International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 04 8

Solar Dish Stirling System and its Economic

Prospect in Bangladesh
Khalid Yousuf Khan, Nahian Al Subri Ivan, Ansari Saeed Ahmed, Abdul Hasib Siddique, Dhrupad Debnath
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, American International University – Bangladesh
Kamal Attaturk Avenue, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Khalid_aiub@yahoo.com
nahian.ivan@aiub.edu

Abstract— This paper presents the design aspect of solar dish

starling engine and the prospect of this type of power II. STIRLING CYCLE
generation unit in Bangladesh. .In addition, in this paper the The working principle of the Stirling engine and P-V
variable prospect of solar dish starling engine has been studied. diagram of Stirling cycle are shown in following Fig. 1. The
Bangladesh, being a developing country with perpetual Stirling cycle consists of 4 thermodynamic processes; Iso-
shortage of electricity and facing numerous hardships towards volumetric heating process described by stages 1-2 in P-V
generating it, is constantly in search of an alternative source of
Diagram, Isothermal expansion process by 2-3, Iso-
energy, in which case, Renewable Energy has gained quite a
reputation for. Harnessing electricity from solar energy looks volumetric cooling process by 3-4, and Isothermal
more viable among other types of renewable energy in compression process by 4-1 [3].
Bangladesh. The solar dish stirling engine technology is new
and specially designed to use the solar ray to convert it to
usable electricity. The economic aspect also gives this type of
engine a great advantage over the existing SHS (Solar Home
System). This paper explains working principle, grid
connectivity and economic viability of Stirling engine system
incorporated with effective design of solar tracking system to
enhance the efficiency.

Index Term— Stirling engine, Grid Connectivity, Modeling,

Over Voltage Protection, VAR compensators, NRE, Market
Potential
I. INTRODUCTION
This With rapid depletion of conventional fuel energy
resource in the face of ever increasing energy demand,
desperate efforts are being made to look for economic
alternative energy throughout the world. Technology for
electricity generation from solar and wind power has already
been in wide application in many countries .In recent days
there has been a significant improvement in the efficiency
and cost effectiveness in the technology of harnessing
electric energy from wind and solar power. An Auto-
Rotating Stirling engine system is a new and economically
viable solution to extract electric energy from solar power
without producing any detrimental effect on environment.
The efficiency of the engine is improved when maximum
solar power tracking device is incorporated in it. Stirling
engine is a closed cycle engine. It contains a fixed mass of
working fluid which is commonly air, hydrogen or helium.
In normal operation the engine is sealed and no gas enters of
leaves the engine. No valves are required unlike other types
of piston engines. However a small amount of lubrication is
needed as the working fluid is helium or hydrogen. The
solar power is used to heat the working fluid in this engine.
25% overall efficiency as well as 98% thermal efficiency
has been achieved from this engine at present [1]. The
Stirling engine has a smaller emission as the system is fully
based on green energy. The maintenance is low and it is a
reliable system [2].
Fig. 1. Cycle of stirling engine
1-2 is Iso-volumetric heating process where the piston stays
on top. The pressure of working gas in cylinder is increased
by heating. 2-3 is Isothermal expansion process where the
working gas expands keeping its temperature constant and
the engine does the work. 3-4 is Iso-volumetric cooling
process where the piston stays at the bottom. The pressure
of working gas in cylinder is decreased by cooling. 4-1 is
Isothermal compression process where the working gas is
compressed keeping its temperature constant. The heat
wasted in the Iso-volumetric cooling process 3-4 is equal to
the supplied heat in the Iso-volumetric heating process. Now,
by adopting regenerator, the heat wasted in the Iso-
volumetric cooling process is used in the Iso-volumetric
heating process and thus the cycle's thermal efficiency
follows:
……….…………………………………..(1)
Where Th is higher temperature and Tc is lower temperature.
This efficiency equals to the efficiency of Carnot cycle,
therefore Stirling cycle has the highest efficiency.
III. CONSTRUCTION OF STIRLING ENGINE
Stirling Engine outputs the work by repeating 4 thermal
processes which are isothermal heating, isovolumetric
expansion, isothermal cooling and isovolumetric
compression. But, only one piston cannot make this motion.
Practical Stirling engine has to displace volumes, one of
which is kept at high temperature and next is kept at low.

