2.1 to 2.

3 [157 marks]
1. [1 mark]
An object hangs from a light string and moves in a horizontal circle of radius r.

The string makes an angle θ with the vertical. The angular speed of the object is ω. What is
tan θ?
𝜔2 𝑟
A. 𝑔

𝑔
B. 𝜔2 𝑟

𝜔𝑟 2
C. 𝑔

𝑔
D. 𝜔𝑟 2

2. [1 mark]
An object of mass m makes n revolutions per second around a circle of radius r at a
constant speed. What is the kinetic energy of the object?
A. 0

1
B. 2 𝜋 2 𝑚𝑛2 𝑟 2

C. 2𝜋 2 𝑚𝑛2 𝑟 2

D. 4𝜋 2 𝑚𝑛2 𝑟 2
3. [1 mark]
Two forces act along a straight line on an object that is initially at rest. One force is
constant; the second force is in the opposite direction and proportional to the velocity of
the object.

What is correct about the motion of the object?

A. The acceleration increases from zero to a maximum.

B. The acceleration increases from zero to a maximum and then decreases.

C. The velocity increases from zero to a maximum.

D. The velocity increases from zero to a maximum and then decreases.

4. [1 mark]
The variation with time t of the acceleration a of an object is shown.

What is the change in velocity of the object from t = 0 to t = 6 s?

A. 6 m s–1
B. 8 m s–1

C. 10 m s–1

D. 14 m s–1
5. [1 mark]
A climber of mass m slides down a vertical rope with an average acceleration a. What is the
average frictional force exerted by the rope on the climber?

A. mg

B. m(g + a)

C. m(g – a)

D. ma
6. [1 mark]
A cube slides down the surface of a ramp at a constant velocity. What is the magnitude of
the frictional force that acts on the cube due to the surface?

A. The weight of the cube

B. The component of weight of the cube parallel to the plane

C. The component of weight of the cube perpendicular to the plane

D. The component of the normal reaction at the surface parallel to the plane
7. [1 mark]
A ball is thrown vertically upwards. Air resistance is negligible. What is the variation with
time t of the kinetic energy Ek of the ball?
8. [1 mark]
The tension in a horizontal spring is directly proportional to the extension of the spring.
The energy stored in the spring at extension 𝑥 is 𝐸. What is the work done by the spring
𝑥
when its extension changes from 𝑥 to 4?
𝐸
A. 16
𝐸
B. 4
3𝐸
C. 4
15𝐸
D.
16

9. [1 mark]
A ball falls from rest in the absence of air resistance. The position of the centre of the ball is
determined at one-second intervals from the instant at which it is released. What are the
distances, in metres, travelled by the centre of the ball during each second for the first 4.0 s
of the motion?
A. 5, 10, 15, 20

B. 5, 15, 25, 35

C. 5, 20, 45, 80
D. 5, 25, 70, 150
10. [1 mark]
An object is thrown from a cliff at an angle to the horizontal. The ground below the cliff is
horizontal.
Three quantities are known about this motion.
I. The horizontal component of the initial velocity of the object
II. The initial angle between the velocity of the object and the horizontal
III. The height of the cliff
What are the quantities that must be known in order to determine the horizontal distance
from the point of projection to the point at which the object hits the ground?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
11. [1 mark]
A nuclear particle has an energy of 108 eV. A grain of sand has a mass of 32 mg. What speed
must the grain of sand have for its kinetic energy to equal the energy of the nuclear
particle?
A. 1 mm s–1

B. 3 mm s–1

C. 10 mm s–1

D. 16 mm s–1
12a. [2 marks]
The graph shows the variation with time t of the horizontal force F exerted on a tennis ball
by a racket.
The tennis ball was stationary at the instant when it was hit. The mass of the tennis ball is
5.8 × 10–2 kg. The area under the curve is 0.84 N s.
Calculate the speed of the ball as it leaves the racket.

12b. [2 marks]
Show that the average force exerted on the ball by the racket is about 50 N.
12c. [3 marks]
Determine, with reference to the work done by the average force, the horizontal distance
travelled by the ball while it was in contact with the racket.

12d. [2 marks]
Draw a graph to show the variation with t of the horizontal speed v of the ball while it was
in contact with the racket. Numbers are not required on the axes.

