Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Conclusion.
[Hadamard] The Problem (V F ) is well-posed if, and only if, for all f , it has one and
only one solution u, with continuous dependence:
∃C > 0, ∀f ∈ W ′ , kukV ≤ C kf kW ′ .
[Hadamard] The Problem (V F ) is well-posed if, and only if, for all f , it has one and
only one solution u, with continuous dependence:
∃C > 0, ∀f ∈ W ′ , kukV ≤ C kf kW ′ .
[Hadamard] The Problem (V F ) is well-posed if, and only if, for all f , it has one and
only one solution u, with continuous dependence:
∃C > 0, ∀f ∈ W ′ , kukV ≤ C kf kW ′ .
|a(v, w)|
(BN B1 ) ∃α′ > 0, ∀v ∈ V, sup ≥ α′ kvkV .
w∈W \{0} kwkW
|a(v, w)|
(BN B1 ) ∃α′ > 0, ∀v ∈ V, sup ≥ α′ kvkV .
w∈W \{0} kwkW
|a(v, w)|
(BN B1 ) ∃α′ > 0, ∀v ∈ V, sup ≥ α′ kvkV .
w∈W \{0} kwkW
|a(v, w)|
(BN B1 ) ∃α′ > 0, ∀v ∈ V, sup ≥ α′ kvkV .
w∈W \{0} kwkW
|a(v, w)|
(BN B1 ) ∃α′ > 0, ∀v ∈ V, sup ≥ α′ kvkV .
w∈W \{0} kwkW
|a(vh , wh )|
(U DISC) ∃α† > 0, ∀h > 0, ∀vh ∈ Vh , sup ≥ α† kvh kV .
wh ∈Wh \{0} kwh kW
|a(vh , wh )|
(U DISC) ∃α† > 0, ∀h > 0, ∀vh ∈ Vh , sup ≥ α† kvh kV .
wh ∈Wh \{0} kwh kW
(Strang) ku − uh kV ≤ C inf ku − vh kV ,
vh ∈Vh
(Strang) ku − uh kV ≤ C inf ku − vh kV ,
vh ∈Vh
(Strang) ku − uh kV ≤ C inf ku − vh kV ,
vh ∈Vh
Above, f ∈ H −1 (Ω).
How can one achieve T-coercivity of the form aac (·, ·)?
How can one achieve T-coercivity of the form aac (·, ·)?
8
< Find (vℓ , λℓ ) ∈ H01 (Ω) × R such that vℓ 6= 0 and
Z Z
: σ∇vℓ · ∇w dΩ = λℓ ηvℓ w dΩ, ∀w ∈ H01 (Ω).
Ω Ω
In addition
(vℓ )ℓ≥0 is also an orthogonal basis of L2 (Ω) ;
all eigenvalues are of finite multiplicity ;
λ0 > 0, and limℓ→∞ λℓ = +∞.
NB. The eigenpairs are ordered by increasing values of the eigenvalues.
8
< Find (vℓ , λℓ ) ∈ H01 (Ω) × R such that vℓ 6= 0 and
Z Z
: σ∇vℓ · ∇w dΩ = λℓ ηvℓ w dΩ, ∀w ∈ H01 (Ω).
Ω Ω
Choice of Tac :
Let ℓmax denote the largest index ℓ ≥ 0 such that λℓ < ω 2 . Introduce:
V − := span0≤ℓ≤ℓmax (vℓ ), a finite dimensional vector subspace of H01 (Ω) ;
the orthogonal projection operator P− from H01 (Ω) to V − .
NB. When ω 2 is smaller than λ0 , ℓmax = −1, V − = {0} and P− = 0...
8
< Find (vℓ , λℓ ) ∈ H01 (Ω) × R such that vℓ 6= 0 and
Z Z
: σ∇vℓ · ∇w dΩ = λℓ ηvℓ w dΩ, ∀w ∈ H01 (Ω).
Ω Ω
Choice of Tac :
Let ℓmax denote the largest index ℓ ≥ 0 such that λℓ < ω 2 . Introduce:
V − := span0≤ℓ≤ℓmax (vℓ ), a finite dimensional vector subspace of H01 (Ω) ;
the orthogonal projection operator P− from H01 (Ω) to V − .
NB. When ω 2 is smaller than λ0 , ℓmax = −1, V − = {0} and P− = 0...
Define Tac := IH 1 (Ω) − 2P− :
0
8
< −v if 0 ≤ ℓ ≤ ℓ
ac ℓ max
T vℓ :=
: +vℓ if ℓ > ℓmax .
