QNDE-Lamb Wave Dispersion and Anisotropy Profilling of Composite Plates PDF

Lamb wave dispersion and anisotropy profiling of composite plates via non-contact air-
coupled and laser ultrasound

M. S. Harb and F. G. Yuan
Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1650, 1229 (2015); doi: 10.1063/1.4914734

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4914734
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/1650?ver=pdfcov
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Lamb Wave Dispersion and Anisotropy Profiling of
Composite Plates via Non-Contact Air-Coupled and Laser
Ultrasound
M. S. Harb1, 2, a) and F. G. Yuan 1, 2, b)
1
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7910,
Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
2
Integrated Structural Health Management Laboratory, National Institute of Aerospace, 100 Exploration Way,
Hampton, VA 23666, USA
a)
Corresponding author: msharb@gmail.com
b)
yuan@ncsu.edu
Abstract. Conventional ultrasound inspection has been a standard non-destructive testing method for providing an in-
service evaluation and noninvasive means of probing the interior of a structure. In particular, measurement of the
propagation characteristics of Lamb waves allows inspection of plates that are typical components in aerospace industry.
A rapid, complete non-contact hybrid approach for excitation and detection of Lamb waves is presented and applied for
non-destructive evaluation of composites. An air-coupled transducer (ACT) excites ultrasonic waves on the surface of a
composite plate, generating different propagating Lamb wave modes and a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) is used to
measure the out-of-plane velocity of the plate. This technology, based on direct waveform imaging, focuses on measuring
dispersive curves for A0 mode in a composite laminate and its anisotropy. A two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D-
FFT) is applied to out-of-plane velocity data captured experimentally using LDV to go from the time-spatial domain to
frequency-wavenumber domain. The result is a 2D array of amplitudes at discrete frequencies and wavenumbers for A0
mode in a given propagation direction along the composite. The peak values of the curve are then used to construct
frequency wavenumber and phase velocity dispersion curves, which are also obtained directly using Snell’s law and the
incident angle of the excited ultrasonic waves. A high resolution and strong correlation between numerical and experimental
results are observed for dispersive curves with Snell’s law method in comparison to 2D-FFT method. Dispersion curves as
well as velocity curves for the composite plate along different directions of wave propagation are measured. The visual
read-out of the dispersion curves at different propagation directions as well as the phase velocity curves provide profiling
and measurements of the composite anisotropy. The results proved a high sensitivity of the air-coupled and laser ultrasound
technique in non-contact characterization of Lamb wave dispersion and material anisotropy of composite plates using
simple Snell’s law method.
INTRODUCTION
Ultrasonic inspection of materials has received considerable attention over the past few decades due to the need
for more accurate material inspection techniques. Lamb wave-based technique is one of those testing methods that
researchers have been investigating because of some advantages that are attractive in the field of non-destructive
evaluation. Lamb waves remain confined inside a structure, can propagate over a long distance within, and are
generated in plate-like structures by the repeated reflections at the top and bottom surfaces resulting in a traveling
wave guided by the plate surfaces. Thus, those waves can interrogate the entire thickness of a thin structure and carry
important information about the material.
Different ultrasonic probes using direct or indirect techniques have been suggested over the years to enhance
generation and detection of Lamb waves in structures. All direct ultrasonic techniques require a method of coupling
the transducers to the test specimen to ensure efficient transfer of energy from the transmitter to the structure. An
41st Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation

AIP Conf. Proc. 1650, 1229-1238 (2015); doi: 10.1063/1.4914734
© 2015 AIP Publishing LLC 978-0-7354-1292-7/$30.00
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example of this method is conventional contact piezoceramic transducers made of lead zirconium titanate (PZT) which
are glued directly to the surface of the specimen. However, PZTs suffer from a variety of problems; the installation
procedure is time consuming, and labor intensive; an inherent limitation in excitation and reception points, which
result in low spatial resolutions; and most PZTs are inapplicable under harsh environments and may alter the dynamic
characterization of target structures. Immersion technique is another coupling method where the test specimen is fully
immersed in a water or liquid bath [1, 2]. This method is impractical, particularly with large structures or for field
inspection.
Air-coupled ultrasonic inspection emerged as a promising method for rapid, non-contact inspection and
characterization of materials. The main advantages of this technique are the absence of any contact and the ability to
generate a relatively pure Lamb wave mode with appropriate incident angle. However, due to the high impedance
mismatch between air and solids, the air-coupled ultrasonic inspection nowadays still face great challenges. With
recent advancements in highly efficient transducers and ultrasonic transmitting and receiving instruments [3], air-
coupled ultrasonic testing is emerging as a powerful technique in non-destructive inspection (NDI) [4, 5, 6, 7]. Other
non-contact methods for ultrasonic waves and Lamb waves in particular, are laser based. Non-contact laser devices
including Nd:YAG lasers, Q-switched lasers, interferometer, and Doppler-shift-based laser vibrometers, are being
used for the generation and detection of Lamb waves [8, 9].
Lamb wave dispersion is the most important feature for waves guided by the plate-like structures. Determination
of dispersive curves in materials using non-contact ultrasonic techniques has received much attention recently [10].
Experimental studies have fused multiple non-contact mechanisms to overcome different challenges [11] or to meet
conditions needed for non-destructive evaluation of specific structures.
Regarding the characterization of Lamb wave dispersion using complete non-contact methods, Ann et al. [12]
generated Lamb waves in an aluminum plate using Q-switched Nd: YAG laser with a mask of a linear array of slits
to control its wavelength and an ACT as a receiver. Applying wavelet transform to the time-frequency analysis, the
dispersion curves of group velocity of S0 and A0 modes were detected, which agreed with the theoretical curves. Liu
et al. [13] and Castaings et al. [14], using ACTs for excitation and reception of Lamb waves in composite structures
obtained the phase velocity dispersion curves for certain modes in a narrow frequency range (160 kHz - 240 kHz).
This work presents a fully, non-contact hybrid system that encompasses air-coupled and laser ultrasound in a new
method for characterizing the dispersion curves for A0 Lamb wave mode in a composite plate. The technique permits
measurements of the frequency wavenumber and phase velocity dispersion curves for A0 Lamb wave mode in an
anisotropic material rapidly using Snell’s law concept. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 details the theory
of Lamb waves in solid plates, the use of ACT as ultrasonic transducers, and LDV as ultrasonic receiver. In Section
3, the experimental setup and methods used for characterizing dispersive behavior of A0 mode of Lamb wave are
presented and a comparison is drawn between different experimental results and theoretical predictions for a composite
plate plate. Finally, in Section 4 some conclusions are drawn.
ACT/LDV THEORY
Lamb waves are resonant acoustic excitations guided by plate boundaries and composed of coupled bulk
longitudinal and transverse waves. For thin plate-like structures, the longitudinal and shear waves experience repeated
reflections at the upper and lower surfaces alternately and the resulting disturbance propagation from their mutual
interferences is guided by the plate surface and is directed along the plate. Lamb waves can be modeled by imposing
traction-free surface boundary conditions on the equations of motion and can effectively describe the wave behavior.
However, this approach introduces dispersion phenomenon, i.e. the velocity of propagation of a wave along the plate
is a function of frequency, or equivalently, wavelength. Therefore, the dispersion in the case of an elastic medium is
simply an interference phenomenon rather than a physical property of the material. The Lamb wave dispersion relation
for a linear, homogenous, and isotropic elastic plate, placed in vacuum, bounded by the surfaces z r h / 2 and of