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 International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 04
Above 4 processes are accomplished by the working gas of
engine that is reciprocated between these two volumes. And
practical engine adds three elements of heat exchangers
which are Heater, Cooler and Regenerator, for exchanging
heat more effectively [4].
Fig. 2. The model of practical stirling engine
In E-H Expansion Space, the working gas is heated up by
the Heater and flows into this space. This space is displaced
by the power piston in 2 piston type Stirling Engine or by
the displacer piston in displacer type Stirling engine. The H-
R Heater heats up the working gas. R-K Regenerator
receives the heat from the working gas while the gas is
flowing from high temperature end to low temperature end,
or gives charged heat to the gas while the gas is flowing
from low temperature end to high temperature end. Stirling
Engine's high thermal efficiency is obtained by this action,
and then the performance of this element affects the engine
performance significantly. K-C Cooler cools down the
working gas. In C Compression space, the working gas is
cooled by the Cooler and flows into this space. This space is
displaced by the power piston in 2 piston type Stirling
Engine, or by the displacer piston in displacer type Stirling
engine. To summarize, the Stirling engine uses the
temperature difference between its hot end and cold end to
establish a cycle of a fixed mass of gas, heated and
expanded, and cooled and compressed, thus converting
thermal energy into mechanical energy. The greater the
temperature differences between the hot and cold sources,
the higher the thermal efficiency. The maximum theoretical
efficiency is equivalent to the Carnot cycle; however the
efficiency of real engines is less than this value due to
friction and other losses.
IV. DESCRIPTION OF 1KW DISH TYPE STIRLING ENGINE
This 1KW class low temperature difference Stirling
engine adopts unique Alpha Type construction originated by
suction, and succeeds in reducing friction losses and dead
spaces. Generation of 740W of output power has been
accomplished by this engine.
A. High Compression Ratio and Low Friction Losses
The In this engine, Fig. 3, Alpha type construction is
adopted, and expansion side and compression side power
pistons are located in a straight line. By this construction
design, the compression ratio of the engine is higher than
conventional gamma type low temperature difference
engines and friction losses are also reduced significantly [5].
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9
Fig. 1. The schematic view of 1kW class low temperature difference
Stirling Engine
B. High Performance Plate Fin and Tube Type Heat
Exchanger
Suction’s high performance plate fin and tube type heat
exchangers are used for the heater and the cooler of the
engine, and conventional laminated wire net type is used in
the regenerator. This wire net is made of Brass [5].
C. X Yoke Mechanism; The Unique Driver Mechanism
Both expansion and compression side power pistons are
driven by unique mechanism, called X yoke Mechanism.
This mechanism consists of two yokes. Each yoke has two
liner bearings, one of which is located for vertical direction
and other one is located for a certain angle of inclination.
These two yokes are combined with facing each other. With
rotation of crank, the sliders located on inclined linear
bearings reciprocate along these bearings, and the yokes
themselves work with linear motion for vertical direction
that follows phase angle of this formula.
1800-(the angle of inclination of slanting bearing)*2… (2)
In this engine, slanting angle is set at 150. Therefore phase
angle of both pistons become 1500. By adopting this
mechanism, engine's driving mechanism and engine itself
becomes more compact, and helps to reduce mechanical
friction losses which depend on side thrust of piston rings.
D. High Power Operation by Pressurized Buffer Space
Engine's body is the applied structure of pressure vessels.
Therefore the engine can operate under higher buffer
pressure than conventional low temperature difference
engines shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6. As a result, engine
performance increases significantly [5].
V. HELIOSTAT DEVICE
The designed solar tracker device has two identical parts:
Control Unit and Operational unit. An embedded system has
been introduced to run the system successfully. Solid state
relays have been used to bridge the electronic and
mechanical part of the tracker device.
A. Basic System Principle
The circuit has been designed in such a way that it takes
two inputs and controls the tracker. Basically the circuit
creates two instructions for the mechanical part. One is
given by the operator once and the other comes from the
light direction finding tube.
B. Control Unit
The heart of the electronic control unit is a PIC 16F84A
microcontroller. There are three types of PIC 16F84A, these
are PDIP, SOIP and SSOP. In Bangladesh PDIP is more
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 International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 04 10

