UNIT-I

Z lLarts Question& Answer

l. l Lat do you_ mean by deterioradoD? (NOV/DEC 2003)

The process that adversEly olfeils the performance ofa jructural ovcl tilDe due to defecls
and damages- ocaurled by natumlly occurring chemical, physical or biological actions,
rcpoated actions such as those causing fatigues, normj o, .erere eiyironmental
influe.nces.
2. Write short trotes on the importatrce of mrltrtetraDce. (MAy/JlrLE 2009)
! Improves life ofbuilding
! Improved liG period gives better rclation on i[veshent
> Betier appeaianc€ and aesthetically appearing
_- > Prevents major deterioration and leuaiog to
1 Whal do_you mear by structural cracks? (MAYIUI.IE "ollap""2009)
Stn chral c.acks due to incorect desigq faulty conshuction or overloading. For example,
Extensive cracking ofa RCC bearn.
d Why ls itrsp€ctiotr ueeded for damaged structurqs? 0{OV/DEC 20ll)
Occunence of deterioration and or change in its peri'ormancc of a structure should be
detected though inspection. The inilial iDspection G carried out before the slruchnE is put
into aller completion ofconstruction. Detailed inspectioa is calried out to obtain
-opeiation
detailed and specific itrformation ofthe structurc.
5. Vrhat is Drintenance? (MAY/JIINE 2010)
The term maidtonance cdm€s from the Freoch vetb Maintainer which carDot to iold. It
mealls t9 h9ld, keep, susain ot preseree equipmenq building or shuctue to ao acc€ptable
standard of serviceability.
6, What are (be objectiyes of mairtenatrce? (NOV/DEC 20f l)
r' To preservc buildings
/ To restore buildings
r' To make improvements in serviceability
?. What are the factoB inlluetrcitrg maintetrance?
There a.e various factors which influence the dccision to carryout preveDtive or corective
maintenatc€, Therefore it is necessary to consider these factors foi effective mainterunce
ofbuilding i) cost, ii) Age ofbuildin& iii) Availability ofphysical resouces, iv) Uryency
ofmaintenancg y) futrre use and vii) Social considerations.
& Delitre th_e_fo]loring temrs i) Repair, ii) Retrofit, iii) Relabilirafon, fu) Restoraliotr.
Repair: (NOV/DEC 2007)
Actions that improve the fitnctioning ofa membel ofa shuctue. The member is lighter
1"f"1,r-" - dete.ioraM or damaged due to ally rcason such as eartlquakeq cyclorg
flood, fuq explosiyq vehicle collisions, corosion crackh& irs€ct infutiot e!c. Tbe
actiotr may not be iotended regain the original shength ofthe membe. completely.
Rehabilitation:
Actions that improve the sbelgth of a shucture or a member which is deicriorated or
dimaged due to.vadous reasons. Rehabilitation inoludes repair, the action is intended to
regain the original strength ofthe structure or member.
Retroliti
Actiotrs that impmve the shength and othe. athibules of fhe iniegdt, ofa struclue or a
mcmber with respect to resisting seismic force* The structure or member rced Dot be
.f
' _1.

del.eriorared or rehabilitation. The

action is intended to mitigate rhe effects
eatthquakes. of a ftture
Restoratiotr:
Actions that improve theshenoih,and appearance
ofa shuchtle. The tentr is used mos*y
li;j,,#.,-
struaures. Resto-ration dil;J;;;
;p"tu ;;;#H#",
or dumaged
9. Deline Maintenance.
yailtenance is the.act ofkeeping something in good conditioD
repaEng it regularly. by checking or
l0.Define Repair.
restoring somethins that is damaged
*"fi#::ledflffi:t "f or deteriorated or bioken,
I l.Defire Rehabilitatioo.
Rehabilitation is the process ofrctuming
a building or an area to its previous good

rf," n o fu""s ii.lln- -

,,., Eoance? rNrtw/TrE,-
I2.What are the two facels ofmaintenrn..,
(NOV/DEC .^^6\
2009)
(i)Preventiotr
(ii)Repair

l3.What are the causes of deterioratiotr? (MAY/JUM 2009)

i) Deterioration du€ to corrosion
ii) Environmental effects
iii) Poor quality material used
iv) Quality of supervision
v) Design ard construaion flaws

l4.Define ptysical irspectioD of damaged

structure.
Jome oI the use full information may
be obtained fiom the physical iospectioo
damaged structue, like nature otdistress, o[
type ofdishess" extent dama;e
classificatjon etc, their causes DaeDar
,u,pr"" roi ruio*ffi
envrronmental effects
#il il:T,:ii.il,,rirffi
and its

[T"T jffi,ff :Hr,*, *

-tJJ,.u|ffi;;;:T':1:"nsidered
which have not heeni^".ra.3i1.',i.I'lLllil'li:.'F"'1,
at the desisn st,b; and
inrormaton on ttre

:1T::li:,-,i-ffi ;"#T#;:"::l',1T"'ffi"ff ::*:ffi :iiiliffiH'"h,

may warraot urgent executioE.
ls..How deterioratioo occuIs due to
corrosiotr?
. spa||tng of concrele
cover
. Cmcks parallel
to the rcinforcement
. Spalling at edges
. Swelling ofconcrete
.Dislocation
cracking and reduction in area ofsoeel
. . ..Irtemal reinforcement.
-""
'ty3:ffi"":i:;,,""A1tr
sete*ing a repair pr*"o,."r'--"
> Do repairjob in time
> Ifdefects are few &
isolated repair o[ an individual basis. Otherwise do
in generalized
 .,

manner
> Ensure repair prevents frfiher development ofdelects
th-e
' >In of tosrshength reirairs should
case reir"-;;;,"";;
> lt appearance is a probleh,
lhe number ofapplicable tfres ofiepairs become
> the repairs must be covered limited &
2 Repair works should not inte.face witb facilities ofthe
structure
> Take care in addilion ofsectioD
to a memU", aoa in .ejist iUuiing live loads and otlrcr
ll,:3.*:y,:"ger sctccring a suihble m"th"d of
ttre ralnlflcatto_ns ot its applicatio4 lhe last step
;p"t;;;;liJr iolsiaring alt
is to prepare plans & specificatior and
p.oceed with the work.
lT.Discuss about tte etrvir.otrmetrt effects which
leads to deterioralion of concrete
s]ltucttrre-
Micro-cracks present in the coicaete are the sources of
hgress of moistures
a&nosphedo carbon di-oxide hto the collqete
which attack reinfolcemeot and with
various ingredients ofconqete. In aggressive
be severely reduc€s. "rrLn-"arrt "or"a"t"
,tau"t re *ill
I&What is the elfrct of selecting loor quatig halerial for conshuction? (MAY/JUM

