul n-grafs?
67
8 a) ipoveT 1) da 2) grafebis wveroTa
xarisxebi da am monacemebiT SeadareT
es grafebi erTmaneTs.
1) 2)
b) amoxseniT analogiuri amocana

3) da 4) grafebisTvis.
3) 4)
9 risi tolia a) tetraedris, b) kubis Sesabamisi grafebis wveroTa

xarisxebi?
10 Svidi megobari SeTanxmda _ sazafxulo

ardadegebis dros TiToeuli maTgani sams
miwerda werils.
SeiZleba Tu ara moxdes, rom yoveli maTgani
werils mxolod im megobrisgan miiRebs, visac
werili miwera?
miTiTeba. gamoiyeneT paragrafis mesame nawilis debuleba grafis

kentxarisxiani wveroebis Sesaxeb.
11 arsebobs Tu ara grafi eqvsi wveroTi, romelTa xarisxebia 2, 3, 3, 4,

4, 4? SeecadeT aagoT aseTi grafi.
12 daasabuTeT, rom ar arsebobs martivi grafi (erTze meti wveroTi),

romlis arc erT or wveros erTi da igive xarisxi ara aqvs.
 ganixileT SemTxveva: grafs izolirebuli wvero ara aqvs.
 ganixileT SemTxvevebi:
a) grafs erTi izolirebuli wvero aqvs;
b) grafs erTze meti izolirebuli wvero aqvs.
13 gamoiyeneT paragrafis mesame nawilSi mocemuli debulebis dasa bu

Tebis xerxi grafis wveroebis xarisxebis jamis Sesaxeb da daamtkiceT:
rom, Tu G martivi grafia da TiToeuli wve ros xarisxi aris g, maSin
wveroebis odenobis namravli g-ze orjer metia wiboebis ricxvze.
14 erT-erT turnirze eqvsi CogburTeli

asparezobs. aRmoCnda, rom yoveli samidan
romelime ors mainc adre erT maneTTan
uTamaSia. daasabuTeT, rom arsebobs sami
CogburTeli, romelTagan yovel ors adre
erTmaneTTan uTamaSia.
68
miTiTeba. CogburTelebi gamosaxeT grafis wveroebis sa xiT,
grafis wiboebi ki iyos ori tipis. magaliTad, uwyve
ti wiri, Tu
CogburTelebs adre erTmaneTTan uTama Si
aT da wyvetili wiri,
Tu adre erTmaneTTan ar uTa ma
SiaT.
15 SeiZleba Tu ara 5 qalaqi ise SevaerToT erTmaneTTan aragadamkveTi

gzebiT, rom yoveli qalaqidan sxva qalaqSi midiodes gza, romelic sxva
qalaqSi ar gadis?
miTiTeba. gamoiyeneT sawinaaRmdegos daSvebis xerxi da ipoveT am

daSvebis safuZvelze SesaZlo gzebis saerTo ricxvi (wiboebis
saerTo ricxvi). gamoiyeneT eileris Teorema.
16 SeiZleba Tu ara suraTze gamosaxuli grafi

ise davxazoT, rom TiToeul wiboze erTxel
gaviaroT da xazva Seuwyvetlad vawarmooT?
miTiTeba. unda daviwyoT im wverodan, romlis

xarisxi kentia da bolo punqtic kenti xarisxis unda iyos; sxva
danarCeni wveroebi luwi xarisxisaa; kenti xarisxis wveroebi
mxolod Semovlis dasawyisad da dasasrulad SeiZleba gamodges.
17 SeadgineT grafi, romelic Seesabameba Zveleburi amocanis amoxsnis

process _ glexis, Txis, mglisa da kombostoTi savse tomris Sesaxeb.
rogor SeZlebs glexi oradgiliani naviT mdinaris erTi napiridan
meore napirze Tavisi tvirTis gadatanas? glexis meTvalyureobis gar-
eSe mgels SeuZlia Txis SeWma, xolo Txas _ kombostosi.
miTiTeba. gamosaxeT grafis wveroebiT is personaJebi, romlebic

mocemul etapze mdinaris erT napirzea.
69
i
1 davuSvaT naxazze gamosaxuli oTxive wrewiri

dasxva ferisaa: lurji, mwvane, wiTeli da
sxva
yviTeli (araaucileblad aseTi TanamimdevrobiT).
wiTeli wrewiri mdebareobs lurjsa da yviTels
Soris. mwvane ar aris yvelaze patara.
romeli wrewiria yvelaze patara?
1) wiTeli 2) an wiTeli, an yviTeli
3) an wiTeli, an lurji 4) an lurji, an yviTeli
2 ramdeni simetriis RerZi aqvs figuras?

1) 1 2) 2
3) 4 4) 6.
3 vTqvaT, mocemul naxazze marTkuTxedi

gamosaxavs mcenareTa erTobliobas; C
samkuTxedi _ xe mcenareebs; elifsi _ A
nayofian mcenareebs, xolo kvadrati _ B
buCqovan mcenareebs. D
romel wertils SeiZleba Seesabamebodes
E
Jolo?
1) A-s an E-s 2) B-s
3) C-s an B-s 4) D-s.
N
4 am diagramiT qalaqSi ganlagebuli
K im puris maRaziebis qselia gamosaxuli,
M B romelTac puriT erT-erTi avtomobili
amaragebs. romeli maRaziidan SeiZleba
Semovlis dawyeba, romlis drosac gzis
G C
A arc erT monakveTs avtomobili orjer
ar gaivlis (daasaxeleT erT-erTi
SemTxveva)?
F D
E
70
proeqti
1. saintereso gamoyenebebi aqvs bmul grafs, romelic arc cikls da

arc maryuJs ar Seicavs. mas SemoklebiT `xe~-s (xisebr diagramas) uwo-
deben. igi xSirad gamoiyeneba gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT
winadadebis warmodgenisas, ricxvis martiv mamravlebad daSlisas, qimi-
aSi, biologiaSi.
grafi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT Cveni naTesauri kavSirebis aRwerisas
wina
parTa raime ojaxidan dawyebuli _ genealogiuri xis agebis
saSualebiT. v/d
TiToeuli wvero col-qmars
warmoadgens, maTi Svilebi am
wertilidan `gamomavali~ wiboe- j/e
T
bis meore boloebia. T/n v/n
a/T
magaliTad, erT-erTi l
genealogiuri xe SeiZleba aseTi
iyos: k/j l/n d/T s/n
aq, magaliTad, l/n niSnavs

levanisa da naTias ojaxs.
n v m a g s e e
 daixmareT mSoblebi
da SeecadeT SeadginoT Tqveni naTesaobis genealogiuri `xe~. ra
SemTxvevaSia SeuZlebeli genealogiuri xis ageba?
 SearCieT TqvenTvis saintereso istoriuli pirovneba — saxelmwifo

moRvawe, mxatvari, musikosi da sxv. — da SeecadeT SeadginoT misi
genealogiuri xis fragmenti (moiZieT saTanado masala internetSi,
cnobarebSi, istoriul wyaroebSi. sasurvelia Tqven mier moZiebuli
pirovnebebis moRvaweobis wlebisa da profesiis miTiTebac).
2. grafis saSualebiT SeiZleba gamoisaxos raime obieqtis mSene-

blobis procesi _ wveroebiT aRvniSnoT samuSaos damTavreba garkveul
ubanze, wiboebiT ki _ TviT samuSaoebi, romelic iwyeba erTi ubnis
damTavrebisas da grZeldeba Semdegi ubnis damTavrebamde.
moiZieT monacemebi Tqvens maxloblobaSi mimdinare mSeneblobaze
samuSaoTa moculobasa da maTi Sesrulebis Tanamimdevrobaze; aageT
Sesabamisi grafi.
magaliTad, saagarake saxlis mSenebloba SeiZleba ase warmovadgi-

noT:
saZirkveli kedlebi gadaxurva gayvaniloba mopirkeTeba kar-fanjrebi
71
1.8 debulebaTa dasabuTebis xerxebi
debulebaTa dasabuTebis ramdenime xerxs gasul wlebSi gavecaniT. magali-