available than the other two types, thus in this circuit PDIP
has been used. It has three key features that satisfy the
objective:
 8 bit multi channel analog to digital converter
 13 input/output pins
 64 bytes of data EEPROM memory

Fig. 4. PIC16F84A pin configuration

Fig. 6. Comparison with the previous image for showing the consistency
of the engine output

To control the motor, an additional circuit shown in Fig.

7 has been developed which consists of four 2N2222 model
transistors, four 1N4148 diodes and two 10 k ohms resistors.
A CN9103 NPN transistor has been used for tracker circuit
as it is capable of handling up to 500mA of current.

VCC

Q1
D1 D2
Q3
2N222 2N222
10K

MOTOR

Fig. 5. Output (wattage) and pressure volume curve of the used Stirling 2N222
Engine Q2 2N222
D3 Q4 D4

10K

Fig. 7. H-Bridge motor control

C. Operational Unit
It has several individual parts operating on the basis of
the instructions provided by the control unit.

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 International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 04 11

Motor 1 is working for the elevation operation where supply

voltage is 24V DC and maximum elevation range is 900. 1N4007 1N4007

Motor 2 is working for the azimuth angle operation where

supply voltage is 24V DC and maximum Azimuth angle 1K
10K 10K
rang is 3600. Light detection or calibration tube allows the
1K
easy and comfortable finding of the direction or position CS9013
CS9013

with the maximum light. It consists of two light dependent

resistors (LDR). The PIC detects and obtains data from the
two LDR’s and then compares their resistance. The program 1N4004

is designed in such a way that the control unit places the 1N4004 12V

dish in a position where both the LDR’s resistance is equal.

Multipurpose mechanical connector has to be positioned in
between the items and the rotor head. The total system
needs 20 Watt of power.
3
D. Software For The Controlling The Heliostat Device And
2 1
Total Control Circuit\ 4

PIC16F84A
1:RA2 RA1:18 MOTOR
CW
2:RA3 RA0:17 22pF

3:RA4 C C1:16
4:MCLR C C2:15
5:Vss Vdd:14
22pF
6:RB0 RB7:13
7:RB1 RB6:12
8:RB2 RB5:11
7805
9:RB3 RB4:10 12V V V
in out
0.1 GND 0.1
2.2 uF 2.2 uF uF
`
` ` uF
` `

C C2 C C1 10K

10K

Fig. 9. Solar tracker control circuit

Analog inputs for the operation of the circuit (example): a.

Turn azimuth motor on 134.560: ―AZ = 134.56‖ b.
Elevation position change by 500: ―EL = 50‖ c. Using the
instruction word ―Focus‖ automatic starts on focusing run.
The flow chart of Fig. 8 is used in WinPIC 800 software
to run the solar tracker control circuit of Fig. 9 where the
azimuth angle and elevation position is given by the user.

