Thesis Final Draft - Corrected1 PDF

MODELING 150KV INDONESIA POWER SYSTEM
FOR VOLTAGE STABILITY STUDIES
LUCKY ARIE WIBOWO
MSc Thesis Committee
Prof. ir. L. van der Sluis

Dr.ir. M. Popov
ir. S.W.H. de Haan
Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science
Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy
Electrical Power System
August 2010
Abstract
Electrical power system in the province of Lampung is connected to the province of

Sumatera Selatan through a long transmission line. Since the generation capacity in
Lampung is deficit, a large power is transferred from Sumatera Selatan. Due to the large
power transferred, the disturbance occurred in the Lampung power system may lead to a
voltage instability problem. In this study, a model of Lampung power system is developed
using EMTP/ATP-Draw software. Several simulation studies are carried out to evaluate the
effect of abrupt disconnection of a main power plant in Lampung and the impact of a three
phase short circuit on the transmission system to the voltage profile. The substations
voltage profile and the generators response to the disturbances are presented.
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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Interconnected Power Systems................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Definition ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objective of This Study................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Thesis Layout............................................................................................................................... 4
2 SUMATERA POWER SYSTEM ............................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Interconnection System .............................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Transmission Lines ...................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Daily Load Curve.......................................................................................................................... 7
2.4 Voltage Stability Issues ................................................................................................................ 7
3 Voltage Stability ................................................................................................................................ 10
3.1 Voltage Instability in Power System .......................................................................................... 10
3.2 Voltage Relation to Transmission and Load Reactance ............................................................. 11
3.3 Power Transfer and Losses ........................................................................................................ 13
3.4 Shunt Capacitor ......................................................................................................................... 15
3.5 Disturbances in Power System .................................................................................................. 17
3.6 Generator Rotor Angle .............................................................................................................. 18
3.7 Synchronous Generator ............................................................................................................ 22
3.8 Generator Voltage Regulator .................................................................................................... 25
4 MODELING AND SIMULATIONS......................................................................................................... 28
4.1 Modeling ................................................................................................................................... 28
4.1.1 Load Impedance ................................................................................................................ 30
4.1.2 North System Representation ........................................................................................... 31
4.1.3 Synchronous Generator .................................................................................................... 31
4.1.4 Shunt Capacitor ................................................................................................................. 32
4.1.5 Transmission Lines ............................................................................................................ 32
4.1.6 Simulation Measurement and calculations ....................................................................... 33
4.1.7 Voltage Regulator .............................................................................................................. 33
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4.2 Model Verification .................................................................................................................... 34
4.3 Simulation Results ..................................................................................................................... 36
4.3.1 Loss of Generator Simulation ............................................................................................ 36
4.3.2 Loss of Transmission Line Simulation ................................................................................ 45
4.3.3 BESAI Power plant fault clearance at Critical Fault Clearing Time ..................................... 53
4.3.4 BESAI Power plant fault clearance after Critical Time Fault Clearing ................................ 58
5 Conclusion and Suggestion ............................................................................................................... 64
5.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 64
5.2 Suggestions ............................................................................................................................... 64
6 References ........................................................................................................................................ 66
7 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................................... 68
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Interconnected Power Systems
The power plant generates the electrical power on the system by converting raw energy sources
to the electrical energy. The electrical energy generated in power plants is then distributed to
the loads where the electrical energy converted again for consumer activities. The size of newly
built power plants is getting bigger from time to time due to its capacity increase, and it is not
feasible to build the power plants close the loads because of the human population density. The
role of transmission system is to deliver the electricity from the power plant to the consumers.
Electric power transmission is an important part of power system network. A long transmission
line is necessary to connect electric power from power plants in remote areas to load centers in
the city. A load centre may be fed from many power plants through transmission lines that also
connect many power plants within a large interconnected power system. Regulations for
generation and load arrangement are necessary in order to maintain the stable operation of
interconnected power system.
Power Plants Transmission Lines Load Centers
Figure 1.1 Electrical power system
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A steady state interconnected system has synchronously operated generators. The synchronous
steady state is achieved by balancing the loads and generations in a power system. Scheduling
the operation of generator power plants based on load demands is the way to achieve balanced
condition between the loads and the generators. Massive equipments that are connected to the
power system make the operation regulations of the power system components complicated.
Even when many precautions have already been taken, a disturbance in a component of a
power system may still occur. A disturbance may lead to a cascade effect that triggers a larger
disturbance in the system which might cause stability problems. The occurrence of short circuit
in the power system, generator loss and sudden load change are major reasons for instability
problems.
1.2 Problem Definition
The voltage stability issue is one of the problems that might occur in the power system. It starts
with a disturbance in the system that causes deficiencies of reactive power supplies in an area.
The loads in deficit area then takes power from the neighboring areas and will increase the
power flowing at transmission line. This condition makes the losses in the transmission line to
increase and causes a voltage drop in deficit area. A progressive situation of reactive power
supply deficiency in deficit area may lead to a voltage instability problem. Further effect can be
avoided either by recovering the reactive power supply in the disturbed area or by reducing the
loads in the disturbed area. Those tasks are accomplished by adhering to operator’s manual
actions or by using automatic computerized equipment.
Voltages in the system are expected to be in the range of normal operating limit, which is
between +5% and -10% according to the grid code. In the real operating system, the voltages
might drop or rise out from the operating limit after the disturbances in the system. Stable
voltage condition provides that the voltage after small disturbance is identical or near the value
of pre-disturbance value. The voltage instability in the form of the voltage collapse occurs when
the voltage at one or more buses drops bellow operating limit after the disturbance occurrence.
The load that increases in a remote area from power generator should be followed by an
increasing power transfer to that area. If the power transfer does not increase due to a load
increase then the voltage in the remote area will drop significantly.
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A long transmission line with a heavy load will have the potential to experience the voltage
instability problem, due to its higher power flowing in the transmission line. Local power sources
are an important part to prevent an area from suffering a voltage instability problem. Careful
investigation of such cases that might start causing voltage instabilities will provide many
possibilities to prevent a disturbance to becoming a bigger problem in the network. The data
obtained by continuously monitoring network parameters (real operating system records)
provide information on how a network responses to the disturbances. Another way to obtain
data on network responds to the disturbances is by using computer simulation that represents
the actual power system situation. The accuracy of the simulation is limited to the component
data obtained for the studied electrical network and the chosen way of modeling the
components. The result will be a good approximation to predict actual conditions in the real
world. In this thesis, computer simulation results are applied for voltage stability study in 150 kV
Indonesia’s South Sumatera power systems. The system power plants which are separated by
long transmission lines are subjected to disturbance caused by short circuit and generator loss
to see the network responses to those disturbances.
1.3 Objective of This Study
This work deals with a voltage stability analysis in south Sumatera part of Indonesia’s
interconnected power system. The expected outcomes of this study are:
- To provide a time domain model for the voltage responses of a 150kV South Sumatera
power system.
- To estimate the voltages before and after disturbances.
- To provide information about network components responses to disturbances in the
system.
- To provide information about the effects of the asynchronously operated generator in
the system
- To determine a power plant critical fault clearing time for a short circuit nearby a power
plant bus.
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1.4 Thesis Layout
The first chapter of this thesis is about the introduction of the interconnected system and
possible voltage problems. The second chapter describes the South Sumatera power system
configurations, its daily load curve and the voltage stability problems in the system. The third
chapter describes the factors that influence the voltage variation in the electrical power system.
The fourth chapter deals with the model descriptions and the results from the simulations of the
sample cases. The last chapter provides conclusions and suggestions from the results of the
constructed model.
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2 SUMATERA POWER SYSTEM
2.1 Interconnection System
Indonesia is a country with a lot of islands which are spread from the east to the west. Sumatera
is one of the five biggest islands, and being the second most populated island after Java in
Indonesia. To fulfill electricity needs across the Sumatera Island, an interconnected transmission
line was built. The interconnection brings possibilities to build power plants away from the load
center and closer to the fuel sources. Up to now, the Sumatera interconnection system is
divided into two parts, north Sumatera system and south Sumatera system. South Sumatera
interconnection system connects six provinces: Lampung, Sumatera Selatan, Bengkulu, Jambi,
Riau and Sumatera Barat. The area of this study is at South Sumatera interconnection system,
on Lampung province as the southern end of Sumatera Island.
Figure 2.1 Sumatera interconnection system 2007
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The fuel resources in south Sumatera are diverse from hydro and gas to coal and oil resources,
and they are concentrated in a few places. The majority of the power plants in south Sumatera
system are coal and gas powered with little percentage of hydro power in the southern and the
northern part of the south Sumatera system. Sumatera Selatan is a province within the South
Sumatera interconnection system with the most abundant energy resources in the form of gas
and coal. Many coal and gas power plants are built in this province to maximize the use of coal
and gas in the province.
The electrical interconnected system brings the possibilities to deliver the power by the
transmission line from Sumatera Selatan to the other provinces that have lack of energy
resources. The province with lack of energy resources depends on the power transported by the
transmission line to fulfill some of its demands. The disturbance on the transmission line will
interrupt the power flow from Sumatera Selatan. To reduce the dependence to the transmission
line, many power plants are also built on the remote areas from the energy sources. The power
plants that are built far from the coal sources are obtaining their fuel by transporting the coal
from Sumatera Selatan or Sumatera Barat province to the other province by other means of
transportations.
2.2 Transmission Lines
South Sumatera system is interconnected with 150kV voltage rating of the transmission lines,
from the southern part to the northern part. There is no voltage difference between the voltage
on the transmission line for the main backbone feeder and the voltage on the transmission line
for feeder to the load centre, except for few small parts in the province of Sumatera Selatan and
the province of Bengkulu that still uses 70kV transmission voltage. The power generated by the
power plants is transported by transmission lines to the substations near the load area. The
substations have important role in transforming the high voltage electric power from the
interconnection system to the lower voltage for the electric power distribution closer to the
consumers.
The power in the south Sumatera interconnection system is transmitted using the overhead line
wire mounted to the transmission towers with steel reinforced aluminum wire. Different sizes of
conductors are used for transmission wire, newer transmission line using bigger wire size to
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accommodate load increase. For the system located in the south, most transmission lines are
using 240 mm2 of ACSR wire. Conductor bundling is applied on several transmission lines,
especially for newer lines to accommodate the prediction of higher load.
2.3 Daily Load Curve
Daily electrical power loading in south Sumatera is like other developed country where the load
consumption is dominated with house load characteristic. Figure 2.2 shows the estimation of
daily load curve taken from the Sumatera dispatch centre [1]. The load curve shows that the
main load in the system is house load, where the peak load is in the evening between 18:00 to
22:00. It is the time when people mostly their electrical equipments at home.
Figure 2.2 South Sumatera daily load profile estimation
The daily load curve estimation shows that the maximum capability of installed power plants are
only 1946 MW while the peak load estimation is more than that installed power plants. It means
that there will be planned load shedding during peak load time to keep the system operated at
its designed operating frequency.
2.4 Voltage Stability Issues
The increase of loads within time are accommodated by building new power plants and
expanding existing transmission lines or building the new transmission lines to the loads. The
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Social and economy problem during the transmission line erection is more complicated due the
necessity of the large land area clearance to build the transmission line path from the power
plant to the load center. The continuation usage of the existing transmission line to serves newly
built power plants makes the existing transmission line to become heavily loaded.
High capacity power generation in the province of Sumatera Selatan makes the electric power
generated in this province can be transferred to other province like Lampung through the
transmission line. Within the time, the power transferred increases along with the load. To
increase the transmission line capability to deliver more power, it needs to be upgraded.
Political and economy crisis from 1998 had interfered with the power plant and transmission
line expansion plans. The crises had also reduced the electricity demand, but the demand
increment was recovered more rapidly than the political and economy improvement. The delay
in political and economy improvement had also delayed the transmission line and the power
plant expansion even longer. The resulting effects of the crisis are: the electrical power demands
are increased beyond the power plants and the transmission lines capability, and the power
system operation at peak load suggests that the load shedding to become an option in the south
Sumatera power system operation.
Lampung which is the province in the southern part of Sumatera Island does not have many
exploited energy resources which are ready to convert to electrical energy. To fulfill some of the
electricity power demands in the province of Lampung, the electric power is imported from the
province of Sumatera Selatan over the transmission line. The province of Lampung has the
hydro power plants in the northern part, but they are located far enough from the load center.
Before the coal power plants was built in the southern part of Lampung, the electricity demands
for Lampung load center are provided by operating the diesel power plants which not only have
small capacity but also are not an economical solution during crises. To overcome the problems,
a new power plant was constructed in the southern part of Lampung. The power plant fuel is
using the coal transported from the source in Sumatera Selatan. While the new power plant was
still in construction phase, the province of Lampung suffers from low voltage condition because
of the demands in the load center are increasing very fast. To overcome the voltage collapse
situation, the network operator performed a larger load shedding scheme with larger load to
disconnect, especially during the peak load time. Shunt capacitors were also installed to
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overcome some of the voltage drop problems and to reduce the amount of voltage load
shedding during peak load.
After the construction of the new power plants were finished and operate, the Lampung
electrical power system is relieved from load shedding scheme by providing local power sources
at the southern part of the province of Lampung. The voltages in most substations are operated
near their nominal value. Due to economical reasons, the diesel power plants were not
operated anymore since the new power plants joined the system which make there are only
two operating generators located at the load center of Lampung. The disturbance in the new
power plants or the interconnected transmission system might result in the voltage stability
problems. The short circuit fault clearing in the power plants that includes the new power plant
disconnection from the power system also means the loss of the only local power source in the
southern part of Lampung, and it can lead to a voltage collapse situation.
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3 Voltage Stability
3.1 Voltage Instability in Power System
Load changes are routine disturbance in the power systems that influence the steady state
condition of the power system. Generator outputs should increase or decrease to adapt the load
change, and the power flow of the transmission line might change to adapt the new load
composition. The new load composition may lead to an extreme condition where some
limitations are exceeded. The limitations that might be exceeded are the power generated by
power plants, the transmission line load limit, the voltage regulation limit, etc. the voltage
stability phenomenon may occur as the effect of a disturbance that already passes the limitation
in the system.
Progressive voltage instability starts with the failure of the power supply in an area or a
significant increase of power demands in the area. The voltage in the power failure area will
therefore fall below nominal voltage. In order to fulfill the power demands in it, the power
should be drawn from the other sources in the neighboring areas over the transmission line or
by starting additional power plants in the power failure area. In order to increase the medium
voltage level during the voltage drop, the tap changer in the transformer will react by increasing
its tap position. The increase of tap position will reduce the transformer high voltage side
reactance and increase the current flow to the transformer. It causes more power needs to be
drawn from neighboring areas. While the power demand is increasing, the power supplied by
the generator and voltage compensation equipment might reach their limitation and they will
be unable to fulfill the power demands. This situation will make the voltage drop condition last
longer and even get worse when the power from the load area keeps increasing which means
lower voltage is expected during the need of the power rises.
A shunt capacitor will not help very much in voltage instability situations [2], because the
reactive power supplied by shunt capacitor depends on its terminal voltage. The supplied
reactive power is significantly low when the voltage on its terminal is lower. It also means that in
the heavily shunt capacitor compensated area the need for reactive power in the area during
voltage instability situation also increases significantly.
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3.2 Voltage Relation to Transmission and Load Reactance
Transmission lines play an important role for the voltage stability, as it is connecting the power
plants to the consumer and they also have magnitudes of power limitations that can be
transferred. The maximum power transferred depends on the transmission line and the load
impedance. The combination of the source voltage and the impedance will determine the
current that flows in the transmission line and the voltage of the load point.
ES VR
ZLN Ðθ
I PR + jQR
ZLD Ðϕ
Figure 3.1 A simple radial system
Figure 3.1 shows the representation of a simple radial system from the generator with voltage ES
to the load ZLD through transmission line ZLN. The load voltage VR, power transfer PR and the
current I related to the load variation is given by the equation [3]:
(3.1)
(3.2)
Where: (3.3)
(3.4)
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(3.5)
The relation between the transferred power, the current flow in the transmission line and the
voltage at receiving end is represented in the chart as below:
PVI Relation Curve

