(1) Early childhood education programs such as Head Start provide

cognitive benefits well beyond preschool.  (2) Recent studies that

compare student test scores show that children who are exposed to
structured learning activities outside the home environment are better
able to adapt to formalized instruction in grades kindergarten through
third grade than children who remain at home. (3) This is particularly
true among children from low-income families and children whose
parents have a limited proficiency in English. (4) Children living in states
that do not provide early childhood programs, on the other hand, lag
behind their peers. (5) State and local governments must continue to
bridge the achievement gap so that students may reach their full
potential at an early age.

Câu 2: Cung cấp facts

Câu 3: --- làm rõ nghĩa hơn câu số 1 (early childhood program đặc biệt có tác dụng với một đối
tượng nhất định). Đúng nhất trong hoàn cảnh nào. Linking: high level vì có từ This.
Câu 4: so sánh contrast, facts. Linking với câu trước: children.
Câu 5: new idea. Weak linking
Third, structuring each paragraph according to one of the following patterns
helps to organize sentences: general to particular; particular to general; whole
to parts; question to answer; or effect to cause. 
Using a pronoun
As a result, for this reason, in the end, because of this, hence, overall, certainly, in conclusion,
surely, clearly, indeed, therefore, for these reasons, in sum, thus
Create sentences to answer who? What? When? Where? Why? How?
Don’t include too many ideas. Every sentence must support the topic sentence or the sentence
before it in some way.
Page 18 – great writing 3.
Page 29
Page 31
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Using clear, descriptive language
At the 2012 Olympic games in London, usain bolt of Jamaica broke his own Olympic record in
the 100-meter dash. He is a good runner.
At the 2012 Olympic Games in London, Usain Bolt of Jamaica broke his own Olympic record in
the 100-meter dash. He is an exceptional runner.
 Good: poor word choice. Good is vague and doesn’t adequately describe an athlete who has
won an Olympic medal.  exceptional, outstanding, phenomenal, premier, unique.
Adding adjectives or prepositional phrases to make your sentences more specific and descriptive
improve the clarity of your writing.
Original: The soldiers slowly crossed the river.
 dangerous river, in the dark, tired soldiers

Coherence:
logical order
repetition of key words
use of transitional words and phrases

Dropping out 78

There are many reasons why students drop out of college. ___One of the most common reasons
is financial ______________________ Universities, especially private ones, must charge
____________exorbitant fees_________ to keep their door opens, and some students
_________do not have the means________________ to continue their studies.
_____Other students drop out of school because________________ they find the rigors of the
coursework too demanding. Many students were not prepared for all the studying involved in
maintaining good grades __and___________ end up leaving university after a short time.
Finally, there are those students who __suffer the personal pressures of being university students
_________________________________. These individuals are away from home for the first
time and living with strangers. They cannot cope with the absence of family just yet, __so ____
they decide to go back to the nest.

Connectors and Transitions (126)

Parallel structure (p128)
Within a sentence Between sentences
Compared to + noun In addition, S + V
The same + noun + as Similarly, S + V
as +adjective/ adverb + as Likewise, S + V
Like _ noun
Not only …. But also …
(parallel structure needed)
Both … and ….
also
S+ V, and S+V
S +V, and S+V, too
Contrasting
Although/ even though S + V, S+ V Conversely/However
Unlike + noun on the one hand + On the other hand
Whereas/ While + SV, SV In contrast,
SV, but SV Nevertheless
Cause and effect
Because of As a result,
Because Therefore
Another cause/ effect/ reason Because of this
Owing to/ due to + noun
So / so that

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