VI. GRID CONNECTIVITY

Fig. 8. Detailed software design flowchart
The detail circuit diagram of the whole solar tracking
system is as shown in Fig. 9.
As solar dish stirling system has inherently high overall
system efficiency in converting sunlight to electricity, so the
next target is to improve this system for supplying
electricity to the grid. To supply significant amount of
power to grid, it is necessary to design a system of
interconnected Stirling engines. To connect this system to
the power grid, the factors that need to be considered are
power factor correction, over voltage protection, low
voltage ride-through and associated voltage recovery
process [6].
A. Power Factor Correction
Solar dish stirling system needs to provide a power factor
correction capability and allow a range of 0.95 lagging to
0.95 leading for safety and reliability. The correction can
either be continuously variable or switched in discrete steps

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that are not allowed to change voltage levels by more than power plant provides varying output power throughout the
one percent per step. The reactive power that is needed for day) has to be considered.
the solar power plant can be obtained by using generator or Sometimes MSC devices produce switching inrush
by using capacitors. current and associated over voltage on capacitors which
could shorten the life of capacitors. MSC has a slow
B. Generator response time which cannot give over voltage protection and
The Generator can normally produce reactive power but regulation during transient or system recovery periods.
it has high initial cost. Synchronous generator or DC To solve these problems Thyristor switched capacitors
generator can be used but it needs some redesigning. As a could be used. It can provide fast and smooth response
result, induction generator is used. If synchronous condenser without limits on number and frequency of switching.
with voltage regulator is used then it can absorb reactive
power (under excited) at low load and generate reactive C. Self Excitation Over Voltage Rating
power (over excited condition) at high load automatically When the induction machines are unexpectedly isolated
and thus improve power factor. from the grid with more capacitive current available than its
Based on the Power Factor Correction (PFC) requirement, no-load exciting current, the self excitation could occur. In
Table I shows the calculated reactive power data required this system capacitive current is generated from PFC
for a single 25KW induction generator with the variation of capacitors, capacitance from connecting transmission lines
load from 1 KW to 25 KW. and collection system cables. When the equivalent circuit
has enough capacitance in parallel with the generator
TABLE I
inductance creating undesired over voltages, the resonance
Reactive Power Calculation for a 25KW Induction Generator condition is met. Over voltage greater than 10 times the
rated voltage can occur as a result of self excitation
KW Rated PF Lagging KVAR KVAR conditions. If this fault is not cleared immediately then
KVAR required required
without for 0.95 for 0.95
saturation of the transformer could happen which will create
PFC leading lagging destructive ferroresonanse, insulator flashover or lightning
1.000 0.380 2.430 2.750 2.430 arrestor failure/ explosion.
By using high valued capacitance of induction generator,
2.900 0.429 6.090 7.040 5.140 self excitation is unavoidable in this system. To solve this
5.800 0.448 11.570 13.480 9.660 problem, fault has to be detected as early as possible and
generator has to be switched off from the grid. As a result of
10.600 0.646 12.530 16.010 9.050 isolating the generator from the grid, the rotor speed of the
15.900 0.739 14.500 19.730 9.270 generator could become very high. To solve this, a gas
management valve could be used to short circuit the high
22.400 0.804 16.570 23.930 9.210 and low pressure side of the stirling engine, which will
25.000 0.815 17.780 25.990 9.560 reduce the mechanical output and hence the generator power
to almost zero in a very short time.
Now as it is used for grid connection, a small unit of D. Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) Capability
Stirling engine system is considered that can generate at The FERC order states that a plant shall be able to remain
least 25 kW. From analysis it is seen that the output power online during voltage disturbances up to the time periods
ranging from 1 kW to 25 kW requires providing reactive and associated voltage levels set forth in the standard if the
power ranging from 2.43 kVAR to 25.99 kVAR per dish. So transmission provider’s system impact study shows that the
for providing 25.99 kVAR for a 100MW (4000 dishes) LVRT capability is required to ensure safety and reliability.
power plant requires a reactive power of 104 MVAR. The generator plant must have LVRT capability down to
Thus the capacitors have to provide a large amount of 15% of the rated line voltage for up to 0.625 seconds. To
reactive power. But before using capacitors, the capacitance meet this requirement, the over speed must be prevented at
of the line and the reactive power loss at the transformers of the low output voltage for the generators. The previously
two different voltage levels have to reach compensation discussed short circuit valve could be used to solve this
level of 0.70 lagging to 0.95 lagging. A 0.95 kVAR fixed problem. The procedures described above can be used to
capacitor can be connected in parallel with a 25 kW connect the solar dish stirling system with the grid.
induction generator which will provide adequate reactive
power at all power levels. So, adjustable part for a reactive VII. COMAPRISON BETWEEN STIRLING ENGINE AND
power of a 100 MW plant will be 66 MVAR. EXISTING SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS
The proposed design and the existing solar home system
RAV ) 1000( VV 5.9( – RAV 401
are compared on the basis of NRE (Non-Recurring
RAV ……………(2)
Engineering) cost, payback period, per unit cost and
For intermediate voltage levels, mechanically switched efficiency.
capacitors (MSC) can be used for power factor improvement Price of the solar home system components comprises its
as they are economically viable and can improve power NRE cost. Different distributors sell all these equipments in
factors in discrete steps. For using MSC, the lifespan of the a package along with the charge of installation. Field studies
mechanical switch and frequency of switching (as solar have revealed the price of the 1 KW solar home system in
Bangladesh as Tk 5 Lakhs [7].