infinite extent in the x and y directions is given by
Z4 ª p tan( ph / 2 J ) º
4k 2 q 2 «1 » (1)
4
cT ¬ q tan(qh / 2 J ) ¼
where J 0 and S 2 represent S and A Lamb wave modes, respectively,
Z2 Z2
p2 k2 and q2 k2 (2)
cL2 cT2
1230
k is wavenumber, Ȧ is angular frequency, ܿ௅ and ்ܿ are longitudinal and transverse velocities inside the plate,
respectively. Here, the time-harmonic wave motion is in plane strain in the (x, z) plane of the given plate and the
guided wave field is represented by a propagating wave in the x direction and a standing wave in the z direction.
However, when using an ACT to generate Lamb waves in a thin plate, the problem is treated as an infinite plate
immersed in non-viscous fluid (air). The plate is thus excited by a longitudinal ultrasonic wave traveling in air and
striking an interface between air and plate at angle șas shown in Fig. 1.
FIGURE 1. Plane wave interaction at air/solid interface and Lamb wave formation.
The bulk longitudinal wave in air striking the plate is partially reflected and carried away by the air half-space
above the plate and partially refracted into the plate. The refracted longitudinal and transverse bulk waves generated
in the plate will be reflected by the top and bottom surfaces of the plate and couple together to form Lamb waves. The
acoustic energy is no longer trapped inside the plate and it leaks into the surrounding medium and called the leaky
Lamb wave. Lamb waves formed by constructive interference of the repeated reflections of the bulk longitudinal and
transverse waves are propagating along the x direction, whose wavenumber (k) is equal to the horizontal projected
wavenumber value (kx) of the incident wave k = kx. Where kx = kf sin ș seen in Fig. 1 and kf is the wavenumber of the
incident wave in air thus kx = kf sin ș and since kf = ʘ/c, where c is the speed of sound in air and k = ʘ/cp, with cp
being the phase velocity of the Lamb wave generated. Hence,
c (3)
sin T
cp
It is clear from Eq. (3), well known as Snell’s law, that Lamb wave modes with different phase velocities (cp)
could be generated in a plate by controlling the angle of incidence of the striking incident wave. In literature, it is
usually assumed that only one value of the incident angle (ș) is applicable to generate a mode of given wavenumber
k. Krautkramer had discussed this phenomena and stated that at the right incident angle (Snell’s law angle), a proper
phase matching occurs between the generated incident and reflected waves inside the plate during their repetitive
reflections at the upper and bottom surfaces of the plate and therefore constructive interference will take place. Thus,
Snell’s law or the phase matching relation defines a relation between the angle of incidence șand the phase velocity
of the Lamb wave modes cp.
Since the nature of dispersion in Lamb modes is dependent on the frequency, isolating certain symmetric and anti-
symmetric modes makes the analysis much simpler. Most Lamb wave-based damage detection techniques in structures
evaluate time of arrival of scattering waves for damage, thus by knowing the phase and group velocities, the location
and size of damage can be determined.The velocity of a wave can be defined in different ways depending on what
aspects and components of the wave are being considered. Phase velocity (cp) of a Lamb wave is the time rate at which
the phase of the wave propagates in a structure. It is the speed at which the phase of any one frequency component of
the wave travels and is given as
Z
cp (4)
k
Meanwhile, the phase velocity of any excited Lamb wave mode in the plate is directly linked to the incident
angle ș of the striking wave by Snell’s law Eq. (3) and thus an ACT is used in this study to excite an A0 Lamb wave
mode in a targeted CFRP composite plate.
On the other hand, One-dimensional (1D) LDV Polytec vibrometer (model number Polytec OFV 500) measures
the out-of-plane velocity of the plate due to the propagating Lamb wave mode, based on the Doppler frequency-shift
effect of light. It is based on a heterodyne scheme, which extracts the frequency-shifts from the interference between
1231
a reference and a reflected laser beam from the vibrating surface of the targeted structure. The LDV system consists
of one laser head, a data acquisition system with velocity and displacement decoders as well as signal generator, and
a data management system. The system sensitivity is set to 10 mm/V/s for a frequency limit of 250 kHz. The sampling
frequency is set to 2.56 MHz and the band-pass filter settings are adjusted to 10 kHz minimum frequency and 300
kHz maximum frequency. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio, each measurement is averaged 10 times. Because
noise levels are very dependent on surface conditions, retroreflective tape was used on the inspected surface of the
plates.
ACT/LDV HYBRID SYSTEM