8
< Find (vℓ , λℓ ) ∈ H01 (Ω) × R such that vℓ 6= 0 and
Z Z
: σ∇vℓ · ∇w dΩ = λℓ ηvℓ w dΩ, ∀w ∈ H01 (Ω).
Ω Ω
Choice of Tac :
Let ℓmax denote the largest index ℓ ≥ 0 such that λℓ < ω 2 . Introduce:
V − := span0≤ℓ≤ℓmax (vℓ ), a finite dimensional vector subspace of H01 (Ω) ;
the orthogonal projection operator P− from H01 (Ω) to V − .
NB. When ω 2 is smaller than λ0 , ℓmax = −1, V − = {0} and P− = 0...
Define Tac := IH 1 (Ω) − 2P− .
0
Z
Proposition aac : (v, w) 7→ (σ∇v · ∇w − ω 2 ηvw) dΩ is T-coercive:
Ω
˛ λℓ − ω 2 ˛
˛ ˛
∀v ∈ H01 (Ω), |aac (v, Tac v)| ≥ α kvk2V , with α := min ˛˛ ˛.
ℓ≥0 1 + λℓ ˛
How can one achieve the uniform Th -coercivity of the form aac (·, ·)?
How can one achieve the uniform Th -coercivity of the form aac (·, ·)?
How can one achieve the uniform Th -coercivity of the form aac (·, ·)?
How can one achieve the uniform Th -coercivity of the form aac (·, ·)?
Introduce:
the orthogonal projection operator P− −
h from Vh to Vh = span0≤ℓ≤ℓmax (vℓ,h ) ;
−
the operator Tac
h := IVh − 2Ph of L(Vh ).
How can one achieve the uniform Th -coercivity of the form aac (·, ·)?
Introduce:
the orthogonal projection operator P− −
h from Vh to Vh = span0≤ℓ≤ℓmax (vℓ,h ) ;
−
the operator Tac
h := IVh − 2Ph of L(Vh ).
||(Tac ac )(v )||
“ ”
h −T h 1
Proposition There holds limh→0 supvh ∈Vh \{0} ||vh ||1
= 0.
Hence, the discrete solution uh converges to u, with a rate governed by (Strang).
Above, f ∈ L2 (Ω).
How can one achieve T-coercivity of the form aEM (·, ·)?
How can one achieve T-coercivity of the form aEM (·, ·)?
⊥curl
H0 (curl; Ω) = G ⊕ Wε
where G := ∇H01 (Ω), W ε := {w ∈ H0 (curl; Ω) : div (εw) = 0}.
⊥curl
H0 (curl; Ω) = G ⊕ Wε
where G := ∇H01 (Ω), W ε := {w ∈ H0 (curl; Ω) : div (εw) = 0}.
⊥curl
H0 (curl; Ω) = G ⊕ Wε
where G := ∇H01 (Ω), W ε := {w ∈ H0 (curl; Ω) : div (εw) = 0}.
⊥curl
H0 (curl; Ω) = G ⊕ Wε
where G := ∇H01 (Ω), W ε := {w ∈ H0 (curl; Ω) : div (εw) = 0}.
⊥curl
H0 (curl; Ω) = G ⊕ Wε
where G := ∇H01 (Ω), W ε := {w ∈ H0 (curl; Ω) : div (εw) = 0}.
8
< Find (eℓ , µℓ ) ∈ W ε × R such that eℓ 6= 0 and
Z Z
: (εeℓ · w + µ−1 curl eℓ · curl w) dΩ = (1 + µℓ ) εeℓ · w dΩ, ∀w ∈ W ε .
Ω Ω
Choice of TEM :
Let ℓmax denote the largest index ℓ such that µℓ < ω 2 . Introduce:
V − := span0≤ℓ≤ℓmax (eℓ ), a finite dimensional vector subspace of W ε ;
the orthogonal projection operator P− from H0 (curl; Ω) to V − .
Choice of TEM :
Let ℓmax denote the largest index ℓ such that µℓ < ω 2 . Introduce:
V − := span0≤ℓ≤ℓmax (eℓ ), a finite dimensional vector subspace of W ε ;
the orthogonal projection operator P− from H0 (curl; Ω) to V − .
Define TEM := −iG + iW ε − 2P− :
8
< −e if ℓ ≤ ℓ
EM ℓ max
T eℓ :=
: +eℓ if ℓ > ℓmax .
Choice of TEM :
Let ℓmax denote the largest index ℓ such that µℓ < ω 2 . Introduce:
V − := span0≤ℓ≤ℓmax (eℓ ), a finite dimensional vector subspace of W ε ;
the orthogonal projection operator P− from H0 (curl; Ω) to V − .
Define TEM := −iG + iW ε − 2P− .