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 International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 04
Stirling engine system is much cost efficient. This system
becomes more efficient when the produced power is higher
[8]. The following table shows the NRE cost of the
proposed (1 KW) system [9].
TABLE II
Cost of Solar Dish Stirling Engine System
Components Price
(Tk)
Concentrators 35000
Receiver 6300
Hybrid 22750
Engine 7000
Generator 2800
Cooling System 2100
Electrical Balance of Plant 19250
General Facilities 8750
Engineering Fee 10430
Total System Cost 114380
Solar home system sold in Bangladesh has an average life
expectancy of 30 years [7]. This system produces 1kw-h of
electrical energy for 8 hour (Average Sunshine Hour) a day
[10]. Thus the average electrical energy produced through
its entire life time is 87600 KW-hr.
The maintenance cost is very low and normally carried by
the seller. So this cost can be excluded. Thus the per unit
cost of Solar Home System is approximately 5.70 Tk per
KW-hr.
The expected life of a Stirling engine system is 60000
hour. With 8 hour of average sunshine this is equal to 20.5
years. The average electrical energy produced through the
entire life time of a Stirling engine system is 59860 KW-hr
All the maintenance that a Stirling engine system requires
is the cleaning of the concentrators with water. This can be
done free from occasional rainfall, so the maintenance cost
can be ignored. As the total system cost is Tk 114380,
therefore per unit cost for the Stirling engine system is Tk
2.0 per KW-hr.
DESCO charges its consumers Tk 3.5 for consumption of
1kh-hr of electricity. But the government pays a subsidy of
Tk 2. Thus the average production cost of 1kw-hr of
electricity is 5.5TK [7]. Considering 8 hour of sunshine in a
day throughout the year, a comparison is done finding the
payback period time for both the systems. The average cost
of production for DESCO for producing 1 KW power in a 8
hour working day is Tk 16060 if per unit cost is TK 5.5.
Therefore payback period for the existing solar home system
is 31.13 years and that of Stirling engine system is only 7
years.
By considering efficiency of 10.53% for existing solar
home system [7] and 25.75% for stirling engine system [2],
a proportionate data have been generated for comparative
performance analysis between the solar home system and
the solar dish stirling engine system. The generated data is
plotted as shown in Fig. 10.
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Fig. 10. Comparison between solar dish stirling engine system and
existing pv/solar home system
Fig. 10 shows the variation of output energy with the
variation of input energy. It is clearly seen that a solar dish
stirling has superior performance compared to a solar home
system.
The above discussion makes it clear that a Stirling engine
system is much cost efficient. Per unit cost of the Stirling
engine system is almost half of the solar home system. The
payback period of a solar home system stretches up to 2/3 of
its total life time. On the other hand, a Stirling engine
system has a payback period almost 1/3 of its entire life time.
Lastly, the efficiency curve shows the superiority of Stirling
engine system with a maximum efficiency of 25.75%. These
proofs are sufficient to show that for a country like
Bangladesh with poor economical situation, Stirling engine
system is much attractive compared to solar home system.
VIII. MARKET POTENTIALITY IN BANGLADESH
Bangladesh is facing acute electricity crisis for several
reasons. Some of them are due to lack of natural gas, old
machinery at the power plant, distribution system with high