The hybrid non-contact system is composed of an air-coupled transducer (ACT) that generates ultrasonic pressure
incident upon the surface of a composite plate. The incident pressure waves are partially reflected and partially
refracted into the plate generating longitudinal and shear waves. Laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) is employed to
measure the out-of-plane velocity of the propagating Lamb wave mode formed at some distance away from the
excitation region.
Experimental Details
Ultrasonic ACTs are used for generation of guided Lamb waves in the composite plates. These transducers are
piezoelectric ceramic-based transducers produced by the Ultran Group; NCG100-D25-P76 point focused non-contact
transducer and NCG200-D25 circular non-contact transducer with 100 kHz and 200 kHz center frequency,
respectively, and a bandwidth of r 40% of the center frequency. NCG100-D25-P76 was used to excite signals with
center frequencies between 60 kHz and 140 kHz and signals between 150 kHz and 250 kHz were excited using
NCG200-D25.
Figure 2 shows a picture of the complete non-contact system. A Tektronix 3022B function generator outputs a
five-peaked tone burst signal. The signal is sent to an Agilent 33502A isolated amplifier to offer low-distortion 25
peak-to-peak Voltage (Vpp) signal, which is then fed to a Krohn-Hite 7602 wideband amplifier. The peak-to-peak
excitation voltage amplitude applied to the air-coupled ultrasonic transducer is kept at ~150 V.
FIGURE 2. Picture of the actual experimental setup.
1232
The LDV is placed on a bi-axial translation stage which allows scanning in the x and y direction as shown in Fig.
2. The plate is placed vertically on a fixed stand on an optical table. The laser beam is fixed and focused on a
retroreflective tape 100 mm away from the excited region. The ACT is mounted on a motorized rotary stage, which
permits a precise control of the angle of orientation of the transducer, and a manual single axis transition stage, which
finely controls the distance between the plate and the transducer. The plate used is AS4/3502 graphite epoxy composite
laminate with [r45/02]2S stacking sequence and dimensions 685mm×685mm×2.28 mm. The material properties per
lamina are listed in TABLE 1.
TABLE 1. Material properties of AS4/3502 composite lamina.