Quality ofmaterials, lo be used in constructio4 shodd bc ens.ured by;""*

tests as sp€cified in the IS code,!. Alkali-aggregat" ,*"ti"" -n :''
-;,;
-J*fpiur" "n"J.*.ft"
iD early deteriomtiotr- Clayey materials in tie in",ggr"gut"";"rk;
aggregare bofil and reduce the streogth. salinity causes
corrosion ofreinforcing bars rs
well as deterioration ofcrncrcte_
l9Jow catr ye determine the cause for deterioralion of corcrere structure?
a) Inspect & obs€rve the structure
b) Observe in bad & good weadrer
c) Comparc with other constructions on the area or els€wberE & be Datient
d) Study the problem & allow enough time to do tbejob
--
2o.Tvhat are the factors to be coEsidered by the design;r rt
tte coDstructiotr sile.
!Minimum and maximum
temperatures temperatue cycles
>exposure to ultra violet radiation
>amount ofmoisture
)wet/dry oycles
)
presence ofaggrcssive chemicals

Zr.Wta-t arc ahe steps h repair arpect? (NOV/DEC 200S)

i.
fmding tbe deterioratioD
i. determining the caus€
fr. evaluating the st eogrh ofexisting building o. strrcture
hr. evaluating the need of repair
v. Selecting & implementing a repair procedure

b
 22.Define the fixed perceDtage meihod of evaluating
the streDgth oferistitrg strocture.
It is !o assume rhat all members which have losr lJss
than. soTe-preA-e?rmiEnea Z of their
a
strength are stiti adeqlare and that memO"^ [ri-ri_" ,i#,1r"
inadequare. rt is usua v from i57o onwar.ds "r,r"i,i"*
hted;;lrJ;;;;;ti'caite "*rgth
tor piting"r"
X
stifhess bcaring plares ;rc.
2.3.Di$uss alrout t[e dBign and corstructioD errors
leading to deteriorntion of a
slructure.
Desig! of concrete srucfures govems the performanc€ of concrete strucfuaes.
designed and detailed coocrete siucture will well
ito* t"", a"terloiutioo-ii parison wirh
poorly designed and detailed concrots in the simil;;;;i;;;.iii"-iuil_"orr.n.;oiot"
are particularly prone to defective concrete, if
not.done properly. Ioadequaoe concrete cover may
detailine ;; pil;; llaio.""r"ot i"
lead-to cartonati"on deith reactring up
lhe reinforcemenq thus, increasing the.isk ofco.rosion
- . _to
24, Discu$r about the quality ofsupervision to
o-f the-*i"i.*#"",.
be followed at a siie.
uonstuction work should be carried orlt as per the
laid down spe;ification. Adberence
to specified water-cement ratio conbols shengtl, p".r*Liffty
Insufficient vibmtion may resutt in porous ani tron"y
ir."'Ui;;;;;"".*.
excess vibration may cause segregatlorl
.".uir1J""r"*i1,"r"i"**
25. Wuhat are the possible decisious t-hat can
be made after evalutliog lhe stretrgtt ofa
a. To permit deterioration to continue
b. To make measures to preserve tfiestrucfure inirs present condition
withoul strengthen iDg
c. To strengtherirhe
d. Ifdeterioration is exceptiolally
"o,irr"tion Seyier, to
rcconstruction are possibly abandoD
ir.
26. How caD we evaluate the strebgth oferistiIg
structure by stress analvsis?
This method is to make detaitii .,."r" *Ji"i. oi't" ."d,"'nil iliiilro.
ir"ruau,
altowanc€s for loss of section where it has
J"r*;. ifu.j;;; Iifti i
Here also lhe first stop is to make preliminary analysis "rp_rive.
Uy fixed percino*"'i"*oa *a if
it appears.that major repairs wifl be required, tr,e
'-
st engrtr is reevatuateJ&si on aelarea
analysis, considering all contribuiion" ro .rct .6ngrh.
^_ Define
27. -sh-ess the load test
trlethod ofevaluatiDg the strenglh oiexistinp
Inad tests may be required by the loiat UrirarrE-
'iri struchrre-
'iiirra
pertbrmed whe.e computarion indicated ,iJy U
"#"r"a,
that tr,"* ii r""r"'naif" ..gii
#i"r,,y ""r,
collapse,lesr the test bring rhe shuchre sown.
computed strengths when performed. on-a.ruul
Load tesr show strengh?muci-greater than"g"i*
,t r"tur".. wr,i.ip".i"r."i
-' ^"""-" o, u"*a
structures. In repair work every little bir of srr""grh
i. i.;;;;. ''
28. What are ahe possible decisiotrs after litrdiDg
a structure to be inadeouate?
> If rhe appearafte of the eisting conditi'onl" :';;i.;;
) Ifappearance is not a problem ihen "1j;;;;;
> Put the condition under observation to check ifit isdormanl. or
! progressive.
> Ifdormant - Do repair
) If progressive _ check the feasibility & relative economics of permitting
dere orarion to continue and Derformin; ;fi;,;;;t"#
the repair right away " iut""i. otarutiog
 a
I

, I]NII.I
16 neri<s '

@Dcscribc ate steps itr ahe assessDeoa pro.edure for cyahale damag€s i, s san cturc,
(*laylJunc 2009) &(Nov/Dec 20tt)
The foltowing steps may be neccssary

fJ mysicat tnspectioo ofdemged strucrur€.