13a. [2 marks]
The air in a kitchen has pressure 1.0 × 105 Pa and temperature 22°C. A refrigerator of
internal volume 0.36 m3 is installed in the kitchen.
With the door open the air in the refrigerator is initially at the same temperature and
pressure as the air in the kitchen. Calculate the number of molecules of air in the
refrigerator.

13b. [2 marks]
The refrigerator door is closed. The air in the refrigerator is cooled to 5.0°C and the number
of air molecules in the refrigerator stays the same.
Determine the pressure of the air inside the refrigerator.

13c. [2 marks]
The door of the refrigerator has an area of 0.72 m2. Show that the minimum force needed to
open the refrigerator door is about 4 kN.

13d. [2 marks]
Comment on the magnitude of the force in (b)(ii).

14a. [2 marks]
A proton is moving in a region of uniform magnetic field. The magnetic field is directed into
the plane of the paper. The arrow shows the velocity of the proton at one instant and the
dotted circle gives the path followed by the proton.

Explain why the path of the proton is a circle.

14b. [2 marks]
The speed of the proton is 2.0 × 106 m s–1 and the magnetic field strength B is 0.35 T.
Show that the radius of the path is about 6 cm.

14c. [2 marks]
Calculate the time for one complete revolution.
14d. [2 marks]
Explain why the kinetic energy of the proton is constant.

15a. [2 marks]
An electron is placed at a distance of 0.40 m from a fixed point charge of –6.0 mC.

Show that the electric field strength due to the point charge at the position of the electron is
3.4 × 108 N C–1.

15b. [2 marks]
Calculate the magnitude of the initial acceleration of the electron.
15c. [3 marks]
Describe the subsequent motion of the electron.

16. [1 mark]
A sky diver is falling at terminal speed when she opens her parachute. What are the
direction of her velocity vector and the direction of her acceleration vector before she
reaches the new terminal speed?
17. [1 mark]
A stone is thrown downwards from the edge of a cliff with a speed of 5.0 m s –1. It hits the
ground 2.0 s later. What is the height of the cliff?
A. 20 m
B. 30 m
C. 40 m
D. 50 m

18. [1 mark]
A ball is thrown upwards at an angle to the horizontal. Air resistance is negligible. Which
statement about the motion of the ball is correct?
A. The acceleration of the ball changes during its flight.
B. The velocity of the ball changes during its flight.
C. The acceleration of the ball is zero at the highest point.
D. The velocity of the ball is zero at the highest point.

19. [1 mark]
An object of mass m is sliding down a ramp at constant speed. During the motion it travels
a distance 𝑥 along the ramp and falls through a vertical distance h. The coefficient of
dynamic friction between the ramp and the object is μ. What is the total energy transferred
into thermal energy when the object travels distance 𝑥?
A. mgh
B. mgx
C. μmgh
D. μmgx

20. [1 mark]
Two blocks of masses m and 2m are travelling directly towards each other. Both are
moving at the same constant speed v. The blocks collide and stick together.
What is the total momentum of the system before and after the collision?
21. [1 mark]
The graph shows the variation with time of the resultant net force acting on an object. The
object has a mass of 1kg and is initially at rest.

What is the velocity of the object at a time of 200 ms?

A. 8 m s–1
B. 16 m s–1
C. 8 km s–1
D. 16 km s–1

22. [1 mark]
A block is on the surface of a horizontal rotating disk. The block is at rest relative to the
disk. The disk is rotating at constant angular velocity.
What is the correct arrow to represent the direction of the frictional force acting on the
block at the instant shown?

23. [1 mark]
The graph shows the variation of velocity of a body with time along a straight line.
What is correct for this graph?

A. The maximum acceleration is at P.

B. The average acceleration of the body is given by the area enclosed by the graph and time
axis.

C. The maximum displacement is at Q.

D. The total displacement of the body is given by the area enclosed by the graph and time
axis.

24. [1 mark]
Two forces of magnitude 12 N and 24 N act at the same point. Which force cannot be the
resultant of these forces?

A. 10 N

B. 16 N

C. 19 N

D. 36 N
25. [1 mark]
An object has a weight of 6.10 × 102 N. What is the change in gravitational potential energy
of the object when it moves through 8.0 m vertically?