Specimen E1(GPa) E2(GPa) E3(GPa) G12(GPa) G13(GPa) G23(GPa) Ȟ12 Ȟ13 Ȟ23 ȡ(kg/m3)
AS4/3502 127.6 11.3 11.3 5.97 5.97 3.75 0.30 0.30 0.34 1578
Lamb Wave Dispersion

Dispersion Curves via Angle Scan
The goal of this primary experimental investigation is to accurately find the exact angle of orientation of the air-
coupled transducer to generate a pure A0 Lamb mode at frequencies between 60 and 240 kHz and thus compute the
incident angle versus frequency curve, known as incident angle dispersion curve. Starting with an incident angle of
ÛQRUPDOD[LVRIWUDQVGXFHU¶VIDFHLVSHUSHQGLFXODUWRSODWHVXUIDFHWKHWUDQVGXFHUZDVH[FLWHGZLWKD-peaked tone
burst signal with 60 kHz center frequency (fc) and a signal has been recorded with the LDV and averaged over 10
readings. For the given center frequency, the transducer was rotated with a step of 0.25ÛIURPÛWRÛDQGDWHDFK
DQJOHWKHVLJQDOVKDYHEHHQUHFRUGHG$IWHUWKHILUVWDQJOHVFDQÛWRÛfc of the excited signal is increased by a
10 kHz step and another set of angle scan is recorded and repeated again until fc = 250 kHz.
FIGURE 3. Amplitudes of generated A0 mode at different center frequencies over the angle of incidence.
The out-of-plane velocities measured using LDV for certain frequencies in dependence on angle of incidence are
illustrated in Fig. 3 for AS4/3502 composite plate. The angle of incidence that is found to give the maximum amplitude
for the generated A0 mode is recorded for each excitation frequency (60 kHz to 250 kHz) and incident angle versus
frequency curve is then plotted. The finest ACT angle of incident required to generate an optimum A0 Lamb wave
mode propagating in AS4/3502 composite plate propagating along 0° direction at different frequencies are shown in
Fig. 4.
1233
FIGURE 4. Incident angle curve for generated A0 mode as a function of frequency.
The phase velocity of the excited Lamb wave mode is directly linked to incident angle by the Snell’s law. Since
the velocity of sound wave in air is known and the angle of incidence could be found from Fig. 4, phase velocity
dispersion curve of A0 Lamb wave mode can be obtained by solving Eq. (3). The results for the AS4/3502 composite
plate along 0° wave propagation direction are plotted in Fig. 5(b) and it is noticed that the exact solutions match well
with the experimental results for the A0 mode at the given frequencies (60 kHz to 240 kHz). This demonstrates the
validity and effectiveness of using Snell’s law to characterize the phase velocity dispersion curve of a CFRP composite
plate. With the knowledge of incident angles required to optimize the amplitude A0 Lamb wave mode along different
frequencies for the AS4/3502 composite plate, it is also possible to evaluate the frequency wavenumber dispersion
curve without any further experiments using Eq. (4) and the data obtained from Fig. 4 for the composite plate. Figure
5(b) represents the constructed frequency wavenumber dispersion curve against the theoretical predictions and along
the 0° propagation direction. The dispersion curves along the 45° and 90° propagation directions are also plotted in
Fig. 6 and 7. It should be noted the excellent agreement between the experimental and theoretical values along all
propagation direction, proving the legitimacy of the proposed method for characterizing the dispersion curves for
Lamb waves in anisotropic plates.
(a) (b)
FIGURE 5. (a) Frequency wavenumber and (b) phase velocity dispersion curve for A0 mode along 0° propagation direction via
angle scan.
1234
(a) (b)
angle scan.
(a) (b)
angle scan.
Phase Velocity Curves via Angle Scan
In this section, the dispersive and anisotropic behavior of the A0 Lamb wave mode in the laminate [r45/02]2S is
presented experimentally and compared with the theoretical results. The experimental procedure and signal processing
technique used to obtain the incident angle and phase velocity dispersion curves in the previous section is applied to
determine the phase velocity curve for the composite plate with a 5° increment in the wave propagation direction. The
direction of wave propagation was controlled manually but finely orienting the plate using a mechanical screw
apparatus.
Curves in Fig. 8 show the characteristic velocity wave curves of the given Lamb wave mode propagating in the
composite at 80 kHz (Fig. 8(a)), 100 kHz (Fig. 8(b)), 200 kHz (Fig. 8(c)), and 240 kHz (Fig. 8(d)) center frequencies.
It is clear that the velocity curve varies with the frequency due to dispersive nature. In addition, the experimental date
obtained for A0 Lamb wave mode highlight the dependency of the phase velocity on the angle of propagation with a
maximum value in the 0° and 45°, because the laminas are oriented in the 0° and 45°, and slowest in the 90° direction.
This is also supported with the phase velocity dispersion curves along the 0° and 90° wave propagation direction
shown in Fig. 9.
1235
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
