Paper 2-Previous Year's Questions Topic Wise Listing PDF

Geography with Sandeep Sir
Geography Optional
Paper II
Previous Year’s
Questions Topic Wise
Listing(Upto 2019)
Contact: +91 9972000318 https://t.me/GeographywithSandeepSir sandeepmahajana@gmail.com

Note:
For most of the questions marks given here are modified,

because earlier UPSC used to ask questions for 60 marks and 30 marks,
short note questions for 20 marks. But from past 5 years UPSC was
asking 10, 15 and 20 marks questions only. So we adjusted those
questions to 10, 15 and 20 marks.
Word Limit:
For 10 Mark Question 150 words
For 15 Mark Question 200words
For 20 Mark Question 250 words
Telegram Group Link:

https://t.me/GeographywithSandeepSir

Physical Setting
Space relationship of India with neighboring countries; Structure and
relief; Drainage system and watersheds; Physiographic regions;
Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns, Tropical cyclones
and western disturbances; Floods and droughts; Climatic regions;
Natural vegetation; Soil types and their distributions
 Space relationship of India with neighboring countries;
Q. Mention the space relationship of India with neighbouring countries. 10

marks
Q. Bring out the role of terrain in determining India‟s political influence over
neighbouring countries. 10 marks
 Structure and relief; Drainage system and watersheds; Physiographic

regions;
Q. Give the salient features of the Aravallis with respect to geological

structure, relief and impact on human settlements. 15 Marks
Q. Draw a sketch map in your answer book to delineate the main

physiographic regions of India and provide a reasoned account of the relief
and structure of the Himalayan region. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the origin and main geomorphic features of Thar Desert of India.
15 marks
Q. Explain the raise of the Himalayan ranges. 10 marks
Q. Describe the structure and relief features of Peninsular India. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the relief features of Indian Northern Plains. 20 marks
Q. Give a brief account of the second order regions of India‟s Peninsular

Plateau. 15 marks
Q. Explain the topographical and structural characteristics of the Siwalik

range. 10 marks
Q. Explain the structural characteristics of the Deccan Plateau. 15 marks
Q. Distinguish the geographical aspects of North Western Lava plateau and

Chotanagpur Plateau of Peninsular India. 20 marks
Q. Justify the inclusion of Meghalaya in Peninsular India and discuss its

vegetation and soil types. 15 marks

Q. Explain Himalayan Orogeny and illustrate how the process has affected
the geomorphic characteristics of Macro divisions of Himalayas. 20 marks
Q. Explain the different views put forth about the origin of Himalayas and
divide Himalayas into vertical divisions. 20 marks
Q. Explain the salient features of the structure, relief and drainage of the
Himalayas. 20 marks
Q. Distinguish between the West and East coasts of India in terms of their
evolution, present topography and drainage pattern. 20 marks
Q. Give an outline of the geological history of the Peninsular India. Explain

the salient features of the relief of the areas. 20 marks
Q. Elucidate the character of the Himalayan Rivers and examine their role in
the Indian Plains. 20 marks
Q. The drainage system of the two regions: Peninsular and extra- Peninsular
India are very different in their character. What are these differences and
why? 20 Marks
Q. Explain the drainage characteristics of Peninsular India. 10 marks
Q. Examine the origin and characteristics of the antecedent drainage system

of the Himalayas. 15 marks
Q. Highlight the salient differences between the Himalayan and Peninsular

drainage systems. 20 marks
Q. Distinguish between Himalayan and the peninsular drainage systems. 20

marks
Q. Present a comparative analysis of the regimes of Himalayan and

peninsular rivers of India and examine their implications in the irrigation
system of the country. 20 marks
Q. Drainage pattern in Peninsular India is a result of its geological structure

and topography. Elaborate. 15 marks
Q. Present the salient features of West flowing rivers of India. 10 Marks
Q. Explain the shifting of river courses and river capturing in the Himalayas.
10 marks
Q. How is the drainage pattern determined by water divide? 10 marks
Q. Highlight the socioeconomic and ecological roles of River Cauvery in its

riverine tract. 20 marks

Q. Explain the changing river courses and their impacts on the riparian
population in India with suitable examples. 10 marks
 Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns, Tropical

cyclones and western disturbances; Floods and droughts; Climatic
regions
Q. Analyse the mechanism of Indian Monsoon. How are the spatial temporal
variations and vicissitudes in precipitation related to this mechanism? 20
marks
Q. Explain some of the important theories of the origin of the South-West

monsoon in India. Evaluate the impact of its characteristics with occurrence
of floods and droughts in different parts of our country. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the major characteristics of the Indian monsoon with special

emphasis on causative factors. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the recent theories put forward to explain the origin and
mechanism of the Indian monsoon. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the mechanism of Indian Monsoon. 10 marks
Q. Elucidate the mechanism of Indian Monsoon 10 marks
Q. Explain the origin, mechanism and characteristics of summer monsoon

in India. 20 marks
Q. Give a critical account of the recent theories of origin of Indian monsoon

with special reference to Jet Stream Theory. 20 marks
Q. Give reasons as to why rainfall variability is a characteristic feature of

India‟s Monsoons. 15 marks
Q. Give a reasoned account of unusual pattern of distribution of monsoonal

rainfall in India in 2017. 10 marks
Q. Explain the factors responsible for uneven distribution of rainfall of in

India. 15 marks
Q. Why is the Indian Monsoon erratic in nature? Explain 10 marks
Q. Explain the pattern of winter rainfall in India. 10 marks
Q. Describe the flood prone areas and their management problems in the
Ganga plains. 15 marks

Q. Account for the growing frequency and intensity of floods in India and
suggest short and long term remedial measures indicating the chronically
flood prone areas. 20 marks
Q. Delineate the flood prone areas of India by drawing a sketch map in the
answer book and discuss the causes and consequences of floods in North
Indian plains. 20 marks
Q. Explain the causes, impacts and remedial measures of flood hazards in

the Middle and Lower Ganga plain. 20 marks
Q. Give an account of the distribution of flood-prone areas of India and the

programmes and policy of controlling the impact of floods in the country. 20
marks
Q. Explain the causes, impact and remedial measures of flood hazards in

the middle Ganga plain. Represent the flood affected areas of middle Ganga
plain on a sketch map in your answer book. 20 marks
Q. Explain the criteria used in the identification of drought-prone areas in

India. 10 marks
Q. Identify the drought-prone areas of India and discuss the measures for
their development. 15 marks
Q. Give reasons and identify the chronic drought prone areas of India. 15
marks
Q. Comment on the criteria to identify Drought prone areas in India. 10

marks
Q. Give a reasoned account of either flood hazards or drought hazards

occurring in India and also suggest measures for controlling them. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the role of spatial pattern of rainfall and temperature in the

delimitation of climatic regions of India, especially with reference to Stamp‟s
climatic regionalisation. 20 marks
Q. Evaluate the Koppen‟s scheme of climatic regionalisation of India. 15

marks
Q. Draw a sketch map in your answer book to delineate the main climatic
regions of India and discuss the important climatic characteristics of each
region. 20 marks