1.2
0.8
0.6 PR/Pmax
VR/ES
0.4
I/Isc
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
ZLN/ZLD
Figure 3.2 Power, voltage & current relation for transmission line loading [2]
Figure 3.2 shows that for ZLN/ZLD value smaller than 1, the decrease of ZLD magnitude has the
effect on the power transfer increase due to the voltage drop is less significant than the current
increases. At ZLN/ZLD equal to 1, the power transferred over the transmission line reach its
maximum magnitude. For ZLN/ZLD value bigger than 1 and the ZLD gets even lower (load keep
increasing), the current flow in the transmission line is increasing but the power transferred is
lower due to the voltage drop in the load terminal is more dominant than the current increases.
Figure 3.2 also shows that the power can be delivered in two possible voltage and current
combinations. One voltage-current combination is when the load increases, the power also
increases accordingly until it reaches its maximum; this composition belongs to the left side of
the transferred power PR/PMAX maximum point on chart at figure 3.2. Another voltage-current
composition is when the current increases and the power decreases, this point belongs to the
right side of the point of maximum power that shows the unstable region of power transfer, and
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load increase will results in a decrease of power transfer. Today’s trends of expanding power
plant in remote area and the increase of the load in the load centre makes transmission line
loading to become heavier. Having a long transmission line also means having a larger
reactance, and it may easily cause a voltage stability problem due to its maximum power
transfer limitation.
3.3 Power Transfer and Losses
The relation of the power transfer between two nodes with different voltages is given in the
figure 3.3. The transmission line reactance and the voltage magnitude in both ends with respect
to the power transfer between two points that connected with lossless transmission line are
explained in the next equation. The voltage in the receiving point is used as a reference voltage
and the voltage with an angle  at the other side of transmission line is the source voltage.
~ jX
~
Es Ð I, SR ER Ð0
Figure 3.3 Lossless transmission line between two sources
The power transferred related to the voltages in both ends of a lossless transmission line and
the voltage phase angle difference between the source and the receiving point are:
(3.6)
(3.7)
(3.8)
where:
PR = Active power at the receiving point
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PS = Active power at the sending point
QR = Reactive power at the receiving point
QS = Reactive power at the sending point
ER = Voltage at the receiving point
ES = Voltage at the sending point
X = Reactance between sources
 = Voltage angle at the sending point
The equation above shows that the active power flow is influenced by the voltage angle of the
generator compared to the load and the transmission line reactance. Beside voltage angle and
transmission line reactance factors, the reactive power transfer is also influenced by the voltage
difference between two end points, due to its relation between the voltage and the reactive
power.
The power flows in the transmission line causes losses in it, the power losses in transmission line
can be expressed as:
(3.9)
(3.10)
Reactive power losses in transmission line are higher than active power losses, due to reactance
component which is more dominant than the resistive component of transmission line. The
equation above also shows that the impedance value plays a role in transmission line power
losses. The active power suffers lower losses when transferred through long transmission line
due to a low resistance value of transmission line. On a contrary, the reactive power suffers
higher losses when transferred through long transmission line.
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3.4 Shunt Capacitor
Shunt capacitor compensation is one of the most common compensation method applied in the
power system; it modifies network characteristic by adding the capacitance to the network. The
shunt capacitor provides local reactive power supply for local demands and eliminates the
necessity to import the reactive power from neighboring area. In inductively dominant systems,
the lower reactive power transferred between areas means lower current flow in transmission
line, and also reduce the losses at the transmission line. The shunt capacitor that is installed at
the substations busbar is used to supply the reactive power directly into the transmission
interconnection, so the produced reactive power can be consumed by the load in that
substation or transferred to the other area through transmission lines. Shunt capacitor
connected to the distribution line supplies the reactive power directly to the distribution
consumer end, in that way, the distribution consumer do not absorb much of the reactive power
from the transmission line. There are also shunt capacitor installations at the busbar near the
power plant. It permits the generator to generate minimal reactive power and provide the
generator’s reactive power reserve for fast reactive power source at emergency situation.
In the electrical power system network, the supplied reactive power of the shunt capacitor that
is connected to the voltage depends on its voltage and capacitor reactance; the reactive power
supplied by shunt reactor is:
(3.1)
where:
Q = Reactive power supplied (MVAR)
V = Capacitor terminal voltage (kV)
XC = Capacitor reactance (Ohm)
As mentioned above, the shunt capacitor changes the network characteristics and improves the
system power factor. It brings the power factor of inductively dominant network with lagging
condition to become nearer to unity and repair the voltage at receiving end. The approximation
of the voltage magnitude increased by inserting the shunt capacitor to the existing network is
given by [4]:
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(3.2)
where:
ΔV = the percentage of voltage rise at the point of the capacitor installation.
kV = the system line-to-line voltage without capacitor in service in kV.
kvar = the three-phase kilovar rating of the capacitor bank in kVAR.
XL = the inductive reactance of the system at the point of the capacitor installation, in ohms
The equation 3.1 shows that the reactive power supplied by the shunt capacitor depends on the
square of terminal voltage. During voltage collapse phenomenon, the terminal voltage is low,
and then the shunt capacitor will produce lower reactive power than its nominal value. This
condition makes the shunt capacitor is not very suitable compensation to overcome voltage
collapse situation for inductively dominant network.
MW
θ1 θ2
MVA2 MVAR2
MVAR1
MVA1
MVARC
Figure 3.4 The effect of shunt capacitor Insertion
(3.3)
(3.4)
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Figure 3.4 shows the influence of shunt capacitor insertion to the system power factor. By fixed
power transfer magnitude, the shunt capacitor will reduce the power factor from cos θ1 to cos
θ2. At inductively dominant power system, the smaller power factor results in a smaller current
flow in the transmission line for fixed active power transfer. The lower current flow in the
transmission line results in a lower losses.
3.5 Disturbances in Power System
The electrical power systems which cover a huge area of its service to deliver the electrical
power to the consumers are exposed to many disturbances. The transmission lines are
vulnerable to the disturbance that might occur because of natural cause likes lightning, or the
component failure cause like insulation failures or a tower breakdown. Cables under the ground
are also vulnerable to disturbance by the nature of material degradation or else. All power
system components are subjected to disturbances. One of the ways to clear the disturbances is
to disconnect the faulted area from the power system and to permit healthy system to continue
its role in delivering electric power to the consumer.
Short circuit faults, changes in load and generator outage are just some of the disturbances in
the power system that can influence the voltage behavior. The short circuit fault occurs when
the dissipation of electric power does not occur in the designated load. The amount of
dissipated power may reach a tremendous level depending on the voltage involved and the
short circuit reactance. At the moment of a short circuit fault, the power dissipated in the short
circuit point is drawn from the rotor inertia. The loss of rotor inertia will change the rotor speed
and it will change its angle into a new state. A longer period of short circuit duration may lead to
an unstable generator operation, due to the short circuit impact on the rotor angle deviation
that might be far enough from the synchronous system. Out of synchronous generator
operation might initiate the voltage instability problem in the power system.
Load changing is a normal feature of electric power systems; due to changes in the load
demand; the load varies within time in its everyday operations. The problem arises when the
load rises exceeds the limitation on the power system equipments, such as transmission power
limit or generator limitation. The change of load that causes the generator or transmission line
operating outside their limit will make them unable to fulfill the load demand properly. The
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transmission lines and the generators with overloaded operating conditions should reduce their
loads to prevent overheating that triggers far worse effects on the equipment. Disconnecting
some of the loads is the easiest way to reduce generator and transmission load, although that
will affects electricity service in certain areas. The disconnected area will be connected to the
system again after the source of overload problem is solved.
A failure in the generator as a power producer for the electrical system will impact the overall
interconnected system performance. Its failure is contributing to the system state, and the
generator’s capacity and the composition of loads and generations in certain area determined
the change of system state. A Generator outage will impact overall active and reactive power
supply and also the power flow in the transmission line. The area with the faulted generator will
lack of local power supply, and the demand consumption in the faulted area need to be supplied
from neighboring areas. Sudden outage of a big generating power plant will usually have larger
impact to the power flow composition in the system than loss of the small ones. The change in
the power generation composition may have impact to the system voltage or frequency.
Short circuit faults, load changes and generator outages may also occur simultaneously, where
short circuit may lead to disconnecting of the load and hence cause the demand change. A short
circuit fault in the generator will also lead to a generator outage when the protective device
disconnects the faulted generator from the system. The load change may also lead to a
disturbance in generator system if the loads changes are large enough to force generator to be
working outside of its limits. The protective devices of the overloaded generator will operate by
reducing the output of the generator or even disconnecting the generator from the systems to
prevent the damage to the generator equipments.
3.6 Generator Rotor Angle
Another disturbance that may cause voltage instability is the rotor angle instability. The power
delivered by a generator depends on the generator voltage angle compared to the system. The
more ahead generated voltage angle position compared to the system, the more power it
produces until the maximum power is delivered. The power output from the generator in steady
state operation is determined by the power input from the mechanical shaft. As described
above, the change in the load composition in the system may influence the power generated by
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generators. Then it may also change the rotor angle position. The rotor angle will be changed to
adapt the new system load composition, but at the end when the stable condition is back, the
rotor angle will be adjusted to deliver the same power produced by the mechanical shaft.
To prevent a large deviation in the generator’s rotor angle, any disturbances in the power
system should be cleared at the right time. In the stability point of view, the failure to clear the
fault at the right time will trigger asynchronous generator operation in the system. The
generator that operated asynchronously should be disconnected from the power system
operation quickly to prevent further disturbance in the power system, due to the unstable
power delivered by the faulted generator.
Disturbed power system that involved changes in the power generated by generators also
influenced the generator’s rotor angle position. The steady state condition of the generator
provides a steady state position of rotor angle in reference to the system, which will produce
steady power output from generator. Generator’s power output alteration will cause the rotor
angle position change to the new position. Due to the inertia moment of the generator shaft,
the rotor angle will oscillate through its way to achieve new balanced condition. The swing
equation of a generator is given by:
(3.1)
where:
Pa = Accelerating power
Pm = Mechanical shaft power input to the machine
Pe = Electrical power output
H = Stored kinetic energy at synchronous speed
 = Rotor angular position
s = Synchronous speed
A synchronously operated machine has a Pa equal to zero; this means the mechanical power
that is produced by a prime mover is the same with the electrical power produced by the
generator causes the generator to operate at steady speed and the stable rotor angle position.
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During disturbance, the electrical network impedance is changed, and the electrical power
output (Pe) is changed. The turbine shaft of mechanical power (Pm) will not react in such a short
moment to follow the disturbance, and then the mechanical power is assumed constant during
short disturbance. The difference between mechanical power and electrical power will produce
accelerating power (Pa) that may increase or decrease the rotor angle position.
Short circuit fault is one of the conditions that influence the rotor angle position alteration.
During the fault near the generator bus, the electrical active power output of the generator will
be lower because of the lower voltage at fault point. According to the swing equation, the lower
electric output while the mechanical input is fixed will accelerate rotor position to the increased
position from the previous angle to match the existing mechanical input power. Time is needed
to achieve the new rotor angle position due to its inertia moment.
Right after the fault is cleared, the electrical power produced by the generator will be corrected
to the network state after the fault is cleared and it is the cause for a new rotor angle position.
The electric power produced by the generator just after the fault is cleared might be higher than
electrical power produced before the fault, because of the terminal voltage has restored and the
rotor angle position is already increase from before the fault condition. This condition will
eventually bring decelerate force to the rotor angle position, and slowing down the rotor to be
retarded from its current position, this process also takes time due to rotor inertia moment.
Reducing rotor angle position will reduce the generator electrical power output, until it matches
the mechanical power input to the generator. Due to the stored kinetic energy in the rotor, the
process of acceleration and deceleration of rotor angle will occurs in oscillatory way. The point
of mechanical input and electrical output of a generator will meet at the final point where the
rotor angle final position will stay for a new steady state condition.
20
Pre-fault Pe
Curve
Post-fault Pe
Curve
A2
Pm Fault Pe
A1
Curve
0 c x max
Figure 3.5 Equal area criterion for stable system
The maximum rotor oscillatory angle for single machine instability is defined by equal area
criterion. The area created by rotor acceleration moment (A1) will be the same with the area
created by post fault moment (A2), then at the point where A1=A2 the maximum rotor angle is
reached (x) where the rotor is start to retarded back to lower angle.
(3.2)
The equation above show the equal area for acceleration and deceleration area, the left
equation is for A1 and the right equation is for A2, where P e at left equation is the electric power
output at fault condition, and Pe at right equation is the electric power output at post-fault
condition.
The amount of increasing angle depends on the duration of the disturbance; the longer
disturbance will make the rotor angle increases more. Time to clear the fault is important for the
generator stability. When the fault is cleared at a certain angle, so the maximum angle reached
by rotor after the fault cleared is smaller than max, and then the rotor angle will eventually
stable to the new position after the fault is cleared. But when the fault is cleared after another
certain angle, so the maximum angle reached by the rotor after the fault is cleared is larger max,
it result the rotor angle will not back to its steady state angle. At the rotor angle larger than max
the electric power output Pe will be smaller than the mechanical input Pm, and the result is
accelerating power will be positive and it will accelerate the rotor position to larger angle.
21
Continuously accelerated rotor speed will cause the generator to operate outside of its
synchronous speed and the output from the generator will be unstable.
Pre-fault Pe
Curve
Post-fault Pe
Curve
A2
Pm Fault Pe
A1
Curve
0 critical max
Figure 3.6 Critical angle fault clearing
The angle where the fault is cleared determine the maximum angle reach by the rotor angle, the
angle where rotor angle reach max after the fault is cleared is called the critical fault clearing
angle critical. If the fault is cleared at the angle critical and then the maximum rotor angle will pass
max and the rotor angle will not retard to the stable condition. The duration of disturbance that
increase the rotor angle to the critical angle is called critical time, when the fault is cleared after
the critical time, the rotor angle position will be over max and it will result on out of synchronism
generator operation.
3.7 Synchronous Generator
Synchronous generator is an important component of the power system, it has a function to