FIGURE 8. Phase velocity curves for A0 mode at different center frequencies (a) 80kHz (b) 100kHz (c) 200kHz and (d) 240kHz.
FIGURE 9. Phase velocity dispersion curves for A0 mode at 0° and 90° propagation directions.
1236
Dispersion Curves via Line Scan
The goal of this secondary experimental investigation is to characterize the A0 mode dispersion curves using ACT
and LDV by applying 2D-FFT to time-dependent excitation. The ACT is placed at 100 mm from the measuring point
with the desired incident angle found in Fig. 4 for optimal generation of A0 mode. The out-of-plane velocities were
scanned on the plate in distance 100 mm to 200 mm (with step of 2 mm) from the center of the excitation area of the
ACT. Figure 10(a) shows the contour plot of frequency wavenumber spectrum computed by 2D-FFT of the time-
spatial distribution of the out-of-plane velocity on the surface of the plate and superimposed for different frequencies
ranging from 60 kHz to 240 kHz. The active area of the contour plot overlaps the theoretical curve, proving a good
agreement between experimental and theoretical data. However, it is clear that the active area is wide compared to
the theoretical curve and the values for certain frequencies are vague. In order to generate a smooth single curve from
experimental data, the peak values of the frequency wavenumber contour plot are extracted from the given plot and
then plotted separately against the theoretical curve in Fig. 10(b). It can be also found that only few experimental peak
measurements were found but they are still in good agreement with the exact solutions.
(a) (b)
FIGURE 10. (a) Frequency wavenumber contour plot and (b) Frequency wavenumber dispersion curve for A0 mode along 0°
propagation direction via line scan.
The frequency wavenumber values for the A0 Lamb wave mode propagating in the composite plate found from
Fig. 10(b) are used in accordance with Eq. (4) to evaluate the phase velocities for the given mode at discrete
frequencies. The obtained results are displayed in Fig. 11 in comparison with the theoretical solutions.
FIGURE 11. Phase velocity dispersion curve for A0 mode along 0° propagation direction via line scan.
1237
CONCLUSIONS
A hybrid, fully non-contact method using air-coupled transducers (ACT) and laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) was
introduced with the application of Snell’s law to characterize frequency wavenumber and phase velocity dispersion
curves for an anisotropic CFRP composite plate. The proposed methodology was also sensitive to the anisotropy of
the [r45/02]2S composite laminate by providing simultaneous measurements of the in-plane anisotropy for phase
velocities.
The incident angles required to generate specific Lamb wave modes could be found simply and quickly using an
angle scan ACT/ LDV experimental procedure. Thus, using Snell’s law concept for characterizing dispersion curves
with the current non-contact method, the technique becomes more attractive for non-destructive evaluation. It is
therefore: (1) single sided, where access to only one side of the plate is required, (2) robust, since the ACT is rotating
in place and thus partially fixed and the LDV is fixed at a point, (3) rapid, because only the incident angle experimental
data are required to obtain the dispersion curves. In conclusion, based on the comparison of experimental results to
theory for all the cases presented, it is concluded that the use of ACTs for excitation of Lamb waves in plate-like
structures is applicable and confirms the reliability of using Snell’s law condition to excite desired Lamb wave modes
in graphite epoxy composite plates. The encouraging results using this rapid, simple non-contact method for the A0
mode, which is suitable for the identification of delamination in composite laminate, will be used in future study for
damage detection in isotropic and anisotropic aerospace structures.
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17 (2009).
2. X. Jia, "Modal analysis of Lamb wave generation in elastic plates by liquid wedge transducers," Acoustical
Society of America, 101, 2, 834-842 (1997).
3. M. C. Bhardwaj, "Phenomenally high transduction air/gas transducers for practical non-contact ultrasonic
applications," in Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, eds. D. O. Thompson and D. E.
Chimenti, (American Institute of Physics 1096, Melville, NY) 28A, 920-927 (2009).
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Lamb wave dispersion and anisotropy profiling of composite plates via non-contact air-

coupled and laser ultrasound

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1650, 1229 (2015); doi: 10.1063/1.4914734

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ACT/LDV HYBRID SYSTEM

FIGURE 2. Picture of the actual experimental setup.

TABLE 1. Material properties of AS4/3502 composite lamina.

Lamb Wave Dispersion

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