A. 5 kJ

B. 4.9 kJ

C. 4.88 kJ

D. 4.880 kJ

26. [1 mark]
A boat with an output engine power of 15 kW moves through water at a speed of 10 m s -1.
What is the resistive force acting on the boat?

A. 0.15 kN

B. 0.75 kN

C. 1.5 kN

D. 150 kN
27. [1 mark]
An astronaut is moving at a constant velocity in the absence of a gravitational field when he
throws a tool away from him.

What is the effect of throwing the tool on the total kinetic energy of the astronaut and the
tool and the total momentum of the astronaut and the tool?

28. [1 mark]
A block of weight W slides down a ramp at constant velocity. A friction force F acts between
the bottom of the block and the surface of the ramp. A normal reaction N acts between the
ramp and the block. What is the free-body diagram for the forces that act on the block?
29. [1 mark]
A sports car is accelerated from 0 to 100 km per hour in 3 s. What is the acceleration of the
car?
A. 0.1 g
B. 0.3 g
C. 0.9 g
D. 3 g
30. [1 mark]
A girl throws an object horizontally at time t = 0. Air resistance can be ignored. At t = 0.50 s
the object travels horizontally a distance 𝑥 in metres while it falls vertically through a
distance 𝑦 in metres.
What is the initial velocity of the object and the vertical distance fallen at t = 1.0 s?

31. [1 mark]
A waiter carrying a tray is accelerating to the right as shown in the image.
What is the free-body diagram of the forces acting on the tray?
32. [1 mark]
A boy throws a ball horizontally at a speed of 15 m s -1 from the top of a cliff that is 80 m
above the surface of the sea. Air resistance is negligible.
What is the distance from the bottom of the cliff to the point where the ball lands in the
sea?
A. 45 m
B. 60 m
C. 80 m
D. 240 m
33. [1 mark]
A book is at rest on a table. What is a pair of action–reaction forces for this situation
according to Newton’s third law of motion?

34a. [1 mark]
A girl rides a bicycle that is powered by an electric motor. A battery transfers energy to the
electric motor. The emf of the battery is 16 V and it can deliver a charge of 43 kC when
discharging completely from a full charge.
The maximum speed of the girl on a horizontal road is 7.0 m s –1 with energy from the
battery alone. The maximum distance that the girl can travel under these conditions is 20
km.
Show that the time taken for the battery to discharge is about 3 × 10 3 s.

34b. [2 marks]
Deduce that the average power output of the battery is about 240 W.

34c. [2 marks]
Friction and air resistance act on the bicycle and the girl when they move. Assume that all
the energy is transferred from the battery to the electric motor. Determine the total
average resistive force that acts on the bicycle and the girl.

34d. [1 mark]
The bicycle and the girl have a total mass of 66 kg. The girl rides up a slope that is at an
angle of 3.0° to the horizontal.

Calculate the component of weight for the bicycle and girl acting down the slope.
34e. [2 marks]
The battery continues to give an output power of 240 W. Assume that the resistive forces
are the same as in (a)(iii).
Calculate the maximum speed of the bicycle and the girl up the slope.

34f. [2 marks]
On another journey up the slope, the girl carries an additional mass. Explain whether
carrying this mass will change the maximum distance that the bicycle can travel along the
slope.

34g. [2 marks]
The bicycle has a meter that displays the current and the terminal potential difference (pd)
for the battery when the motor is running. The diagram shows the meter readings at one
instant. The emf of the cell is 16 V.
Determine the internal resistance of the battery.

34h. [1 mark]
The battery is made from an arrangement of 10 identical cells as shown.

Calculate the emf of one cell.

34i. [2 marks]
Calculate the internal resistance of one cell.
35a. [1 mark]
A small metal pendulum bob of mass 75 g is suspended at rest from a fixed point with a
length of thread of negligible mass. Air resistance is negligible. The bob is then displaced to
the left.
At time t = 0 the bob is moving horizontally to the right at 0.8 m s–1. It collides with a small
stationary object also of mass 75 g. Both objects then move together with motion that is
simple harmonic.

Calculate the speed of the combined masses immediately after the collision.
35b. [3 marks]
Show that the collision is inelastic.