convert the mechanical energy from rotating mechanical shaft to sinusoidal electric power, and
then the electric power can be transmitted on a wire to the consumer. The mechanical power
that used to rotate the turbine shaft is obtained from the chemical energy or the gravitational
energy. Steam power plant convert the chemical energy that contained in the fuel by burning it
and produce the heat that can be used to produce steam to rotate the turbine. Hydro power
plants use the energy from falling water to rotate turbine. Rotating turbine movement is
converted to the electrical energy by generator.
22
Fuel Burner/Water Flow Turbine Generator Electrical Power Output
Figure 3.7 Electrical power generation block
θd0
D-axis b’ c
Q-axis
X
X
X
· X
Stator a X a’
Coil ·
·
Field Coil ·
Rotor
·
c’
b
Stator
Figure 3.8 Simple generator diagram
The field coil is energized with DC power that creates the flux linkage between rotor and stator.
The rotation of rotor creates changing flux linkage at stator phase coil. The changing flux
linkages at the stator phase coil induce current at the stator coil and generate voltage at the
generator terminal.
A synchronous generator is designed to operate at a defined speed, representing by the speed

of rotor rotation. Depends on the frequency of the system, the rotor speed in related to the
generator output electrical frequency is:
(3.3)
where :
23
f is the generator frequency in Hz
n is the rotor speed in rpm
p is number of poles
The angle between terminal voltage and mmf at air gap determined the power transferred by
synchronous generator. The field current magnitude determines the voltage magnitude of mmf
at air gap, which induce the voltage at synchronous generator terminal. For steady state
condition, field current is DC constant value and the field coil rotating at constant angular
velocity ω and the initial angle at t=0 is θd0.
(3.4)
(3.5)
(3.6)
where :
= Flux linkage at phase a (respectively with phase b & c)
Ls = phase self inductance (Laa, Lbb, Lcc)
Ms = inter phase mutual inductances (Lab, Lbc, Lca)
If = current flow at field coil
Ia (resp. Ib ic) = current flow at armature phase a (respectively with phase b and c)
ω = angular velocity
t = time
θd0 = initial angle of rotor position at t=0
24
The voltage across the stator windings are given by the mmf produced by field winding in its
relation with the rotor rotation. For a stator winding that has a resistance R, and the voltage
across the stator windings are given by:
(3.7)
(3.8)
(3.9)
3.8 Generator Voltage Regulator
Generator is the source of the electrical power in the system; it provides the voltage and current
needed to operate the load. To provide the stable power system operation, the voltage at
generator terminal output has to be maintains at nominal value during operation in normal or
disturbance condition. The auxiliary for power plant operation also takes power from the
generator output. The steady terminal voltage of generator is needed to maintain stable
operation of the power plant auxiliary components and to reduce the effect from the voltage
drop condition at the remote area from the generator. To maintain the generator output
voltage, the generator terminal voltage is maintained by regulating the field current flowing in
field winding.
In order to maintain the voltage output of generator, the output voltage of generator is
continuously monitored by a voltage measurement sensor and fed back to the input of voltage
regulator. The input voltage is compared with the reference voltage and the difference is used
as an input to voltage regulator. The voltage regulator output is passed to exciter to generate a
proper magnitude of generator’s field winding current to compensate the difference between
the reference and terminal voltage.
25
Voltage regulator is an important part to deal with the voltage instability condition. The
generator voltage output can be maintained close to its nominal value during voltage stability
disturbance. As long as the generator is operating on its permitted operating area, the effect of
voltage collapse may be reduced to give some time for network operator to restore the other
voltage sources in the system.
Limiter and Protective circuits
Terminal voltage tranducer and

load compensator
To power
Ref Regulator Exciter Generator
system
Power System
Stabilizer
Figure 3.9 Synchronous machine excitation control block [3]
The terminal voltage is measured and converted to the same unit of reference value, and fed
back to the regulator input. Power system stabilizer adds an additional input to regulator to
provide high power output from generator during unstable condition. The regulator has the
function to compare the reference input and the feedback from monitoring voltage point and
amplifying the difference between the reference input and the monitoring feedback. The
amplified signal is used as the input signal for the exciter to regulate the magnitude of DC
voltage that connected to the field winding. The exciter provides the DC voltage to the field
winding and generates the electric power to the system.
26
The limiter and protective circuits provides a function to ensure that the generator is operating
within its capability limitation. There are many sensors used to monitor the generator and its
auxiliaries operating parameters. The limiter and protective circuits use the monitoring devices
as their inputs and process the input by comparing the inputs to their setting. When the
comparison result fulfill a certain condition, the limiter and protective circuit operates and
reduce the electrical operating value of generator or exciter to the lower value or even
disconnects the generator from the system to prevent damage on the generator or the exciter
that operates outside of its capability range for a longer time than its specification.
27
4 MODELING AND SIMULATIONS
4.1 Modeling
The daily supervision of Sumatera substation by the operator who is in charge to monitor
equipment conditions, record the monitored values and switches some equipments locally. The
operator records collected by the load dispatch centre and they are summarized for a daily load
log sheet. The model is based on the data obtained from the south Sumatera dispatch centre
daily log sheet. The obtained data are transmission line voltages at the substation buses, the
power of operating transformers, currents flow at the transformers and power produced by
power plants.
The EMTP/ATP-Draw software was applied to create a three phase representation of the
system. Figure 4.1 shows the representation of the system for the southern part of Sumatera
interconnected power system, it also shows the points where the simulation cases occur. The
model represents the loads record on 27 February 2010. According to the load records, the
system is supplied by two steam turbine-generators that are connected to the NTRHN
substation and two hydro turbine-generators that connected to the BESAI substation. At that
moment, those two local power plants capacity is still unable to fulfill all the power demands in
the Lampung province and the electrical power for Lampung system is also imported from the
Northern system that represented by BKSAM. Due to large power demands in the Lampung
system, the power flows in transmission lines are quite large to accommodate power needs by
the system.
The transmission line that connects BKSAM to BTRJA is a bottleneck to deliver the power from
the northern system to the southern, due to its current transformer ratings which are 600
ampere for one circuit or total 1200 ampere for two circuit transmission lines. This restriction is
reviewed in a simulation result, to investigate whether a case in the simulation is exceeding this
limitation.
28
BKSAM
NORTH SYSTEM
BKSAM
BTRJA BLMBG
GMWNG
BKMNG BESAI
MGGLA
Case 3:
Fault &
Disconnect
at BESAI
KTBMI transmission
line close to 2G
critical
clearing time
PGLRN
TGNNG ADJYA
Case 2:
3 Phase Fault
at SKRME
busbar &
NATAR Diconnect
transmission
lines to SKRME
SKRME
TLBTG
METRO
STAMI TRHN
SRBWN KLNDA
NTRHN
Case 1:
Disconnecting
NTRHN
Power Plant
2G
Figure 4.1 Lampung system single line diagram
29
4.1.1 Load Impedance
The log sheet data of loads was used to obtain the constant impedance model for load
representation. The load models are grounded lumped RLC model embedded with EMTP/ATP-
Draw software, RLC model attached to 150kV substation busbar, with calculated resistance
reactance values, and capacitance values set to zero.
Figure 4.2 Constant impedance load model
The impedance is calculated from the load record from the dispatch centre log sheet to obtain
the value of resistance and reactance for developed load model:
(4.1)
(4.2)
where:
R is a load resistance (ohm)
X is a load reactance (ohm)
P is a load active power consumption (Watt)
Q is a load reactive power consumption (VAR)
I is the current flow to the load (Ampere)
30
4.1.2 North System Representation
The Northern system is represented by the three phase AC source connected behind impedance
that represents equivalent impedance of the north system. The voltage value is adjusted to
match the actual voltage at the BKSAM substation in the northern system representation. The
voltage value is the phase to ground maximum value. The phase angle is adjusted to near the
value of the power output recorded at BTRJA-BKMNG transmission line. The impedance is the
short circuit impedance taken from MVA short circuit impedance at BKSAM busbar.
Figure 4.3 North system representation model
4.1.3 Synchronous Generator
The generator model uses the embedded model in the EMTP/ATP-Draw software, where the
synchronous machine type 59 with eight point of control is used. The parameters are obtained
from the machine data plate, and the typical values from [5] are used for data that are not
available on the data plate. The voltage value in the model is in its maximum phase to ground
value. The machine output voltage is regulated by a voltage regulator that controls the
generator’s field voltage. The mechanical shaft power input is kept fixed at the value before the
disturbance happened.
31
Figure 4.4 Synchronous generator model
4.1.4 Shunt Capacitor
The shunt capacitor model uses the lumped RLC model embedded in the EMTP/ATP-Draw
software, with the zero value for R and L. The capacitance value is calculated from its nominal
capacity which is 25MVAR at 150kV.
Figure 4.5 Shunt capacitor model
4.1.5 Transmission Lines
Transmission line is modeled by Line Constant routine in EMTP/ATP-Draw software. The

transmission tower dimensions are configured by making of the most common transmission
tower in the system. The substation configuration used for the system representation model is
based on the 2007 power system configuration with some adjustment to update with recent
substation expansion configuration. The system frequency is 50Hz, and is expected to be stable
during the simulation due to its connection to the strong northern system that is represented as
an infinite bus.
32
Figure 4.6 Line Constants model for the transmission representation
4.1.6 Simulation Measurement and calculations
The simulation results are measured by the voltage and current measurement module in
EMTP/ATP-Draw software. The measured results are in instantaneous values, and changed to
RMS value by TACS (Transient Analysis of Control Systems) function of the EMTP/ATP-Draw
software.
The measured voltages and currents are instantaneous values, and then the active and the
reactive powers are calculated from the instantaneous value by applying:
(4.3)
(4.4)
where:
p is instantaneous active power (MW)
q is instantaneous reactive power (MVAR)
va (resp. vb & vc) is an instantaneous voltage to ground in phase a (vb & vc respectively)(kV)
ia (resp. ib & ic) is an instantaneous current in phase a (Ampere)
vab (resp. vbc vca) is a phase to phase voltage for phase a&b (vbc & vca respectively) (kV)
4.1.7 Voltage Regulator
The exciter model is based on the IEEE ST1A standard [6] with some modifications by [7], and
then the model is used to control the field voltages of the NTRHN and the BESAI generators. The
33
values are in pu, and generator operating values are converted in pu value before entering to
the exciter model.
V0 + Vpss Vref Vt
+ +
Vt EFD
1 - KA 1 +
------------------- ------------------- -------------------
1 + 0.01s 1 + TAs 1 + 0.01s
-
KFs
G -----------------
1 + TFs
ΔP VPSS
KPSS ( s + 0.145s2 )
----------------------------------------
1 + 7.02s + 10.145s2 + 0.2s3
Figure 4.7 Exciter control applied to the generators [7]
The gain values for the BESAI exciter control are:

KA = 5, KPSS = 3, G = 0.01, KF = 0.2, TA = 0.02, TF = 0.2
And the gain values for the NTRHN exciter control are:
KA = 4, KPSS = 0, G = 0.01, KF = 0.2, TA = 0.02, TF = 0.2
4.2 Model Verification
The model was developed based on an actual condition in the Indonesian system. To verify the
model, the calculated results are compared to the actual log sheet record taken by a human
operator in the substation. The operator takes notes on the log sheet of an actual record that
shown by an analogue voltmeter of the control panel every half hour. The model is based on the
load taken from actual records from the operator’s log sheet at 27 February 2010 at 20:30 local
time. Table 4.1 shows the comparison between log sheet record and simulation result.
34
Table 4.1 Model verification
No. Substation Log Volt (kV) Simulation Volt (kV) Difference (%)
1 BTRJA 149 148.1 0.6
2 BKMNG 143 144.8 1.3
3 KTBMI 140 142.7 1.9
4 MGGLA 143 140.9 1.5
5 GMWNG 139 139.8 0.6
6 TGNG 143 142.7 0.2
7 PGLRN 142 142.1 0.1
8 NATAR 145 143.1 1.3
9 TLBTG 141 142 0.7
10 STAMI 146 145.4 0.4
11 TRHN 147 145 1.4
12 NTRHN 147 146.5 0.3
13 KLNDA 148 147.4 0.4
14 SRBWN 144 144.7 0.5
15 METRO 143 142.6 0.3
16 SKRME 144 144.1 0.1
17 BLMBG 144 144.9 0.6
The maximum difference between the actual log sheet records and the simulations result is
1.9% at KTBMI substation. The substation with the lowest voltage according to the simulation is
GMWNG (139.8kV or 0.932 pu.), which is also the lowest voltage in substation according to the
actual log sheet record.
Disturbances in the system may change the power flow in the system, thus also may change the
voltage values. Two simulations will be run to simulate the most common disturbance in the
power system, the loss of generation and the loss of transmission line along with the loss of a
substation. One more simulation is run to find the critical clearing angle of a three-phase fault in
35
transmission line near a generator bus in order to simulate the voltage stability problem caused
by the asynchronous generator operation. All simulated disturbances influence the power flow
in the system, and the system voltage might also be influenced.
4.3 Simulation Results
4.3.1 Loss of Generator Simulation
A loss of big capacity power plant in south part of the power system is simulated. This means a
loss of a local active and reactive power supply near the load center. In the simulation, an
operating power plant (NTRHN) is disconnected. After the NTRHN power plant is disconnected,
the power consumption for the southern part is drawn from the northern system (BKSAM) and
the other power plants (BESAI). The power flows through a great distance from the northern
system to the most southern part of the system where most loads are placed. Shunt capacitors
at NATAR and KLNDA are still connected to the system during and after disturbance.
Simulation assesses the voltage value following a disturbance. The simulation is running for 30
seconds, and the NTRHN power plant is disconnected at 0.5 s from the start of simulation.
Voltage values in the table 4.2 are taken at the 28th second after the simulation starts. At the
instant of 28 second the voltage after the disturbance are already stable in all substations. Table
4.2 shows the voltage values of all substations produced by the simulation.
The lowest voltage drop is in NTRHN and in KLNDA substation with 23.5% voltage drop. NTRHN
substation is the substation where the power plant was tripped. The lowest voltage is at TLBTG
Substation, and the voltages in most busses are below the normal voltage operating level.
TLBTG substation suffers voltage drop by 22.1% from 142 kV (0.946 pu) to 110.6 kV (0.737 pu),
this value is below the normal rating of -10% voltage operating limit in the grid code. According
to the simulation results, almost all substations have the voltage value around 0.7pu which are
below the grid code normal operating limit. The absence of nearby power source causes a
current flow from the power plant through long transmission lines. The increase of the current
flow, the increase of the transmission reactance and the reduction of the load reactance seen by
the northern power plants created the low voltage situations at the southern part of the system.
36
Table 4.2 Post disturbance voltage comparison
Voltage Before Voltage After Voltage After Voltage

No. Substation
(kV) (kV) (pu) Change (%)
1 BTRJA 148.1 136.0 0.91 8.2
2 BKMNG 144.8 124.2 0.83 14.2
3 KTBMI 142.7 117.3 0.78 17.8
4 MGGLA 140.9 115.8 0.77 17.8
5 GMWNG 139.8 114.9 0.77 17.8
6 TGNG 142.7 112.0 0.75 21.5
7 PGLRN 142.1 111.5 0.74 21.5
8 NATAR 143 111.4 0.74 22.2
9 TLBTG 142 110.6 0.74 22.1
10 STAMI 145.4 111.6 0.74 23.2
11 TRHN 145 111.3 0.74 23.2
12 NTRHN 146.5 112.0 0.75 23.5
13 KLNDA 147.4 112.8 0.75 23.5
14 SRBWN 144.7 111.8 0.75 22.7
15 METRO 142.6 111.5 0.74 21.8
16 SKRME 144.1 111.4 0.74 22.7
17 BLMBG 144.9 126.1 0.84 13.0
37
T L B T G S u b st a t io n
C u rre n t (A ) V o lta g e ( kV )
300 150
250
T A C S
(A )
200 100
-R IT L B T
-R V T L B T
150
T A C S
100 50
(k V )
50
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
E le c tr o te k C o n ce p ts ® T O P , T h e O u tp u t P r o ce sso r ®
Figure 4.8 TLBTG substation voltage and load current profile
Constant impedance load model that is used in the simulation shows that the current is also
reduced with respect to the voltage reduction. Current reduction is about 22% from 262 ampere
to 203 ampere. Voltage and current reduction also reduce the active and the reactive power
consumption. Reduced power because of the voltage drop occurs in all substations, and then
the total power consumption for the system after disturbance is less than the power
consumption before disturbance.
T L B T G S u sb st a t io n
R e a l P o w e r (M W ) R e a ctive P o w e r (M V A r )
80 25 T A C S
(M W )
20
60
-R Q T L B T
-R P T L B T
15
40
10
(M V A r)
T A C S
20
5
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.9 TLBTG substation power profile
38
B K S A M N o rt h S yst e m T ra n sf e r
300 100
T A C S
250
(M W )
80
200
-R Q B K S M
-R P B K S M
60
150
40
100
(M V A r)
T A C S
20
50
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.10 Power transfer from the northern system

B K S A M N o rt h S yst e m
C u rre n t (A ) V o lta g e ( V )
1200 200
1000
T A C S
(A )
150
800
-R IB K S M
-R V B K S M
600 100
400
T A C S
(k V )
50
200
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.11 BKSAM northern system voltage and current profile
Figure 4.10 shows an increase in power flow from the northern power plant from 211 MW to
255 MW due to a loss of generation in the southern part that increases the current flow from
the northern system to the southern system. The increase of the active power is not really
significant because the demand is lower due to the voltage drop at the southern area. The
reactive power transfer from the northern system increases significantly from 9 MVAR to 82
MVAR, the voltage drop at the southern area is responsible for significant increase of the
reactive power transfer from BKSAM northern system. The current flow from the northern
39
system also increases to accommodate the increase of the load in the southern system. The
current increase is still below the transmission current carrying capability, which is 600 Amperes
at each circuit, which means for two operating circuits the transmission line can carry current up
to 1200 ampere, while the total summation of both current flows in the transmission lines is
around 1000 ampere.
B E S A I P o w e r P la n t
4000 12000
10000
T A C S
(A )
3000
8000
-R IB S I2
-R V B S I1
2000 6000
T A C S
4000
(V )
1000
2000
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.12 BESAI voltage and current profile
The voltage supplied by BESAI power plants are increased a little bit from the moment after the
fault occurs. This is the result from the automatic voltage regulator that tries to maintain the
voltage output of the generator at its nominal value. The gain of the voltage regulator is set by
focusing on the active and the reactive power outputs of the BESAI generator which is still in its
capability area (53MVA power output). A lower voltage is expected after the disturbance due to
an increase of the load current flow from the power plant to the load.
After NTRHN power plant is disconnecting from the system and the system is stabilized, the
apparent power output of BESAI power plant is 52.3 MVA and it is still in the nominal rating of
the generator and the transformer. The current generated by BESAI power plant is 6% over its
rated current for a full load. The rated current is 2781 Ampere while the current flow in
armature terminal is reaches 2965 ampere. The condition might trigger the overcurrent function
40
of the generator and the transformer protection system to prevent further damage to the
generator and the transformer.
N T R H N P o w e r P la n t
V o lta g e ( V ) C u rre n t (A )
14000 5000
12000
4000
T A C S
( V )
10000
-R P T R H 1
3000
-R Q T R H 2
8000
6000
2000
T A C S
4000
( A )
1000
2000
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.13 NTRHN voltage and current profile
The current at NTRHN power plant is dropped to a nearly zero after the NTRHN power plant is
disconnected from the system, the current flowing out from NTRHN generator is only supplying
the unloaded step up transformer at the power plant.
R o to r A n g le P o sitio n (D e g r e e s) R o to r V e lo city (R a d /s)
154 5 2 .3 7 0
B E S A I-R O T O R
(M a g )
152 5 2 .3 6 5
A N G L E
150 5 2 .3 6 0
V E L O C IT Y
B E S A I-R O T O R
148 5 2 .3 5 5
146 5 2 .3 5 0
(M a g )
144 5 2 .3 4 5
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.14 Besai rotor angle position
41
5000 320
N T R H N -R O T O R
(M a g )
319
4000
A N G L E
318
3000
317
V E L O C IT Y
2000
316
1000
315
(M a g )
0 314
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.15 NTRHN rotor angle position
Due to the load change in the system, the rotor angle position is changed to match the new load
composition. The exciter will react to the lower voltage due to the fault and will increase the
reactive power that will result in retarding of the rotor angle position to a new angle which is
153.7 to the value at around 147 by oscillating through a range of angle during its way to
achieve the new stable angle. The rotor angle in the figure is the rotor angle output of the
generator for d-axis at the output of generator in front of step up transformer. The power
produced by BESAI power plant also oscillates due to the oscillation of the rotor angle, but the
power output oscillation is stabilized following the rotor angle stabilization progress. The NTRHN
rotor angle accelerates to an infinite value due to a continuously power supply of mechanical
power input that accelerates NTRHN rotor.
42
B E S A I P ower P Lant
50 40
T A C S
(M W )
40
30
-R Q B S I2
30
-R P B S I1
20
20
(M V A r)
T A C S
10
10
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
100 30
T A C S
25
(M W )
80
20
-R Q T R H 2
-R P T R H 1
60
15
40
10
(M V A r)
T A C S
20
5
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.16 BESAI & NTRHN power plant power profile
After the system is stabilized, the power produced by BESAI power plant remains 38 MW
because there is no change in the mechanical input power. The reactive power produced by the
BESAI power plant is increased from 13 MVAR to 36 MVAR. The value is based on one generator,
but both generators have the same value. NTRHN generators on the other side are disconnected
from the system and the active power generated from the generator becomes zero, while the
reactive power is decreases close to zero only to supply the unloaded transformer.
43
S h u n t C a p a cit o r R e a ct ive P o w e r
K L N D A S u b sta tio n N A T A R S u b sta tio n
25 25
T A C S
(M V A r)
20 20
-R Q N T A R
15 15
-R K L N D A
10 10
(M V A r)
T A C S
5 5
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.17 KLNDA & NATAR substation power profile
Due to a lower voltage after the disturbance, the shunt capacitor also supplies the lower
reactive power. At NATAR substation the VAR supply is reduced from 24.2 MVAR to 14.1 MVAR
and at KLNDA substation it is reduced from 22.9 MVAR to 13.8 MVAR. Reduced reactive power
supply during low voltage makes the shunt capacitor not very effective in dealing with the
voltage collapse.
Table 4.3 Power plants load composition
MW BEFORE MW AFTER MVAR BEFORE MVAR AFTER

