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Procedia Environmental Sciences 35 (2016) 28 – 39

International Conference on Solid Waste Management, 5IconSWM 2015

Solid Waste Management Practices at a Private institution of Higher

Learning in Nigeria
A.O. Coker a, C.G. Achi *, a,M.K.C. Sridhar b, C.J. Donnett c*
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
b
Dept. of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
c
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

Abstract

Waste generation is an intrinsic part of human existence. Waste materials are usually characterized by their nature, components
and quality. Variations in quality, quantity and composition of solid waste can be linked to various factors such as cultural,
economic, social and financial status of inhabitants of the particular space being studied. These distinct factors will also
determine the best waste management practice to adopt. This paper captures the current institutional solid waste management in a
Nigerian Private institution of higher learning. Using key-informant interview and personal field observations, the waste
generation rate, pattern and characterization was made. Results showed that between 0.3 and 0.4 kg/capita/day was generated
daily by the students in their respective halls of residence, with population ranging from 762 – 848 students in each of the halls.
All the solid wastes generated were collected using appropriate waste collection bags and mobile bin positioned at strategic
corners of the university premises. The waste materials after collection were segregated into plastics, bottles, nylon and organic
materials by scavengers. After these non-bidegradables were sold in the secondary market, an estimated total sum of 639,900
naira (2908.6USD) was realized daily. At this rate a total sum of 230 million Naira (1,045,454.5 USD) is realizable yearly as
wealth from waste. It was concluded that if all the organic waste streams from kitchens, cafeteria and animal houses are utilized
for bioenergy and organic fertilizer, the wealth to be generated would be phenomenal.
© 2016
2016The Authors.
TheAuthors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier B.V.is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
B.V. This
Peer-review under responsibility ofthe organizing committee of 5IconSWM 2015.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of 5IconSWM 2015
Keywords:Solid waste, resource recovery, segregation, waste-to-wealth, private institution;

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address:achicgjr@gmail.com

1878-0296 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of 5IconSWM 2015
doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.003
 A.O. Coker et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 35 (2016) 28 – 39 29

1. Introduction

1.1 Background

Waste management basically, involves the collection, transportation, processing, disposal, management and
monitoring of waste materials. The management of waste treats all materials as a single class, be it solid, liquid,
gaseous or radioactive substances. It also strives at reducing the harmful environmental impacts of each using the
most appropriate methods. Waste management measure to adopt will depend on the sources, since waste
characteristics and composition differ according to source, (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993). The problem associated
with solid waste management in developing nations cannot be over-emphasised. Solid waste management is an
essential public health service, but in many developing countries it is not provided to the full satisfaction of residents
(Addo-yobo and Ali, 2003). This is due to the fact that waste management systems has not fully considered the users
of the management systems. Waste generation being an intrinsic part of living requires a proper examination of
various sources from which waste is generated. Sources of solid waste include; industries, markets, schools,
churches, hospitals and other communities where human beings reside or gather for a period of time. Solid waste
generated from each of these sources differ in terms of composition and volume, based on the prevailing activities
and the demography of individuals in each location. In order to propose a workable waste management strategy, an
extensive study of the generating source would help in understanding the characteristics of the waste and its
potential for recycling at a secondary local market. Among the many sources of waste previously mentioned,
schools (including universities) contribute a very significant amount of solid wastes to the municipal waste stream.

1.2 Solid waste management and the role of Universities

Universities educate most of the people who develop and manage society’s institutions (Armijo de vega et al,
2003). Universities bear a vicarious responsibility in ensuring that sustainable plans and policies are imbibed in the
society. Through their expertise, they have the capacity to increase awareness, knowledge, technology and tools
necessary to promote and sustain best practices within and around the community in which they are located.
Developed countries have made great progress in terms of waste management both at the university and community
levels. Developing nations with their peculiar challenges are still trailing behind in this regard.Nigeria is a typical
developing country facing similar challenges of waste management just like other developing nations. Various
researchers have identified major challenges facing solid waste management in developing countries. The most
problematic functional element of solid waste management in most developing countries has to do with disposal.
(Kasseva and mbuligwe, 1999). Guerrero et al, (2012) also identified some other challenges associated with SWM,
they are: increasing generation of waste, burden posed on municipal budget as a result of high costs of waste
management, lack of understanding over a diversity of factors that affect the different stages of waste management
and linkages necessary to enable the entire handing system functioning. Rapid economic development and
population growth, inadequate infrastructure, and expertise have contributed to the problem of solid waste
management in most developing nations. Studies carried out in Malaysia (Manaf et al,2009), (Saeed et al, 2009),
Palestine (Al-khatib et al, 2010) and other similar countries has shown this.