Q. Describe the salient climatological characteristics of Rayalaseema region.

20 marks
Q. Explain the unusual intensity of dust storms and thunder storms across
India in the pre-monsoon period of year 2018. 10 marks
 Natural vegetation; Soil types and their distributions
Q. Explain the geographical factors responsible for the growth of mangrove

vegetation in India and discuss its role in coastal ecology. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the distribution and characteristics of the evergreen forest in

India. 10 marks
Q. Explain the sequence of vegetation zones of the Himalayas. 10 marks
Q. Discuss the spatial distribution of Natural Vegetation in India with the

help of a sketched map. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the rainfall pattern and correlate it with special distribution of

natural vegetation in India. 15 marks
Q. Explain the characteristics and productivity of the Regur black soils of

India. 10 marks
Q. Discuss the formation and their distribution of the major soil types of
India. 15 marks
Q. Describe the distribution of black soils in India and their specific use for
agriculture. 15 marks
Q. Bring out the distribution of Laterite soils in India and their specific use
for agriculture. 20 marks
Q. How does natural vegetation affect the formation of in situ soils? 10

marks

Resources
Land, surface and ground water, energy, minerals, biotic and marine
resources; Forest and wild life resources and their conservation; Energy
crisis
 Land, surface and ground water resources
Q. Discuss the spatial variation in the developmental levels of canal

irrigation in India in relation to the physical setting. 10 marks
Q. Analyse the spatial patterns of utilization of ground water for tube well
irrigation in different parts of India. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the need of conservation and utility of Water resources in India.

20 marks
Q. Discuss the emerging pattern of surface water utilization in India. 15

marks
Q. Assess as to how surface water utilization affects food production and

food security in the country. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the fresh water crisis in India and prepare a blue print for its
sustainable management. 20 marks
Q. Account for the geographical distribution of ground water resources of

India. How serious is its depletion in recent decades? 20 marks
Q. Examine the major causes of ground water depletion in India. 10 marks
Q. Why setting up of Water Management Boards is a controversial issue in

India.
Q. Make a critical appraisal of the factors affecting river water quality in

India. 10 marks
 energy, minerals resources, Energy crisis
Q. Discuss briefly the utilization, distribution and production of manganese

in India. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the utilization and conservation of coal resources of India. 10

marks
Q. Attempt a spatial analysis of the development of minerals based

industries in relation to mineral resource potentialities and their exploitation
in different states of India. 20 marks

Q. Examine the distribution of the major mineral resources of the Deccan

Plateau together with the extent of their utilization. 20 marks
Q. Critically examine the metalliferous mineral resources of India with

particular reference to their present and future demands. 20 marks
Q. Examine the pattern of distribution and mode of exploitation of bauxite in

India. 20 marks
Q. Delineate the mineral belts of India and mention their distinctive

features. 15 marks
Q. Assess the fossil fuel resources of India in terms of current and future
demands for energy. Examine the present and future prospects of their
utilization. 20 marks
Q. Examine the fossil fuel resources of India with particular reference to the
present and future demands for energy. 20 marks
Q. Delineate the coalfields of India and mention their distinctive features. 15

marks
Q. Location of thermal power plants and coal fields in India are not mutually
conducive. Analyse 10 marks
Q. Bring out the present day position of exploitation and processing of

nuclear minerals in India. 10 marks
Q. “Non-conventional energy is the energy of future in India”. Justify this

statement 20 marks
Q. Suggest appropriate energy policy for minimising energy crisis in India.

15 marks
Q. Write about offshore oilfields and coastal ecology. 15 marks
Q. Give an account of the development of renewable resources of India. 15

marks
Q. Keeping the recent developments in view, how can the energy crisis of
India be circumvented by harnessing non-conventional energy resources? 10
marks
Q. Why has solar energy in India not been developed to desired level inspite
of its high potential? 15 marks

 biotic resources; Forest and wild life resources and their

conservation
Q. Describe the programmes for management and development of forests in

India under Nation Forest Policy. Mention briefly the roles of other
institutions in the development of forestry in the country. 20 marks
Q. Examine the forest resources of India and explain the principles of

conservation which could be applied to improve the forest wealth of India.
20 marks
Q. Examine the need for conservation of biotic resources in India. 10 marks
Q. Identify important biotic resource regions of India. Highlight in brief the

problems and remedial measures of biotic-resource conservation in India. 20
Marks
Q. Examine the National Forest Policy of India. 10 marks
Q. Identify the major biosphere reserves of India and discuss their role in
conservation of forest and wildlife. 15 marks
Q. Identify the important biotic resource regions of India and highlight their
problems. 20 marks
Q. Suggest the measures for wild life conservation with reference to

extinction of rare species. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the problems of wildlife conservation and management in India.

10 marks
Q. Outline the Government of India‟s strategies of conservation of the

Western Ghats. 15 marks
Q. Illustrate with suitable examples the endeavours undertaken in

augmenting conservation of water and vegetation in India. 20 marks
 marine resources
Q. Assess the fish resources of India and examine the present and future
prospects of their exploitation. 15 marks
Q. Critically examine the marine resources of India and discuss the

problems encountered in their development. 20 marks
Q. Give an account of the success and prospects of Blue Revolution with

comments on its impacts on rural economy of India. 20 marks

Q. Give an account of potentially and prospects of development of marine

resources of India. 15 marks
 Miscellaneous
Q. Examine the Resources of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 15 marks
Q. Evaluate the impact of technology on resource utilization in India. 15

marks
Q. Write about Karewa deposits and their economic significance. 15 marks

Agriculture
Infrastructure: irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; Institutional factors:
land holdings, land tenure and land reforms; Cropping pattern,
agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land
capability; Agro and social-forestry; Green revolution and its socio-
economic and ecological implications; Significance of dry farming;
Livestock resources and white revolution; aqua - culture; sericulture,
apiculture and poultry; agricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic
zones; agro- ecological regions.
 Infrastructure: irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; Institutional

factors: land holdings, land tenure and land reforms;
Q. Give an account of the infrastructural factors necessary for prompting

agricultural development in the dry zones of India with specific examples. 20
marks
Q. Discuss the importance of irrigation in Indian agriculture and describe

the methods of irrigation practised in either the Ganga valley or the
Karnataka- Maharasthra region. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the use of Chemical Fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides in

agriculture and its impact on human health. 20 marks
Q. Explain the role of institutional factors in the development of agriculture

in India. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the role of institutional factors in the efficiency and productivity

of agriculture in India. 10 marks
Q. Discuss the role of institutional factors in shaping the pattern of Indian

agriculture. 15 marks
Q. Outline the impact of land reform measures on agricultural development

in India. 15 marks
Q. Land reform is a key to modern agriculture in India. Describe various

measures taken in this direction after Independence. 15 marks
Q. Explain how modernization of Indian agriculture is affected by

unfavourable institutional factors with suitable examples. 15 marks
Q. Formulate a suitable agricultural land use policy that will achieve the
twin goals of optimum agricultural efficiency and crop productivity. 20
marks

Q. Discuss the role of infrastructural, scientific and technological

developments in the recent transformation of Indian agriculture. 20 marks
Q. Critically examine the role of infrastructural and institutional factors in

the recent transformation of Indian Agriculture. 20 marks
 Cropping pattern, agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity,

crop combination, land capability;
Q. Discuss the cropping patterns in different agricultural regions of India.