Tad, sruli induqcia, sawinaaRmdegos daSvebis xerxi, maTematikuri induqciis
meTodi da sxva. SevajamoT Cveni codna am mimarTulebiT, SevavsoT igi axali
sakiTxebiT.
1) debuleba, romlis dasabuTebasac vcdilobT, xSirad pirobiTi wina-

dadebis saxiTaa xolme Camoyalibebuli _ gamoyofilia piroba da daskvna;
amasTanave, piroba da daskvna isea Camoyalibebuli, rom garkveulia ra obi-
eqtebs exeba isini; zogjer Sesabamisi aRweriTi nawili calkea miniSnebuli.
`Tu maCvenebliani funqciis fuZe erTze naklebia, maSin es funqcia kleba-
dia~;
`Tu mTeli ricxvis aTobiT CanawerSi cifrebis jami iyofa 9-ze, maSin es
ricxvi iyofa 9-ze~.
`Tu x∈R da x>3, maSin x>-2~.
imedia, ar gagiWirdebaT am pirobiT winadadebebSi pirobisa da daskvnis
gamoyofa; axali pirobiTi winadadebebis Camoyalibeba.
Tu raime pirobiT winadadebaSi piroba p-Tia aRniSnulia da daskvna _ q-Ti,
maSin am winadadebas mokled asec Caweren:
`Tu p, maSin q~. (1)
aqamde, (1) saxis debulebebSi, mxolod iseT SemTxvevebs ganvixilavdiT,
roca p WeSmaritia, amieridanac mxolod aseT SemTxvevebs ganvixilavT.
Tu yvela im obieqtis simravles, romlisTvisac gvaqvs (WeSmaritia) p,
aRvniSnavT P-Ti, im obieqtebis simravles, romlisTvisac gvaqvs q _ Q-Ti, ma-
Sin pirobiT winadadebas _ `Tu p, maSin q~, Seesabameba Canaweri: P⊂Q (P aris
Q-s qvesimravle).
debulebas `P-s yoveli elementisTvis WeSmaritia q~. asec CavwerT: `p-dan

gamomdinareobs q~. Tu is WeSmaritia, maSin WeSmaritia (1)-ic da P⊂Q mimarTe-
bac.
vTqvaT, vasabuTebT pirobiT winadadebas; Tu ABC
B
samkuTxedis C wverodan AB gverdisadmi gavlebuli
mediana AB-s naxevaria, maSin C kuTxe marTia~. es wina-
D dadeba ase CavweroT:
`Tu a, maSin b~.
2 dasabuTebas, romelsac axla SemogTavazebT, piro-
1
C A biT winadadebaTa `jaWvis~ saxe aqvs.
vasabuTebT TanamimdevrobiT:
a) `Tu CD mediana aris AB-s naxevari, maSin ∠A=∠1 da ∠B=∠2~. es wina-
dadeba CavweroT Semdegnairad: `Tu a, maSin c;
b) `Tu ∠A=∠1 da ∠B=∠2, maSin ∠1+∠2=900~ _ `Tu c, maSin d~;
g) `Tu ∠1+∠2=900, maSin ∠C=900~ _ `Tu d, maSin b~.
simravleTa enaze, Sesabamisad, gvaqvs: A⊂C, C⊂D, D⊂B.
72
suraTze gamosaxuli erT-erTi SemTxvevidan (qvesimravlee-
bi SeiZleba daemTxves erTmaneTs) kargad Cans, rom, maSin
A⊂ B.
A
C
amrigad, `Tu a, maSin b~ debulebis dasabuTebisas gan- D
B
vixilavT pirobiT winadadebaTa `jaWvs~:
pirveli `rgoli~ _ `Tu a, maSin c~ _ mocemuli deb-
ulebis pirobiT iwyeba;
meore `rgoli~ _ `Tu c, maSin d ~;
bolo `rgoli~ _ `Tu d, maSin b~ _ debulebis b daskvniT mTavrdeba.
yvela am `rgolis~ WeSmaritobidan gamomdinareobs mocemuli debulebis
WeSmaritoba.
2) wina nawilSi warmodgenili dasabuTebis xerxi aris dasabuTebis e. w.

`pirdapiri xerxi~. axla àrapirdapiri xerxiT~ debulebis dasabuTebis xerxi
gavixsenoT _ sawinaaRmdegos daSvebis meTodiT dasabuTebis xerxi; vuSvebT,
rom mocemuli debulebis pirobidan daskvnis uaryofa gamomdinareobs; Tu
aseTi daSvebidan msjelobiT mivalT pirobis, an raime WeSmariti faqtis
uaryofamde, maSin davaskvniT, rom daSveba mcdaria, anu mocemuli debuleba
WeSmaritia; xSirad amboben xolme _ sawinaaRmdegos daSvebam absurdamde
migviyvana.
• gaixseneT _ rogor vasabuTebdiT sawinaaRmdegos daSvebis meTodiT, rom 2
ar aris racionaluri ricxvi.
• gamoiyeneT sawinaaRmdegos daSvebis meTodi da daasabuTeT, rom lg2 ar aris
racionaluri ricxvi.
gavixsenoT maTematikuri induqciis meTodis erT-erTi forma:
vTqvaT, gvsurs davasabuToT raime debuleba, romelic naturalur n
ricxvzea damokidebuli _ T(n) debuleba, n∈N. gamovyofT or fazas:
1) vamowmebT, rom T(1) WeSmaritia;
2) Tu nebismieri naturaluri k ricxvisTvis im pirobiT (anu, Tu
vigulisxmebT), rom T(k) WeSmaritia, vasabuTebT T(k+1)-is WeSmaritobas, maSin
T(n) WeSmaritia nebismieri naturaluri n-isTvis.
zogjer mosaxerxebelia sxva formiT visargebloT:
1) vamowmebT, rom T(1) WeSmaritia;
2) nebismieri k naturaluri ricxvisTvis im pirobiT, rom T(n) WeSmaritia
k-ze naklebi yvela naturaluri n ricxvisTvis, vasabuTebT T(k)-s WeSmaritobas.
maSin T(n) WeSmaritia nebismieri n-isTvis.
magaliTi 1
TqvenTvis cnobilia pirveli n naturaluri ricxvis jamis formula:

n (n + 1)
1+2+ ... +n= 2 . (1)
aRvniSnoT: S0=n, nebismieri k naturaluri ricxvisTvis
Sk=1k+2k+ ... + nk. (2)
n (n + 1)
(1) Tanaxmad, S1=1+2+...+n= 2 ;
73
 gamoiyeneT maTematikuri induqciis meTodi da daasabuTeT:
n (n + 1)( 2n + 1)
S2= (3)
6
(3) formulis Ziebisa da dasabuTebis procesi SeiZleba sxva gziTac
warmovadginoT:
viyenebT formulas:
(k+1)3=k3+3k2+3k+1,
(k+1)3-k3=3k2+3k+1.
roca k=1, 2, 3, ..., n, miviRebT
23-13=3⋅12+3⋅1+1
33-23=3⋅22+3⋅2+1
43-33=3⋅32+3⋅3+1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(n+1)3-n3=3n2+3n+1
SevkriboT es tolobebi. miviRebT:
(n+1)3-1=3S2+3S1+n.
aqedan, (1)-is gaTvaliswinebiT, miiReba (3).
analogiurad SeiZleba S4-is povna; S4-is povnisas gamoviyenebT S1, S2-s
da S3-is formulebs; maSasadame S2, S3, S4 jamidan TiToeulis povna xdeba
ukan dabrunebiT, S2-is povnisas viyenebT S1-s, S3-is povnisas S1 da S2-s, S4-is
povnisas S1; S2; S3-s. yovel jams erTmaneTis miyolebiT, ukan dabrunebiT,
rekurentulad, anu, adre miRebul formulaze dabrunebiT vpoulobT. am
mniSvnelovan meTods rekursia ewodeba.
SevajamoT: ganvixileT dasabuTebis xerxebi da maTi gamoyenebis magali

Tebi.
1. ras vuwodeT dasabuTebis pirdapiri da arapirdapiri xerxebi?

