Chapter 4 Performance-oriented Design ‘Considerations on system performance (Server) J | Disk access time (Client) @ '@ | Application co | Application ‘execution ine execution time ®@ @ Network control Network control execution time execution time @ CAN controter LAN controler sransfer time sranstar time ® Transter time D Application’s disk access {input/outpul) time ® Application programs execution time ® TCP/IP and other network communications program's execution ime ® Time required for transfer between LAN adapter and CPU © Transmission speed (4 Mbps, 10 Mbps, ..), transmission control made, effective transmission time considering packet length 4. Performance-oriented Design 4.1 System Performance Policy (1) Determining the system performance policy The policy on system performance must be determined so that the throughput falls within the allowable range. For the performance of a client/server system, it is necessary to consider not only the performance of the transmission channel which represents the "LAN performance” but also the performance of the clients and servers proper. Consequently, it is necessary to measure and evaluate the actual performance of the system using tools such as the LAN analyzer and RMON. This section focuses on the "LAN performance.” (2) System performance design Design the network system according to the performance policy you set forth. The major design steps are given below. + Design about the distribution of traffic Compute the network traffic and divide the LAN using LAN switches and routers. + Desiga about the performance of the LAN switches Forwarding performance Speed of transmissions between switches and between a switch and a server “Traffic of full duplex communication a1 Ali Rights Reserved. Copyright (¢) 2003, Titachi Information Acaderty Co, LedChapter 4 Performance-oriented Design LAN transmission delay characteristics a Sn t a ae i q 4 : M pny rm at east 1 Po } = | ° Bice ctlaee time Note 1: Transfer tine = Transmission latency ime + Transmission tino + Propagation Note 2: The maeialiseeapoated by Hath’ on he bos of dala "EEE TRANSACTIONS ‘COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. COM-29, NO. 19, OCTOBER 1981". 4.2 LAN Performance It is impossible to connect ai infinite number of end systems with either the CSMA/CD or token ring system since there is a limit to the capacity of the common transmission channel. How much load a LAN can endure can generally be calculated from the LAN's transmission delay characteristics. 4.2.1 LAN Transmission Delay Characteristics (1) CSMA/CD system vs. token ring system ‘The figure givea above shows the usage tate of CSMA/CD and token ring LANs. As seen from the figure, there is a sudden rise in the transfer time ratio when loads of a certain level or higher are imposed on the system: That is, it is seen that the transmission latency time increases and the response time decreases rapidly. A comparison between the CSMA/CD and token ring systems reveals that the token ing system tends to endure a heavier load than the CSMA/CD systema. ‘The recommended LAN usage rate of both systems are as follows: CSMA/CD system: 10 to 30% maximum Token ring system: 10 to 50% maximum 4-2, AIIRights Reserved, Copyright (¢}2003, Itachi ‘information Academy Co, TadChapter 4 Performance-oriented Design Performance considering the packet length Packet long (bits pe Lt Hf Boat ir boo ffl bd i S to: I) | a4 § 30 Throughput (3) (2) Performance considering the packet length ‘The above figure shows the traffic characteristics of a CSMA/CD network measured taking the packet length into consideration, It reveals the following: ® The longer the packet length, the higher the characteristics. ® In the low load zone, the average transmission delay time falls within one packet fime. @® Inthe high load zone, the average transmission delay time suddenly degrades beyond a certain throughput if the packet length is small. Considerations * The CSMA/CD access method is suited for low-load applications. * The efficiency increases with the packet length. 43 A Ribs Reeve, Cop (6200, tas Information Aeadeny Ca, LisChapter 4 Performance-oriented Design Calculation of LAN usage rate and traffic « conditions LAN access method [CBMMA/CD. [Tranemission speed | 1OMbpS. LAN activity ratio. 