20 marks
Q. Explain the method of delineating crop association regions with reference

to India. 10 marks
Q. Describe the problems of production and distribution of food crops in

India from the regional point of view. 20 marks
Q. Analyse the relationship between cropping intensity and agricultural

productivity and throw light on the measures of increasing the cropping
intensity in India. 20 marks
Q. Differentiate between agricultural efficiency and agricultural productivity

and discuss the methods used in the determination of agricultural efficiency
in India. 20 marks
Q. Distinguish between „agricultural productivity‟ and „agricultural

efficiency‟, and bring out the disparity in regional distribution of agricultural
efficiency. 20 marks
Q. Define Agriculture Productivity. Mention the methods of its measurement

and bring out the disparities in its regional disparities. 15 marks
Q. What is significance of land capability classification in land use

planning? Explain the method of land capability classification adopted by
the All India land use and soil survey organization. 15 marks
Q. Analyse critically whether the existing cropping in different parts of India

would need any change for better agriculture performance in future. 20
marks
Q. “The institutional factors have grip over the crop pattern and crop
productivity on Indian agriculture”. Justify 20 marks
Q. Write about Impact of land tenure on agricultural productivity in India.

15 marks

Q. Define agricultural intensity and bring out its regional distribution in

India. 10 marks
 Agro and social-forestry; Green revolution and its socio- economic

and ecological implications; Significance of dry farming;
Q. Discuss the role of social forestry in any one region of India. 10 marks
Q. Examine the significance of social forestry in the rural economy of India.

10 marks
Q. Write about Agro-Forestry in India. 15 marks
Q. Why has agro and social forestry has failed to achieve its objectives? 10
marks
Q. What is meant by Green Revolution? Explain its successes and failures.

15 marks
Q. Discuss the impact of green revolution on the agricultural production in

India. 10 marks
Q. Critically evaluate the dual impacts of green revolution in India. 20

marks
Q. “India has paid heavily for achievement of Green Revolution in the form of
economic, social and ecological cost”. Discuss 15 marks
Q. „Inspite of various negative impacts of Green Revolution, there is a

demand for New Green Revolution‟. Elaborate 15 marks
Q. Explain the distribution and characteristics of dry zone agriculture. 15

marks
Q. Discuss the problems and prospects of dry zone agriculture in India and
highlight strategies and schemes for its development. 20 marks
Q. With the help of a map, indicate the principal areas of dryland farming in
the country and account for farmers‟ suicides mainly in those areas. 15
marks
Q. Explain the significance of dry farming in drought prone areas of India.

10 marks
 Livestock resources and white revolution; aqua - culture; sericulture,

apiculture and poultry;
Q. What is meant by Operation Flood? Discuss the manner of its

implementation and its success in India. 15 marks

Q. Discuss the role of animal husbandry in the agricultural economy of

India with special reference to any one region. 20 marks
Q. Write an essay on the role of animal husbandry and household industries

in the development of rural economy in India. 20 marks
Q. Present an account of the success and constraints of White revolution in

India. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the scope of replication of White revolution in India. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the potentiality and status of aquaculture in the Ganga Plain. 15

marks
Q. Write about the prospects of Rainbow Revolution in India. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the potentiality and present status of horticulture in the Western

and Central Himalaya. 20 marks
 Agricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic zones; agro- ecological

regions.
Q. Divide peninsular region into agricultural regions. Explain the basis of

such a regionalization. 20 marks
Q. Examine the geographical basis of agro-climatic planning regions of

India. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the bases of identifying agro-climatic zones and explain the core
strategies for agricultural development. 20 marks
Q. Divide India into agricultural regions and critically examine the role of
ecological and human factors responsible for transformation of agricultural
economy in any one region. 20 marks
Q. Outline the agricultural regions of India, indicating the basis of

regionalization. Bring out the factors responsible for emergence of different
crop combination in different regions. 20 marks
Q. Correlate agro-climatic zones with agro-ecological regions of India. 20

marks
Q. Farmer’s suicide is one of the major agrarian problems in India.

Bring out its causes and suggest the remedial measures with
reference to Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. 15 marks
(2017)

Q. Explain the contemporary agricultural scenario in the context of rapid

urbanization in India. 15 marks

Industry
Evolution of industries; Locational factors of cotton, jute, textile, iron
and steel, aluminium, fertilizer, paper, chemical and pharmaceutical,
automobile, cottage and agro - based industries; Industrial houses and
complexes including public sector undertakings; Industrial
regionalisation; New industrial policies; Multinationals and
liberalization; Special Economic Zones; Tourism including eco -
tourism.
 Evolution of industries
Q. Identify the important periods of industrialization in India and analyse

the character of its two most developed industrial regions. 20 marks
Q. Trace the evolution of Industries in India & evaluate the role of

multinationals and liberalization policies in this context. 20 marks
 Locational factors of cotton, jute, textile industries
Q. Discuss the location, present situation and future prospects of the Jute
industry in India. 20 marks
Q. Analyse the factors for the localization of either cotton textile or sugar
industry in India and note the recent trends in the industry. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the factors for the localization of either the cement or the cotton
textile industry in India and analyse the pattern of its distribution. 20 marks
Q. Analyze the location, distributional pattern and Problems of Cotton textile

industries in India. 20 marks
Q. Describe the development of textile industry in India. 20 marks
 Locational factors of iron and steel, aluminium, automobile

industries
Q. Examine critically the factors for the localization of iron and steel
industry in India with specific reference to the newer centers of steel
production. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the growth, location and distribution of Iron and Steel Industry
in India. 20 marks
Q. Examine the role of raw materials in the location of Iron and Steel
Industry in India. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples. 20 marks

Q. Mini steel plants can act as an instrument of decentralization of iron and

steel industry in India. 10 marks
Q. Write short note on Aluminum industry in India. 10 marks
Q. Explain the factors promoting the rapid growth and development of the
automobile industry in India, giving suitable examples. 20 marks
 Locational factors of paper, fertilizer, chemical and pharmaceutical

industries
Q. Write short note on Location and growth of Fertilizer industry in India. 10

marks
Q. Bring out the trends in the development of fertilizer industry in India. 15

marks
Q. Analyse the locational pattern of cement industry in India. 10 marks
Q. Critically examine the locational pattern and trend of production of forest

based industries in India. 20 marks
Q. Assess the scope and development of Pharmaceutical Industry in India.

15 marks
Q. Why does the pharmaceutical industry concentrate largely in the western

region of the country? 10 marks
 Locational factors of cottage and agro - based industries;
Q. Write short note on Agro-based industries of India. 10 marks
Q. Explain the factors responsible for the distribution of Sugar Industry in

India. 15 marks
Q. Write short note on growth of agro based industries in Uttar Pradesh and
Bihar. 10 marks
Q. Examine the problems and prospects of agro based industries in Bihar.

