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Elimination Rate From Urinary Data: Unit 3
Elimination Rate From Urinary Data: Unit 3
ELIMINATION RATE FROM
URINARY DATA
3
Scheme of the Model
For a single i.v. dose,
IV Dose ke Du
DB = CpVd
km
dDu/dt = keDB
4
Rate of Drug Excretion in the
Urine
Equations
dDu = keDB
dt
But DB= DB0e‐kelt
dDu o − k el t
= k e DB e
dt
Therefore,
dDu
ln = ln k e DB − k el t
o
dt
5
Plotting on a Semilog Paper
Plot dDu/dt vs. Time
keDB°
dDu/dt
Slope= -kel
Time
6
Example
Time Du Du/t mg/hr t* (hr)
(mg)
0.25 160 160/0.25 640 0.125
0.5 140 140/0.25 560 0.375
1.0 200 200/0.5 400 0.750
2.0 250 250/1 250 1.50
4.0 188 188/2 94 3.0
6.0 46 46/2 23 5.0
7
Difference between t and t*
¾ t is the time interval for collection of urine
sample.
¾ t* is the midpoint of collection period.
¾ Assuming renal clearance is constant, Du/t
is proportional to plasma drug conc, and
plotting Du/t vs. t* is like plotting Cp vs. time.
¾ The measured urinary excretion rate reflects
the average plasma concentration during
the collection interval.
8
Why t* ?
Because the drug urinary excretion rate
(dDu/dt) cannot be determined
experimentally at any given instant.
In practice, urine is collected over a
specified time interval, and the urine
specimen is analyzed for drug.
An average urinary excretion rate is then
calculated for that collection period.
The average dDu/dt is then plotted against
the average time (t*).
9
Determination of the non-renal
rate constant (knr)
knr= is the elimination rate constant for any route
of elimination other than renal excretion.
kel ‐ ke = knr
Since drug elimination occurs mainly through
renal excretion and metabolism,
knr ≈ km
kel = ke + km
10
Determination of renal
clearance
Renal clearance, ClR, is defined as the volume of
plasma that is cleared of drug per unit of time
through the kidney
ClT = k el × Vd
Cl R = k e × Vd
11
Sigma-Minus Method
Also called the Amount of Drug Remaining to
be Excreted Method.
It is an alternative method for the calculation
of kel from urinary excretion data.
It is more accurate than the previous method.
ke/kel is the fraction of drug excreted
unchanged in the urine.
(ke/kel)*Dose= total amount of drug excreted
unchanged in the urine.
12
Sigma-Minus Method (cont)
Equations
k e D0 − k el t
Du = (1 − e )
k el
Where,
o Du is the cumulative amount of drug excreted
unchanged in the urine until time t.
o (1‐ e‐kelt) is the fraction of drug lost from the
body.
13
Sigma-Minus Method (cont)
The amount of drug that is ultimately excreted at
time infinity will be equal to Du∞
Du∞ = ke/kel (D0) (2)
By substituting in the previous equation (1)
Du∞ ‐ Du = Du∞ e‐kelt (3)
To obtain a linear equation:
Ln (Du∞ ‐ Du) = ln Du∞ ‐ kelt (4)
On a semilog paper:
Du∞
Du∞-Du
Slope= -kel
Time
15
Example
Use these data to calculate kel
Time (hr) Du (mg) Du (cum) Du∞ - Du
One needs to
collect urine
Du∞ samples for a
minimum of 7-
10 half-lives of
the drug to
assure all the
drug is excreted
into the urine.
Time
17
Renal clearance
Renal clearance can be determined from model
independent equation
∞
D
Cl R = ∞
u
[ AUC ]0
18
Fraction of drug excreted
The fraction of drug excreted unchanged in the
urine (fe) can be calculated as follows:
∞
D ke
fe = =
u
Dose k el
ke
Cl R = ClT = f eClT
k el
19
Comparison between the Rate and
the Sigma-Minus Method
1‐ In the rate method, Du∞ need not be known, and
the loss of one urine specimen does not invalidate
the entire study.
2‐ The sigma‐minus method needs accurate
determination of Du∞ which requires urine
collection until drug excretion is complete.
3‐ Fluctuations in the rate of drug elimination and
experimental errors (such as incomplete bladder
emptying) cause considerable departure from
linearity in the rate method. 20
Comparison (cont)
4‐ The sigma‐minus is less affected by fluctuations
in the rate of drug elimination.
5‐ The rate method is applicable to zero‐order
elimination process, while sigma‐minus method is
not.
6‐ The ke can be obtained from the rate method
but not from the sigma‐minus method.
21
Problems in Obtaining Valid
Urinary Excretion Data
1‐ A significant fraction of unchanged drug must
be excreted in the urine( at least 20 % ).
2‐ The assay technique must be specific.
3‐ Frequent sampling is necessary for a good curve
description.
4‐ Urine samples should be collected until almost
all drug is excreted(7 t half)
5‐ Variation in urinary pH and volume cause
significant variation in urinary excretion rates.
6‐ Subjects should be instructed to the importance
of complete bladder emptying.
22