Z
Proposition aEM : (v, w) 7→ (µ−1 curl v · curl w − ω 2 εv · w) dΩ is T-coercive.
Ω
How can one achieve the uniform Th -coercivity of the form aEM (·, ·)?
How can one achieve the uniform Th -coercivity of the form aEM (·, ·)?
How can one achieve the uniform Th -coercivity of the form aEM (·, ·)?
How can one achieve the uniform Th -coercivity of the form aEM (·, ·)?
keℓ − eℓ,h kcurl ≤ δ(h), 0 ≤ ℓ ≤ ℓmax , for h small enough ( lim δ(h) = 0).
h→0
8
< σ > 0 in Ω , with meas(Ω ) > 0 ;
1 1
σ ∈ L∞ (Ω) is a sign-changing coefficient:
: σ < 0 in Ω2 , with meas(Ω2 ) > 0.
σ −1 ∈ L∞ (Ω).
We follow [BonnetBenDhia-Jr-Zwölf’10]:
Ω1 and Ω2 are domains of Rd ;
Σ := Ω1 ∩ Ω2 is the interface ;
Γk := ∂Ω ∩ ∂Ωk , k = 1, 2 are the boundaries.
(–) But T− 6∈ L(H01 (Ω)), because the matching condition is not enforced.
(–) But T− 6∈ L(H01 (Ω)), because the matching condition is not enforced.
(–) But T− 6∈ L(H01 (Ω)), because the matching condition is not enforced.
(–) But T− 6∈ L(H01 (Ω)), because the matching condition is not enforced.
≥ |atr tr tr
1 (v1 , v1 ) − a2 (v2 , v2 )| − 2|a2 (v2 , R1 v1 )|
≥ |atr tr tr
1 (v1 , v1 ) − a2 (v2 , v2 )| − 2|a2 (v2 , R1 v1 )|
≥ |atr tr tr
1 (v1 , v1 ) − a2 (v2 , v2 )| − 2|a2 (v2 , R1 v1 )|
Hence, to obtain |atr (v, Tv)| ≥ α kvk2V with α > 0, it is sufficient that
σ1−
> |||R1 |||2 .
σ2+
σ2−
> |||R2 |||2 .
σ1+
σ2−
> |||R2 |||2 .
σ1+
σ1− σ2−
„ «2 „ «2
> inf |||R1 ||| or > inf |||R2 ||| .
σ2+ R1 σ1+ R2
σ1− 2 σ2−
> |||R1,h ||| or > |||R2,h |||2 , for h small enough.
σ2+ σ1+
σ1− 2 σ2−
> |||R1,h ||| or > |||R2,h |||2 , for h small enough.
σ2+ σ1+
σ1− 2 σ2−
> |||R1,h ||| or > |||R2,h |||2 , for h small enough.
σ2+ σ1+
σ1− 2 σ2−
> |||R1,h ||| or > |||R2,h |||2 , for h small enough.
σ2+ σ1+
−1
Relative errors
−2 a =−1.2433
−3
a =−1.2539
−4
−5
a =−1.9993
−6
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
log(1/h)
metamaterial
Ω1 Ω2 Ω1
(σk )k=1,2 are constant numbers, and σ2 /σ1 = −1/3 ; ω = 1.6 and η = σ −1 .
An exact piecewise smooth solution of the transmission problem is available.
Non-conforming discretization using staggered DG1 FE, cf. [Chung-Engquist’06/’09].
Errors in L2 -norm ; O(h2 ) is expected.
metamaterial
Ω1 Ω2 Ω1
(σk )k=1,2 are constant numbers, and σ2 /σ1 = −1/3 ; ω = 1.6 and η = σ −1 .
An exact piecewise smooth solution of the transmission problem is available.
Non-conforming discretization using staggered DG1 FE, cf. [Chung-Engquist’06/’09].
Errors in L2 -norm ; O(h2 ) is expected. Numerically, the order is 1.9999.
metamaterial
Ω1 Ω2 Ω1
(σk )k=1,2 are constant numbers, and σ2 /σ1 = −1/3 ; ω = 1.6 and η = σ −1 .
An exact piecewise smooth solution of the transmission problem is available.
Non-conforming discretization using staggered DG1 FE, cf. [Chung-Engquist’06/’09].
Errors in L2 -norm ; O(h2 ) is expected. Numerically, the order is 1.9999.
Exact solution Numerical solution Numerical and exact solutions at y=0.98
0.05
0 0
0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.05
−0.1 −0.1
−0.1
−0.15 −0.15
−0.15
−0.2 −0.2
−0.2
Numerical
−0.3 −0.3 −0.3 Exact
−0.35
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5