15 marks
Q. Describe the problems of agro-based industries in India in general and

cotton textiles in particular. 15 marks
Q. Write short notes on types of rural industries and their basis in the
Rajasthan- Gujarat region. 10 marks
Q. Why is the traditional crafts industry in India on the decline? 15 marks

Q. Identify the spatial pattern of agro-industrial regions of India. Analyse the

potentiality of Malwa as an important agro-industrial region of the future.
20 marks
 Industrial houses and complexes including public sector

undertakings; Industrial regionalisation;
Q. What is an industrial complex? Describe the growth, problems and

prospects of any major industrial complex in India. 20 marks
Q. Draw a sketch map to delineate the major industrial complexes of India

and discuss their important characteristics. 20 marks
Q. “The Bokaro Iron and Steel Plant is an example of Industrial Complex.”

Explain 10
Q. Examine the importance of industrial estates in India. 10 marks
Q. Describe the growth, characteristics and distribution pattern of India‟s

industrial regions. 20 marks
Q. Name the major industrial regions of India indicating the bases of their
identification. Highlight their basic problems. 20 marks
Q. Identify the main industrial clusters of India and account for their
development. 10 marks
Q. Distributional pattern of industries in India does not provide requisite

basis for division for division of the country into distinct industrial regions.
Elaborate 20 marks
Q. Write about Identification of industrially backward areas and problems in

their development. 15 marks
Q. Indicate the criteria of identification and demarcating the industrially

backward areas of India and enumerate main hurdles in their development.
15 marks
 New industrial policies; Multinationals and liberalization; Special

Economic Zones;
Q. Trace the evolution of Industrial policy in India and bring on its impact
on industrial development of the country. 20 marks
Q. Write short note on recent changes in India‟s basic Industrial Policy. 10

marks

Q. Analyse the role of policy of liberalization on industrial landscape of

India. 10 marks
Q. Bring out the impact of multinationals and liberalization on the

Industrial Economy/Pattern of India. 20 marks
Q. Explain the role of multinationals in globalization of industries in India.

15 marks
Q. Critically analyse the role of multinational corporations in India‟s

economic development with suitable examples. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the problems in realization of benefits of globalization and

liberalization in industrial sector of India. 15 marks
Q. Explain the New Industrial Policies in India. 15 marks
Q. Explain the concept of „Make in India‟ and indicate the essential inputs
for its success. 15 marks
Q. Assess the suitability of Special Economic Zones for the sustainable

economic development in India. 15 marks
Q. Startups may play important role in giving fillip to economic growth in

India. Illustrate with examples. 15 marks
 Tourism industry including eco -tourism.
Q. Explain how ecotourism activities could be important livelihood options

in the Himalayan and North-Eastern regions of the country. 10 marks
Q. Give a critical account of region specific constraint of sustainable tourism

in India. 15 marks
Q. Explain the relevance of green tourism for sustainable of mountain

environment in India. 15 marks
Q. How may tourism in hilly areas of India be developed as an important

source of economy? 15 marks

Transport, Communication and Trade

Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipeline networks and their
complementary roles in regional development; Growing importance of
ports on national and foreign trade; Trade balance; Trade Policy; Export
processing zones; Developments in communication and information
technology and their impacts on economy and society; Indian space
programme.
 Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipeline networks and their

complementary roles in regional development;
Q. Discuss the significance, traffic flow pattern, emerging trends and

problems of road transport in India. 20 marks
Q. What is Golden Quadrilateral? Discuss the Progress made in its

execution and impacts on Indian Economy. 20 marks
Q. Explain with suitable examples the role of road transport in agricultural

development in India. 15 marks
Q. Examine the role of road transport in regional development taking

suitable examples from an area you have studied in detail. 20 marks
Q. Write a note on Development of Railway transport in India since

Independence. 15 marks
Q. Explain the role of Railways as a unifying factor in Indian economy. 10

marks
Q. Write short note: Competitive and complementary character of Indian rail

route and road network. 10 marks
Q. Critically examine the complementary and competitive character of the

Indian rail routes and the road network. 20 marks
Q. Integrated development of road and rail networks in a complementary is a

prerequisite for regional development. Explain with reference to North-
Eastern Region of India. 20 marks
Q. Write a note on Significance of inland waterways in the development of

transportation and trade. 15 marks
Q. Write about Geographical impediments in the development of inland

waterways in India. 15 marks

Q. Give a comparative account of the development of River Water Transport

in pre-colonial and post-independence periods in India. Highlight the role of
River transport in regional development. 20 marks
Q. Bring out the development of river water transport in India and its role in
regional development. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the problems and prospects of National Waterway No.1. 15

marks
Q. What is the role of Triplet Transport System in the regional development

of India? 15 marks
Q. Discuss the basis on which the current network of Airways is built in

India, highlighting its role in the overall transportation milieu. 20 marks
Q. Assess the growing importance of air transport in India and examine its
role in the regional development of the country. 15 marks
Q. Critically examine the feasibility of development of a comprehensive

network of airways in India. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the oil and natural gas pipeline networks in India. Highlight their
complementary role in regional development. 20 marks
Q. Explain the pipeline network across India and its impact on regional
Q. Analyse the role of different types of transport in the commodity flows of

the Delta regions of East India. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the nature of commodity flows in India. 15 marks
 Growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade;
Q. Discuss the growing importance of ports in foreign trade of India. 20

marks
Q. Discuss the changing composition of international trade through major

seaports of India. 15 marks
Q. Describe the salient features of Sagar Mala project and highlight its role
in port-led development of coastal regions in India. 15 marks
 Trade balance; Trade Policy; Export processing zones;
Q. Account for the persisting negative trade balance of India. 15 marks
Q. Analyse the recent trends in Indian International Trade. 15 marks

Q. With special reference to India examine the changes in the nature and
patterns of international trade. Mention the major influencing factors. 20
marks
Q. Analyse the pattern of India‟s trade with the S-E Asian countries. 10
marks
Q. How has India‟s „Look East‟ policy taken shape in the past two decades
and how it may affect India‟s external trade?
Q. What are the desired possible changes in our trade policy to promote the
development of cottage industry? 15 marks
Q. Discuss briefly the overall pattern of inter-regional trade in India. 20

marks
Q. Write short note on Role and Characteristics of rural market centers in

different parts of India. 10 marks
Q. Write about role of rural market centers in promoting intra and inter-
regional trade. 15 marks
Q. Write a short note on role of rural market centers in fostering intra and
inter-regional trade in India. 10 marks
 Developments in communication and information technology and

their impacts on economy and society;
Q. Evaluate the contribution of Communication and Information technology

to the development of economy and society, and examine the relevance of
the recently launched „Digital India‟ programme. 15 marks
Q. Examine the development of Information technology in India and its

influence on work culture and society. 15 marks
 Indian space programme.
Q. Bring out the significance of Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