20% ' [Transmission efficiency (0.5 (Le., aclual data volume is double] ‘Tratilc estimate (Number of end systems: 50) Job Database server access | File server access. Fiecords per unitjhour |” 50 records (10 Koytes) | $0 records (100 Koytes) ‘@Actual LAN's transmission sp 10Mbps x 20% =|2 Mbps “were sped gaa Traffic capactty of individual end systems 50 x 0 Koyts H + 80 x 100 Koytes/H = 5500 Kbytes imctenes Ge Nate 44x10" DH ‘@Trattic capactty of overall network. {4.4 x 10719600) x50 / 05 fms * Caloutated on the ascuimption that 1 Kbytes = 1,000 bytes 4.3 Traffic and Distribution Design 4.3.1 Calculation of LAN usage rates and Traffic It will be possible to cstimate the number of end systems that can be connected to a LAN if the LAN's usage rate is defined and the traffic characteristics of the individual end systems arc known. For effective responses to'be obtained, the LAN's usage rate and the traffic acity of th jual end systems must satisfy the following expres: LAN's usage rate x Transmission speed z Total traffic capacity per * Transmission efficiency: The ratio of the volume of the actual data to the volume of transferred data including the protocol overheads incurred by the higher-level LANs layers (generally 0.2 to 0.9. Appendix A shows the procedure to calculate the transmission efficiency). ‘When the traffic is measured using RMON or similar facility, use the actual measured value as is instead of dividing the traffic by the transmission efficiency. ‘Assuming that all end systems perform similar jobs, the number of end systems No, of end system <(LAN's usage rate x Transmission speed) / For example, a calculation with the above conditions yield: (0.2.x 10 Mops) / (4.4 x = 10^{/3600/0.5) = 81.8 Consequently, a maximum of 81 end systems can be connected to the LAN. 44 All Rights Reserved, Copyright (c) 2003, Hitachi Information Academy Co., TidChapter 4 Performance-oriented Design ¢ Distributing the traffic by dividing a LAN “Fratiic per division (Mbps) LAN conditions, Saori! erat De] Aeesarg O LAN acoess method_[CSMMAICD. sieoe | 07 [05 9s ‘Transmission speed_| 10Mpps Werateroe [=| 09 ae LAN activity ratio [2096 Tawra [Od [= 7 "10% of the trafic is broadcast data, ‘Current situation Sales Div. ‘Accounting Div. le the bridges or routers - Seles DW.: 0.7 +0.5-+0.5=1.7Mbps| { Information Div. 0.90.4 =1.3Mbps| ‘Accounting Div.: 0.2-+0.7_=0.9Mbps| Total 3.9Mbps| - 8.9N0* 100% 39% 4.3.2 Distributing the Traffic by Dividing a LAN If a number of end systems are connected to a single segment, the traffic on the LAN transmission channel to that segment will exceed the permissible level, thus degrading its response time, To cope with this problem, calculate the LAN's traffic and divide the LAN with bridges or routers so that the traffics on the subnetworks are averaged. 45 AIL Rights Reserved, Copyright (¢) 2005, itech Anformeiion Acrdoaty Oo, LidChapter 4 Performance-oriented Design Dividing a LAN using an L2 switch (bridge) -[Conatons J. ] Trattc per division @Abps} LAN conditions ! Shes On, [formation Di] Accouna De] [Wesees ened [SSMIARD ‘Sales Div. O7 Os os { Traremission speed | 10¢bpe oat Beef 08 04 “a seat Tae ‘Keecanting Be | OD = 7 —| = 10% ofthe trafic Is broadcast dela, [LAN division using en L2 switch Sales Div. Accounting Div, _information Div. (2.1Mbps) (2.01Mbps) (2.01Mbps). Ss e LAN switch | usage rate exceeds the permissible range (1) Dividing a LAN using an L2 switch (bridge) Ifa LAN is divided into segmeats using an L2 switch, the traffic on the LAN can be distributed because no communication across segments occurs. Broadcast communications, however, flow through all ports. Consequently, the traffic that flows through each segment looks like as shown below. Intrasegment communication + Local segment.to remote segment communication + Broadcast communication to other divisions Example: For the sales division Within the sales division 0.7 Sales division to other divisions 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.2 212 Broadcast to other divisions 0.9+0440.7)x01 = 0.2 Total 21 4-6 All Rights Reserved, Copyright (c) 2003, Hitachi Information Acudcezy Co,, Lid}