POWER PLANT
DISTURBANCE DISTURBANCE DISTURBANCE DISTURBANCE
NTRHN 1 88 0 23 0
NTRHN 1 88 0 23 0
BESAI 1 38 38 13.5 36
BESAI 2 38 38 13.5 36
BKSAM 211 255 9.2 82.2
Capacitor-KLNDA - - 24.2 14.1
Capacitor-NATAR - - 22.9 13.8
TOTAL 463 331 130.6 182.1
44
16.38 463MW
130.6MVAR
481MVA
Figure 4.18 Power Triangle of the system before disturbance
33.37 331 MW
182.1 MVAR
376 MVA
Figure 4.19 Power Triangle of the system after disturbance
The loss of both NTRHN power plants will result in a loss of power of 176 MW and 46 MVAR in
the southern system; this will certainly influence the power flow in the system. The loss of
generation in the southern part of the system will make most substations voltages suffer from
voltage drop to below the normal operating voltages. Total power consumption for the system
load will become smaller, but the reactive power consumption is increasing. The result is a
system power angle that increases from 16.38 to 33.37 that represents the increase of the
reactive power needed by the system, due to a loss of reactive power supply at NTRHN
substation and low voltages in the southern system substations.
4.3.2 Loss of Transmission Line Simulation
Busbar fault in the substation is not a common fault, but in the substation without bus bar
protection, short circuit fault duration in busbar might be longer than that in the transmission
line. The next simulation simulates the fault at the SKRME substation where no busbar
protection is available. The fault is cleared by distance relay in STAMI and NATAR using the
backup protection zone within 0.5 second trip time after disturbance starts. The system will
experience a fault current followed by a fault clearance that will result in a loss of transmission
45
lines and a loss of a substation simultaneously. This condition will also change the local power
flow in the area near the faulted point. STAMI and NATAR substations will be connected by only
one transmission line circuit after the fault is cleared, and SKRME substation will be
disconnected from the system after the fault is cleared.
The power plant composition before and after the fault will still be equal, where NTRHN and
BESAI power plants operates normally, and the power transfer from the northern system
represented by the BKSAM operates normally too. There will be no change in the connected
power plants after disturbance is cleared. The SKME substation is loaded with 11.7 MW and 2.1
MVAR of power before disturbance, that means after the disturbance the system will SKME load
due to a fault clearance that requires SKME substation to be disconnected.
Table 4.4 Voltage change after transmission fault
Voltage Change
No. Substation Voltage Before (kV) Voltage After (kV)
(%)
1 BTRJA 148.1 148.4 0.2
2 BKMNG 144.8 145.2 0.3
3 KTBMI 142.7 143.0 0.2
4 MGGLA 140.9 141.2 0.2
5 GMWNG 139.8 140.1 0.2
6 TGNG 142.7 142.9 0.1
7 PGLRN 142.1 142.2 0.1
8 NATAR 143 142.9 0.1
9 TLBTG 142 141.9 0.1
10 STAMI 145.4 146.7 0.9
11 TRHN 145 146.3 0.9
12 NTRHN 146.5 147.6 0.8
13 KLNDA 147.4 148.6 0.8
14 SRBWN 144.7 145.4 0.5
15 METRO 142.6 142.9 0.2
16 SKRME 144.1 0.0 100.0
17 BLMBG 144.9 145.3 0.3
46
Table 4.4 shows that the voltage change in this case is not significant and the fault in the
transmission lines only affects the power flow at the local transmission lines which does not
really influence the voltage magnitude. All of the local power sources still operated after the
disturbance makes changes in the voltages magnitudes is not significant. The loss of load at
SKRME substation increases the voltage at all substation within the small percentage.
170 5 2 .4 0
B E S A I-R O T O R
(A )
5 2 .3 9
165
A N G L E
5 2 .3 8
160
5 2 .3 7
B E S A I-R O T O R
V E L O C IT Y
5 2 .3 6
155
5 2 .3 5
150
5 2 .3 4
(A )
145 5 2 .3 3
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
185 3 1 4 .2 5
(A )
A N G L E
180 3 1 4 .2 0
175 3 1 4 .1 5
V E L O C IT Y
170 3 1 4 .1 0
(A )
165 3 1 4 .0 5
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.20 Power plants rotor angles and velocities
47
Both rotors in BESAI and NTRHN power plant are accelerated during the fault. The rotor speed
decreases after the fault is cleared and oscillates through its way to the new steady state
position. The decaying rotor angle oscillation shows that the system is stabilized after the fault
clearance.
6000 12000
5000 10000
T A C S
(A )
4000 8000
-R IB S I2
-R V B S I1
3000 6000
T A C S
2000 4000
(A )
1000 2000
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
20000 12000
10000 T A C S
(A )
15000
8000
-R IT R H 2
-R V T R H 1
10000 6000
T A C S
4000
5000
(A )
2000
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.21 BESAI & NTRHN voltage and current responses
48
A short circuit faults suddenly adds a low impedance load to the system which causes the
voltage at the short circuit point to drop to a very low voltage. Due to a high voltage difference
between the voltage sources, the short circuit point and its low impedance, the current flow
from voltage sources increases to the short circuit point. This condition is seen from the power
plants voltage and current profiles, where the current increases and the voltage drops during
the fault. The NTRHN power plant has a lower voltage drop and a higher fault current flow
compared to the values produced by the BESAI power plant because of its closer position to the
fault point. Thus, the impedance to the fault point is seen lower from NTRHN power plant than
that from the BESAI power plant. After the fault is cleared, the sudden low impedance load has
gone and the SKRME load is also disconnected. The voltages at the power plants are also
restored to their previous state, with a small increment due to the fact that less load is restored
because SKRME substation is no longer connected to the system. The current flows from the
power plants are slightly lower than the values before the disturbance also because of SKRME
substation loss.
1200 200000
1000
T A C S
(A )
150000
800
-R IB K S M
-R V B K S M
600 100000
400
T A C S
50000
(A )
200
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.22 Northern system voltage and current responses
The northern system that is represent by the BKSAM has the same response with other power
plants that also suffers voltage drop, but its far position from the fault point that also means
higher impedance to the fault makes the voltage change at the northern system not significant.
The current flows from the northern system increases during the short circuit fault, and fall back
to slightly lower magnitude than the value before the disturbance.
49
S u b st a t io n V o lt a g e s
N A T A R S u b sta tio n ( k V ) S T A M I S u b s ta tio n (k V )
150
V o lt a g e ( k V )
100
50
0
0 10000 20000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.23 NATAR & STAMI voltage profile
S T A M I -N A T A R H e a lt h y T ra n sm issio n L in e
300
250
200
C u rre n t (A )
150
100
50
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.24 Current flow at STAMI-NATAR healthy transmission line
The voltage profiles in the substations near the fault point are relative stable and are within
their normal operating voltage range after the fault is cleared. The short circuit current and its
fault clearance at SKRME substation is not followed by a voltage drop. The voltage drops to a
low value during the short circuit fault and it is restored back after the fault is cleared. The
50
current flow in the healthy STAMI-NATAR transmission line is reduced to a lower value during a
disturbance due to a low impedance fault at the SKRME substation. The current flow on the
healthy STAMI-NATAR transmission line increases after the disturbance is cleared because the
transmission line from the NATAR and the STAMI to the SKRME is disconnected. Therefore the
power from the northern to southern or vice versa flows through the healthy transmission line.
The increase of the current in one healthy circuit of the NATAR-STAMI transmission line does
not have impact on the voltage drop in the system.
250 300
T A C S
250
(M W )
200
200
-R Q B K S M
-R P B K S M
150
150
100
100
(M V A r)
T A C S
50
50
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
120 200
T A C S
100
(M W )
150
80
-R Q T R H 2
-R P T R H 1
60 100
40
(M V A r)
T A C S
50
20
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
51
80 80
T A C S
(M W )
60 60
-R Q B S I2
-R P B S I1
40 40
(M V A r)
T A C S
20 20
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.25 Power sources responses
The voltage drop due to the short circuit fault decreases the power produced by the power
plants during the short circuit. It also increases the reactive power flow from the power plants
during a disturbance. The northern system provides more reactive power flow to the fault point
because of its higher voltage during a disturbance compared to other power plants. After the
fault is cleared, the power produced by the power plants is restored back to the value before
the disturbance with slightly lower reactive power because of small increment of voltage value
in all substations.
The oscillating power produced by the power plant after the disturbance is a respond of the
power plant to reach a new balanced state after the disturbance and its clearance. Rotor angle
position has more significant impact on the active power flows than on the reactive power flow.
The voltage source at Northern system power flow balances the power needed by the system
following the oscillation that happens in the Southern system generators.
52
S h u n t C a p a cit o r R e a ct ive P o w e r
K L N D A S u b sta tio n N A T A R S u b sta tio n
30
25
R e a c t iv e P o w e r ( M V A r )
20
15
10
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.26 NATAR & KLNDA shunt capacitor reactive power profile
The reactive power produced by the shunt capacitor in the KLNDA and in the NATAR substations
is lower during the fault duration due to the voltage collapse during fault. The reactive power
restores itself when the voltage goes back to normal after the fault. The reactive power
produced by the shunt capacitor drops and raises proportionally to the voltage at the capacitor
terminals. After the disturbance is cleared, the reactive power from the shunt capacitors is
increased from a value before disturbance because of the small voltage increment after