(IRNSS). 10 marks
Q. Examine ongoing space programmes of India and their implications for

national security in future.15 marks

Cultural Setting
Historical Perspective of Indian Society; Racial, linguistic and ethnic
diversities; religious minorities; major tribes, tribal areas and their
problems; cultural regions; Growth, distribution and density of
population; Demographic attributes: sex-ratio, age structure, literacy
rate, work-force, dependency ratio, longevity; migration (inter-regional,
intraregional and international) and associated problems; Population
problems and policies; Health indicators.
 Historical Perspective of Indian Society; Racial, linguistic and ethnic

diversities; religious minorities; cultural regions;
Q. Elucidate the genesis of ethnic and cultural diversities in India. 15 marks
Q. Examine the genesis of racial diversity in India. 10 marks
Q. Discuss the genesis of ethnic and racial diversities in India. 15 marks
Q. In what way the language, religion and tradition can form the basis of
cultural regionalisation of India. Elaborate 20 marks
Q. Write about ethnic diversity of North-Eastern states. 15 marks
Q. Point out the ethnic disparities in the N-E India. 15 marks
Q. Write about linguistic diversity in North-Eastern states. 10 marks
Q. “Linguistic diversity is an asset as well as a challenge in India”. Explain

the statement focusing on the distribution of languages and the major steps
taken to address the related issues. 15 marks
Q. Describe the impact of linguistic diversity on the development of various

regions of India. 15 marks
Q. Critically assess the vanishing ethnic linguistic plurality of India. 15

marks
Q. Religious minorities are largely concentrated in Border States of India.

Discuss its causes and consequences. 15 marks
Q. Give the geographical cases of unity and diversity in India. 10 marks
Q. India presents an example of unity in diversity. Elucidate this statement

in the context of India‟s Physical and human aspects. 20 marks

 major tribes, tribal areas and their problems;
Q. Discuss the problems of Tribal areas and suggest measures for solving
them. 15 marks
Q. Identify the major tribal communities in India by regions and examine

the problems common to all of them and the ways of their solution. 20
marks
Q. Discuss the problems of tribal areas in India. 10 marks
Q. Critically examine the problems and prospects of tribal areas in India. 20

marks
Q. Identify the tribal areas of India and highlight their important problems.
15 marks
Q. Present an account of tribals, tribal areas and their problems in India. 20

marks
Q. Describe the major tribal regions of India and their problems. 15 marks
 Growth, distribution and density of population;
Q. Analyse the recent trends in the growth and density of population of

India and evaluate the socio-economic and environmental problems
generated by them. 20 marks
Q. Examine critically the major factors responsible for the growth of two
highest population density zones in India. 20 marks
Q. Elucidate the population density types in India. 15 marks
Q. Name the million cities of India according to 2011 census and critically
examine the factors for unprecedented growth in their population in the last
40 years. 20 marks
Q. Account for the present distributional pattern of population density in

India. 15 marks
Q. “Economic characteristics of an area exert a much more direct effect

upon its population patterns than do the physical characteristics”. Explain
with examples. 20 marks
Q. Critically examine the factors affecting the distributional pattern of

population in India. 20 marks

Q. Analyse the distribution of population in India in the perspective of

natural resources and identify the over-populated and under-populated
regions in the country. 20 marks
 Demographic attributes: sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-

force, dependency ratio, longevity;
Q. Analyse the causes of low literacy rate of India. Suggest feasible

measures for raising the literacy level. 15 marks
Q. Analyse the changes in the literacy rate during the post-independence

period in India. 15 marks
Q. Describe and explain the spatial patterns of literacy in India. 15 marks
Q. Write about geographical reasons for the variations in literacy from state
to state in India. 10 marks
Q. Elucidate the sex and age structure of the population of India. 10 marks
Q. “Age-sex pyramid is representative of the history of a region”. Explain 10

marks
Q. Discuss the causes and consequences of sex ratio variations in India. 15

marks
Q. Discuss the factors influencing the distribution of sex ratio in India. 10

marks
Q. Highlight the implications of declining child sex ratio in India. 10 marks
Q. Explain how demographic Transition created Demographic divide in

Contemporary India. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the social and spatial ramifications of increasing longevity. 10

marks
Q. How age structure affects dependency ratio? Explain with suitable

examples. 15 marks
Q. What do you understand by „Young India‟? How can the present state of
population composition be converted into an asset for the country. 15 marks
Q. Write about demographic dividend and its implications on Indian socio-

economic environment. 10 marks
Q. Explain the present status of age-structure and availability of work force

in India. 15 marks

 migration (inter-regional, intraregional and international) and

associated problems;
Q. Explain the causes and consequences of migration. 10 marks
Q. Discuss the spatial pattern of intraregional migration in India and

examine its implications in regional development. 15 marks
Q. Analyse the role of interstate migration in regional disparity in India. 20

marks
Q. Discuss the trends in emigration focusing on its major thrust. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the socio-economic problems associated with the left behind

families of international migrants from India. 10 marks
 Population problems and policies; Health indicators.
Q. Elucidate the current population policy of India and comment on its

effectiveness. 15 marks
Q. Evaluate the population policy of India and examine its relevance to the
nation‟s population control. 15 marks
Q. Elucidate the measures taken to limit the growth of population in India.

15 marks
Q. In population planning, the thrust of the Government has been „planning

the population‟ not „plan for population‟. Elaborate 15 marks
Q. Evaluate the population policy of India and examine its relevance to the
nation‟s population control. 15 marks

Settlements
Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements; Urban
developments; Morphology of Indian cities; Functional classification of
Indian cities; Conurbations and metropolitan regions; urban sprawl;
Slums and associated problems; town planning; Problems of
urbanization and remedies.
 Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements
Q. Explain, with the help of suitable examples and illustrations the

distribution of various patterns of rural settlements in India. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the geographical control of rural settlement pattern in India. 10

marks
Q. Explain with suitable examples and sketch maps, the distribution of

various patterns of rural settlements in India. 20 marks
Q. Discuss briefly the principal types of rural settlements in India. 15 marks
Q. State the geographical factors which influence rural house types in India.
15 marks
Q. Write about morphological characteristics of villages situated in hilly

regions. 10 marks
Q. Give an account of geographical conditions responsible for the

development of different types of rural settlements in India. 15 marks
Q. Describe the changing regional morphology of rural settlements in India.

20 marks
Q. Present a comparative analysis of geographical factors responsible

for distribution of human settlements in Rajasthan desert and North-
Eastern regions of India. 20 marks
Q. Provide the geographical background and characteristics of the

distribution of Hill Stations of India. 15 marks
 Morphology of Indian cities; Conurbations and metropolitan regions;
Q. Describe briefly the internal structure of Indian cities, together with the
ensuing problems. Illustrate your answer with specific examples. 20 marks
Q. Write short note: Internal structure of an Indian city. 10 marks
Q. Describe the salient characteristics of the morphology of Indian cities. 15

marks

Q. Explain the morphology of Indian cities in the background of existing

morphological models. 20 marks
Q. Examine the driving forces of changing urban morphology of million plus

cities of India with suitable examples. 20 marks
Q. Differentiate between conurbations and metropolitan regions. Give a

reasoned account of emerging conurbations in India. 15 marks
Q. Provide a reasoned account on emerging conurbations in India and

explain with suitable examples the problems associated with it. 15 marks
 Functional classification of Indian cities; urban sprawl
Q. Write short note on Functional and hierarchical patterns of Indian Cities.