rh Preparation ard doc.urtenting the damages.

iii. Collection ofsampl€s ad ca.D,idg od t€sG bofr itr situ md in laborafor),.

iv. Studying the docuEfits itrcluding silrucatral aspec,s.
v. Eslfuration ofloads acting o( ole *uctur€
vi. Estimation ofenviromcnfal etrecs inchnting soil stlcture iot€ractiotr
vii. ' DiagnGis
viii. Taking preventive steps mt to causc fErther damagc
ix Rebospecrive amb.sis to get the diagnosis coofirmed

Arsessment ofstruchnal adequacy

h
xi. Eslimation orl futuIr use
xii. Remedial meas:urEs nrc€$sary to $Engrh and rEpaidtrg tt€ 3tructua

Xi\ Post repair evaluatiotr through tqsls

)afl hd to $udy tte bclravior

t€st
t-
ru. Choic€ ofcouse ofsdior for the rEstGatioo ofslnrohre.

A .ix'pte flow chart incqporathg &e above poiab nr FEsco&d in Figure,

t

EMMA'IE Of T(,ADIESTS
iUruRE USE

CHOICE OF COURSES OF
ACI|Oir
 Erplaitr the vadgur caus$ for detedoiatiotr bfcotrcrele
saructu€s.(M.yfiunc 2009)
'Some'ofthecausesofdeterioralionolconqetes0rcturesarcdiscuss€dinoflhecbapters
.
devoted for this purpose. A few details are presented here.
i) Design ald colglructioD flaws
Design of,concrete stn otures goyems the pcrformarce of conqete structEes WoII
designed and detailed conqete shucbrre will show less
deredoration in comparison with poorly
designed and detailed concretd, ir tle similar condition The beam-columnjoints are pa*icutarty
pione to defective conc.etg if detailing and placing of reinforrement
is trot done plop€rly.
Inodcquate concrolo gover rnty llitd to carbonadon depth realhitrg up to
tie reinforcemer4 thus,
increasing the risk o[corrosion ofthe reinforcemert.

i) EtrviroDmetrtal effects
Mic.o-cracks present in the concrete ate lhe sourEes ofingress ofmoistures atmos?heric
cartoa di-oxide into the conc.ete which attaok roinforc€ment alld with vadous itgedients of
@icrete- In aggtessive e[vironme4nt coDcrete strucfurc will be severcly reduc€s.

ii)Poor quality materiat used

Quality ofmaterials, to be used in conshuctiotr, should be etsured by means various tests

as specified in the IS codes- Alkali-agg.egare reaclion and sulphat atrack results in ea.ly
&terioration, Clayoy matgrials ir the fide aggrsgates weaketr &e morta. agg.egate bond aid
rcduce the sheng&. Salinity causes conosion of reinforcing bars as well as dek.ioratio[ of
@nqEte.

IvlQuality of supereisioD
Construction wo*
should be caded out as pe. the laid doim spelifrcation. AdherencE to
E€cified waterc€ircnt mtio cofirols suength, pem€ability durability of co,!c.€le. Insuffcie
vfumtion may result in porous and honey combined concrcte, whercas excess vibr"ation rray
eause s€gegation.

Y) Deterioration due to corrosiot

. Spelling ofconcrete cover
. Crack parallel to the rginforcendsnt
. Spelling at edges
. Swellitrg ofcotrcrete
. Dislocatioo
. Intemal cracking atrd rcduction in al€a ofsteol reinforcement,
 3. Describ'e iD detail about the pieieutiiru aspect of mrirrenarce.(Iyoy/Dec 2013)
Of the two consideBtions - prevention & repair, prevention is more jmporiant.
Dufing construction lhe defeds that may seem minot will have serious consequences. The design
engineer is responsible for the selection ofproper materials suitable for the exposure conditions of
site, detailing of the structure in a manner to prevent serious deterioration at least for the assumed
sorvica life and thmugh the inspeotion ttoffmust consist on propcr constflction,

These 3 points - proper matedals, proper detail& and proper conskuctidnl:lrquire knowledge of
what is imFoper at a site or construction; about the various ways of deterioraiion and about their
causes. But these are some geneml considerations that should be lakel into account for both the
construction ofner{ concrete structures and the repat ofdetedomt€d structues. They are as follows

i) Match the materials to the environment:

Durability becames an issue when a material's resistance to deteriorarion is less than rhat
rcquired to withstand the aggressiveness of the environment in which it is to fimction. For e.g,:-
Steel will not conode in a dry.and salt free enyironment, but it will do so in the ptesence of
moisture and chloridc ions.

To ensure the choice of an apprcpriate material, the environmental conditions to which lhe,
material will be exposed must be known so that its behayior under these conditions can be predicted
and addressed in the design. When a designer contemplates using a new material, problerns may
arise if there has not been sullicient experience with the material to adequately unde.statrd it's
behavior or to allow fol the development of standards.

In the abs€nc€ of standards, seyeral factors should be critically evaluate4 among them lhe
relevance of the tsst data provided ia product literatuie, and the limitations & requirem€nts
associated with the envirofinental conditions ofthe pmject.

The followilg factors should be considered by the designer .t the coustructioD site.
Minimum and maximum temperatues
Tempemtue cycles

Exposuie to ulha yiolet mdiation

Amount of moistue
wet/dry cycles
presence of aggressiv€ chemicals

ii) Combine only material$ with similar properaies:

Concrete is a solidifigd
mixtue ofdiyeBe materials. When these materials are incompatible
with one another, the concrete cmcks & spallq rcsulting in unsightly surfaces and the need of
oxpensivo rehabilitalion work. Materials are considered to be incompatible when the differences ir
their physical or chemical properties exact a state ofinstability.