In Nigeria, for instance, the poor state of waste management is attributable to an inadequately formulated and
poorly implemented environmental policy (Agunwamba, 1998), neglect of the economic, social, psychological,
political and cultural life of Nigerians in the formulation and implementation of waste management programs.
Ogwueleka, (2008) also identified inefficient collection methods, insufficient coverage of collection system and
improper disposal as factors contributing to poor waste management in Nigeria.

In the light of these challenges there is the need to involve universities in SWM cannot be overemphasised.
Institutions of higher learning (universities), being autonomous by nature (Armijo de vega et al, 2008) should be
given utmost attention as regards waste management. Since they by their very nature have the capacity to
accommodate innovative SWM practices which would trickle to other communities after being properly
institutionalized. These institutions are usually held in high esteem and are often seen by the communities as model
in terms of adopting best practices.
30 A.O. Coker et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 35 (2016) 28 – 39

Nigeria has 147Universities at present, with 46 Federal, 40 State and 61 Private universities. This number did
not cover Colleges of Education and Polytechnics.With this number of universities, with large number of population
and consequently large amounts of waste being generated, the University community cannot be ignored as far as
waste management is concerned in Nigeria.

1.4 Background to the case study

Covenant University(CU) located in Ota, Ogun State in Nigeria is a Private Christian University and a member
of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. It is lying between latitude 6.6699oE and longitude 3.1574oE. CU
is located within the premises of Canaanland. Canaanlandis the name of the campus of Winners' Chapel (Living
Faith Church), an Evangelical megachurch in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.Canaanland landmarks has grown from about
560 acres (2.3km2) at its inception in 1999 to about 20km2 today. The following buildings can be found within its
premises; the headquarters of Winners' Chapel, the church building itself known as Faith Tabernacle (a 54,000
seating capacity church, also reputed to be the world’s largest church building), Covenant University, Faith
Academy Secondary School, and Kingdom Heritage Nursery/Primary School. Several business ventures operated by
the church are also located within the Canaanland complex, including Dominion Publishing House, Hebron Bottled
Water Processing Plant, a bakery, various restaurants and stores, four banks, and several residential estates that
provide for the over 2,000 church employees and 9,000 students that live within its walls.

This study focused only on the Covenant University premises and facilities. Due to lack of sufficient funds, the
study could not cover the whole of Canaanland but rather focused on halls of residence within Covenant University
premises.

Covenant University has two colleges, housing over 20 departments. The colleges are, the College of
Development Studies (CDS) and the College of Science and Technology (CST). Covenant University’s many
facilities include;

x 10 fully residential students' halls

x A students' worship centre (often referred to as The University Chapel)
x 2 cafeterias
x A Post-Graduate quarters
x Staff quarters
x Guest house
x Professors' Village
x Centre for Learning Resources (CLR/Library)
x Lecture Theatres
x African Leadership Development Centre (ALDC)
x ICT & Research Centres
x Engineering Complexes

These structures were put in place to provide the necessary conducive learning environment that will in turn,
cater for its faculty, staff and students' basic and academic needs. Some of these complexes especially in the
residential areas have butteries, laundry rooms, tuck shops and hair salons where other waste forms that include
leather produce, human and artificial hair, liquid discharge with other synthetic chemicals and waste products are
discharged.

