CONSTRUCTION

PRACTICE.
 Roof
 A roof is an upper most part of a building
which provides a structural covering, to give
protection to the building against rain, sun,
wind etc.,

 The roofs are classified into the following three

categories:
1. Pitched or sloping roofs
2. Flat or terraced roofs
3. Curved roofs
 Choice of the type of roof
 Depends upon the climatic conditions, shape of the building
availability of materials, importance of the building etc.,

 The pitched roofs have sloping top surface and these are
useful at places where rainfall or snow fall is heavy.

 The flat roofs are useful at places where rainfall is

moderate. These roofs are equally applicable to building of
any shape and size.

 The curved roofs have their top surface curved in the

form of shells and domes. Such roofs are more suitable for
public buildings like libraries, theatres, recreation centres etc.,
to develop architectural effects
Types of pitched Roof
Technical terms used in Pitched Roofs
:
Hip
It is the ridge
formed by the
intersection of two
sloped surfaces
having an exterior
angle greater than
1800.
Ridge :
It is the apex
line of sloping roof.

Valley :
The ridge
formed by the
intersection of two
sloped surfaces having
an exterior angle less
than 1800

.
Eaves :
These are the lower edges
of a roof which are resting upon
or projecting beyond the
supporting walls
Gable
It is a
triangular upper
part of a wall
formed at the end
of a pitched roof
 Terms involved
Purlins : Members subjected to transverse
loads and rest on the top chords of roof
trusses.
They are horizontal beams spanning
between the two adjacent trusses.
Spacing generally varies from 2 m to 3 m.
These are horizontal wooden or steel
members , used to support common rafters
of a roof..
 Terms involved
Purlins : Members subjected to transverse
loads and rest on the top chords of roof
trusses.
They are horizontal beams spanning
between the two adjacent trusses.
Spacing generally varies from 2 m to 3 m.
These are horizontal wooden or steel
members , used to support common rafters
of a roof..
 Terms involved
Purlins : Members subjected to transverse
loads and rest on the top chords of roof
trusses.
They are horizontal beams spanning
between the two adjacent trusses.
Spacing generally varies from 2 m to 3 m.
These are horizontal wooden or steel
members , used to support common rafters
of a roof..
Hip rafters : These are sloping
rafters which forms the hip of
a sloped roof. These are laid
diagonally from the ridge to
the corners of the wall to
support roof coverings.
Valley rafters : These rafters
are sloping rafters and are laid
diagonally from the ridge to
the eaves for supporting valley
gutters

Jack rafters :
These rafters
are shorter in
length than
common rafter
and are laid
from hip or
valley to the
eaves.
 Terms involved
• Principal rafter : The top chord members in
a roof truss are called 'Principal rafters'.
They support the roof covering through
Purlins. They are mainly compression
members and may be subjected to shear
and bending moment if the purlins are not
placed at nodal points.
 Terms involved
• Struts : The member carrying compressive
forces in a roof truss are called struts.
• Ties : Members carrying tensile forces.
• Main Tie : The bottom chord member. It is
usually in tension and takes compression
if reversal of loads occurs due to wind
load.
• Ridge line and eves : The top line of the
roof truss is called the ridge line and the
bottom edge of roof surface is called eves.
 Terms involved
• Purlins : Members subjected to transverse
loads and rest on the top chords of roof
trusses.
• They are horizontal beams spanning
between the two adjacent trusses.
Spacing generally varies from 2 m to 3 m.
 Types of Pitched Roofs

The pitched roofs are classified into three

categories,
1.single roofs,
2.double or purlin roofs
3.trussed roofs.
 Single roofs
These roofs consist of only common rafters to
each slope without any intermediate support.
The single roofs are of the following four
types,

a)Lean to roof or verandah roof or shed roof :

b)Couple roof
c) Couple close roof
d) Collar beam roof :
 Lean to roof or verandah roof or
shed roof :
This is the simplest type of
pitched roof in which rafters
slope to one side only.
It is also known as Pent roof
or Aisle roof.
It is suitable to a maximum
span of 2.4 metres.
 Couple roof :

•This type of roof is formed by the couple or pair of common

rafters which slope to both the sides of the ridge of the roof.
• It is suitable for spans up to 3.5 metres.
 Couple close
roof :
This roof is similar to couple close roof except
that the legs of the common rafter are
connected by a tie beam.
A couple close roof is economically suitable for
spans up to 5 metres.
 Collar beam roof :

• This roof is similar to couple close roof except that in

the latter case, a tie beam is raised and placed at a
higher level.
• The tie beam is then known as collar beam.
• This roof is suitable for spans up to 5 metres.
Forms of trusses
• King – post truss