2. ra fazebisgan Sedgeba maTematikur induqciaTa damtkicebis
meTodi?
a
1 vTqvaT, mocemulia pirobiTi winadadeba: `Tu p, maSin q~; P aris yvela

im elementis simravle, romlisTvisac p WeSmaritia, Q _ im element-
ebis simravle, romlebisTvisac q WeSmaritia. Tu p-dan gamomdinareobs
q, maSin aucileblad
1) P aris Q-s sakuTrivi qvesimravle 2) P⊂Q
3) P=Q 4) Q⊂P.
74
2 Tu P, Q da S simravleebisTvis gvaqvs P⊂Q da Q⊂S, maSin aucileblad
1) P⊂ S 2) P aris S-is sakuTrivi qvesimravle
3) P=S 4) S⊂ P.
3 vTqvaT, WeSmaritia: `Tu p, maSin q~; `Tu q, maSin s~.

maSin aucileblad WeSmaritia
1) `Tu q, maSin p~ 2) `Tu s, maSin q~
3) `Tu s, maSin p~ 4) `Tu p, maSin s~.
4 vTqvaT, A simravlis damatebiTi simravlea A, B-s _ B da A⊂B, maSin

aucileblad
1) A   ⊂ B 2) B  =  A 3) B   ⊂  A
4) B aris A -is sakuTrivi qvesimravle.
5 vTqvaT, winadadeba: `Tu p, maSin q~ WeSmaritia, maSin aucileblad

WeSmaritia ( p aris p-s uaryofa, q aris q-s uaryofa).
1) `Tu q, maSin p~ 2) `Tu p , maSin q ~ 3) `Tu q, maSin p ~.
.
amoxseniT amocanebi
6  daasabuTeT sawinaaRmdegos daSvebis xerxiT: Tu a racionaluri

ricxvia, b _ iracionaluri, maSin a+b iracionaluri ricxvia.
 WeSmaritia Tu ara analogiuri debuleba a-b sxvaobisTvis?
 WeSmaritia Tu ara analogiuri debuleba ab namravlisTvis?
 WeSmaritia Tu ara analogiuri debuleba ab SefardebisTvis?
(pasuxebi daasabuTeT).
7 SeiZleba Tu ara raime kvadratuli gantolebis koeficientebi mTeli

ricxvebi iyos, fesvebi _ iracionaluri?
Tu es SesaZlebelia, moiyvaneT magaliTi.
8 daasabuTeT sawinaaRmdegos daSvebis xerxiT:

Tu ori ricxvis namravli iyofa p martiv ricxvze, maSin erT-erTi
ricxvi mainc iyofa p ricxvze.
miTiTeba. Tu vigulisxmebT, rom arc erTi ricxvi ar iyofa p-ze, anu

a=pk+r1, 0<r1<p,
b=pm+r2, 0<r2<p.
maSin ab=p(pkm+kr2+mr1)+r1r2.
radgan p-ze naklebi r1 da r2 ricxvebis namravli ar iyofa
p-ze, amitom ab-c ar iyofa p-ze _ miviReT winaaRmdegoba.
75
9 daasabuTeT: Tu a da n nebismieri naturaluri ricxvebia, n>1 da n
a
ar aris naturaluri ricxvi, maSin n a iracionaluri ricxvia.
miTiTeba. gamoiyeneT sawinaaRmdegos daSvebis xerxi:

p
n
a=q ( qp ukveci wiladia).
pn
a = q n , aqn=pn, Tu d aris q-s raime martivi gamyofi, maSin pn
iyofa d-ze da, wina amocanis Sedegis Tanaxmad, p iyofa d-ze.
10 cnobilia utolobis Tvisebebi:

vTqvaT, a>0, b>0.
Tu a<b, maSin an<bn (n∈N);
Tu a>b, maSin an>bn (n∈N);
gamoiyeneT sawinaaRmdegos daSvebis xerxi da daasabuTeT:
a) Tu a<b, maSin n
a< n
b (n>1, n∈N),
b) Tu a>b, maSin n
a> n
b (n>1, n∈N).
11 gamoiyeneT wina ori amocana da daasabuTeT:

3 5 6
6; 7; 2; 3; 5 iracionaluri ricxvebia.
miTiTeba. 13 < 2 < 23,
1 < 3 2 < 2.
3
2 ar aris naturaluri ricxvi, maSasadame, 3
2 iracionaluri
ricxvia (ixileT me-9 amocana).

12 daasabuTeT, rom, Tu a∈Q, a>0, b∈Q, b>0, a da b ar aris
racionaluri ricxvebi, maSin a  + b iracionaluri ricxvia.
13 daasabuTeT, rom 1-ze meti nebismieri n naturaluri ricxvisTvis,

romelic ar aris 10-is raime naturaluri xarisxi, lg  n iracionaluri
ricxvia.
14 daasabuTeT, rom erTze meti nebismieri n naturaluri ricxvisTvis

n
a , sadac a dadebiTi iracionaluri ricxvia, iracionaluria.
miTiTeba. racionaluri ricxvis nebismieri mTeli xarisxi

racionaluri ricxvia.
76
15 SeiZleba Tu ara, rom a da b iyos iracionaluri ricxvebi, Tu
racionaluria ricxvebi:
a) a-b da ab; b) a+b da a-b; g) a+b (a+b≠0) da a ;
b
d) ab da a ; 2 2
e) a+b (a+b≠0), a da b ?
b
miTiTeba. e) gamosaxeT a da b ricxvebi x=a+b, y=a2, z=b2 ricxvebiT;

b=x-a, x2-2ax+a2=z,
x2 y z
2ax=x2+y-z, a= + - .
2x
16 daasabuTeT, rom nebismieri mTeli k ricxvisTvis r + rk iracio

2
naluri ricxvia.
17 vTqvaT, D(x) dirixles funqciaa:
D(x)= *
1, roca x racionaluria

0, roca x iracionaluria
a) daasabuTeT, rom nebismieri racionaluri T ricxvi (T≠0) misi
periodia.
b) aris Tu ara raime iracionaluri ricxvi misi periodi?
18 a namdvili ricxvia. misi Canaweri usasrulo aTwiladis saxiT mZimis

Semdeg mimdevrobiT naturaluri ricxvebis amoweriT miiReba:
a=0,1234567891011 ...
daasabuTeT sawinaaRmdegos daSvebis meTodiT, rom a ar aris
perioduli aTwiladi (a iracionaluri ricxvia).
P
19 trapeciis fuZeebis Sua wertilebze gavlebulia
a wrfe. sawinaaRmdegos daSvebis xerxiT a
daasabuTeT, rom ferdebis Semcveli wrfeebis A B
M
gadakveTis P wertili a wrfes ekuTvnis.
D C
N
20 daasabuTeT sawinaaRmdegos daSvebis meTodiT, rom logariTmuli

funqcia _ y=loga  x, roca fuZe a>1, gansazRvris areze ((0; +∞) Sualedze)
zrdadi funqciaa _ Tu a>1 da x2  >  x1  > 0, maSin loga  x2  > loga  x1.
miTiTeba. gamoiyeneT maCvenebliani funqciis Tviseba:

Tu fuZe metia erTze, maCvenebliani funqcia zrdadi funqciaa.
77
proeqti
rekurentuli wesiT mocemulia mimdevrobebi:

a1=1, an=0,5an-1, n>1 (I)
da
b1=1, bn=1,5bn-1, n>1. (II)
kompiuteris gamoyenebiT, programa Èxcel~-iT, gamoTvlilia orive

mimdevrobis pirveli 28 wevri. isini ganTavsebulia A da D svetebSi.
A B C D E
n An Sn (q=0,5) Bn Sn (q=1,5)
1 1 1 1 1
2 0,5 1,5 1,5 2,5
3 0,25 1,75 2,25 4,75
4 0,125 1,875 3,375 8,125
5 0,0625 1,9375 5,0625 13,1875
6 0,03125 1,96875 7,59375 20,78125
7 0,015625 1,984375 11,39063 32,17188
8 0,007813 1,992188 17,08594 49,25781
9 0,003906 1,996094 25,62891 74,88672
10 0,001953 1,998047 38,44336 113,3301
11 0,000977 1,999023 57,66504 170,9951
12 0,000488 1,999512 86,49756 257,4927
13 0,000244 1,999756 129,7463 387,239
14 0,000122 1,999878 194,6195 581,8585
15 6,1E-05 1,999939 291,9293 873,7878
16 3,05E-05 1,999969 437,8939 1311,682
17 1,53E-05 1,999985 656,8408 1968,523
18 7,63E-06 1,999992 985,2613 2953,784
19 3,81E-06 1,999996 1477,892 4431,676
20 1,91E-06 1,999998 2216,838 6648,513
21 9,54E-07 1,999999 3325,257 9973,77
22 4,77E-07 2* 4987,885 14961,66
23 2,38E-07 2 7481,828 22443,48
24 1,19E-07 2 11222,74 33666,22
25 5,96E-08 2 16834,11 50500,34
26 2,98E-08 2 25251,17 75751,5
27 1,49E-08 2 37876,75 113628,3
28 7,45E-09 2 56815,13 170443,4
*
am da momdevno striqonebis B svetSi mocemulia metobiT damrgvalebuli Sedegebi.
78
SegaxsenebT, rom, magaliTad, E-07 Canaweri niSnavs 10–7-s. B da E
svetebSi Sn jamebi _ kerZo jamebia gamoTvlili.
magaliTad, I mimdevrobis me-8 wevria: a8=0,007813, pirveli 8 wevris
jamia: S8=1,992188.
 SeecadeT gamosaxoT am mimdevrobebis n-uri wevrebi _ an da bn _
mxolod n-is saSualebiT da daasabuToT miRebuli formulebi.
 gamoTvaleT am formulebiT orive mimdevrobis me-3, me-5, me-8
wevrebi da SeadareT cxrilSi ganTavsebul Sedegebs.
 ra SegiZliaT TqvaT am mimdevrobebze, aris Tu ara romelime maTgani
geometriuli progresia?
 aris Tu ara maT Soris usasrulod mcire da usasrulod didi
mimdevrobebi?
 SecvaleT (I) da (II) formulebSi 0,5 da 1,5 koeficientebi (cxrilSi
isini orive mimdevrobisTvis q asoTia aRniSnuli) da kvlav gamoTvaleT
mimdevrobis wevrebi da kerZo jamebi.
 daasabuTeT, rom oTxive SemTxvevaSi (Sn) mimdevroba zrdadia.
 daakvirdiT yovel ganxilul SemTxvevaSi kerZo jamebis mimdevrobebs
da gamoTqviT varaudi maTi SemosazRvrulobis Sesaxeb.
 gaixseneT geometriuli progresiis n wevris jamis formula,
gamoTvaleT yoveli ganxiluli mimdevrobis 28 wevris jami da SeadareT
Sedegebi cxrilebis monacemebs.
79
1.9 kombinatorika
SevajamoT Cveni codna kombinatoruli amocanebis amoxsnis xerxebis Ses-