35c. [1 mark]
Describe the changes in gravitational potential energy of the oscillating system from t = 0
as it oscillates through one cycle of its motion.

36a. [2 marks]
The Moon has no atmosphere and orbits the Earth. The diagram shows the Moon with rays
of light from the Sun that are incident at 90° to the axis of rotation of the Moon.
A black body is on the Moon’s surface at point A. Show that the maximum temperature that
this body can reach is 400 K. Assume that the Earth and the Moon are the same distance
from the Sun.

36b. [2 marks]
Another black body is on the Moon’s surface at point B.
Outline, without calculation, why the aximum temperature of the black body at point B is
less than at point A.

36c. [1 mark]
The albedo of the Earth’s atmosphere is 0.28. Outline why the maximum temperature of a
black body on the Earth when the Sun is overhead is less than that at point A on the Moon.

36d. [1 mark]
Outline why a force acts on the Moon.

36e. [1 mark]
Outline why this force does no work on the Moon.

37a. [2 marks]
A student strikes a tennis ball that is initially at rest so that it leaves the racquet at a speed
of 64 m s–1. The ball has a mass of 0.058 kg and the contact between the ball and the
racquet lasts for 25 ms.
Calculate the average force exerted by the racquet on the ball.

37b. [2 marks]
Calculate the average power delivered to the ball during the impact.
37c. [2 marks]
The student strikes the tennis ball at point P. The tennis ball is initially directed at an angle
of 7.00° to the horizontal.

The following data are available.

Height of P = 2.80 m

Distance of student from net = 11.9 m

Height of net = 0.910 m

Initial speed of tennis ball = 64 m s-1

Calculate the time it takes the tennis ball to reach the net.

37d. [3 marks]
Show that the tennis ball passes over the net.
37e. [2 marks]
Determine the speed of the tennis ball as it strikes the ground.

37f. [3 marks]
The student models the bounce of the tennis ball to predict the angle θ at which the ball
leaves a surface of clay and a surface of grass.

The model assumes

• during contact with the surface the ball slides.

• the sliding time is the same for both surfaces.
• the sliding frictional force is greater for clay than grass.
• the normal reaction force is the same for both surfaces.

Predict for the student’s model, without calculation, whether θ is greater for a clay surface
or for a grass surface.
38a. [1 mark]
A proton moves along a circular path in a region of a uniform magnetic field. The magnetic
field is directed into the plane of the page.

Label with arrows on the diagram the magnetic force F on the proton.

38b. [1 mark]
Label with arrows on the velocity vector v of the proton.

38c. [3 marks]
The speed of the proton is 2.16 × 106 m s-1 and the magnetic field strength is 0.042 T. For
this proton, determine, in m, the radius of the circular path. Give your answer to an
appropriate number of significant figures.
39a. [1 mark]
The moon Phobos moves around the planet Mars in a circular orbit.
Outline the origin of the force that acts on Phobos.

39b. [1 mark]
Outline why this force does no work on Phobos.

39c. [3 marks]
The orbital period T of a moon orbiting a planet of mass M is given by
𝑅3
= 𝑘𝑀
𝑇2
where R is the average distance between the centre of the planet and the centre of the
moon.
𝐺
Show that 𝑘 =
4𝜋2
39d. [2 marks]
The following data for the Mars–Phobos system and the Earth–Moon system are available:
Mass of Earth = 5.97 × 1024 kg
The Earth–Moon distance is 41 times the Mars–Phobos distance.
The orbital period of the Moon is 86 times the orbital period of Phobos.
Calculate, in kg, the mass of Mars.

39e. [3 marks]
The graph shows the variation of the gravitational potential between the Earth and Moon
with distance from the centre of the Earth. The distance from the Earth is expressed as a
fraction of the total distance between the centre of the Earth and the centre of the Moon.
Determine, using the graph, the mass of the Moon.

40a. [3 marks]
A small metal pendulum bob is suspended at rest from a fixed point with a length of thread
of negligible mass. Air resistance is negligible.
The pendulum begins to oscillate. Assume that the motion of the system is simple
harmonic, and in one vertical plane.
The graph shows the variation of kinetic energy of the pendulum bob with time.

