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Combustion and Fuels PDF
Combustion and Fuels PDF
Fuels
Luke Cowell
Solar Turbines Incorporated
General Questions to All Manufacturers
Overview
Overview
Fuel Injector
Annular
Combustor
Torch Igniter
General Questions to All Manufacturers
• Conventional Combustion
Diffusion Combustion
Historical Design
• Dry Low Emissions (DLE or DLN) - “SoLoNOx”
Lean Premixed Combustion
Superior Emissions Performance
Offered Since 1992
General Questions to All Manufacturers
CONVENTIONAL
Flame Temperature
(Diffusion Flame)
NOx Emissions
LEAN
PREMIXED
LEAN
EXTINCTION
Lean Rich
Fuel/Air Ratio
General Questions to All Manufacturers
Emissions Characteristics
Desired
Operating
CO
Range
NOx
Emissions
Lean Rich
Fuel/Air Ratio
General Questions to All Manufacturers
Conventional
150
100
50
Overview
Reduction of Combustion-Generated
Exhaust Emissions through
Understanding and Control of
Combustion Process
AIRFLOW 70%
30%
Conventional 4100°F
FUEL Same
Turbine
FUEL Inlet
Main Temp
Pilot
SoLoNOx 2900°F
60%
AIRFLOW 40%
General Questions to All Manufacturers
• Combustor Liner
SoLoNOx
• Fuel Injectors 18.0 in.
• Fuel System
14.5 in.
• Control System Conventional
Dual Fuel DLE
General Questions to All Manufacturers
CO
NOx
Pilot Fuel
Added for
Flame Stability
idle ~50 100
ENGINE LOAD, %
Combustion -Induced
General Questions toOscillations
All Manufacturers
Overview
Gaseous Liquid
Raw NG NG (Pipeline)
Raw NG NG (Pipeline)
• Durability
− Autoignition
− Flashback
− Oscillations
− Contamination
• Emissions
General Questions to All Manufacturers
Fuel Quality
• Gas Fuel - Natural Gas
− Fuel Variability: Wobbe of 1220 ±10%
− Gas Supply Temperature >+50°F (10°C) Dew Pt
− No Liquids Allowed in Fuel Gas
− Particulate Limits
• Liquid Fuel
− Viscosity
− Distillation
− Particulate
− Contaminants (Rust, Water, Salt, Others)
General Questions to All Manufacturers
Overview
• Gas Turbine Combustion Systems & Emissions
• Dry Low Emissions (DLE) Combustion
• Gas Turbine Fuels
• Future Combustion Technologies
General Questions to All Manufacturers
Surface Combustion
Summary
General Questions to All Manufacturers