disturbance.
4.3.3 BESAI Power plant fault clearance at Critical Fault Clearing Time
Rotor angle disturbance is one of the disturbances that may affect the voltage stability. The
voltage stability problem caused by the rotor angle value is simulated in the next case by
introducing a three-phase fault in the transmission line very close to the BESAI substation at 0.5s
after the simulation starts. The fault is sustained long enough until the BESAI rotor angle
achieves the critical angle, and then the fault is cleared by the transmission line circuit breaker
that also disconnects one transmission line circuit between BESAI and BKMNG.
53
B E S A I P o w e r P la n t (2 . 2 s f a u lt )
300 5 2 .6
B E S A I-R O T O R
(M a g )
5 2 .5
250
A N G L E
5 2 .4
V E L O C IT Y
200
B E S A I-R O T O R
5 2 .3
150
5 2 .2
(M a g )
100 5 2 .1
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.27 BESAI critical rotor angle for 2.2s fault duration
During a fault of the transmission line very near to the BESAI substation busbar, BESAI rotor’s
angle increases to the higher angle after the fault from around 155 to the maximum critical
angle at around 300. The fault is cleared after 2.2 seconds of disturbance by disconnecting the
faulted transmission line. The swing of the generator rotor angle gets smaller and becomes
eventually stable at the new steady state position after some oscillations.
N T R H N P o w e r P la n t (2 . 2 s f a u lt )
240 3 1 4 .4
(M a g )
3 1 4 .3
220
3 1 4 .2
A N G L E
200
3 1 4 .1
180
V E L O C IT Y
3 1 4 .0
160
3 1 3 .9
140
(M a g )
3 1 3 .8
120 3 1 3 .7
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.28 NTRHN power plant rotor angle position for 2.2s fault duration
54
The NTRHN generator’s rotor angle position increases to a higher angle due to the fault near the
BESAI power plant. After the fault is clear, the rotor angle position oscillates back to a stable
angle.
12000 12000
10000 10000
( V )
T A C S
8000 8000
-R B S I1
-R B S I2
6000 6000
T A C S
4000 4000
( A )
2000 2000
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
12000 12000
10000 10000
( V )
T A C S
8000 8000
-R T R H 1
6000 6000 -R T R H 2
4000 4000
T A C S
( A )
2000 2000
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.29 NTRHN & BESAI voltage & current profile for 2.2s fault duration
BESAI and NTRHN voltage profile shows that the voltages drop during short circuit fault, and
they raise back after the fault is cleared. The voltages are not suddenly back to the normal
position after the fault clearance, due to its large oscillation of the rotor angle. The current flow
55
from the power plant’s generators increases significantly during a short circuit and decreases
again after the fault is cleared. The current flows from the generators also oscillate through its
way to stabilized values followed by the rotor angle oscillation. BKSAM as the northern system
representation shows more stable voltage profile, where the drop is only during the fault
duration and a small oscillation after the disturbance is cleared. The BKSAM voltage oscillation is
influenced by the voltage oscillation in the other power plants, especially BESAI power plants
which is the closest power plant to BKSAM.
B K S A M N o rt h S yst e m (2 . 2 s f a u lt )
200 2000
T A C S
(k V )
150 1500
-R P B K S M
-R Q B K S M
100 1000
T A C S
50 500
( A )
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.30 BKSAM voltage & current profile for 2.2s fault duration
The voltages in all substations of the power system also drop during a short circuit fault with
the lowest voltage value during a short circuit is on BKMN substation, which is the closest
substation to the fault point. The highest voltage value during short circuit is on the BTRJA
substation which is the closest substation to the BKSAM northern system. After the
disturbance is cleared, the voltages in all substations are slowly recovered back to their
normal operating range value followed by the power plant voltage recovery.
56
S u b st a t io n s V o lt a g e s (2 . 2 s f a u lt )
BKMN B TR J K TB M I NA TA R S TM I TG NG
150
100
50
0
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.31 Substations voltage profile for 2.2s fault duration
The active powers produced by NTRHN and BESAI power plants are also reduced during the
fault duration. Rotor angle increases during the fault, and then the active power produced
just after the fault clearance is higher than that before the fault occurrence. The active
power oscillates following the rotor angle oscillation after the disturbance. The power
generated by the generator of BESAI power plant suffering large oscillation magnitude, if the
generator can safely survive from the oscillation, its rotor angle will eventually become
stable again after some oscillation time.
100 100
T A C S
80 80
(M W )
-R B S I2
60 60
-R B S I1
40 40
(M V A r)
T A C S
20 20
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.32 BESAI power profile for 2.2s fault duration
57
200 200
T A C S
(M W )
150 150
-R T R H 2
-R T R H 1
100 100
(M V A r)
T A C S
50 50
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.33 NTRHN power profile for 2.2s fault duration
400 500
T A C S
(M W )
400
300
-R Q B K S M
-R P B K S M
300
200
200
(M V A r)
T A C S
100
100
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.34 BKSAM power profile for 2.2s fault duration
4.3.4 BESAI Power plant fault clearance after Critical Time Fault Clearing
When the clearing time is longer than that which corresponds to the critical angle, the rotor
angle position continue to increase and becomes instable because the generator operates
asynchronously and it is not able to get back to the synchronous system. The next
58
simulation is to simulate the voltage instability problem that surfaced because of the fault is
cleared after critical fault clearance time. The three phase short circuit fault near the BESAI
busbar will cause the BESAI generator to operate asynchronously. The short circuit fault will
be cleared after 2.3 seconds duration.
3000 5 3 .4
B E S A I-R O T O R
(M a g )
2500 5 3 .2
A N G L E
2000 5 3 .0
V E L O C IT Y
1500 5 2 .8
B E S A I-R O T O R
1000 5 2 .6
500 5 2 .4
(M a g )
0 5 2 .2
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
240 3 1 4 .4
(M a g )
220 3 1 4 .3
A N G L E
200 3 1 4 .2
V E L O C IT Y
180 3 1 4 .1
160 3 1 4 .0
(M a g )
140 3 1 3 .9
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.35 BESAI rotor angle position for 2.3s fault duration
The power plant rotor angles accelerate during a fault. The BESAI generator’s rotor angle
continues to accelerate after the fault is cleared and is not retarded back to the steady state
position. This condition makes the BESAI power plants running out of synchronism. The
59
system condition after the fault cleared is worsening because it’s influencing the NTRHN
generator’s rotor angle position.
12000 12000
10000 10000
( V )
T A C S
8000 8000
-R B S I1
-R B S I2
6000 6000
T A C S
4000 4000
( A )
2000 2000
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
12000 12000
10000 10000
( V )
T A C S
8000 8000
-R T R H 1
-R T R H 2
6000 6000
4000 4000
T A C S
( A )
2000 2000
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.36 BESAI & NTRHN voltage & current profile for 2.3s fault duration
The power plant voltages drop during the short circuit fault and they recover back after the
fault, but the rotor angle oscillation also has influence to their magnitude oscillation. The power
plant’s current increases during a short circuit and are reduced back to the normal values after
the short circuit fault is cleared. Just like the voltage oscillation, the current magnitude also
influenced by rotor angle oscillation. The power plant’s voltages and currents oscillating with the
60
increase of the BESAI rotor angle, and the oscillations become larger along with the larger rotor
position angle. The system voltages become unstable during the BESAI generator operation in
out of synchronous condition.
200 2000
T A C S
(k V )
150 1500
-R P B K S M
-R Q B K S M
100 1000
T A C S
50 500
( A )
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.37 BKSAM voltage & current profile for 2.3s fault duration
BKSAM voltage and current flow are also influenced by the BESAI out of synchronism operation.
Their voltages and currents also oscillate following the BESAI rotor angle out of synchronous
operating condition. Unstable voltages and currents in all voltage sources are experienced as
long as the BESAI generator is still operating in out of synchronous condition.
400 500
T A C S
(M W )
400
300
-R Q B K S M
-R P B K S M
300
200
200
(M V A r)
T A C S
100
100
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.38 BKSAM power profile for 2.3s fault
61
120 100
100
T A C S
80
(M W )
80
-R B S I2
60
-R B S I1
60
40
40
(M V A r)
T A C S
20
20
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.39 BESAI power profile for 2.3s fault duration
200 200
T A C S
(M W )
150 150
-R T R H 2
-R T R H 1
100 100
(M V A r)
T A C S
50 50
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.40 Power sources responses for 2.3s fault duration
Due to its voltages and current oscillates, the power flows from the generators also
oscillates due to the BESAI out of synchronism operating condition. The powers swing
between the power sources and they create unstable condition for both power and voltage
in the system.
62
V o lt a g e s S u b st a t io n (2 . 3 s f a u lt )
BKMN B TR J K TB M I NA TA R S TM I TG NG
150
100
50
0
0 5000 10000 15000
T im e ( m s)
Figure 4.41 Substations voltages for 2.3s fault duration
The substations voltages are lower during the short circuit duration, the lowest and highest
voltage during short circuit are equal with the voltage magnitude for 2.2s fault duration,
where lowest voltage magnitude is on BKMN substation and the highest voltage magnitude
is on BTRJA. The out of synchronism state of BESAI generator that influenced the voltage of
the power plants is also influences the voltage magnitude at all substations. The whole
system voltage magnitudes become unstable because of BESAI out of step operation
condition.
63
5 Conclusion and Suggestion
5.1 Conclusions
The simulation results from the constructed model have concluded several things:
- The south Sumatera system is vulnerable to a voltage collapse when a disturbance