15 marks
Q. Write short note on Functional and Morphological Typology of Indian

cities. 10 marks
Q. Write short note: Function, Classification and hierarchy of urban

settlements. 15 marks
Q. Explain the hierarchical pattern of Indian cities and discuss their growth
and distribution. 20 marks
Q. Write short note: Hierarchical pattern of Indian towns. 10 marks
Q. Mention various methods of functional classification of towns in India

and explain the method applied by Ashok Mitra. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the concept of city region and referring to Indian cities, examine
critically functional indicators used for delimiting the city region. 20 marks
Q. “Mono-functional towns are economically vulnerable.” Discuss 10 marks
Q. Write about major characteristics of rural urban fringe around

metropolitan cities. 15 marks
Q. Write short note: Land use characteristics of the rural urban fringe in
India. 10 marks
Q. “There is no sharp divide where an urban settlement stops and rural area
begins”. Analyse the statement with reference to the sprawl of Indian cities.
20 marks
Q. Peri-urbanization has created enormous environment problems. Discuss

their and consequences with reference to National Capital Region of India.
15 marks

 Slums and associated problems; town planning;
Q. Write short note: Growth of urban slums and problems associated with
them. 10 marks
Q. What are the distinguishing features of an urban slum and explain its
position in metropolitan area. 15 marks
Q. Write about the factors for the growth of slums in the metropolitan cities
of India. 10 marks
Q. Discuss the environmental impact of the growth of slums in Indian cities.

10 marks
Q. How do slums develop? Give concrete suggestions for their improvement.

15 marks
Q. “Slums are urban menace”. Elucidate with Indian cities as example. 20

marks
Q. How does the „push‟ and „pull‟ factors operate for the emergence of slums
in the metropolises of India? 15 marks
Q. How do slums develop? Give concrete suggestions for their improvement.

10 marks
Q. Define slums and explain their problems. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the elements and approaches of town planning in India. 15

marks
Q. Analyse the feasibility of „Smart Towns‟ Development in India. 10 marks
 Urban developments, Problems of urbanization and remedies.
Q. Discuss the process, pattern and impact of urbanisation in India. 20

marks
Q. Discuss the recent trends in urbanisation in India and briefly describe

the main characteristics and problems of the major Indian cities. 20 marks
Q. Analyse the extent of urban population growth in India in last four

decades. 20 marks
Q. Bring out the salient characteristics of Indian urbanization with suitable

examples. 20 marks

Q. Write a note on the emergence of National Settlement System in colonial

India and discuss the factors contributing the urbanization in Post-
Independence period. 20 marks
Q. Unplanned urban development has created numerous problems.

Comment 20 marks
Q. Describe the causes and effects of urbanization in India and explain its
impact on rural landscape and urban ecology. 20 marks
Q. Describe how urbanization creates air and water pollution in India. 15

marks
Q. Account for the multiple problems of urban agglomerations. 15 marks
Q. How has an inappropriate urban land use policy accounted for

undesirable development in and around metropolitan cities? 15 marks
Q. Correlate the price of land, vertical growth of cities and the growth of
slums in large cities of India. 10 marks
Q. Outline the role of Class I and Class II towns in the urban process of
India and indicate their contribution towards balanced urban development.
15 marks
Q. Small towns in India have problems and prospects of their own.

Elaborate 10 marks
Q. Examine the census concept of urban areas in India. 10 marks
Q. Discuss the census definition of urban areas in India. 10 marks

Regional Development and Planning

Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; Integrated
rural development programmes; Panchayati Raj and decentralised
planning; Command area development; Watershed management;
Planning for backward area, desert, drought prone, hill, tribal area
development; multilevel planning; Regional planning and development
of island territories.
 Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans;
Q. Write short note on Regional Planning in India. 10 marks
Q. Present an account of the experience of regional planning in India in the

context of Damodar Valley. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the experience of regional planning in India in the context of the

National Capital Region. 20 marks
Q. Examine the regional development policy of India in various Five Year

Plans. 20 marks
Q. Examine the relationship between geography and regional planning. 20

marks
Q. Discuss the population problem of India in regional perspective and make

specific suggestions for tackling the problem with respect to the broad
population regions. 20 marks
Q. Analyse the causes and consequences of regional disparity in the

economic development of India and outline measures to reduce disparity. 20
marks
Q. Analyse the prevailing patterns of regional disparities in the socio-

economic development of India and evaluate the role of the five year plans in
reducing them. 20 marks
Q. Write short note: Major causes for regional disparities in the development
of India. 10 marks
Q. Discuss the growth of regional planning in India and account for regional
disparities in development. 20 marks
Q. Write short note: Magnitude of regional imbalances in economic

development in India. 10 marks
Q. Explain the causes of regional disparities in economic development of

India. 20 marks

Q. Analyse the causes of regional disparities in the economic development of

India and suggest measures for their removal. 20 marks
Q. Give a reasoned account of regional disparities in economic development

in India and bring out the contribution of decentralized planning in solving
this problem. 20 marks
Q. Explain the processes and patterns of regional disparities in India and

suggest suitable measures for bringing about regional balances. 20 marks
Q. Examine the causes of regional disparities in Economic development in

India. 15 marks
Q. Reduction in regional disparities has been one of the priority goals of

national planning in India. How the proposed new Smart urban centers may
contribute to the process. 15 marks
Q. Analyse the incentive oriented programmes for removing regional

imbalances in socio-economic development of India. 15 marks
Q. Enumerate the basic indicators of development explain their application

in identification of spatial diversity in development in India. 15 marks
Q. Goods and Services Tax (GST) has differential impact on developed and
backward states of the country. How and Why? 10 marks
Q. Discuss the changes brought about in Indian agriculture by the

successive Five Year Plans, mentioning their successes and failures. 20
marks
 Panchayati Raj and decentralised planning; multilevel planning
Q. Discuss Panchayati Raj as a measure of decentralised planning in India.