axeb _ im amocanebis, romlebic sasruli odenobis elementebisgan sxvadasxva
kombinaciis Sedgenasa da am kombinaciebis odenobaTa povnasTan aris dakav-
Sirebuli.
1)
zogierTi kombinatoruli amocanis amoxsnisas kombinaciebis Tvalsa
Cinod warmodgenis mizniT, SeiZleba xisebri diagrama gamoviyenoT.
amocana
cnobilia, rom saCogburTo matCSi (kacebs Soris) gamarjvebisTvis sami

partiis mogebaa saWiro (fre ar arsebobs). partiaTa Sedegebis ramdeni Ses-
aZlo varianti arsebobs matCSi?
amocanis amoxsnisas SeiZleba xisebri diagrama gamoviyenoT. Cogbur-
Telebs mivakuTvnoT 1 da 2 nomrebi. magaliTad, Tu I, II da IV partiebSi
gaimarjva meorem, III-Si _ pirvelma, maSin am matCs ase warmovadgenT 2212,
diagramaze ki, bolo partiis Sedegebis miTiTebisas, gamarjvebulis nomers
(2-s) wreSi movaTavsebT.
suraTze matCis sawyisi stadia (`s~) da pirveli par-
tiis SesaZlo Sedegebi warmovadgineT.
 SeecadeT gaagrZeloT diagrama da
1 aagoT xisebri diagrama I da II partiis Cat-
s
2 arebis SesaZlo Sedegebis mixedviT.
 mogviwevs Tu ara am diagramaSi rome-
lime cifris wreSi moTavseba? (gaixseneT ramden moge-
bamde grZeldeba matCi).
I partia II partia III partia IV partia V partia

aageT diagrama, ro-
melic I, II da III partiis Cat-
arebas Seesabameba. SeiZleba
Tu ara gamarjvebuli am par-
tiebis Semdeg gamovlindes?
ramden SemTxvevaSi?
imedia ar gagiWirdebaT
imis gaazreba, rom matCSi
mosalodneli yvela vari-
anti SeiZleba Semdegi dia-
gramiT warmovadginoT:
80

sul ramdeni partiidan SeiZleba Sedgebodes es matCi?

sul ramdeni varianti arsebobs?
ori varianti sam-sami partiisgan Sedgeba: 111 (pirvelma samive partia
moigo) da 222 (meorem samive partia moigo);
6 varianti _ oTx-oTxi partiisgan:
1121, 1211, 1222, 2111, 2122, 2122, 2212;
12 varianti _ xuT-xuTi partiisgan; magaliTad, 12211 (gaimarjva 1-ma).
 miuTiTeT saTanado Sto diagramaze.
 daasaxeleT xuTi partiisgan Semdgari sxva raime matCi, romelSic 2-m
gaimarjva da miuTiTeT saTanado Sto diagramaze.
zogierT amocanaSi kombinaciebis odenoba imdenad didia, rom maTi warmod-

gena diagramiT araxelsayrelia, zogjer — SeuZlebelic.
2) axla kombinatorikis ori wesi gavixsenoT _ jamis wesi da namravlis

wesi.
jamis wesi efuZneba simravleTa Teoriis erT-erT debulebas, romlis
dasabuTeba, imedia, ar gagiWirdebaT (SeiZleba gamoiyenoT maTematikuri
induqciis meTodi):
Tu A1, A2, ..., Ak sasruli simravleebia da maTgan yovel ors saerTo
elementi ara aqvs, maSin am k simravlis gaerTianebaSi elementebis ricxvi
tolia calkeul simravleebSi elementebis ricxvTa jamis:
n(A1∪A2∪ ... ∪An)=n(A1)+n(A2)+n(A3)+...+n(Ak).
magaliTi 1
fexburTelTa gundis sawvrTnel Sekrebaze

kidev erTi fexburTeli unda gamoiZaxon.
arCevani unda gakeTdes saTadarigoebSi myof
4 mcvels, 2 naxevarmcvelsa da 3 Tavdamsxmels
Soris.
maTgan erT-erTis SerCevis ramdeni
SesaZlebloba arsebobs? saTadarigo
fexburTelebi sam simravled davyoT:
A _ mcvelebis, n(A)=4;
B _ naxevarmcvelebis, n(B)=2;
C _ Tavdamsxmelebis, n(C)=3.
amasTanave, pirobis Tanaxmad,
A∩B=∅; A∩C=∅; B∩C=∅;
maSasadame,
n(A∪B∪C)=n(A)+n(B)+n(C)=9.
81
magaliTi 2
ipoveT 1-dan 100-mde (CaTvliT) im ricxvebis odenoba, romlebic iyofa

2-ze, an 3-ze, an 5-ze.
yvela ricxvis simravle 1-dan 100-mde (CaTvliT), romlebic iyofa 2-ze,
an _ 3-ze, an 5-ze aRvniSnoT _ A-Ti, im ricxvebis simravle, romlebic
iyofa 2-ze _ A1-iT, im ricxvebis simravle, romlebic iyofa 3-ze _ A2-iT,
im ricxvebis simravle, romlebic iyofa 5-ze _ A3-iT. cxadia,
A=A1∪A2∪A3.
amasTanave, A1, A2 da A3 simravleebs saerTo elementebi aqvs.
n(A)=n(A1)+n(A2)+n(A3)-n(A1∩A2)-n(A1∩A3)-n(A2∩A3)+n(A1∩A2∩A3). (1)
yoveli meore ricxvi iyofa 2-ze _ n(A1)=50,
yoveli mesame ricxvi iyofa 3-ze _ n(A2)=33,
yoveli mexuTe ricxvi iyofa 5-ze _ n(A3)=20,
yoveli meeqvse ricxvi iyofa 2-ze da 3-ze _ n(A1∩A2)=16,
yoveli meaTe ricxvi iyofa 2-ze da 5-ze _ n(A1∩A3)=10,
yoveli meTxuTmete ricxvi iyofa 3-ze da 5-ze _ n(A2∩A3)=6,
yoveli ocdameaTe ricxvi iyofa 2-ze, 3-ze, 5-ze _ n(A1∩A2∩A3)=3.
maSasadame,
n(A)=50+33+20-16-10-6+3=74.
 vTqvaT, 1-dan 100-mde yvela ricxvis simravlea U. xom ar ajobebda
n(A)-s daTvla Semdegi formulis gamoyenebiT
n(A)=n(U)-n(U\A), (2)
anu n(A)=100-n(U\A)?
 ra ricxvebisgan Sedgeba U\A simravle? ipoveT am simravleSi
elementebis ricxvi (Zieba SeiZleba am simravleSi martivi ricxvebis
miTiTebiT daiwyoT).
 n(A)-sTvis warmodgenili (1) da (2) formulebidan romelia TqvenTvis
ufro mosaxerxebeli?
axla gamravlebis wesi CamovayaliboT; gavixsenoT, rom A da B simravleebis