affects the NTRHN power plants, because the supply of power to the Lampung load
center is affected, although the shunt capacitors are still connected.
- NTRHN power plants as the only power plants at the load centre of the southern part of
Lampung have an important role to keep the Lampung system voltage within normal
range.
- A fault duration of 0.5 second and a fault clearance in the SKRME substation that
disconnects the substation and its connected transmission line does not affect the
voltage stability of Lampung system.
- For a three phase fault near the BESAI substation bus bar, the critical fault clearing time
of BESAI power plant is 2.2 seconds after the fault is introduced to the system. When
the fault is cleared after 2.2 seconds, the BESAI generator will operate out of
synchronism and the system voltage will be unstable.
5.2 Suggestions
For further development of the model and further development of the electrical power system
at South Sumatera system especially Lampung province, the following suggestions are
proposed:
- There is a need to add another power supply at Lampung province, due to the limited
number of power plant available in the load centre in the southern part of Lampung,
because the disturbance that affects the NTRHN power plants ability to supply power
will significantly influence the voltage magnitude at the load centre.
64
- To improve the reactive power supply performance other than reactive power that is
generated by the power plant, shunt capacitor should be replaced by other type of
compensation that does not reduce the reactive power supply during the voltage drop.
- Further development of the constructed model that includes other components such as
transformer voltage regulator, protective devices, turbine governor and more detailed
load modeling about northern part of the system is necessary to simulate even more
detailed events in the system.
65
6 References
1. Sumatera, PT. PLN (Persero) P3b. Grafik Rencana & Realisasi. http://www.p3b-
sumatera.co.id/. [Online] PT. PLN (Persero) P3B Sumatera, 05 31, 2010. [Cited: 05 31, 201.]
http://202.162.216.198/~p3bsumatera/ldc/.
2. Taylor, Carson W. Power System Voltage Stability. Singapore : McGraw-Hill, 1994. 0-07-
113708-4.
3. Kundur, Prabha. Power System Stability and Control. United States of America : McGraw-Hill,
1994. 0-07-035958-X.
4. IEEE Guide for Application of Shunt Power Capacitors. Board, IEEE Standards. New York : IEEE,
1993. IEEE Std 1036-1992.
5. Anderson, P. M. and Fouad, A. A. Power System Control and Stability. Iowa : The Iowa State
University Press, 1977.
6. IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stabilities.
Society, IEEE Power Engineering. NeW York : IEEE, 2006. IEEE Std 421.5-2005.
7. Haginomori, Eiichi. Applied ATP-EMTP to Highly-sophisticated electric power systems. 2003.
8. Cutsem, Thierry Van and Vournas, Costas. Voltage Stability of Electric Power System.
London : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.
9. John, Grainger J. and Stevenson, jr., William D. Power System Analysis. Singapore : McGraw-
Hill, 1994. 0-07-113338-0.
10. Engineering, Branch of System. Electro Magnetic Transients Program (EMTP) Theory Book.
[Document] Oregon : Bonneville Power Administration, 1995.
11. EMTP Rule Book.
12. László Prikler, Hans Kristian Hoidalen. ATP Draw Version 5.6 for Windows
9x/NT/2000/XP/Vista Users' Manual. [Document] 2009.
13. Wihartady, Handy. Modeling of Short Circuit Fault Arc in 150 kV System and Its Influence on
the Performance of Distance Protection. Delft : TU Delft Library, 2009.
66
14. G. Andria, L. Salvatore, M. Savino, A. Trotta. Measurements of Power and Current
Components in Unbalanced and Distorted Three-Phase Systems. ETEP. January/February, 1993,
Vol. 3, 1.
15. Sen, P.C. Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics. Canada : John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1997. 978-0-471-02295-4.
67
7 APPENDICES
GENERATOR DATA PLTU TARAHAN
2 x 100 MW
GENERAL DATA
Nr. of Phase : 3 Phase Frequency : 50 Hz (Round-Rotor/Salient-Pole)