10 marks
Q. Examine the role of people‟s participation in successful decentralized

planning in India. 10 marks
Q. Critically examine the Panchayati Raj setup. 15 marks
Q. Write short note: Significance of District Planning in India. 10 marks
Q. Evaluate the benefits of Block Level development planning in India. 15

marks
Q. Write a note on City regions as territorial unit for regional planning and

Q. Examine critically the advantages and disadvantages of multi-level

planning with specific reference to India. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the concept of multi-level planning as practised in India, and

explain the implications of 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in this
respect. 20 marks
Q. Write short note: Nature and utility of multilevel planning in India. 10

marks
Q. Explain the concept of multi-level planning in India. 15 marks
Q. Give the hierarchy of planning regions and bring about the role of
metropolitan planning in fostering regional development in India. 20 marks
Q. “An effective three-tier Panchayat Raj System will strengthen the bottom
up approach to multilevel planning in India”. Explain 20 marks
Q. Decentralized planning through the strengthening of Panchayat System is

the focus of Planning in India in recent times. Suggest a blueprint for an
integrated regional development plan. 15 marks
 Integrated rural development programmes; Command area

development; Watershed management;
Q. What is meant by integrated rural development planning? What are its

components? What has been the extent of its success in relation to its
objectives? 20 marks
Q. Discuss the policies and programmes of Integrated Rural Development

Programmes in India. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the objectives of „Vision 2020‟ in creation of viable village

complex in India for „Inclusive Rural Development‟ programme. 15 marks
Q. Write short note: Role of rural markets in Regional development. 10

marks
Q. Differentiate River Basin and Command Area. Discuss the advantages

and disadvantages of River Basin as planning regions in India. Give concrete
examples. 20 marks
Q. Explain the concept of Command Area Development in respect of Multi-

Purpose Projects of India. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the prospects and problems of development of catchment and

command areas. 20 marks

Q. Discuss the concept of Command Area Development and evaluate its

success with reference to Indira Gandhi Canal. 15 marks
Q. Draw a sketch map of India showing major river basins. Examine the
feasibility of the concept of river basins as a planning unit. 20 marks
Q. Explain the concept of watershed and its utility in land management. 20

marks
Q. Discuss how watershed management has become a tool in eradication of

rural poverty in India. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the relationship of watershed approach to village level planning.

10 marks
 Planning for backward area, desert, drought prone, hill, tribal area
development;
Q. Is planning for a cluster of villages a viable option, when planning for

backward areas of the country? Discuss with suitable examples. 15 marks
Q. Evaluate the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme. 15 marks
Q. Assess the importance of foot-loose industries in the development of

backward regions in India. 10 marks
Q. Discuss the programmes and policy of development of dry areas in India.

20 marks
Q. How may tourism in hilly areas of India be developed as an important

source of Economy? 15 marks
Q. How can a meaningful skill development programme contribute to the

economic growth of hill areas? 20 marks
Q. Explain the role of „Hill Transport Subsidy Scheme‟ in reducing regional

imbalances in areas identified by the Government of India. 10 marks
Q. Write short note: Salient features of Tribal area planning. 10 marks
Q. Explain the salient features of the tribal development programme with

particular reference to either Dandakaranya or Chotanagpur. 20 marks
Q. Elucidate the role of Tribal Development Blocks in the development of

Tribal areas. 10 marks
Q. Elucidate the role of Tribal Development Blocks in the development of

Tribal areas. 15 marks

Q. Write a note on Planning and development of „Tribal Regions‟ in India 10

marks
 Regional planning and development of island territories.
Q. Indian Island territories are vulnerable to sea level rise. Explain 15 marks
Q. Discuss the strategies of integrated development of island territories in

India. 15 marks

Political Aspects
Geographical basis of Indian federalism; State reorganization;

Emergence of new states; Regional consciousness and interstate issues;
international boundary of India and related issues; Cross border
terrorism; India’s role in world affairs; Geopolitics of South Asia and
Indian Ocean realm.
 Geographical basis of Indian federalism; State reorganization;

Emergence of new states; Regional consciousness and interstate
issues;
Q. Examine critically the geographical basis of the Indian federation. 20

marks
Q. Write short note: Geographical basis of the Indian Federation. 10 marks
Q. Examine the geographical basis of Indian Federalism. 10 marks
Q. Examine the geographical bases for growth of regional consciousness and

regionalism during last three decades. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the political aspects of Himalaya. Explain how it has affected the
geo-strategy, geo-politics and regional consciousness of Indian Federalism.
20 marks
Q. Explain the basis and consequences of the establishment and

implementation of recommendations of the State Re-organisation
Commission in India since 1950‟s. 20 marks
Q. Critically examine the bases of state reorganization in India since

independence. 20 marks
Q. Comment on the basis of creation of new States in India in 2000. 15

marks
Q. Write short note: Regional consciousness and national integration. 10

marks
Q. Write short note: Regional consciousness versus national integration in

India. 10 marks
Q. Critically examine the political consequences of the regionalisation of our

country on the basis of language. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the role of languages in regional consciousness and national

integration in India. 20 marks

Q. What is regionalism? Discuss how regionalism affects the developmental

process with suitable example. 20 marks
Q. Give a reasoned account of river water disputes related to River Krishna.

15 marks
Q. Write a critical note on the Cauvery River Dispute. 10 marks
Q. Discuss the salient features of Cauvery Water Award. 10 marks
Q. Identify the Naxal affected areas in India and discuss their socio-
economic problems. 15 marks
 international boundary of India and related issues; Cross border

terrorism;
Q. Write short note: The Sino-Indian Boundary 10 marks
Q. Write short note: The international Boundary of India and related Issues.
10 marks
Q. Discuss the political issues involved in the Tin Bigha or Siachen dispute.
10 marks
Q. Write short note: Major issues involved in the Sino Indian boundary
conflict. 10 marks
Q. Write an essay on, the origin, dimensions and implications of Sino-Indian

border dispute. 15 marks
Q. Bring out the geopolitical implications of Doklam dispute in the context of

Indo-China relations. 10 marks
Q. Explain the origin, dimension and implications of Sino-Indian border

dispute.15 marks
Q. Examine the origin, dimensions and implications of the Sino-Indian

border dispute. 15 marks
Q. India is involved in a number of border disputes. Explain the reasons and

remedies. 20 marks
Q. Write short note: Problems of militancy in India‟s Border States. 10

marks
Q. Discuss the geopolitical importance of India‟s Land Boundaries. 20 marks
Q. Write about role of Physiography in cross border terrorism. 15 marks

Q. Cross border terrorism has implications on border area development in

India. Examine it with suitable examples. 15 marks
Q. Is the land boundary of India with its neighbouring countries a cultural

divide or divided culture? Explain with suitable examples. 15 marks
 India’s role in world affairs; Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian

Ocean realm
Q. Explain the role of India in the geo-politics of South Asia. 10 marks
Q. Write short note: Geopolitical significance of the Indian Ocean. 10 marks
Q. Assess the geopolitical significance of Indian Ocean. 10 marks
Q. Write a note on geopolitics of the Indian Ocean realm. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the emerging geo-political scenario of Indian Ocean Realm. 15

marks
Q. Write short note: Importance of India in the geopolitics of Indian Ocean

realm. 10 marks
Q. Discuss the geopolitical importance of Indian Ocean area. 10 marks
Q. Analyse the role of India in the geopolitics of the Indian Ocean. 20 marks
Q. Make an appraisal of the role of India in the geopolitics of the Indian

Ocean. 10 marks
Q. Discuss the implication of India‟s strategic location with reference to the

Indian Ocean. 15 marks
Q. “India is emerging as global power in relation to Indian Ocean realm”.