system loss. The total demand is 5200MW where the
maximum generation is 4000MW [12]. This results in a
development of interest towards the alternative energy.
Average wind speed in Bangladesh is less than 4m/s [13]
(Minimum required for utility level generation is 6m/s) [14],
so wind energy is out of the question. Natural head for
hydroelectricity is also not sufficient. The only solution is
solar energy. But solar home system is beyond the reach of
commoners as showed in the previous section. Only a small
portion of the population can afford this expensive solar
home system. In this situation the proposed system gives an
economical solution. Through this system middle class
citizens of our country can be attracted. A whole village can
be covered by a single dish due to their low consumption
with respect to the urban citizens. If this system is
manufactured in large scale, it costs 1/3 NRE compared to
solar home system.
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IX. FUTURE IMPLEMENTATIONS
Auto-rotating solar dish-stirling engine provides the
developing country a hope for an uninterrupted energy
supply.
The concentrator used in the system under discussion is a
compound parabolic reflector. This can achieve 60-300°C
which is very much convenient in this region. Moreover, if a
two-axis auto-rotating is installed, then about 1500°C can be
maintained [15].
Furthermore, this system can be used in combination with
the existing natural gas, steam or fossil fuel power plant.
Parabolic solar collector can be used to focus sunlight
onto a receiver pipe through which synthetic oil can be
preheated. The collector can also be used to generate steam.
The stirling engine can also be used in areas where the
wasted gases are given off as the engine requires heat to run.
This system working in combination with the conventional
system provides promising returns [15].
This solar system can be used in the day time as well as at
night. This can be possible by storing heat in an insulated
storage container which contains molten salt. So even at
night-time, this system is not completely useless.
Utilization of the system seems complicated and
expensive but the implementation cost is applied only once.
As the system relies on renewable everlasting energy that is
the sun, it proves that it is cost effective [15].
IV. CONCLUSION
The application of the auto-rotating solar dish-stirling
system shows a promising future for the generation of
electricity. The system is very advantageous on the basis of
energy resources, excellent performance in the generation of
electricity, life-cycle cost and almost negligible impact on
the environment. The only drawback of this system is the
initial cost but potential investor is awaiting for a full
demonstration of the system reliability. This system is
proposed to promote our living standard and revolutionized
the current system. This system is not a necessity, but a
novelty.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research work is supported by Abdul Hasib Siddiqui,
Drupad Debnath, Lecturer, Department of Electrical &
Electronic Engineering, American International University –
Bangladesh.
This publication would not be possible without the
guidance and undivided attention from Dr. Abdur Rahim
Mollah, Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering, American International University –
Bangladesh.
REFERENCES
[1] Gaun A. and Schmautzer E., ―Biomass-Fuelled Stirling Micro
Combined Heat and Power Plants‖, International Conference on
Clean Electrical Power, 2007, pp. 429-432.
[2] Technische Dokumentation SOLO STIRLING
Planungsunterlagen, Hydraulik; Version 1.9 für PlanerSOLO