Calculate, in m, the length of the thread. State your answer to an appropriate number of
significant figures.

40b. [1 mark]
Label on the graph with the letter X a point where the speed of the pendulum is half that of
its initial speed.
40c. [2 marks]
The mass of the pendulum bob is 75 g. Show that the maximum speed of the bob is about
0.7 m s–1.

40d. [1 mark]
When the 75 g bob is moving horizontally at 0.80 m s–1, it collides with a small stationary
object also of mass 75 g. The object and the bob stick together.

Calculate the speed of the combined masses immediately after the collision.
40e. [3 marks]
Show that the collision is inelastic.

40f. [2 marks]
Sketch, on the axes, a graph to show the variation of gravitational potential energy with
time for the bob and the object after the collision. The data from the graph used in (a) is
shown as a dashed line for reference.
40g. [3 marks]
The speed after the collision of the bob and the object was measured using a sensor. This
sensor emits a sound of frequency f and this sound is reflected from the moving bob. The
sound is then detected by the sensor as frequency f′.
Explain why f and f′ are different.
41a. [2 marks]
A student strikes a tennis ball that is initially at rest so that it leaves the racquet at a speed
of 64 m s–1. The ball has a mass of 0.058 kg and the contact between the ball and the
racquet lasts for 25 ms.
Calculate the average force exerted by the racquet on the ball.

41b. [2 marks]
Calculate the average power delivered to the ball during the impact.

41c. [2 marks]
The student strikes the tennis ball at point P. The tennis ball is initially directed at an angle
of 7.00° to the horizontal.
The following data are available.

Height of P = 2.80 m
Distance of student from net = 11.9 m
Height of net = 0.910 m
Initial speed of tennis ball = 64 m s -1
Calculate the time it takes the tennis ball to reach the net.

41d. [3 marks]
Show that the tennis ball passes over the net.

41e. [2 marks]
Determine the speed of the tennis ball as it strikes the ground.
41f. [3 marks]
A student models the bounce of the tennis ball to predict the angle θ at which the ball
leaves a surface of clay and a surface of grass.

The model assumes

• during contact with the surface the ball slides.
• the sliding time is the same for both surfaces.
• the sliding frictional force is greater for clay than grass.
• the normal reaction force is the same for both surfaces.
Predict for the student’s model, without calculation, whether θ is greater for a clay surface
or for a grass surface.
42a. [1 mark]
A uniform ladder of weight 50.0 N and length 4.00 m is placed against a frictionless wall
making an angle of 60.0° with the ground.

Outline why the normal force acting on the ladder at the point of contact with the wall is
equal to the frictional force F between the ladder and the ground.

42b. [2 marks]
Calculate F.
42c. [2 marks]
The coefficient of friction between the ladder and the ground is 0.400. Determine whether
the ladder will slip.

43. [1 mark]
A truck has an initial speed of 20 m s –1. It decelerates at 4.0 m s–2. What is the distance taken
by the truck to stop?

A. 2.5 m
B. 5.0 m
C. 50 m
D. 100 m
44. [1 mark]
A projectile is fired at an angle to the horizontal. Air resistance is negligible. The path of
the projectile is shown.

Which gives the magnitude of the horizontal component and the magnitude of the vertical
component of the velocity of the projectile between O and P?

45. [1 mark]
A runner starts from rest and accelerates at a constant rate throughout a race. Which graph
shows the variation of speed v of the runner with distance travelled s?
46. [1 mark]
Two blocks X and Y rest on a frictionless horizontal surface as shown. A horizontal force is
now applied to the larger block and the two blocks move together with the same speed and
acceleration.

Which free-body diagram shows the frictional forces between the two blocks?
47. [1 mark]
The mass at the end of a pendulum is made to move in a horizontal circle of radius r
at constant speed. The magnitude of the net force on the mass is F.

What is the direction of F and the work done by F during half a revolution?
48. [1 mark]
A compressed spring is used to launch an object along a horizontal frictionless surface.
When the spring is compressed through a distance 𝑥 and released, the object leaves the
spring at speed 𝑣. What is the distance through which the spring must be compressed for
𝑣
the object to leave the spring at 2?

𝑥
A. 4
𝑥
B. 2
𝑥
C.
√2

D. 𝑥√2

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