UNMSM/FQIQ/EPIQ/DAADP/INGLÉS TÉCNICO/EF11/2020-I

Chapter 6. Understanding Process Conditions

What You Will Learn
• There are typical ranges for process temperatures and pressures.
• There should be a reason for operating outside these ranges.
In previous chapters, process flow diagrams (PFDs) were accepted without evaluating the
technical features of the process. The process topology and process operating conditions were
provided but were not examined. Economic evaluations were carried out, but without confirming
that the process would operate as indicated by the flow diagram.
It is not uncommon to investigate process economics based upon assumed process performance.
For example, in order to justify spending the capital to develop a new catalyst, the economics of a
process using a hypothetical catalyst with assumed characteristics, such as no unwanted side
reactions, might be calculated.
The ability to make an economic analysis of a chemical process based on a PFD is
not proof that the process will actually work.
In this chapter, you will learn how to analyze the reasons why the specific temperatures,
pressures, and compositions selected for important streams and unit operations have been
chosen. Stream specifications and process conditions are influenced by physical processes as
well as economic considerations and are not chosen arbitrarily. The conditions used in a process
most often represent an economic compromise between process performance and the capital and
operating costs of the process equipment. Final selection of operating conditions should not be
made prior to the analysis of the process economics. In this chapter, the focus is on analyzing
process conditions that require special consideration. As an example, the question of why a
reactor is run at 600°C instead of 580°C is not addressed, but rather the reasons are addressed
why the reactor is not run at a much lower temperature, for example, 200°C. This type of analysis
leads to the question of how process conditions are chosen and what the consequences are of
changing these conditions.
6.1. Conditions of Special Concern for the Operation of Separation and Reactor Systems
Process streams are rarely available at conditions most suitable for reactor and separation units.
Temperatures, pressures, and stream compositions must be adjusted to provide conditions that
allow effective process performance. This is discussed in Chapter 2, where the generic BFD was
introduced (see Figure 2.4[a]). This figure showed two feed preparation blocks: one associated
with the reactor and the second with the separation section.
Two generalizations are provided to assist in analyzing and understanding the selection of process
conditions.
• It is usually easier to adjust the temperature and/or pressure of a stream than it is to change its
composition. In fact, often the concentration of a compound in a stream (for a gas) is a dependent
variable and is controlled by the temperature and pressure of the stream.
• In general, pressures between 1 and 10 bar and temperatures between 40°C and 260°C do not
cause severe processing difficulties.
The rationale for the conditions given in the second generalization are explained below.
 1. (10 points) Translate to spanish the highlighted

text

Capítulo 6. Comprensión de las condiciones del proceso

Lo que vas a aprender
• Existen rangos típicos para temperaturas y presiones de proceso.
• Debe haber una razón para operar fuera de estos rangos.
En capítulos anteriores, se aceptaron diagramas de flujo de procesos (PFD) sin evaluar
elcaracterísticas técnicas del proceso. Se proporcionaron la topología del proceso y las
condiciones de funcionamiento del proceso, pero no se examinaron. Se realizaron evaluaciones
económicas, pero sin confirmar que el proceso operaría como lo indica el diagrama de flujo.
No es raro investigar la economía del proceso basándose en el desempeño del proceso asumido.
Por ejemplo, para justificar el gasto de capital para desarrollar un nuevo catalizador, se podría
calcular la economía de un proceso que utiliza un catalizador hipotético con características
supuestas, como reacciones secundarias no deseadas.
La capacidad de realizar un análisis económico de un proceso químico basado en un
PFD no es prueba de que el proceso realmente funcionará.
En este capítulo, aprenderá a analizar las razones por las cuales las temperaturas específicas, Se
han elegido presiones y composiciones seleccionadas para corrientes importantes y operaciones
unitarias. Las especificaciones de la corriente y las condiciones del proceso están influenciadas
por procesos físicos, así como por consideraciones económicas, y no se eligen arbitrariamente.
Las condiciones utilizadas en un proceso representan con mayor frecuencia un compromiso
económico entre el rendimiento del proceso y los costos de capital y operativos del equipo de
proceso. La selección final de las condiciones de operación no debe realizarse antes del análisis
de la economía del proceso. En este capítulo, el enfoque está en analizar las condiciones del
proceso que requieren una consideración especial. A modo de ejemplo, no se aborda la cuestión
de por qué un reactor funciona a 600 ° C en lugar de 580 ° C, sino que se abordan las razones
por las que el reactor no funciona a una temperatura mucho más baja, por ejemplo, 200 ° C.

Read the text and response in english:

2. (2,5 points) What will you learn in this chapter?

What you are going to learn in this chapter is

• If there are typical ranges for process temperatures and pressures.
• If there must be a reason to operate outside of these ranges

3. (2,5 points) What influences process conditions and stream specifications?

process conditions and stream specifications are influenced by physical processes, as well
as economic considerations, and are not chosen arbitrarily.

4. (2,5 points) What should the conditions used in a process represent?

The conditions used in a process must represent an economic compromise between the
performance of the process and the capital and operating costs of the process equipment.
5. (2,5 points) What generalizations are provided for analyzing and understanding the
selection of process conditions?

The generalizations that are provided are 2, which are:

1. In general, it is easier to adjust the temperature and / or pressure of a stream than to

change its composition. In fact, often the concentration of a compound in a stream
(for a gas) is a dependent variable and is controlled by the temperature and pressure
of the stream.
2. In general, pressures between 1 and 10 bar and temperatures between 40 ° C and
260 ° C do not cause serious processing difficulties.
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