For e.g.i Galvanic conosion is promoted when 2 metals with d'iferent electrochemical
 propehies arotordbined in ; buildin! .isseinbly.
' The use oi riaterials with differeirt fhermal coefficients or differenr module of elasicity
should also be avoHea. Since they exf,and and cont act at different rates, and their defomation
chara$rrizes are significarily rliiferent. In both insrances, the incompatibility of the selected
materials will ledd to deterioralion of the concrete, When the load pelpendicular ro the bond litrq
the diffcrcncc in itodulus does not cause. problems, however, when it is pamllel to the bond lioe,
deformation of the mate al with the lower modulus transfers load to the material with the higher
modulus, which may then Factule.

iii) Assess thc lirnitatious ola paraicllrr mrtGrlal h lts Rhetionsl contc,rt

The s€lection of materials, particulady those used in repairs, must based on knowledge of
their functions & of the environment in which the materials have to fimction. Their physical &
chemical properties as well as their limilations with respect to installation & performance must also
b€ considered. In padicula., the designer should anticipale rhe degree ofabrasion ot w€at to which a
surface will be subjected. For €g:. parking ga.ages should be desigted to rcsist more abrasion by
using special cast concre& and on applied polym€ric coating impregnated with an abrasion -
rcsistant malerial such as corundum.

In choosing a material the designer should b€ awaro not only ofthe properties that seerE to
addr€ss the intended fimction but also the auxiliary
Foperties thar did not constitute the basis for
selectiug the material, For eg: - Air ent ainment is used !o provide durability with rcspect to fteeze
& llraw cycles but it also enhances workability.
iv) Protect materials from seneral deterioration:
Most concrete detorial-atiod can be attributed to u/ater p€netration. Source concrete abso s
moistue until it become, saturate4 p.evenl entry water fiom collecting on surfac.es is of prime
importarce. Moistue foslers doteriomiioll Dot only become it cardes dissolved chemicals that can
reactwith steel time, and other components in the concrete, it also plays a major role in concrete
detedomtion th.ough f.ecze) thaw cycles. By providiDg sufficient slopes and effective drai.ages, it
is possible to prevent water fiom pordiiag & tius b€ing absorbed. Coocrete design stould
accentuatg water shedding oharacteristics for vertjcal elements. For egi prop€r whdow shade
prevent the wall frcm wettiog. Sealing the surface with a penekating concrotE s€aling & lhe use of
50 mm thick reinforcemonl corer lo protect sleel are other means ofprotection. '

v) D$iqn level tr'actors:

Concrete structues arc an assembly of operating syst€ms that experisnce temperature, air
l,ressule aod vapour plqssuie, gradientr Seasonal and diumal fluctuations o, outdoor condiliols
Eovide va.iability and direction of the gradients. These operating cooditiorc can acc€lerate
prematurc failure of the coDponcnts in a repair. The relative severity of drcse factors will vary
depending otr the use and location ofthe stmctu!€; and the types ofrepair matodal used and so on.
 Predictiflg these fluctuarions and accomtnodating them al a design $age is imporlant.

Allow for change in use in design:

Duing the service life of a structure, its environment and occupancy may change. As a
will have to withstand stresses di{rerent fom those fo. which it was originally
result, the stucture
intedded.

For e.g.:- Addition of roof gardcn to parking lot rcquires additional probction against
ponding ofwatcr on dre roofofparking lot.

4. Describe itr detail about the repair aspect of maintenatrce. (Apr/M.y 2010)
Eyen though designers allow a large margin of safety in their desigts, once deterioration
reaches a critical limit, immediate repair is needed to restore the level ofperfomalce to its intended
Ieyel of seryice. In fact ifthe rehabilitation work is not carried out in timq the shucturc may not b€
repairablc to the required level of service. The execution of such a repair is an exacting technical
matter involving 5 basic steps.

1, finding the deteriotation

2. determining the cause
3. evaluating tbe strength ofexisting buildiog or structue
4. evaluating the treed ofrepair
5. Selecting & implementing a repair procedure.

i) Findins the deterioration

Before the repai. can be effected, there must be a .ealizatioo that something is wrong and
the realizatioo must come before it is too late to; make a repair, ie before the structure has collapsed

For eg:- timbers and timber piling can be damaged by insects or marine organisms, virtually
to the point ofcollapse, without exhibiting any extemal evidence which would be apparcnt except to
a hained obseryod' Eyen a common defect like corosion of steel cao be diffi.ult to dctect
because if
occus, p ocipally, in the most inaccessible parts of the stucture. The reason is simple. The
acoessible parts arc painfe4 but the inaccessible parts ofien are neglected.

Thc point to be made is that is that rhe engiDeer charged or interested in maintenanco ll]ust
be traine4 terhnically, in where to loolg how to look & what to look for, before he can evea be
expected & realize that there is houble knowing all these iequircs a knowledge ofyarious kitrds &
causes ofdeterioration & before checking the engineer must know all these.

. il) Delermine the Cruse

To select the repair step, the cause has to be identified. In case ofconcrete the specific cause
might not be known due to seveml agenls acting. What can be done is to eliminate possibilities and
design repair procrdures for any ofthe remaining few. In such cases the cost
. Will go higler. But it should;tso be noted'that tho failuie to undersand the cause ofa defect
&o le€d to the selectiotr ofa repair prccedure which woutd be harmfirl, mttrer than helpfirl. There
ae ro s€{ rules for determining the car$e but with expe ence you caa detemine. For e.g.i (racks in
sralls due the foundatior settlements run diagonally

(Crack due to corosion of reinforEcorent run sbaight & parallel at urifonn interyels & show
evidflc€s of rusL staining
. A few tips are as follows

. Inspcct & obscrvc ihe structwe

. Observe in bad & good weather

. Compare with othe. constructioDs on the arca or elsowhere & be patient

. Study the problern & allow enough time to do thejob

iii) Evaloate the streneih of the Existirs structure
This should be dons to know whether it is safe to continu€ using lhe st uctur€ or Iimit it to a
lcss seyere oxtend of usage if tlle shrrcture has rct completely deteriorated the adeqoacy of
&€imination ofstrength becomes important for dlar the following methods can be used
a) trfued percentrge mcthod
It
is to assume that all memben which have lost less than some predetr.mircd yo of
their shength arc still adequate aod lhat all memb€Is which have lost more lhan fhe
strength are inadequate. It is usually from 15% onwads higher velucs are applicable fo.
piliry % stifiress bearing plates etc

b) Analysis of the Actual strcss conditioD:

This method is to make detailed sk€ss analysis of the shucture, as it stands includiag
allowances for loss of seciion where it has occuned. This is more difficult & €,eeosive,
Here also thc first stop is to make preliminary a{alysis by fixed percentage metM aod if
it appears tbat major rcpails will be rcquire4 the shength is rcevaluated bascd on
detailed s1rcss analysis, considering all conkibuliotrs to such strcngth

c) Lo.d test
Third step is load test. Irad tests may be rcquired by the Iocal building ofleted, but
they should onty be perfonned where computation i[dicaled that there is reasonable
margin of safety agai{st collapse, Iest the trest bdng the structue sorvo. Irad te$ show
stretrgths much greater than oomputed shengths when performed on actual stsuctu.es,
When perfouned on actual structues. In repair work cvery linle bil of sferyth is
inportant.
Acco.dingly the use of l@d test is recommelded but with a firll & clrxr
understanding of their limiktiors and raoge of applicability.
 Whe4 the cause of the deterio.ation has been detcrmined
and the strengfh of ttre existing
structue bos been checke4 a decision must be made whether
a. to permit deie oration to continue

b. to make measures to prcserve theshucture in its present conditioo

Without strergtheniDg

c, to strengrhen the construction

d. ifdeterioration is exc€ptionally sever, toreconstruct or possibly

.
decisions are based on
abandon it. These

a) safety
b) economy &
c) a.ppearance subject to various principles differefi decision may b€ app.opdate
for
diferent elements of same struchtre

> ifthe appeaance ofthe existing condition isobjectionable

- rcpair rcw
> ifappeamoce is not a problem tben
> Pur the condition under observation to check
ifit is dormanlor progessive.
> ifdormant - no repair
> ifprogressive - check the feasibility & relative
economics of permitting
deterioration to contitrue and performing a repair
at some later date &
repair right away "f;"kL;,h,

Either .epair it or

Rebuild il or
Abandon it, paniy or completely or

consider a change ofuse

iv)Select & ipplement a Repair procedurei
Select the least expensive that can suit tbejob Steps ofRepair
Consider total coit
Do repairjob in fime

Ifdefecs are few & isolated repair on 6rl individual basis. Otherwise
do in
 . . geneialized manner ,.
1_..
t,
Ensurc lhe ref,oir prevcnts ftmher
dcvelopmenl ofdefech

' > If-appearance is a

. iroblern, tlre numbe. of applicable types ofrepair$ t€eome
limited & the rcpai^ mug be covered
r

> Repair wo.ks should not inte.face wilh facilities ofthe structure
> Take care in addilioo ofseotion to a memb€r ard in resftibuting
live 1006 otrd
other live load momoDts- Aftcr sclccrilg a
amsidering all re "ri,"il ;;;
ramiffortions of ih apprlicotioq *c tast
;;pairs, aad !fttr
*ef is Lu plrprur pms C
specification and proceed with the wort.

i Errhin b detail abotrt ahe permeabiliay ofconcrete. Nov/Dec 20ll

> Sitrc€ concrete is a permeable aod porous
liquid and
inside the concrete and is called ,,1
natutg lhe gases can
moye
ie' Tb€ liquids and gases that caD movo in the
aoncrete is determined o, t* ##ffil'o
> flrs ttrc is muclr atrected by the nahEe of the porcus,
ry.rm_eablity both their sbe @d he
€ rent ill which they aie inter_contrected-
Ctorrctoristic study of pcrme.bility:
> Ille tadeled cement paste coNists of gel porgus to
the exted of about 2g9l. buf 0re gel
porcus a.c so small lhat waae. caD pass_through
under normal coaditions. ft€ pere€ability
of gel is Ul00 of that of pa$6. TheE
ad thd ofcapillary
fore rh" g"r p_* a.r;i*rJi",L o" *r""unr,,
cavities depeads on the narion.
Caiccs!
> The higher permeabitity ofcorcert fstructure
is due to,
> Iotmatioo ofmioro-oracks due to long telm drying
shdlkage.
> Ruptr.e ofinternal facq bond between agg and past.
> DtG 10 yolumc chatrge caused i,l the coocl€te oa accoutrt
ofvarious mirot
lpasorE-
> . E)dsterce ofertrapped air due to i,rsufroierrt
compaction.
C..trd qf pcnp.a bility:
> The use of azoladc maferials in optimurD
proportions skill reduce pemeability.
drc to thc. cooversioo ofeql, hldroxide, otherwise Tbii h
solublc and leachable into cemeuatios

> Tbougb aL entrainmetrt makcs th

klben rued up to abut 8% wiict m*es
c@c mo.e impervious *t ry,"'ffirffl
.Elfechl of pe.meability on coricrete mqierial rcipforcement sleel:
> The permeability of moisfirc or gas is impodant i, relatior wi6 th€ protection atrorded to
embedded relief or sleel.

> The rcaction of watEr with the steel bars so that lhe ba.s sray be co[oded (and rusting of
steel occuls),

Elfecb of petureability on cotrcrete:

> Penneability characteristios ofconoEte is ofgrcater bearing on its durability.
> The penetration ofaggEssive liquid or gas in concrete depend upon the extent oflhe degr€9
of pelmeability of coocr€te.
> The permeability chamct€ristics of concrete (hadened) consists of gel pouts and capillary
caviti€s- The gels arc pours to tbe exteoa of about 28olo but tbe gel porous arc so small that
hadly any water can pass though under larrow conditions. The permgability ofgel is Ul00
of thal of paste. Therefoq the gel porous don,t cont ibute to the pormeability of corcrete
where a the capillary cavities depends on the w/o ratio. This is one of the maio fictors
coDtributitrg ol iniluetrcing permeability of clncrete.
6. Explain in detail the different methods ofrepair.
The vadous methods aie available for carrying out the sfuctural repain to a
distressed stnicture. The basic methods, which coird be used singly or in
csnbination more than one me briefly described iii the following subsecfion. For
detailed speci6cation and step wise sequence ofoperation.