The buildingsin Covenant University (CU) premises are under two categories;

x The administrative areas (CDS, CST, Engineering Complexes, ICT & Research Centres, Lecture Theatres,
ALDC, University Guest House, CLR/Library and University Chapel)
x The residential areas (Professors' Village, PG Quarters, Staff Quarters, New Estate, students' halls of residence
and cafeterias)
 A.O. Coker et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 35 (2016) 28 – 39 31

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

The following materials were used for the measurement of wastes: a weighing balance of capacity up to 120kg,
mackintosh polythene bags for collecting and weighing waste materials, shovels and forks for collecting and storing
wastes in bags, gloves, boots and facemasks for personal protection.

2.2 Methods

This study on solid waste in the CU campus was done using the following two methods (i) Key informant
interview and interactions with waste handlers and scavengers (ii) Personal field investigation, observation and
measurements. The study estimated the daily waste generation from 10 halls of residence and the current
management practices as regards the routine and method of collection, transportation, disposal and also the activities
of scavengers.

2.2.1 Measurement of the daily solid waste generation from halls of residence

The solid waste from each of the halls were easily accessed and measured since each of the halls has a
rectangular concrete pavement where all the solid waste generated within the halls are stored in bags ready for
collection by trucks for disposal. The wastes stored in black mackintosh polythene bags were measured using
weighing balance. This was done for all the halls and the number of bags and average weight when filled was
recorded and used to estimate the daily amount of waste generated by each respective hall.

The record of the number of students residing in each of the halls was obtained from the school authority
responsible for student accommodation.

In order to determine the per capita waste generation the following procedures were followed;

x Determination of the net weight of solid waste (w) stored in each of the makintosh polythene bags at each hall
of resident.
x Determination of the interval (ts) in days, during which the waste was stored and the number of people (p) who
contributed to the waste generation.
௪ሺ௞௚ሻ
x Waste generation rate (WG) = ሺ‰Ȁ…ƒ’‹–ƒȀ†ƒ›ሻ
௣௫௧௦ሺௗ௔௬௦ሻ

2.2.1 Survey and appraisal of existing waste management facilities and pattern.

A tour around CU premises was taken to determine the type and number of waste collection materials in each of
the halls of residence and also around the study area in general. The waste collection facilities were counted
manually. The waste collection and disposal pattern was obtained from the waste handlers.

3. Results and Discussion

The dimensions of the concrete pavement designed for the temporal storage of waste for each hall of resident
was measured and the result are presented in table 1 below as follows;

After careful monitoring and weighing of all the wastes deposited temporarily by each respective hall on the
pavement, the following daily waste generation amount was recorded as follows in table 2 below. It was easily
weighed since the solid waste were already stored in makintosh bags as can be seen in plate 1 below.
32 A.O. Coker et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 35 (2016) 28 – 39

Picture 1. A pavement with waste stored in mackintosh bags

Table 1.Measurement and Dimension of Concrete Pavement

Sl.
Location Measurement Volume Area (in m3)
No.
1. Daniel Hall Length 3.00mBreadth 3.60mHeight 1.20m 12.96m3
2. Joseph Hall Length 3.20mBreadth 3.80mHeight 1.15m 13.98m3
3. John Hall Length 3.80mBreadth 4.65mHeight 1.05m 18.55m3
4. Paul Hall Length 2.70mBreadth 2.55mHeight 0.92m 6.34m3
5. Peter & Esther Halls Length 2.65mBreadth 2.50mHeight 0.92m 6.10m3
6. Mary & Lydia Halls Length 3.20mBreadth 3.40mHeight 1.00m 10.88m3
7. Deborah &Dorcas Halls Length 3.20mBreadth 3.40mHeight 0.98m 10.66m3

Table 2. Approximate Weight of solid waste deposited daily on the pavement

Sl. No. Location Daily waste generated (Kg)

1. Daniel Hall 324 Kg
2. Joseph Hall 369 Kg
3. John Hall 414 Kg
4. Paul Hall 270 Kg
5. Peter Hall 270 Kg
6. Mary Hall 267 Kg
7. Deborah Hall 270 Kg
8 Esther Hall 243 Kg
9 Lydia Hall 215 Kg
10 Dorcas Halls 210 Kg
Total 2852 kg
 A.O. Coker et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 35 (2016) 28 – 39 33