dekartuli namravli aris (a; b) saxis yvela dalagebuli wyvilebis simravle,
sadac a∈A da b∈B. vTqvaT, A={a1, a2, ..., as}; B={b1, b2, ... bt}.
dekartuli namravlis elementebi cxrilis saxiTac SeiZleba warmovadginoT:
(a1; b1) ... (a1; bt)
. . . . . .
(as; b1) ... (as; bt)
am wyvilebis odenoba, cxadia, aris st:
n(A×B)=n(A)⋅n(B). (3)
gamravlebis wesi (3) formuliTaa warmodgenili: es wesi (principi) SeiZleba
asec CamovayaliboT:
82
`Tu raime a obieqtis SerCeva SeiZleba s xerxiT da Tu yoveli aseTi
SerCevisas b obieqtis SerCeva SeiZleba t xerxiT, maSin a-sa da b-s SerCeva
(mocemuli TanamimdevrobiT) anu (a; b) dalagebuli wyvilis SerCeva
SeiZleba s⋅t xerxiT~.
a-s SerCeva b-s SerCeva
am wesis ilustracia xisebri diagramiT

ase gamoiyureba:
st Sto
am wesis ganzogadeba im SemTxvevaSi,

roca erTmaneTis damoukideblad k obieqtis
SerCeva xdeba, ase SeiZleba warmovadginoT:
Tu raime a1 obieqtis SerCeva SeiZleba n1 xerxiT, amis Semdeg

a2 obieqtis _ n2 xerxiT, ..., ak-si _ nk xerxiT, maSin erTdroulad
am k obieqtis _ a1, a2, ..., ak obieqtebis SerCevaTa ricxvi aris
n1⋅n2⋅ ... ⋅nk.
anu, Tu a1 Rebulobs mniSvnelobebs A1 simravlidan, romlis elementebis

ricxvia n1, a2 _ A2-dan (elementebis ricxviT _ n2), ..., ak _ Ak-dan (elementebis
ricxviT _ nk), maSin yvela SesaZlo sxvadasxva dalagebuli erTobliobebis _
(a1, a2, ... ak) _ odenoba aris n1⋅n2⋅ ... ⋅nk.
SeniSvna
(c1, c2, ..., ck) da (b1, b2, ..., bk) dalagebuli erTobliobebi mxolod
maSinaa erTi da igive, roca c1=b1, c2=b2, ..., ck=bk.
magaliTi 3
telefonis ramdeni eqvscifriani nomris Sedgena SeiZleba?

yoveli nomeri, romelic 6 cifrisgan Sedgeba, SeiZleba ase
warmovadginoT: a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6. amasTanave, yoveli ai (i=1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6) SeiZleba iyos nebismieri cifri 0-dan 9-mde, anu n1=n2=n3=n4=n5=n6=10.
maSasadame, 6 cifrisgan Sedgenili nomrebis ricxvi aris 106.
83
magaliTi 4
ramdeni qvesimravle aqvs xuTelementian simravles?

vTqvaT, mocemulia simravle, A={a1; a2; a3; a4; a5}.
warmoidgineT, rom misi yoveli qvesimravle A-s elementebis garkveuli
xuTeulis saxiTaa Cawerili da yoveli adgilisTvis 2 SesaZlebloba
arsebobs _ Seicavs A-s Sesabamis elements, an ar Seicavs. magaliTad, {a2; a4;
a5} qvesimravle ase warmoadgineT: (- ; a2; - ; a4; a5). sul SesaZleblobaTa
ricxvi, gamravlebis principis Tanaxmad, aris 25; qvesimravleebis ricxvic
aris 25.
 analogiuri msjelobiT daasabuTeT: n-elementiani simravlis qvesim
ravleebis ricxvia 2n.
 daasabuTeT, rom 5 wignidan ramdenime (erTi mainc) wignis SerCevis
SesaZleblobaTa odenoba aris 25–1.
3)axla gavixsenoT sasruli simravlis elementebisgan Sedgenili specialu

ri saxis kombinaciebi, romelTa saxelebia gadanacvleba, wyoba, jufTeba.
A={1, 2, 3} _ samelementiani simravlis elementebis 6 sxvadasxva

dalageba SeiZleba SevadginoT: 123; 132; 213; 231; 312; 321. TiToeul maTgans
3-elementiani gadanacvleba ewodeba.
n-elementiani simravlis elementebis nebismier dalagebas n-elementiani
gadanacvleba ewodeba.
n-elementian gadanacvlebaTa ricxvi Pn-iT aRvniSnoT. maSin, gamravlebis
principis gamoyenebiT, gvaqvs:
Pn=n! (anu Pn=1⋅2⋅3⋅ ... ⋅n).
axla, amave A simravlidan orelementiani dalagebuli qvesimravleebi
SevadginoT da ase warmovadginoT: 12; 21; 31; 13; 23; 32 sul eqvsi dalagebuli
qvesimravle gvaqvs, TiToeuls 3 elementidan 2-elementiani wyoba ewodeba.
n-elementiani simravlis yovel m-elementian dalagebul qvesimravles
wyoba ewodeba _ n-elementidan m-elementiani wyoba. maTi ricxvi ase
aRvniSnoT: A nm.
gamravlebis principis gamoyenebiT, SeecadeT daasabuToT:
A nm =n(n-1)(n-2) ... (n-m+1).
faqtorialebis gamoyenebiT,
A n =
m n!
(n - m)! .
SevTanxmdeT: P 0 = 0! = 1; A n0 = 1..
axla A simravlis yvela orelementiani qvesimravle SevadginoT:
{1; 2}, {1; 3}, {2; 3}.
84
TiToeul maTgans 3 elementidan 2-elementiani jufTeba ewodeba.
n-elementidan m-elementiani jufTeba ewodeba n-elementiani simravlis
yovel m-elementian qvesimravles.
maTi ricxvi ase aRvniSnoT: C nm .
gavixsenoT C nm -is formulebi:
m A nm n!
C n = , C nm =
Pm (n - m)! m!
SevTanxmdeT: C n0 = 1, C 00 = 1.
jufTebaTa ricxvis Tvisebebsac icnobT:
a) C nm = C nn - m
, b) C nm + C nm + 1 = C nm ++ 11 , g) C n0 + C 1n + C n2 + ... + C nn = 2 n .
.
 daukavSireT es ukanaskneli formula wina nawilSi amoxsnil amocanas _
n-elementiani simravlis yvela qvesimravleTa odenobis Sesaxeb.
 SeecadeT aRniSnuli formula maTematikuri induqciis meTodis
gamoyenebiT daasabuToT.
4) C nk -(k=0,
1
1, 2, ..., n) ricxvebi SeiZleba vipovoT wina nawilSi warmodgenili
rekurentuli formulis saSualebiT; es formula ase CavweroT:
C nk = C nk -- 11 + C nk - 1 (1)
gavixsenoT Cveni SeTanxmeba: C 00 = 1 ; Semdeg gvaqvs: C 10 = 1, C 11 = 1.

roca n=2-s, gvaqvs:
C 20 = 1, C 21 = 2, C 22 = 1;
roca n=3,
C 30 = 1, C 31 = 3, C 32 = 3, C 33 = 1.
gamoTvlebi SeiZleba gavagrZeloT (gamoviyenebT (1) formulas da Cvens
SeTanxmebas: C n0 = 1 ). miRebuli ricxvebi Semdegi samkuTxa cxriliT warmovad
ginoT:
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n-ur striqonebSi, Cveni gadanomrvis mixedviT, aris ricxvebi: C n0 , C 1n , ... , C nn .