• Queen post truss

• Mansard truss

• Truncated truss

• Bel-fast roof truss

• Steel trusses
 King – post truss
• The central vertical post, known as king-post, forms a
support for a tie beam.
• The inclined members, known as struts, prevent the
principal rafters from bending in the middle.
• Suitable for roofs of span varying from 5 to 8 metres.
 Queen post truss
• This truss differs from a king post truss in having
two vertical posts, known as queen posts.
• This truss is suitable for spans varying from 8 to 12
metres.
 Mansard truss
• This truss is named after a French architect Francois Mansard.
• Combination of king post truss and queen post trusses.
• The Mansard truss is a two storey truss with upper portion
consisting of king post truss and lower portion of queen post
truss.
 Truncated truss :
• This truss is
similar to
Mansard truss
except that the
top is formed flat,
with a gentle
slope to one side.
• This truss is
used when it is
required to
provide a room in
the roof.
Bel-fast roof truss
• Also some times known
as latticed roof truss or
bow string truss.
• This truss is in the form
of a bow.
• It consists of thin
sections of timber with its
top chord curved.
• This truss can be used
for long spans of about
30 metres, provided that
light roof covering is
used.
Steel trusses
Stone floor :
Stone floor is provided over a 2.5 cm
bedding of mortar over a 10 to 15 cm base of
lime concrete or cement concrete.
• Mosaic floor finish :
A thick bedding of 6 cm of lime and surkhi
mortar is placed over the sub grade which is similar
to the sub–grade prepared for terrazzo floor finish.
A 3 mm thick layer of cementing material consisting
of slaked lime, powdered marble and pozzolana in
the ratio of 2 : 1 : 1 is laid.
After about four hours tiles of marble slabs are
laid in the specified pattern, the top surface is left
for 24 hours and is the given a polishing of
pumice stone.
Terrazzo flooring:
A type of flooring made with special
aggregate of marble chips mixed with while
and coloured cement, is called Terrazzo
flooring.
Tiles : A thin layer of 1 : 2 cement mortar is
placed over the sub-base and tiles of required
shape and size and thickness are placed over the
sub-base.
Marble :
A thin layer of 1 : 2 cement mortar is
placed over the sub-base and Marble of required
shape and size and thickness are placed over the
sub-base.
Glass Flooring :
Structural glass is available in different
patterns and sizes of slabs. The slabs are carrried
over by closely spaced frames. This is a delicate
flooring and can take only light loads. It is used
when light is required through glass flooring
to the floor below .
 Basement or
ground timber
floor

• Timber floor is
supported on dwarf
wall placed 1.5 m
apart.
• Below timber flooring
and bottom concreting,
sand filling is done.
 Filler joist Floor
The joists are
placed at 60 to
90 cms
centres and act
as
reinforcement
to the concrete
in which they
are encased.
 Flat Slab Floor
• Floor supported on
columns without any
intermediate support
(beam)
Jack arch floor

• It consists of brick or concrete flooring

supported on arches provided between the
lower flanges of RSJ's placed 1.5 m apart.
The arch is generally semi-circular.
 R.C.C Floor
• R.C.C Floor slabs rests on beam on beam
and slab construction or T-beam
construction depending on the imposed
loading.
• FIRE RESISTANT
STRUCTRUE
• COSTRUCTION ELEMENTS WALLS
FLOORS SHOULD CONTIUE TO
FUNCTION ATLEAST FOR THE TIME,
TO ESCAPE SAFLY IN TIMES OF FIRE.
• ESCAPE ELEMENTS LIKE STAIRCASE,
CORRIDORS,LOBBY ETE SHOULD BE
COSTRUTED OUT OF FIRE RESISTANT
MATERIALS.
 PROPERTIES OF FIRE
RESISTING MATERIALS
• Timber:slow burning even upto 500
degree$.
• Instead of using smaller secion,use
thicker section.
• Should not treated with oil paints vanish
instead of with Asbestos or Ferrous oxide
paint.

• Stones: after becoming hot when it gets

cooled
• Bricks First class bricks can be
withstand the expose of fire upto 1300
degree.

• Fire Bricks are Best for use fire resisting

structure

• Terrocota: retter fire resistance than

bricks.

• Steel:Very low fire resistance,it gets

• Steel portion should be burnt clay,breeze
concrete.
• Concrete:On heating aggrgate in
concrete expand,whereas cement
shinks,these two opposite action lead
to development of cracks.
• Artificial aggregate furnace slag,cooke
breeze,cinder are best suitedfor fire
point of view.
• Cover sifficent thickness should be
• Glass:Low thermal conductivity glass
is reinforced with steel wire.
• Asbestose cement: coimbine fibrous
materials with portland cement has
greater fire resistance.used for partion
roofs etc
Doors & Windows
 JOINTS IN CONCRETE WORK
• Two types of joints are,
(i) Construction Joints
(ii) Expansion and contraction joints
 (i) Construction Joints :
As it is not generally possible to
place concrete in one operation, so it is
necessary to devise suitable means to join
the old and new concrete properly.
[ i.e., to join portions of concrete
constructed at different times ]
 Position of
construction joints
Columns should be filled to a level few
cm below the junction of a beam, or
alternatively to the bottom of any
haunching.
Joints in beams and slabs should be
formed at the points of minimum shear.
Thus, for beams, the joints should be
located at the centre of span or within the
middle - third.
 In case of one way slabs – at middle
span
In case of two way slabs – The joints
should be within the middle third on either
span
EXPANTION AND CONTRACTION
JOINTS
Walls of warehouse – 20 to 25 mtrs
interval
Roofs Slab – 20 to 30 mtrs interval.
Thank you