STIRLING GmbH; http://www.stirling-engine.de July 2003
114104-3737 IJECS-IJENS © August 2011 IJENS
14
[3] W. R. Martini (1983). ―Stirling Engine Design Pannel (2 nd edition)‖
URL:
ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/1930022057_19830220
57.pdf. pp. 25-29
[4] Mark L. Shelton (1994). ―The Next Great Thing: The Sun, the
Stirling Engine, and the Drive to Change the World‖ Published by
W W Norton & Co., ISBN: 0393036197. pp. 179-185.
[5] James Senft (1996). ―An Introduction to Low Temperature
Differential Stirling Engines‖; Moriya Press; ISBN: 0965245519. pp.
56-59.
[6] ixin Zhang; Osborn, B.‖ Solar Dish-Stirling Power Plants and
Related Grid Interconnection Issues ‖ Power Engineering Society
General Meeting, 2007. IEEE Publication Year: 2007 , pp. 1 – 5.
[7] Information Collected from Rahim Afrooz Sales Center Uttara.
[8] Bancha Kongtragool, Somchai Wongwises (2006). ―Performance of
low-temperature differential Stirling engines‖, Fluid Mechanics,
Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Lab.
(FUTURE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, King
Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok
10140, Thailand, pp-555-557, fig-4-7.
[9] http://www.solarpaces.org/CSP_Technology/docs/solar_dish.pdf
[10] Mazharul Islam (2002). ―Assessment of Renewable Energy
Resources Of Bangladesh‖ Electronic Book, ch-2,pp-13,table-
2.2.http://shakti.hypermart.net/publications/ebook1.pdf
[11] MAIER Christoph, GIL Arnaud, AGUILERA Rafael, SHUANG Li,
YU Xue (2007). ―STIRLING ENGINE‖, UNIVERSITY OF
GÄVLE, pp-26,fig-26.
[12] http://www.energybangla.com/index.php?mod=article&cat=Somethi
ngtoSay&article=1729
[13] Mohammad Golam Kibria Khan, Talha Rahman and M.M. Alam
(2004).―WIND ENERGY IN BANGLADESH: PROSPECTS AND
UTILIZATION INITIATIVES‖, 3rd International Conference on
Electrical & Computer Engineering, ICECE 2004, 28-30 December
2004, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp-475, table-2.
[14] http://www.awea.org/faq/wwt_basics.html
[15] Soteris A. Kalogirou, ―Solar Energy Engineering – Processes and
Systems‖, Elsevier Inc, ch-3,10, pp-122,525,523.
Khalid Yousuf Khan received his B.Sc. degree in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering in December 2010 from American International
University-Bangladesh (AIUB). He has been working as a lecturer in the
program of EEE under the department of computer science and technology
in Atish Dipakar Univeristy of Science & Technology since March 2011.
His research interests are Renewable Energy, Fuzzy Logic Controllers,
Switchgear and Protective Relay etc.
Ivan Md. Nahian-Al-Subri received his B.Sc. degree in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering in August 2010 from American International
University-Bangladesh (AIUB). He has been working as a lecturer in the
faculty of Engineering, AIUB since September 2010. His research
interests are Alternative Energy, Power Transmission & Distribution and
etc.
Ansari Saeed Ahmed received his B.Sc. degree in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering in August 2010 from American International
University-Bangladesh (AIUB). His research interests are Renewable
Energy, Power Transmission & Distribution and etc.
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1N4007 1N4007

1K
10K 10K

1K
CS9013
CS9013

1N4004

1N4004 12V

2 1
4

PIC16F84A
1:RA2 RA1:18 MOTOR
CW
2:RA3 RA0:17 22pF

3:RA4 C C1:16
4:MCLR C C2:15
5:Vss Vdd:14
22pF
6:RB0 RB7:13
7:RB1 RB6:12
8:RB2 RB5:11
7805
9:RB3 RB4:10 12V V V
in out
0.1 GND 0.1
2.2 uF 2.2 uF uF
`
` ` uF
` `

C C2 C C1 10K

10K

114104-3737 IJECS-IJENS © August 2011 IJENS

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