amasTanave, C n0 = C nn = 1; sxva ricxvebi ki (1) formuliT gamoiTvleba. SeiZleba
asec vTqvaT, C nk -is
- 1
misaRebad saWiroa mis zeda striqonSi im ricxvebis Sekreba,
85
romlebic misgan marcxniv da marjvnivaa (es ricxvebia C nk -- 11 da C nk - 1). aRniSnuli
wesiT Sedgenil samkuTxovan cxrils paskalis samkuTxedi ewodeba.
0 vTqvaT, samarSruto qsels suraTze warmo

nili saxe aqvs, 0 _ sawyisi wertilia. am
dge
I mwkrivi
wertilidan gamosuli mgzavri yovel `gzajva
II mwkrivi
redinze~ irCevs Semdegi ori mimarTulebidan
erT-erTs: win _ marcxniv an marjvniv. vTqvaT, A
wertili n-uri mwkri vis raime `gzajvaredinia~.
ramdeni sxvadasxva marSru ti midis am werti
lisken?
am amocanis amosaxsnelad paskalis samkuTxe
dis agebis wess gamoviyenebT; cxadia, Tu A wertili n-uri mwkrivis pirveli
an bolo (kidura) gzajvaredinia, maSin misken TiTo gza midis; sxva nebismier
`gzajvaredinze~ misvla xdeba wina mwkrivis zeda ori (marcxena da marjvena)
wertilidan; maSasadame, unda Seikribos am wertilebisken mimavali marSrutebis
odenobebi. maSasadame, yoveli gzajvaredinisTvis marSrutebis odenobaTa
gamoTvlis wesi paskalis samkuTxedis agebis wesis analogiuria.
n-ur mwkrivSi gvaqvs ricxvebi: C n0 , C 1n , ... , C nn . Tu A wertili marcxnidan k-uri
gzajvaredinia, maSin misken midis C nk - 1
sxvadasxva gza. sul n-uri mwkrivis
yvela gzajvaredinisken, cxadia, 2n marSruti midis.
SevajamoT: gavixseneT kombinatoruli amocanebis amoxsnis sxvadasxva xe-

rxi, paskalis samkuTxedis Sedgenis wesi da kombinatorikis formulebi:
P0= 1; An0= 1; C n0= 1;
Pn= n!; Anm= n! ; C nm= n! .

(n - m)! m!( n - m)!
s
saxelwodeba _ paskalis samkuTxedi _ didi
frangi mecnieris blez paskalis (1623-1662) sa
xel Tan aris dakavSirebuli. blez paskali iyo
maTematikosi, fizikosi, mwerali da filosofosi.
man, erT-erTma pirvelma, Seqmna martivi tipis
kalkulatori.
maTematikaSi igi albaTobis Teoriisa da kombin
atorikis erT-erT damfuZneblad iTvleba. paskalis
samkuTxedi mis SromebSi àriTmetikul samkuTxedad~
aris moxseniebuli. analogiuri cxrilebi adrec
iyo Sedgenili, magaliTad, sparseTSi moRvawe omar blez paskali
xaiamis (1048-1131) da italieli maTematikosis nikolo
tartalias (1500-1557) SromebSic. amitom zogierTi avtori am cxrils,
paskalis msgavsad, àriTmetikul samkuTxedad~ moixseniebs.
86
1. ras ewodeba n-elementiani gadanacvleba?
2. ras ewodeba n-elementidan m-elementiani wyoba?
3. ras ewodeba n-elementidan m-elementiani jufTeba?
4. risi tolia n-elementiani simravlis yvela qvesimravlis odenoba?
5. Tu A da B sasruli simravleebia da Seicavs, Sesabamisad, m da n
elements, ramden elements Seicavs A×B dekartuli namravli?
6. ra SemTxvevaSia toli sasruli simravleebis gaerTianebaSi
elementebis ricxvi am simravleebSi elementebis odenobaTa jamis?
a
1 CogburTel qalTa matCi (yovel partiaSi

erT-erTi imarjvebs) 2 mogebamde grZeldeba.
matCis Catarebis variantebis dasaTvlelad mo-
cemulia diagramebi. isini paragrafis I nawil-
Si mocemuli diagramebis analogiuradaa Sed
genili. romeli diagramiT SeiZleba yvela SesaZlo variantis
daTvla?
a) b) g) d)
1) a) 2) g) 3) d) 4) b).
2 or CogburTel qals Soris matCSi (is 2 mogebamde grZeldeba)

partiaTa maqsimaluri ricxvi SeiZleba iyos
1) 2 2) 3
3) 4 4) 1.
3 Ziu-doSi saqarTvelos nakrebis or kandidats So

ris dainiSna turniri 4 mogebamde (yovel SexvedraSi
gamarjvebuli saxeldeba). am turnirSi SexvedraTa
maqsimaluri ricxvi SeiZleba iyos
1) 6 2) 4
3) 5 4) 7.
87
4 Tu me-4 amocanaSi dasaxelebuli turniri n mogebamde grZeldeba,
maSin SexvedraTa maqsimaluri odenoba SeiZleba iyos
1) 2(n+1) 2) 2(n+1)+1 3) 2(n-1)+1 4) 2(n-1).
5 frenburTelTa or gunds Soris Sexvedra

3 mogebamde grZeldeba. ramdeni varianti
arsebobs, rom Sexvedra 3 partiisgan
Sedgebodes?
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) arcerTi.
6 wina amocanis pirobebis mixedviT, ramdeni varianti arsebobs, rom

Sexvedra 4 partiisgan Sedgebodes?
1) 2⋅(C43 -1) 2) 2C43 3) 2⋅(C43 -1) 4) C43 -1.
7 Tu A da B raime sasruli simravleebia, maSin AxB dekartul namravlSi

elementebis ricxvi ase gamoiTvleba:
1) n(A)⋅n(B) 2) n(A)+n(B) 3) 2n(A)⋅n(B) 4) 2n(A)+2n(B).
8 Tu A da B raime sasruli simravleebia da A∩B=∅, maSin

1) n(A∪B)=n(A)+n(B) 2) n(A∪B)=n(A)⋅n(B)
3) n(A∪B)=n(A)-n(B) 4) n(A∪B)=2n(A)⋅n(B).
9 Tu A da B raime sasruli aracarieli simravleebia, maSin n(A∩B)=

1) n(A∪B)-n(A)-n(B) 2) n(A∪B)
3) n(A)+n(B)-n(A∪B) 4) n(A)⋅n(B).
10 Tu A, B da C sasruli aracarieli simravleebia, A∩B=∅, A∩C=∅,

B∩C=∅, maSin
1) n(A∪B∪C)=n(A)+n(B)-n(C) 2) n(A∪B∪C)=n(B)+n(C)-n(A)
3) n(A∪B∪C)=n(A)+n(C)-n(B) 4) n(A∪B∪C)=n(A)+n(B)+n(C).
11 A1, A2 da A3 sasruli simravleebia, A1∪A2∪A3=A, maSin yovelTvis

n(A1∩A2∩A3)=
1) n(A)-n(A1)-n(A2)-n(A3)
2) n(A)-n(A1)+n(A2)-n(A3)
3) n(A)-n(A1)+n(A2)+n(A3)
4) n(A)-n(A1)-n(A2)-n(A3)+n(A1∩A2)+n(A1∩A3)+n(A2∩A3).
12 vTqvaT, A sasruli simravlea. am simravlis qvesimravleebis ricxvi

SeiZleba iyos
1) 16 2) 7 3) 3 4) 6.
88
13 vTqvaT, A simravlis qvesimravleebis ricxvi aris 128. maSin A
simravlis elementebis ricxvia
1) 7 2) 6 3) 5 4) 8.
14 mocemulia 5 wertili, romelTagan arc erTi sami erT wrfes ar

ekuTvnis. am 5 wertilidan yovel or wertilze gavlebulia wrfe. sul
ramdenia aseTi wrfe?
1) C54 2) C51 3) C52 4) 1.
15 n-kuTxedSi (n≥4) diagonalebis ricxvi aris.
n (n + 1) n (n - 1) n (n - 3)
1) 2) 3) 4) n(n-3).
2 2 2
16 mravalkuTxeds SeiZleba hqondes
1) 10 diagonali 2) 30 diagonali
3) 20 diagonali 4) 15 diagonali.
17 Tu n-kuTxedis diagonalebis ricxvi udris gverdebis ricxvs, maSin n=

1) 6 2) 5 3) 4 4) 7.
amoxseniT amocanebi
18 fexburTelTa gunds surs sami fexburTelis SeZena

(mcvelis, naxevarmcvelisa da Tavdamsxmelis).
vTqvaT, mcvelis SerCevis sami SesaZlo varianti
arsebobs: (a1, a2, a3); naxevarmcvelisac sami _ (b1,
b2, b3) da Tavdamsxmelis _ 2 _ (c1, c2). amasTanave,
SeuZlebelia erTdroulad a1-isa da b2-is, a1-isa da c1-
is, a2-isa da b3-is; a3-isa da b3-is, a3-isa da c2-is, b2-isa
da c2-is SeZena.
SeadgineT SeZenaTa yvela SesaZlo variantebis
diagrama. sul ramdeni varianti arsebobs? daasaxeleT SesaZlo
sameulebi.
miTiTeba.