3.1 Per-Capita Waste Generation

Table 3. Volume of waste generated per-capita

Volume of waste generated

Sl. No. Location Population
(in Kg/capita /day)
Male Halls
1. Daniel Hall 840 Students 0.386
2. Joseph Hall 762 Students 0.484
3. John Hall 848 Students 0.488
4. Paul Hall 800 Students 0.304
5. Peter Hall 800 Students 0.304
Female Halls
6. Dorcas Hall 762 Students 0.354
7. Lydia Hall 762 Students 0.354
8. Deborah Hall 830 Students 0.325
9. Mary Hall 830 Students 0.321
10. Esther Hall 800 Students 0.304

3.2 Solid waste management practices

3.2.1 Current solid waste management practices

The waste generation points in Canaanl and include:

x Religious and Worship Centres (Secretariat, Faith Tabernacle, Youth Chapel)

x The banking/business area
x Industrial areas (bakery, printing & publishing house, water production factory)
x Canaanland Mass Transit Station (CMTS)
x Academic areas (Faith Academy, Kingdom Heritage, CU Secondary School)
x Residential areas (Student hostels, Ramoth Estate, Camp houses, Graduates Assistants' Quarters and Mission
lodge)
x Animal husbandry
x Cafeterias
x Health Centres

After careful inspection of the waste collection facilities and final disposal site, the types of waste from the
study area are shown in table 4 below. The solid waste component recorded in CU is quite similar to that recorded
by Mbuligwe (2002).

Table 4. Sources and Types of waste from Covenant University Premises

Source Types of Waste

Chapels and Worship Centres
Residential areas/Students’ hostels
Animal husbandry
Cafeterias
Banking/business area
Academic areas and offices
Health centers and dispensaries
Mass transit stations
Industrial areas
Paper, plastic, cans, food leftovers, nylon, vegetal food wraps
Paper, food remnants, food preparation wastes, plastic, textile
waste, leather, cans, vegetal matter, glass
Fodder, dung and agricultural residues
Food leftover, bones, vegetal matter, ash, tins, bottles, paper, plastic
and sand
Paper, electronic waste
Paper, plastic, electronic waste
Sharps, glasses, plastics, cotton wools, bandages food leftovers
Plastics, bottles, nylon materials
Paper, plastic, glass, metals
34 A.O. Coker et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 35 (2016) 28 – 39

Trees and dead leaves also contribute to the waste stream as horticultural processes that involve beautification
of the flowers and lawns result in the falling of leaves and vegetal matter that constitute a waste menace to the
environment.

Table 5. Composition (% by wt) of solid waste generated in the students’ halls of residence

Waste Categories Weight of waste (kg) % by weight

Paper 998.2 35
Plastics & nylon 342.24 12
Textile 142.6 5
leather 57.04 2
Metals( tins & cans) 285.2 10
Sand 57.04 2
Glass & bottles 85.56 3
Organic 827.08 29
(all biodegradables)
Others 57.04 2
Total 2852 100

Figure 1. Composition (% by weight) of solid waste generated in the halls of residence

3.2.2 Waste collection and transfer schedule

During the investigation of the study area, the inspection of the waste collection containers was carried and they
were manually counted and their locations noted. Mobile plastic dump bins are used for waste collection. The bins
are of two designs but still, they measure up to a capacity of 240 litres (contents only). The bins have been
strategically placed on the side curbs, thoroughfares and walkways of the University’s access roads. While the
methodology progressed, a manual count of the bins was done in segments to give a total figure sum. The count was
restricted to Covenant University premises alone.
 A.O. Coker et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 35 (2016) 28 – 39 35

12 bins (Engineering Complex, Cafe 2, ALDC and Guest house)