Repairs using mortars:

) Mortar repairs are the most common form of repairs being resorted into the
field without knowing the limitations such repair in skuctural
rehabi I itati on/stren gthening.
) A variety ofmortars are available for carrying out repairs ofstructures, these
are explained with their limitation and areas of
Erplication in the following
subsection.

Portland cement mortars:

! Structural repa s with Portland cement mortars shall be made only if

specifically approved by the engineer-in-charge.
! Approvat for hand applied,cement mortar repairs will be given only for very
small repair areas, not assqciated with critical performance oftie sEucture.
) When approved, Portland iement mortar may be used for repairing defects
on exposed, new concrete surfaces only.
! Such repairs are applied only if the defects are small and are too wide for dry
pack and too shallow for concrete replacement and only if the repairs can be
completed within 24hours of removing the forms.
! Portland cement mortar shall not be used for repairs to old or existing
concrete or for repairs that extent to or below the first layer ofreiltrorcing
steel-
! Portland cement mortar shall consist ofordinary portland cement gBde 43,
clean water and clean graded sand.
F The proportion ofPortland cement and sand shall preferably be intd the
same proportion as used in the preparation ofparent concrete,
) All materials ofmortar mixture and their application techniques shall be in
accordance with relevant specifi cations.
 tg,

?. Explain in detail the diffeient materiats used in Rehabilitation and

retrofitting methods:
) Polymer modified cement mortars are used for repairs on old hardened
concrete for repairing defects on exposed concreie surface dnly.
! For large repairs area with thickness in excess of 50mm, concrete, as repair
material, is a better option.
F For thicker applications, over larger areas, it is desirable to use appropriate
reinforcing mesh fxed with U-nails.
) These shall use polymers hdrnixed in specified proportions, based on
selection criterion.
! Other materials shall be same as in Portland cement mortars stated above.
Howevel these shall follow the given relevant specifications, ifspecified.

Epory mortars:

F These mortars consist ofresin, hardener and silica sand and axe applied over
an epoxy bonding coat over old hardened concrete surface.
! These mortars attain strength in few hours, these modars have very high
strength and are abrasion resistant, water resistant and can be used in few
millimeters thickness overlays.
) these are used for repairs at location$ where it is dimcult to use epoxy
bonded concrete, depth ofrepair is less than 40mm or repair areas are
small(less than 0. I sq.m) and few in numbers.
! When depth of repair exceeds 15mm but it is less than 40mm, the buildup of
patch repair over large areas shall be in layers using appropriate reinforcing
mesh fixed with U-nails or shear keys

Dry pack and epoxy bonded dry pack:

! Dry pack repair technique is application ofdry cement sand mix. It consists
of cement and clean sand (in proportion I :2.5) with just enough water to be
able to form a ball by hand.
) It is immediately packed into place before the bond coat as dried or cured,
with suitably shaped hardwood dowel and hammer in 8 to l0nim thick
layers.
 B. XXPT.ATN ABOUT RX}IABITATION AND RT,TROFTITING METUODS,

Tbt.decision lo or replace a shuctue or its componelt ca b€ takeo @ry &

-repair
eo'uiderarion of likely service rife of rhe strucbre is astabrishrd bas€d otr &e t rrmicrl &
mrnical evaluatioo. Once a decisioD. bosed on pretiminary invesigatioos! is ta&ea b carry
ilrc rryirs, proper diagnosis, idenritrcation & extenr of distress in ;uctnral mertb€rg h O
3'ti
bc correctly assessed. A detailul methodology should be developd whicn snDr d bcludc
rydlable
l. Methods of .epair &
Z Repair materials
Try 1
repaE ltraregy can be adopte4 kerping the objective in view. This drall bc baserl m
Emhratioq atrd available altematiye mdbods ofrepair A rnaterial. priority should
be assig"d to
l. Repair of stru€tEral defecfs to eDsure safety ofthe structure and
2. Protectiotr ofthe structure from ffrrther deterioration.
Tte selected method ofrepair should achieve oae or more of the following objeetives
o Reiostate the stnrctural integrity of the llt€mber by rc.storing or incrwing its seqtt &
stiftre.ss.
. hevent the ingress of distress lromotitrg agents such as moishrrc, chtryides ad qtoa
dioide to improve dwability.
. Maintaining the aesheticJappeaace ofconcrete surface.
Rqlair Opaioos:
Daeding upo-n lhe specific condition of deteriomted shoctures, the opfun of fnc r4eir
Ek hods could be otre or more ofthe following:
o Grouting & crack repair
. Patch repair
. Reptacement ofstructually !,!Eak corfiete
. Replac€med of $palled, and/o dehiruted corcrete
. Replac€med ofcarbomfed corcrtte srmuoding $eel reioforcemeat
o Cleaning and passivating the corroded steel reinforcoent
o Concrete overlays with nomEl, Iow or highly fluid concrete, laten modified cocre& &
corrosion protectiotr such as jacheting
. Cenhal Design OrganizatioD

lHormance Requiremetrts of Repair S)rsteDs:

. Strength, Serviceability aod DEabihty
. Protection of steel
. Botrd with parcnf sur&ce
. Dinensiooalstability
r Resistancc to enviromedalh' fuduced dmge
o Ece of application appoanuce
illortaIrce f.ctors to be considered for stlection of repiir mc&od5:
. Type and exteot ofdistrcss .
. Locatioo of dishess
. Eovironmentalexposrre
. Ayailability ofskil
 tl

. Availability oftims and occess for rcpairs

. Appearance
. Cost
Repair Stagc:
. Concrete removal and surface preparation a
. Fixing suitablc formwork
o Bonding/Passivating coat and rcpair application

Concrete remoyal and surfrce preparation:

Prior to prcparation of coucrete surfaces, exposed reinforcement should be iospected for access
clearance, qoss-s@tional area and location. Refuforcing bars must bc ftrthei exposed if the
remaining concrete is de-bonded from the rcinforcing steel. Removal must be continued to
completely expose the bar if more than half of a reinforcing bar perimeter has been exposed. For
completely exposed rcinforcing bars, a miaimum averuge clea.ao"e of 25mm oi nominal
maximum size of aggregate plus 5mm, whichever is geater, must be provided between tbe
reinforcing bar and surmunding concrete. A struct'rar engineer should be consulted if the cross-
sectional axea of an individual bar has been reduced by tS-percent or more or if two adjacetrt ba,"
have been reduced by lO percent or more. Out-of-plani aud loose reinforcement should be
secucd in its design locotion.
Ifthe damage is due to corrosion, a suitable coating may be considered after rcmoyal oftotal rust
Fop ils suface t9 protect the exposed reinlorcing ste;I. Final inspection of rhe preparcd arca
including remedying any deficieocies should be iompteted just prior to batching -tne repalr
material.