Rated MVA : 125.5 MVA Rated Voltage : 11 000 V PF : 0.8
Phase Conn. : Wye Rated Current : 6 587 A RPM : 3000
Field Current : 949 A
REACTANCE DATA (PER UNIT) DIRECT AXIS QUADRATURE AXIS

Saturated Synchronous (Xdv) 157 % (Xqv) 149 %
Unsaturated Synchronous (Xdi) 178 % (Xqi) 169 %
Saturated Transient (X’dv) 21 % (X’qv)
Unsaturated Transient (X’di) 24 % (X’qi)
Saturated Subtransient (X”dv) 15 % (X”qv) 17 %

Unsaturated Subtransient (X”di) 18 % (X”qi) 20 %
Saturated Negative Sequence (X2v)
Unsaturated Negative Sequence (X2i) 16.7 %
Saturated Zero Sequence (X0v)
Unsaturated Zero Sequence (X0i) 8.82 %
Leakage Reactance (XLM, OEX) (XLM, UEX)
FIELD TIME CONSTANT (SECOND)

Transient Open Circuit (T’d0) 7.2 (T’q0)
Three Phase Short Circuit Transient (T’d3) (T’q)
Line to line Short Circuit Transient (T’d2)
Line to Neutral Short Circuit Transient (T’d1) 0.89
Short Circuit Subtransient (T”d) 0.03 (T”q)
Subtransient Open Circuit (T”d0) 0.041 (T”q0)
ARMATURE
Armature Winding DC Resistance 0.00412 Ohm
68
GENERATOR DATA PLTA BESAI Unit 1 & 2
2 x 45 MW
GENERAL DATA
Nr. of Phase : 3 Phase Frequency : 50 Hz (Round-Rotor/Salient-Pole)

Rated MVA : 53 MVA Rated Voltage : 11 000 V PF : 0.85
Phase Conn. : Wye Rated Current : 2781.8 A RPM : 500
Field Current : 969 A
REACTANCE DATA (PER UNIT) DIRECT AXIS QUADRATURE AXIS

Saturated Synchronous (Xdv) 110.00 % (Xqv)
Unsaturated Synchronous (Xdi) 100.04 % (Xqi) 46.9 %
Saturated Transient (X’dv) 24.6 % (X’q)
Unsaturated Transient (X’di) 26.7 %
Saturated Subtransient (X”dv) 16.0 % (X”qv) 13.0 %
Unsaturated Subtransient (X”di) 18.4 % (X”qi) 14.3 %
Saturated Negative Sequence (X2v)
Unsaturated Negative Sequence (X2i) 16.7 %
Saturated Zero Sequence (X0v)
Unsaturated Zero Sequence (X0i) 9.7 %
Leakage Reactance (XLM, OEX) (XLM,UEX)
FIELD TIME CONSTANT (SECOND)

Transient Open Circuit (T’d0) 8.78 (T’q0)
Three Phase Short Circuit Transient (T’d3) (T’q)
Line to line Short Circuit Transient (T’d2)
Line to Neutral Short Circuit Transient (T’d1) 1.141
Short Circuit Subtransient (T”d) 0.039 (T”q)
Subtransient Open Circuit (T”d0) 0.056 (T”q0) 0.01
ARMATURE
Armature Winding DC Resistance 0.00665 Ohm
69
Table 7.1 Substation Loads based on Log sheet on 27 February 2010, at 20:30 local time.
No. Substation Voltage (kV) MW MVAR

1 BTRJA 149 33.5 9.1
2 BKMNG 143 18.3 3
3 KTBMI 140 34.3 9.1
4 MGGLA 143 20.8 4.6
5 GMWNG 139 19 4
6 TGNG 143 28.7 2
7 PGLRN 142 29.3 7
8 NATAR 145 34.1 13.8
9 TLBTG 141 62.2 22
10 STAMI 146 15.1 1.7
11 TRHN 147 20.9 6.3
12 NTRHN 147 7.3 0.8
13 KLNDA 148 16.8 4.4
14 SRBWN 144 28.6 3.3
15 METRO 143 26.7 17.2
16 SKRME 144 4.9 0.9
17 BLMBG 144 18 3
70
2.75 m
3.78 m
38.2 m
33.75 m
29.25 m
24.75 m
Transmission tower construction
71
Table 7.2 Transmission Line Data
TRANSMISSION CONDUCTOR EARTH NO. OF

BUNDLED DISTANCE
LINE (mm2) CONDUCTOR Circuit
BKSAM – BTRJA ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 2 NO 74 km
BTRJA – BKMNG ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 1 NO 99 km
BTRJA – BLMBG ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 1 NO 74 km
BLMBG - BKMNG ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 1 NO 24 km
BKMNG - KTBMI ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 2 NO 37 km
KTBMI - MGGLA ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 1 YES 57 km
MGGLA – GMWG ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 1 NO 45 km
BKMNG - BESAI ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 1 NO 16 km
KTBMI – TGNNG ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 1 NO 48 km
TGNNG - PGLRN ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 1 NO 38 km
TGNNG – METRO ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 1 YES 19 km
TGNNG – SRBWN ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 1 YES 74 km
METRO - SRBWN ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 1 YES 55 km
TGNNG - NATAR ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 2 NO 16 km
NATAR – STAMI ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 1 NO 30 km
NATAR – SKRME ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 1 NO 15 km
SKRME – STAMI ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 1 NO 15 km
STAMI – NTRHN ACSR 430 GSW 55mm2 2 YES 18 km
SRBWN – NTRHN ACSR 240 GSW 55mm2 2 YES 52 km
NTRHN – KLNDA ACSR 430 GSW 55mm2 2 YES 46 km
72

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MODELING 150KV INDONESIA POWER SYSTEM

FOR VOLTAGE STABILITY STUDIES

LUCKY ARIE WIBOWO

MSc Thesis Committee

Prof. ir. L. van der Sluis

Delft University of Technology

Electrical power system in the province of Lampung is connected to the province of

1.1 Interconnected Power Systems

Power Plants Transmission Lines Load Centers

Figure 1.1 Electrical power system

1.2 Problem Definition

1.3 Objective of This Study

2.1 Interconnection System

Figure 2.1 Sumatera interconnection system 2007

2.2 Transmission Lines

2.3 Daily Load Curve

Figure 2.2 South Sumatera daily load profile estimation

2.4 Voltage Stability Issues

3.1 Voltage Instability in Power System

Figure 3.1 A simple radial system

PVI Relation Curve

3.3 Power Transfer and Losses

Figure 3.3 Lossless transmission line between two sources

PR = Active power at the receiving point

QR = Reactive power at the receiving point

QS = Reactive power at the sending point

ER = Voltage at the receiving point

ES = Voltage at the sending point

X = Reactance between sources

 = Voltage angle at the sending point

Q = Reactive power supplied (MVAR)

V = Capacitor terminal voltage (kV)

XC = Capacitor reactance (Ohm)

Figure 3.4 The effect of shunt capacitor Insertion

3.5 Disturbances in Power System

3.6 Generator Rotor Angle

Pm = Mechanical shaft power input to the machine

Pe = Electrical power output

H = Stored kinetic energy at synchronous speed

 = Rotor angular position

Figure 3.5 Equal area criterion for stable system

Figure 3.6 Critical angle fault clearing

3.7 Synchronous Generator

Synchronous generator is an important component of the power system, it has a function to

Figure 3.7 Electrical power generation block

Figure 3.8 Simple generator diagram

A synchronous generator is designed to operate at a defined speed, representing by the speed

= Flux linkage at phase a (respectively with phase b & c)

Ls = phase self inductance (Laa, Lbb, Lcc)

Ms = inter phase mutual inductances (Lab, Lbc, Lca)

If = current flow at field coil

θd0 = initial angle of rotor position at t=0

3.8 Generator Voltage Regulator

Limiter and Protective circuits

Terminal voltage tranducer and

Figure 3.9 Synchronous machine excitation control block [3]

Figure 4.1 Lampung system single line diagram

Figure 4.2 Constant impedance load model

R is a load resistance (ohm)

X is a load reactance (ohm)

P is a load active power consumption (Watt)

Q is a load reactive power consumption (VAR)

I is the current flow to the load (Ampere)