12 bins (Senior Staff Quarters)
15 bins (Professors' Villa)
10 bins (behind CDS)
4 bins (thoroughfare to Chapel from CDS)
4 bins (behind Chapel/access road from Professors' Villa)
8 bins (access road to Staff Quarters)
2 bins (right-wing of Chapel parking lot)
8 bins (behind Chapel at the generator house)
4 bins (front of Chapel & Library)
4 bins (Postgraduate Quarters)
11 bins (on the side curbs of the access road to the students' halls)
4 bins (Dorcas and Deborah halls thoroughfare route)
4 bins (front/extreme end side of Dorcas hall)
4 bins (Mary and Lydia halls)
2 bins (access road to Peter hall)
1 bin (front of Daniel, Peter and Deborah halls respectively)
5 bins (Paul and Joseph halls)

The count revealed a total sum of one-hundred and sixteen mobile dump bins in CU premises alone. Plate 2
below shows a picture of a mobile bin used for waste collection and storage

Picture 2. Mobile bin for waste collection and temporary storage

Canaan land operates a flexible system of waste management. The management system involves the use of
operational vehicles (waste/dump trucks), constructed concrete dumps, mobile bins, a pay loader (for waste
compaction) and a team of physical labour (man power) that carry out the physical activities involved in waste
transfer. Some of these activities include; moving the bin away from and back to its stationary point, lifting the bin
to empty the contents, changing of the bins and in very rare cases, cleaning the bin.

Waste collection operation is built around a well-structured programme in a scheduled process that enables
timely waste pick-ups at specified disposal points in and around the study area. After the specified disposal points
have been visited, the waste collected is taken to its final discharge location.
36 A.O. Coker et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 35 (2016) 28 – 39

3.2.3 Waste disposal practice

Disposal of wastes from all the sources already mentioned were done by: open pit dumping, open land dumping
and open air burning. There exists a large expanse of land somewhere inside of Covenant University away from one
of the students' residential hall (Daniel hall) where all the wastes generated in the study area are disposed off.
Erosion in the land area gave rise to a huge pit formation which serves as the spot where the waste gets dumped and
eventually sorted into their various collectibles. The sorting process depends entirely on the usefulness of such waste
produced and those wastes that are classified as non-useful will be burnt off totally. The useful collectibles are
usually packed and bagged into various categories such as carton papers, paper packs, tetra packs, nylons (paper &
elastic), clear (soda) plastics, lighter plastics, thick plastics, eggshells, soda cans, etc and sold to waste scavengers.
The leave residues, freshly cut from gardening or withered after falling from trees, are usually set ablaze. The heap
is left to burn completely.

Picture 3: Canaanland’s waste discharge pit Picture 4: A collection of plastic bottles, already sorted

Picture 5. A collection of tetra packs, already sorted Picture 6. A collection of broken plastics
 A.O. Coker et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 35 (2016) 28 – 39 37

Picture 7. The waste truck executing a drop-off activity at the discharge pit Picture 8: Waste burning action carried out at the discharge pit

3.3 Estimated amount generated from waste

The information provided by the scavengers who are usually involved with waste segregation, sorting and sales
at the secondary market was used to make this estimate. At the secondary market where the recyclables are sold, a
typical refuse bag can be sold for a total sum ranging between N800 and N1000 (3.64 – 4.54 USD). Also, the jute
sacks, which have a higher containing capacity unlike the refuse bags, go for a sum ranging between N1,500 and
N1,800 (6.82 – 8.18 USD). The value of the revenue in naira is entirely dependent on the component of waste and
the bargaining power in addition to some effort on the convincing prowess of the seller. The waste components with
higher market value are usually plastics, metals, bottles and electronic waste.
Table 6.Waste to wealth estimate

Approximate No. of Refuse

Sl. No. Location Amount (Naira)
Bags
1. Daniel Hall 78 70200
2. Joseph Hall 84 75600
3. John Hall 95 85500
4. Paul Hall 71 63900
5. Peter Hall 77 69300
6. Mary Hall 60 54000
7. Deborah Hall 59 53100
8 Esther Hall 67 60300
9 Lydia Hall 60 54000
10 Dorcas Halls 60 54000
Total 711 bags N 639,900