Form work:
If repais are required on vertical or oyerhead surfaces and if the repair materiat is likely to mg
formwork will be required. Prior to installing forms, the cotrcrete surface must be inspecled fi
any surface contours that could result in air being happed dudng conoete placement or
pumping. If afu is slightly to get happe4 concrete mirst be^removed t chringe the contour, or
velt tubes must be installed. Formwork should be secured to the concreti with expansion
anchors of standatd makes, etc. Installed fiom anchors should be pretested for slippage.
Perfomred foam gaskets or casl-in-place foam may be required to provide a watertighi seal
betw€€n tbe cooqete and form surfaces.

Applying bonding coat and repair application:

These shall be qut as per the .epair methodysystem selected based on engineering
-carried
judgment considering '
various options available as under:
. Filling ofcracks with cement and/ or resign based grout
. lnjecting $out into a mass ofdry aggegate
. Poured corcrete
. Pre-packed concrete
. Dry packing
. Sprayed concrete (shotqete)
. Repair and strengthening methodV system be in three
$oups
. Materials
. Methods &system
 gr

9.Diecuss verious types of repoir strotegies ofRCC boiktiry. fNoy/dcc 20lll

Cracks including micro cracks down !o a width of 5 microns. Upon curing, the repir resin
bonds the tactur;d and fissured matrix in to a monolithic structural member ofexceedingly high
shength. Padial vacuum qeation aud introductiono0ftE,air resin are achived by mafutaining
vacuom with the poting devices in the ftachrre or surfoce being repaired connected lo the
,
vacuuE Source. The partial vacuum pressure are, thus apnlied hy the enclosed sys&rn . lhe
Epair resins are inhoduced , while maaintaining the negative pressures, to 6ll the major crack&
intercormected cmcks & voids and micro cracks. The concrete matrix, including the voids with io
the fracture, is impegnated with the repair resin materials. the method ian alsro be nade
q icaqble to stone fi masoDruy shuctures.

The adEotage lies in Eoisture evacwation alotrg with any deletedou$ gas6s and or
ma&dals ftom the concrcte matrk ofthe wall iacttrre u/all surfacos. ih" diTing
proc.€ss caD be moniiored by usi[g itr-line hydrcdeters installed in "oo"ra"
the special vacuum tuling
Therracuum proccss offels the following advaltagqs over gessure injuction methods. Repain
can be copmpleted in a relatively shorter pedod oiti-e rr,ith oo suoihc€ to the quatity
oithe
repair. The repairs should be cost etrective. Efficietrt and complete filling ofexistini ftaetnes,
idotcoD[ected ftactues and voids artd tbe complete filling of micro frac;cs.Total absence of
If,EssuE pockets enswos and faciliaes deeper i'11 oofre[frir rcsin. Evacuation ofmoistue Aom
lb€ iderior conqete m;trix ofthe frachrre.No possible eitenuation ofthe darnage due to absenca
ofapplied Fessues.Ability to intoduce a ultra-low viscosity materials into the facture areas.
Improved bonding due to lack of afu bubbles mrmatly assosiated wirh lov, viscosity, tow specifc
Sravity rcpair rcsins.Continued conosion ofreinforcement would be significantly tliminished
because ofthe evacuations of, and sealing out of moishrrc fiom the tre;ted cohcrete mallic

Using methyl methacrytaae (MMA)

Io thJ vacuum system, the requircmeots is of imprcgnaling concrete with a mahyl
-
methacrylate {MMA) based monomer catalyst system foliowedly insitu polyrnerization ofthe
monomet by heat.
. MMA is tow viscosity high strength material zuitable for vacuum injection processes Its
yiscosity is 5-l5cps with sup€rior physical
Foperties, flexibility and srrp€dor bo{ding ard
wEtting properties.

Using erpanding vinyl esaer get :

These are low viscosity gelg which are water soluble acrylic oonomers. Tlre gel is used
,
6r injectioo ald sealiag ofjoints aDd cracks agaius water leaks. Due to its ultra low viscosity, it
has a very low Ilow resista.oce and is able !o permeale iq to the smallest hair liDe cracks aod
cqillaries. Thus, it s€ats them reliably and permanently. When it contact vrilh waler, it sv,ells to
dotrb.le its_ volumc while retainiog its shape. This process is purely physical
and reversible. As a
rE$lt of thil uDique property, the material will retain its selfhealing property even when in a dry
codition. Thr,se process€s involve udque materials ald hence nEis speciiis advice anrt close
qervisioo in their field applications.
Rchabilitation anrl rctroliathg methods:
Thin polymer overlays:. '
' do" are *i to improve the abrasion rcsi$ance and creating water prooling bariers on
It is
th" t"rf;;; ;d ;J ; a protittive couting. Th"se are applied in tess than I o.mm thickness'
q"iJ ruitutf" fo, i-p-iring surface characteristics aad also it aot as protective coating'
It gen'erally comprises of .

. ODe coat ofptim€r

. One or more co&ts of seolart.
m" pti-* .f"ff consist of vinyl ester resh, initiator and-promoter' Each coat of sealant
shalfconsist"""i
titanium
of same material as it tire primer but with the addition ofsilica filter'
dioxide pipeot and carbon black pigment.