diagrama ase daviwyoT:
19 daasabuTeT diagramis gamoyenebis gareSe, rom me-6 amocanis pirobebSi,

variantebis ricxvi, roca Sexvedra 5 partiis Semdeg mTavrdeba, aris 2C42
miTiTeba. bolo, me-5 partia Tu moigo erT-erTma gundma, mas

wina oTx SexvedraSi mxolod ori gamarjveba unda moepovebina.
amis SesaZleblobaTa ricx via C42 . amdenive SesaZlebloba
arsebobs meore gundisTvisac. sul mi ba 2C42 varianti.
iRe
89
20 daasabuTeT, rom me-6 amocanis pirobebSi frenburTelTa gundebis
Sexvedris mimdinareobis 2C53 varianti arsebobs.
21 daasabuTeT:
a) Tu mocemulia n wertili, romelTagan arc erTi sami erT wrfes
ar ekuTvnis da am wertilidan aRebul yovel or wertilze gavavlebT
wrfes, maSin am wrfeebis odenobaa C n2 ;
b) n-kuTxedSi (n≥4) diagonalebis ricxvi SeiZleba vipovoT formuliT:
C n2 -n.
22 vTqvaT, sami mgzavridan TiToeuli metros

mocemuli oTxi gaCerebidan erT-erTze
Camodis. amasTanave, TiToeuli mgzavri
am oTxi gaCerebidan nebismierze SeiZleba
Camovides.
 mgzavrebis gaCerebebze ganawilebis
ramdeni varianti arsebobs?
 ramdenia am variantebs Soris iseTi, roca
yovel gaCerebaze erTdroulad romelime ori mgzavri ar Camodis?
amoxseniT amocana sxvadasxva xerxiT:
a) gamravlebis principis gamoyenebiT;
b) xisebri diagramis gamoyenebiT (orze naklebi mgzavris SemTxveva).
23 ramdenia 1-dan 100-mde (CaTvliT) naturaluri ricxvi, romelic

iyofa 2-ze an 3-ze? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
24 ramdeni oTxniSna ricxvi SeiZleba SevadginoT 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 cifrebis

gamoyenebiT, Tu
a) daSvebulia cifris gameoreba;
b) cifris gameoreba ar aris daSvebuli;
g) ricxvi unda iyos kenti da cifri ar unda meordebodes.
miTiTeba. gamoiyeneT gamravlebis principi; g) meoTxe cifridan

(erTeulebis Tanrigidan) Tu daviwyebT, gvaqvs sami varianti: 1,
3, 5. maSin pirvel adgilze cifrebis SerCevaTa odenoba aris 2.
25 vTqvaT, A={a, b, c, d, e, f}, B={1, 2, 3,

4}. suraTze warmodgenilia A simravlis
B simravleSi ϕ asaxva.
 ra elementebi Seesabameba ϕ asaxviT
a, b da c elementebs?
 warmoadgineT ϕ asaxva wyvilebis
saxiT;
90
 moifiqreT da warmoadgineT diagramiT an wyvilebiT ϕ-sgan
gansxvavebuli raime asaxva A simravlisa B simravleSi;
 moifiqreT da warmoadgineT diagramiT an wyvilebiT raime asaxva A
simravlisa B simravleze.
 daasabuTeT gamravlebis principis gamoyenebiT, rom A simravlis B
simravleSi asaxvebis odenoba aris 46 (a-s SeiZleba Seesabamebodes 1, 2,
3 an 4; b-s _ 1, 2, 3 an 4; da a. S.).
26 vTqvaT, A simravle k-elementiania, B _ m-elementiani. daasabuTeT,

rom A-dan B-Si asaxvebis odenoba aris mk.
27 vTqvaT, A simravle k-elementiania, B _

m-elementiani, m≥k. ganvixiloT yvela is asaxva,
roca B-s yoveli elementi aris A-s araumetes erTi
elementis Sesabamisi.
suraTze is SemTxvevaa mocemuli, roca A={x1, x2,
x3}, B={y1, y2, y3, y4} (k=3, m=4). Tu, magaliTad,
x1≠x2, maSin y1≠y2.
yovel aRniSnuli tipis asaxvas SeiZleba SevusabamoT
B-s elementebis dalagebuli sameuli _ asaxvebic imdenia, ramdeni
dalagebuli sameuli SeiZleba SevadginoT _ A43 .
daasabuTeT, rom k-elementiani simravlis m-elementian simravleSi
aRniSnuli tipis asaxvebis ricxvi aris Amk .
28 gamoiyeneT wina amocana da daasabuTeT: k-elementian A da B

simravleebs Soris urTierTcalsaxa SesabamisobaTa odenoba aris k!.
29 gvaqvs xelTaTmanebis 6 wyvili. TiToeul wyvilSi

xelTaTmanebi erTi ferisaa, gansxvavebuli wyvilebi
_ sxvadasxva feris. ramdennairad SeiZleba
SevarCioT maTgan sxvadasxva feris xelTaTmanebis
erTi wyvili?
amoxseniT sxvadasxva xerxiT (gamravlebis
principi, wyobaTa ricxvis formula).
30* vTqvaT, n naturaluri ricxvi warmodgenilia gansxvavebuli martivi

gamyofebis xarisxebis namravlis saxiT _
n = p1a1 $ p2a2 $ ... $ pkak ;
a1, a2, ..., ak naturaluri ricxvebia.
 daasabuTeT, rom n naturaluri ricxvis yoveli gamyofi SeiZleba
ase CavweroT:
d = p1d1 $ p2d2 $ ... $ pkdk , (1)
sadac 0≤d1≤a1, 0≤d2≤a2, ..., 0≤dk≤ak. (2)
91
magaliTad, roca d1=d2=...=dk=0, gvaqvs n-is gamyofi _ 1, roca d1=a1;
d2=a2; ... ; dk=ak; miviRebT n-s.
 gamoiyeneT (1) da (2) formulebi da, gamravlebis principis
gamoyenebiT daasabuTeT: n-is gamyofebis odenoba aris (a1+1)(a2+1) ...
(ak+1).
 gamoiyeneT miRebuli Sedegi da ipoveT 96-is gamyofebis odenoba.
31 SeadgineT amocana, romelic SeiZleba amovxsnaT wina amocanaSi

mocemuli debulebis gamoyenebiT.
32* suraTze mocemulia ori para

leluri wrfe: a da b.
a wrfeze SerCeulia 6 wertili,
b wrfeze _ 3 wertili.
a wrfis wertilebidan TiToeu
li monakveTebiTaa SeerTe buli
B-s yvela wertilTan. suraTze gamosaxulia is monakveTebi, romlebic
A1-s akavSireben B1, B2 da B3-Tan.
miviReT monakveTebi _ A1B1, A1B2, A1B3.
cnobilia, rom yvela am SeerTebis Semdeg miRebuli monakveTebidan
arc erT sameuls ara aqvs saerTo Siga wertili. ipoveT miRebuli
monakveTebis gadakveTis (Siga) wertilebis odenoba.
miTiTeba. yoveli gadakveTis wertili calsaxad ganisazRvreba

a wrfis ori wertilisa da b wrfis ori wertilis SerCeviT
(magaliTad, C wertili _ {A1, A2} da {B1, B2} simravleebia.
6-dan 2-elementiani qvesimravleebis odenoba aris C62 , 3-dan _
C32 . axla gamoiyeneT gamravlebis principi.
33 SeadgineT wina amocanis analogiuri amocana da amoxseniT igi.
34 maswavlebelma sakontrolo weris

sakiTxebi: 10 gantoleba, 8 utoloba
da 2 diagrama SearCia. isini Tanabrad
unda ganawildes or bileTSi (nebismieri
TanamimdevrobiT aRebuli xuT-xuTi
gantoleba, oTx-oTxi utoloba da Ti
To-TiTo diagrama). 2 bileTis Sedgenis
ramdeni varianti arsebobs?
miTiTeba. sakmarisia erT-erTi bileTis Sedgenis variantebi

5
davTvaloT. ganto lebebis SerCevaTa ricxvia C , analogiurad
10
daTvliT utolobaTa da diagramebis SesaZlo ganawilebaTa
ricxvsac. Semdeg ki gamravlebis princips gamoiyenebT.
92
35 ramdeni SesaZlebloba (varianti) arsebobs imisa, rom 8 wignidan
SevarCioT ramdenime (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 an 8) wigni?
amoxseniT amocana sxvadasxva xerxiT.
36 SeadgineT wina amocanis analogiuri amocana.
37 jufTebaTa ricxvis Tvisebis Tanaxmad,