An assumed average of N900 was used as selling cost of all the recyclables found in the refuse bag and by
multiplying the value with that of the number of refuse bags obtained in the concrete dump, a sum total figure in
naira was obtained. The value obtained is to serve as a representation of the waste-to-wealth analysis, which is the
amount of revenue that can be generated from the volume of waste stored in the concrete pavements of each hall
when it is sold at the secondary market. The table above shows that a total sum of N639,900 can be generated as
revenue from the dumps found in just CU premises alone. It was assumed that all the wastes materials are recovered
and sold. Although this is not always the case since the secondary market depends on crude trade made by
scavengers. The activities of the scavengers are not properly organised and hence are limited by the absence of
government policy. If scavengers are properly organised, enlightened and provided with the necessary economic and
institutional support, they would surely contribute to the national economy.
38 A.O. Coker et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 35 (2016) 28 – 39

4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1 Conclusion

Studies carried in the Covenant University premises have shown the current waste management practice from
the point of view of solid waste management operators and scavengers who are usually involved with sorting and
sales of non-biodegradables. Furthermore, the quantity of waste generated by individual hall and the corresponding
student population was also determined. Although, due to lack of funds, the study could not cover the whole of
Canaanland.

Based on the investigations and reports obtained at the time this study,the composition of the waste from most
of the sources as can be seen in Table 4 above was found to be predominantly organic in nature, suggesting a strong
resource recovery potential in terms of animal feed or production of biogas through anaerobic digestion. The non-
biodegradables, including, metal scraps, carton papers, paper packs, tetra packs, nylons (paper & elastic), clear
(soda) plastics, lighter plastics, thick plastics, eggshells, soda cans, bottles, tins, and other parts of electronic waste
materials are usually segregated from the waste disposal pit by the scavengers and sold to the secondary market.
After waste segregation and sorting at the disposal pit, the remnants of the waste, such as other vegetal matter, floral
cuttings, leaves and other wastes that could not make it to the secondary market are usually burnt in the open air.

The major sources of these institutional wastes are halls of residence, cafeteria, residential premises, business
premises and religious premises. Plastic containers are preferred to other types of containers. This is because, the
containers are light, durable and mobile. In addition, they are not susceptible to rusting after being exposed to the
rain and harsh weather conditions.

The waste generation rate ranging between 0.3 to 0.4 kg/capita/day was recorded and this is similar to the waste
generation rates developed by Ogwueleka et al, 2009) which ranged between 0.44 and 0.66kg/capita/day. The
percentage by weight of organics/ biodegradables (29%) was significant and indicates great potential for bioenergy
recovery. The percentage of paper, plastics and metals was also significant and it indicates the feeding habits of
students who consume lots of snacks and can drinks.

4.2 Recommendation

Based on the findings made, the following are hereby recommended so as to achieve an efficient, self-sufficient,
profitable waste management system.

1. Even though the solid waste management practice in Covenant University is commendable, there is still a lot of
room for improvement. The potential for great improvement is based on the fact that a university in itself is an
entity under one authority. Hence an improved solid waste management system can easily be adopted in the
school curriculum and as well practiced. Since the university community in itself is comprised of learned
individuals, the adoption of best practices would be a lot easier and practicable.
2. Waste reduction should be encouraged so as to reduce the overall volume of waste generated, most of which will
eventually end up being burnt. For example, Papers should be reused so as to save resources and investment on
the purchase of new materials.
3. The university authority should emphasize a ‘zero waste’ society, whereby all the waste generated are recycled
and reused. Organic waste materials, such as food leftovers, animal dung and vegetal wastes should be utilized
for bioenergy generation, through anaerobic digestion, and organic fertilizer production through composting.
4. Through an intensive awareness program, the community can be sensitized and educated on the best practices to
adopt so as to ensure that everyone is carried along in issues concerning Solid waste management. This can be
achieved through mass media programs. The university authority should also provide training for its staff and
students on various waste management programs so that they can become custodians of the environment. Once
the good waste management practices are institutionalized, it will definitely trickle down to the society.
 A.O. Coker et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 35 (2016) 28 – 39 39

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