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Kelvin functions
In applied mathematics, the Kelvin functions berν(x) and beiν(x) are the real and imaginary parts, respectively, of

where x is real, and Jν(z), is the νth order Bessel function of the first kind. Similarly, the functions Kerν(x) and Keiν(x)
are the real and imaginary parts, respectively, of

where Kν(z) is the νth order modified Bessel function of the second kind.

These functions are named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin.

While the Kelvin functions are defined as the real and imaginary parts of Bessel functions with x taken to be real, the
functions can be analytically continued for complex arguments xeiφ, 0 ≤ φ < 2π. With the exception of Bern(x) and
Bein(x) for integral n, the Kelvin functions have a branch point at x = 0.

Below, Γ(z) is the gamma function and ψ(z) is the digamma function.

Contents
ber(x)
bei(x)
ker(x)
kei(x)
See also
References
External links

ber(x)
For integers n, bern(x) has the series expansion

where Γ(z) is the gamma function. The special case ber0(x), commonly denoted as just ber(x), has the series expansion

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and asymptotic series

,
ber(x) for x between 0 and 20.
where

for x between 0 and

50.
bei(x)
For integers n, bein(x) has the series expansion

The special case bei0(x), commonly denoted as just bei(x), has the series
expansion
bei(x) for x between 0 and 20.

and asymptotic series

where α, , and are defined as for ber(x).

for x between 0 and
50.

ker(x)

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For integers n, kern(x) has the (complicated) series expansion

ker(x) for x between 0 and 14.

for x between 0 and

50.

The special case ker0(x), commonly denoted as just ker(x), has the series expansion

and the asymptotic series

where

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kei(x)
For integer n, kein(x) has the series expansion

kei(x) for x between 0 and 14.

for x between 0 and 50.

The special case kei0(x), commonly denoted as just kei(x), has the series expansion

and the asymptotic series

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where β, f2(x), and g2(x) are defined as for ker(x).

See also
Bessel function

References
Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene Ann, eds. (1983) [June 1964]. "Chapter 9" (http://www.math.sfu.ca/~cbm/aands/
page_379.htm). Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. Applied
Mathematics Series. 55 (Ninth reprint with additional corrections of tenth original printing with corrections
(December 1972); first ed.). Washington D.C.; New York: United States Department of Commerce, National
Bureau of Standards; Dover Publications. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-486-61272-0. LCCN 64-60036 (https://lccn.loc.gov/6
4-60036). MR 0167642 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0167642). LCCN 65-12253 (https://lccn.loc.g
ov/65012253).
Olver, F. W. J.; Maximon, L. C. (2010), "Bessel functions" (http://dlmf.nist.gov/10), in Olver, Frank W. J.; Lozier,
Daniel M.; Boisvert, Ronald F.; Clark, Charles W. (eds.), NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Cambridge
University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-19225-5, MR 2723248 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2723248)

External links
Weisstein, Eric W. "Kelvin Functions." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource. [1] (http://mathworld.wolfram.c
om/KelvinFunctions.html)
GPL-licensed C/C++ source code for calculating Kelvin functions at codecogs.com: [2] (http://www.codecogs.com/
d-ox/maths/special/bessel/kelvin.php)

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