C116= C10
5 6
+ C10
6
C10 = C95+ C96
C96= C85+ C86

C86= C75+ C76
C76= C65+ C66
C66= C55
am tolobebis gamoyenebiT daasabuTeT:
5
C10 + C95 + C85 + C 75 + C65 + C55 = C116 .
38 `levani diliT adre sanadirod marto

gaemarTa~. ramdeni sxvadasxva winadadeba SeiZ
leba SevadginoT am winadadebis sityvebisgan?
winadadebebs miviCnevT sxvadasxvad, Tu maT
erTi sityva mainc aqvs gansxvavebuli.
miTiTeba. mocemuli winadadebebis sityvebisgan Sedgenil wina

dadebebSi aucileblad iqneba qvemdebare _ `levani~ da
Semasmeneli _ `gaemarTa~. oTxi sityvidan TiToeulisTvis gvaqvs
ori SesaZlebloba _ Sedis winadadebaSi, an ar Sedis, sul _ 24
winadadeba SeiZleba SevadginoT.
39 `xaSuri-zestafonis~ matarebelSi 32
mgzavria, xaSuris momdevno gaCerebebi 10-
ia. Tu yoveli mgzavri nebismier gaCerebaze
SeiZleba Camovides, ramdennairad SeiZleba
ganawildnen mgzavrebi gaCerebebze?
miTiTeba. yoveli ganawileba aris 32 mgzavris simravlis

(32-elementiani simravlis) asaxva 10-elementian simravleze (ga
Cerebebis simravle).
40 amoxseniT wina amocanis analogiuri amocana _ matarebelSi

n-mgzavria, gaCerebebis odenoba aris k. ramdennairad SeiZleba
ganawildnen mgzavrebi gaCerebebze?
93
proeqti
vTqvaT,
sadazRvevo firmam Tqvens
ojaxs SesTavaza ojaxuri samedicino
dazRvevis ori varianti:
I. Tu ojaxis TiToeuli wevri Tviurad

gadaixdis 3 lars, maSin TqvenTvis eqi
mis gamoZaxebis safasuria 5 lari, sate
lefono konsultacia ufasoa da fir ma
ixdis TqvenTvis gamowerili medi mentebis Rirebulebis 50%-s.
ka
II. Tu ojaxis TiToeuli wevri Tviurad gadaixdis 5 lars, maSin

TqvenTvis eqimis ga
moZaxebac da satelefono kon
sul
taciac ufasoa;
garda amisa, firma ixdis TqvenTvis gamowerili medi kamentebis
Rirebulebis 70%-s.
1. vTqvaT, oTxi wevrisgan Sedgenilma Tqvenma ojaxma gasuli wlis

ganmavlobaSi xuTjer gamoiZaxa eqimi (TiTo viziti _ 30 lari), xolo
medikamentebis SesaZenad sul 105 lari daxarja.
 am SemTxvevaSi dazRvevis romeli forma iqneboda TqvenTvis
xelsayreli? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
 ra informacias moiZiebdiT damatebiT dazRvevis ukeT SerCevis
Tvis?
2. gamokiTxeT ojaxis mozrdili wevrebi, SeagroveT Sesabamisi

informacia da gadawyviteT _ dazRvevis romeli forma iqneboda
mizanSewonili Tqveni ojaxisTvis?
3. moiZieT informacia saqarTvelos cnobil sadazRvevo kompaniebSi

oja
xuri samedicino dazRvevis pirobebis Sesaxeb da gamoikvlieT,
romeli maT
gania Tqveni ojaxisTvis yvelaze xelsayreli?
94

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12

redaqtori Teimuraz vefxvaZe

grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis

XII klasis saxelmZRvanelo

Guram Gogishvili, Teimuraz Vepkhvadze,

ISBN 978-9941-439-62-9 (I nawili)

© gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2012.

mogesalmebiT da gilocavT axali saswavlo wlis dadgomas!

axali saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna da maTi skolaSi danergva ganaTlebis

rogor visargebloT wigniT

gameoreba. zogierTi saxis gantolebisa da utolobis

1. utolobis amoxsnis magaliTebi

1. xdomilobaTa sivrce. xdomilobis albaToba

3 algoriTmi. evklides algoriTmi

1. ricxviTi funqcia. ricxviTi funqciis mocemis xerxebi

6 monacemTa analizi da statistika

P1. populacia da SerCeva

1. samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami. monakveTis SuamarTobisa da

wigniT sargebloba rom gagiadvildeT, ramdenime rCevas mogcemT.

saxelmZRvanelos TiToeuli Tavi masSi mocemuli ZiriTadi sakiTxebis

TiToeuli Tavi paragrafebisgan Sedgeba. paragrafebi, rogorc wesi,

es niSnaki migvaniSnebs paragrafis meore nawilis dawyebas _ `sxva­

a es niSnaki amocanebis CamonaTvals win uZRvis.

zogierTi paragrafis Teoriul nawilsa da amocanebs mosdevs sa-

SemogTavazebT jgufuri muSaobis proeqtebs _ es TanaklaselebT-

teqstis ukeT gagebis mizniT saWirod CavTvaleT zo­ gi­­

am niSnakiT drodadro SegaxsenebT, rom yvela amocana unda

am TavSi gavimeorebT gasul wlebSi Seswavlil sakiTxebs sim-

1.1 utolobis amoxsnis magaliTebi

gavixsenoT, rom kvadratul utolobas kvadratuli funqciis Tvisebebis

vTqvaT, x2+bx+c kvadratuli samwevris diskriminanti D>0 da samwevris

(- ∞; x1) (x1; x2) (x2; + ∞)

a(x-x1)(x-x2) a-s niSani -a-s niSani a-s niSani

maSasadame, gamovyofT ricxviTi wrfis sam intervals (fesvebis mixedviT):

utolobis amonaxsnebis simravlea (4; 5) Sualedi.

marcxena mxaris nulebia: 3, 7 da 8. am ricxvebis mixedviT gamoiyofa 4

pasuxi: (3; 7)∪(8;+ ∞).

SeniSneT, albaT, namravlis niSnebis monacvleoba Sualedebis cvlilebisas.

2) amovxsnaT utoloba: (x-3)(x-7)(x-8)≥0.

pasuxi: [3;7]]∪[8; +∞).

winaswarve SevniSnoT, rom sazRvris wertilebidan amonaxsnTa simravles

SevajamoT: ganvixileT intervalTa meTodiT kvadratuli utolobebis

1. TuU ax2+bx+c kvadratuli samwevris fesvebi x1 da x2 ricxvebia, ma-

1 vTqvaT, a>0 da x1<x2. maSin a(x-x1)(x-x2)<0 utolobis amonaxsnTa

2 vTqvaT, a>0 da x1<x2, maSin a(x-x1)(x-x2)>0 utolobis amonaxsnTa

3 3(x-3)(x+1)>0 utolobis amonaxsnTa simravlea

5 vTqvaT, a>0 da x1<x2<x3. maSin

8 y = x - 5 funqciis gansazRvris area

amoxseniT utoloba: x - 2 < 0 .

12 Tu (x-a)(x-b)>0 utolobis amonaxsnTa simravlea (-∞; b)∪(a; +∞),

1) 3≤a≤4 2) a=4 3) a>4 an a<3 4) a=3.

15 SeavseT (rveulSi) cxrili gamosaxulebebis niSnebisa da sazRvris

(-∞; -4) -4 (-4; 3) 3 (3; +∞)

16 SeavseT cxrili gamosaxulebebis niSnebisa da sazRvris wertilebSi

(-∞; 0) 0 (0; 4) 4 (4; 5) 5 (5; +∞)

18 SeavseT cxrili gamosaxulebebis niSnebisa da sazRvris wertilebSi

(-∞; -5) -5 (-5; 0) 0 (0; 2) 2 (2; +∞)

20 amoxseniT utoloba intervalTa meTodiT:

21 amoxseniT utoloba intervalTa meTodiT:

amoxsna. (4) utoloba tolfasia

32 wylis avzs marTkuTxa paralelepipedis

33 konteiners marTkuTxa paralel-

ganvixiloT amocanebi, romelTa amoxsna utolobaTa iseTi sistemis amoxsnas

es niSnaki migvaniSnebs paragrafis meore nawilis dawyebas _ `sxva

teqstis ukeT gagebis mizniT saWirod CavTvaleT zo gi