Combined

Cycle Gas

Turbine
 A BRIEF REVIEW OF
POWER GENERATION
 Thermal Power Plants – as the name suggests, these power
plants convert heat energy into electrical energy. The working
fluid of these plants is mostly steam and they work on the
Rankine cycle.

 Hydro Power Plants – these plants use the kinetic energy of
flowing water to rotate the turbine blades, hence converting
kinetic energy into electrical energy.

 Nuclear energy – Uses nuclear energy for producing steam which
runs the turbine.

 Solar energy – Solar cells, solar heater. and

 Wind energy to generate power.


 Combined Cycle
Gas Turbine
 An important field of study for power plants is that
of the ‘combined plant’. A broad definition of the

combined power plant is one in which a higher (upper

or topping) thermodynamic cycle produces power, but

part or all of its heat rejection is used in supplying heat

to a ‘lower’ or bottoming cycle.

 The ‘upper’ plant is frequently an open circuit gas

turbine while the ‘lower’ plant is a closed circuit steam

turbine; together they form a combined cycle gas

turbine (CCGT) plant.


Principle :
The Joule-Brayton (JB) constant pressure closed
cycle is the basis of the cyclic gas turbine power
plant, with steady flow of air (or gas) through a
compressor, heater, turbine, cooler within a closed
circuit .

The turbine drives the compressor and a generator

delivering the electrical power, heat is supplied at a
constant pressure and is also rejected at constant
pressure. The temperature-entropy diagram for this
cycle is also
 Usually, a gas turbine plant operates on ‘open
circuit’, with internal combustion. Air and fuel pass
across the single control surface into the
compressor and combustion chamber, respectively,
and the combustion products leave the control surface
after expansion through the turbine.
Modifications of gas turbine
cycles to achieve higher
thermal efficiency.
There are several modifications to the basic gas turbine
cycle that may be introduced to raise thermal efficiency.

Two objectives are immediately clear. If the top temperature

can be raised and the bottom temperature lowered, then the
ratio T = (Tmin/Tmax) decreased and, as with a Carnot
cycle, thermal efficiency will be increased (for given p). The
limit on top temperature is likely to be metallurgical while
that on the bottom temperature is of the surrounding
atmosphere.
 8 0

100 35 100 31
Steam Power Nuclear power
plant plant

57
69

15
68

32 100 49
100 Gas cycle plant Combined gas cycle plant

0
36
Efficiency:
A gas turbine generator generates electricity and
the waste heat is used to make steam to generate
additional electricity via a steam turbine; this last step
enhances the efficiency of electricity generation. Most
new gas power plants in North America and Europe
are of this type. In a thermal power plant, high-
temperature heat as input to the power plant, usually
from burning of fuel, is converted to electricity as one
of the outputs and low-temperature heat as another
output. As a rule, in order to achieve high efficiency,
the temperature difference between the input and
output heat levels should be as high as possible
The Brayton cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the workings of the gas
turbine engine, basis of the jet engine and others. It is named after George Brayton
(1830–1892), the American engineer who developed it, although it was originally
proposed and patented by Englishman John Barber in 1791. It is also sometimes
known as the Joule cycle. The Ericsson cycle is similar but uses external heat and
incorporates the use of a regenerator.
The Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle which converts heat into work. The
heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water as the working
fluid. This cycle generates about 80% of all electric power used throughout the world,
[1] including virtually all solar thermal, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is

named after William John Macquorn Rankine

Methods to improve efficiency
The efficiency of a Brayton engine can be improved in the following manners:

1) Intercooling:- wherein the working fluid passes through a first stage of

compressors, then a cooler, then a second stage of compressors before entering the
combustion chamber. While this requires an increase in the fuel consumption of the
combustion chamber, this allows for a reduction in the specific volume of the fluid
entering the second stage of compressors, with an attendant decrease in the amount
of work needed for the compression stage overall. There is also an increase in the
maximum feasible pressure ratio due to reduced compressor discharge temperature
for a given amount of compression, improving overall efficiency.

2)Regeneration:- wherein the still-warm post-turbine fluid is passed through a heat

exchanger to pre-heat the fluid just entering the combustion chamber. This directly
offsets fuel consumption for the same operating conditions improving efficiency; it also
results in less power lost as waste heat.
A Brayton engine also forms half of the combined cycle system, which combines
with a Rankine engine to further increase overall efficiency.

3) Cogeneration systems make use of the waste heat from Brayton engines, typically
for hot water production or space heating.
 Regenerative Rankine cycle
The regenerative Rankine cycle is so
named because after emerging from
the condenser (possibly as a subcooled
liquid) the working fluid is heated by
steam tapped from the hot portion of
the cycle. On the diagram shown, the
fluid at 2 is mixed with the fluid at 4
(both at the same pressure) to end up
with the saturated liquid at 7. The
Regenerative Rankine cycle (with minor
variants) is commonly used in real
power stations.
 Rankine cycle with reheat

In this variation, two turbines

work in series. The first accepts vapour
from the boiler at high pressure. After
the vapour has passed through the first
turbine, it re-enters the boiler and is
reheated before passing through a
second, lower pressure turbine. Among
other advantages, this prevents the
vapour from condensing during its
expansion which can seriously damage
the turbine blades, and improves the
efficiency of the cycle.
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