Thin -'ff,Jr"overlay:
epory
-
-- *"G"a to improve the abmsion resistance and creating water ptoofing/protective.
and
Tt it orotavi are apptJ in z-3mm thickness' It generally comprises ofresin
ilff;.. "porv g# it ,n*iiru"t". trt* polvmer overlavs' There are several tlpes of
"outinn. Th;;ilg,h
suit different performance requrements' Epory ovedays requirc
"p."y-.t*f"v ""AfZUfJt"
piotectir" coatir,g in e*posed locations subjected to ultra violet exposure'

Resin/polymer moditied cemeut sturry injectiotr:

---'d;f th" ;"., pret atent te"hniqua used for repairing cracks is by^ injection -of
different
material for injection
typu. of-*.toiat J"p"riang upon the na'ture of the defect' The selection of
the fimctions that
i!ir;r.tii"lo"grt *:d"*"tioing ofthe poperty ofthat repat material andqacking is properly
;;h ffii"p".rorm. lo-all iiis imperative that the-cause of
"-;;;r otnerwise, the selection ofmatedal could b€ totatly faulty'
aeterminea,
"ases,
 r{i. rloLATJ Tm n/potlt llgcn or ranrrrruxcr (ApwMAy 2010)
MAINTNANCEIAIECOBK
Basics ofmaintenance on conqete structue is that lhe stluctule is adequately
mfitained
$ch tlat its perfomanc.e_is^^always above tho reqoir"a f"r"r aGnj it" ,"rrii"iiiE.
uorrurr",
rdrce concreE xi used m ddtarent stmcture such as building dang bridgg etc. lvhich perform
erder difercnt cnvirounental c.ondilions, it is not possiblet hy down-idiatical performance
..it€rion for all struchfes. fierelore, in the maintenance part of tt tSCe th"
" as fofl;wsi
Dairtcnanc€ action is classified into four diferent categorios specified "poin"diorL

Category A: Prevention maiotenanoe - tho maintenance to preve the appearanc! ofvisible

dolerioratiolt on the structure during tbe service life.
Category B: Corrective maihtenarce - the maitrlenance in which, appropriate cour[er
measures should be taken afte. degradation aipea.ance ofthe structureshas;ppeared.
Caregory C: Observational maintorance - tht maintcnance oarricd out primilily
on the basis
of visual iospection without any direct measEes and permits certain deterioration of the.

rtucfures.
Citegory r): Non-inspection riaintenance - the maintenance applied to the sEuctures in
which the direct ir$?eotion is diffcult or practically impossibfeil Ue car.ieA out. su"a *
E erground shucfures.
Cdtical structures such as dams and nuolear power plants haying a long service life or
dructu es situated itr ha$h environment may be classified into tie high; maintenanc€
calegory. Similarly, criteria for classirying structues into other maintenanci cateeories need t
de developed. It should b€ pointed out that certaiD structurcs in wbich anv -maiatenaace
rtion is very diflicult to carried out may be categorized separately.

MANruNANCT.EIBAIEGL
For fulfilling the rational and reliable mainlenanc€ activities in order to keep the
Frfomance ofshucture alwa)as above its rcquircd level, it is necessarv to eyaluate the time_
dqerdent degradatioh process ofthe performance ofshucture during ihe life, with adequate
,.liability .However, since the performaoce degradation oannot be ilways Gctly trrlalied
lbsed oo the curent mginecring level. It should be vo.ified hdirectly considedng a flrture
dlterioration condition expected by using the dete.ioralion evaluate m6del. Hirq it h
Eedless to say that the periodio inspectio, results are indispensable for evaluating the
Fformance of strucnrre. The oveEll process mentioftd above are surely canied out on the
tasis of the" maiotenaDce stratggy". Namely, the maintena-oce Srateglr comprehensively
aDcompass " inspection "," estimation of dete oiation level and mLs",
"evaluation of
I.rformance ofst uctue ",,'rcmedial actions n arld 'recording". Of coursq'the combination
efthes€ steps dilfers to the different maintenaacs category, cinsidering the ofthe structnilq
L?ads to the third parti€s, and environmenlal conditioDs.
 .l
tss4cIIQN
/ or change in its performance of stn:ctures should be
Occuredce of detedoration and
be taken'
d"t"l;;-th.;rgh i*p"ction. obviouslriiuniesirabte signs of deterioration .oai1
carefully seleoted so
I*"ii"*ti.,It". i.spection items;orded an. tools uied should be
pafi of JSCE
;;i th" d;sit"d in information car be obtain accurately ,In the maintenance of inspection
method ux-d and &'eqLroroy aDd timing
-..in.ation -on the basis of the catelories
','ffi#;Tu;ifi;"i;; tt- as "initial ins?ection" insPection"
inspeaio-n" ."extraordinary inspection"' and "Monitoring"'
"'routine
:";;i;;;;;";'"detaited
Theinitialinspectioniscarriedoutbefo'ethestrucfureisputintotheoperatiooafter
objecrive of initial
*.of",i"i' .t l6r"*ction or of '"pui'l itt*gtn"ningio work.The
record any deviations from the
in.ha,ri^n i. escential is to comDile tie *ort re-cords,
Hffiiil;i.;il,to-uritr' ti" i,itiJ $ruotuto , .dd to pr.parcd documont rehich
tr
f- "t"tt action' Therofore in certain oase in the absenc€
"ri-?*" tli"
u" *t" firtur€ maintenancr
Ilpt"rJ..fv *u""i"a datq any inspcction may deem to be the initial inspeotior'
to be caried out to
while the structure is in service, routine and regular inspections need is carried out
inspection
a"t"r*i* *i"iiit J"ailed insp€ctlon is required oi not' ThL routine intervals. such as daily'
;;;;;ti"; basis without.ating -y si""in" efforgo,tatusing certain
i.i
ill rirv i, rtii. n;g.,lar inspeciio;'; be carrie.d
l'"
appropriate tools at regular
inte.,als. such as once in a v"*
-dffiii il;#;""r",i. *;;;;it;; "*i"t-tooti
to be used and the
.n JJ u" decided on the basis of such factors as likelv
;;;;il- of deterioratio!, envkolrnental conditions, importarce of the structuro
classification of the maintenance aotion'
 '------'

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