Elaborate. 15 marks

Contemporary Issues
Ecological issues: Environmental hazards: landslides, earthquakes,
Tsunamis, floods and droughts, epidemics; Issues relating to
environmental pollution; Changes in patterns of land use; Principles of
environmental impact assessment and environmental management;
Population explosion and food security; Environmental degradation;
Deforestation, desertification and soil erosion; Problems of agrarian
and industrial unrest; Regional disparities in economic development;
Concept of sustainable growth and development; Environmental
awareness; Linkage of rivers; Globalisation and Indian economy.
 Ecological issues: Environmental hazards: landslides, earthquakes,

Tsunamis, floods and droughts( covered in Physical Setting),
epidemics;
Q. Describe the altitudinal and spatial geo-environmental hazards in the

Himalayas. 15 marks
Q. Evaluate the nature of ecological problems in India and suggest measures

for their management. 20 marks
Q. Explain the origin and consequences of earthquakes in the Himalayas. 10

marks
Q. Explain the geographical characteristics of the regional distribution of

earthquakes in India. 20 marks
Q. Explain the causes, impacts and remedial measures of earth quake

disaster. 20 marks
Q. Differentiate between the „intensity‟ and „magnitude‟ of an earthquake

and explain its varying impact in various parts of India. 15 marks
Q. Identify earthquake prone zones and suggest strategy for their

management. 20 marks
Q. Identify Tsunami affected areas and give their management problems in

India. 10 marks
Q. Examine the problems of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in India.

10 marks
Q. Define an „Epidemic‟ and discuss the occurrence of Chikungunya in

India. 15 marks

Q. Identify the regions affected by Chikungunya with the help of a sketched

map and bring out the regional pattern of the disease. 15 marks
Q. Describe the socio-spatial consequences of the recent Nipah viral

encephalitis in India. 10 marks
 Population explosion and food security;
Q. Write an essay on the population explosion and food security in India. 10

marks
Q. Write a note on Snags in Food Security Policy of India. 10 marks
 Issues relating to environmental pollution; Changes in patterns of

land use; Principles of environmental impact assessment and
environmental management; Environmental degradation;
Deforestation, desertification and soil erosion; Environmental
awareness;
Q. Give a reasoned account of high level of pollution in North Indian Cities

as compared to South Indian Cities. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the environmental problems of India in the context of rapid

economic development and population growth. 20 marks
Q. Explain the impact of economic development on environmental

degradation in India. 15 marks
Q. Discuss the environmental problems regarding industrial pollution in

India. 10 marks
Q. Explain how change in land use can promote eco-development at

different levels in the country. 10 marks
Q. Analyse the ecological significance of forests in different regions of India

indicating the impact of rapid deforestation. 20 marks
Q. Analyse the causes of desertification in India. Represent the desertified

areas of the country on a sketch map and suggest remedial measures to
control it. 15 marks
Q. How does climate change affect the process of desertification of India? 15

marks
Q. Examine the nature and extent of environmental degradation in the

Himalayas. 10 marks

Q. What are the causes and consequences of environmental degradation in

India‟s industrial areas? Give specific examples. 20 marks
Q. Discuss the problems of environmental degradation generated by urban

wastes in India. 15 marks
Q. Explain the salient features of Sardar Sarovar Project and elucidate the
controversy related to its implementation. 20 marks
Q. How does the formation of a National Park help ecological restoration and
conservation? Explain with suitable examples. 15 marks
Q. Write about spatial pattern of soil erosion in India. 15 marks
Q. Explain the causes of soil erosion occurring over extensive areas in

certain parts of India. What measures would you suggest for solving this
problem? 15 marks
Q. What do you understand by soil pollution? Delineate the areas vulnerable

to it in India and suggest remedial measures. 15 marks
Q. Identify the ravine affected areas in India and discuss the environmental
and economic impacts of their reclamation. 15 marks
 Problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; Regional disparities in

economic development ( covered in Regional Development and
Planning) Concept of sustainable growth and development;
Q. Evaluate the concept of sustainable growth and development. 15 marks
Q. Elucidate the concept of sustainable growth and development. 10 marks
Q. Explain the concept of sustainable development and examine its

relevance. 10 marks
 Linkage of rivers;
Q. Interlinking of rivers may serve as a major source of assured irrigation

and all weather inland navigation in India. Comment on its feasibility taking
into account physical, economic and ecological implications. 20 marks
Q. Comment on the feasibility of interlinking of rivers of India and its

possible contribution to resolution of water crisis. 20 marks
Q. Examine the relevance of linkage of rivers in India with special reference

to Ganga-Cauvery linkage canal. 15 marks
Q. Evaluate the feasibility of the proposed Ganga Cauvery drainage link

(1997) 10 marks

Q. “Intrabasins linkages of rivers are more feasible economically, socially

and ecologically”. Discuss with suitable examples from India. 20 marks
 Globalisation and Indian economy.
Q. Discuss the impact of globalization on India‟s industry and agriculture

sectors. 15 marks

Telegram Group Link:

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Geography with Sandeep Sir

Contact: +91 9972000318 https://t.me/GeographywithSandeepSir sandeepmahajana@gmail.com

For most of the questions marks given here are modified,

For 10 Mark Question 150 words

For 15 Mark Question 200words

For 20 Mark Question 250 words

Telegram Group Link:

Contact: +91 9972000318 https://t.me/GeographywithSandeepSir sandeepmahajana@gmail.com

 Space relationship of India with neighboring countries;

Q. Mention the space relationship of India with neighbouring countries. 10

 Structure and relief; Drainage system and watersheds; Physiographic

Q. Give the salient features of the Aravallis with respect to geological

Q. Draw a sketch map in your answer book to delineate the main

Q. Explain the raise of the Himalayan ranges. 10 marks

Q. Describe the structure and relief features of Peninsular India. 20 marks

Q. Discuss the relief features of Indian Northern Plains. 20 marks

Q. Give a brief account of the second order regions of India‟s Peninsular

Q. Explain the topographical and structural characteristics of the Siwalik

Q. Explain the structural characteristics of the Deccan Plateau. 15 marks

Q. Distinguish the geographical aspects of North Western Lava plateau and

Q. Justify the inclusion of Meghalaya in Peninsular India and discuss its

Contact: +91 9972000318 https://t.me/GeographywithSandeepSir sandeepmahajana@gmail.com

Q. Give an outline of the geological history of the Peninsular India. Explain

Q. Explain the drainage characteristics of Peninsular India. 10 marks

Q. Examine the origin and characteristics of the antecedent drainage system

Q. Highlight the salient differences between the Himalayan and Peninsular

Q. Distinguish between Himalayan and the peninsular drainage systems. 20

Q. Present a comparative analysis of the regimes of Himalayan and

Q. Drainage pattern in Peninsular India is a result of its geological structure

Q. Present the salient features of West flowing rivers of India. 10 Marks

Q. How is the drainage pattern determined by water divide? 10 marks

Q. Highlight the socioeconomic and ecological roles of River Cauvery in its

Contact: +91 9972000318 https://t.me/GeographywithSandeepSir sandeepmahajana@gmail.com

 Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns, Tropical

Q. Explain some of the important theories of the origin of the South-West

Q. Discuss the major characteristics of the Indian monsoon with special

Q. Discuss the mechanism of Indian Monsoon. 10 marks

Q. Elucidate the mechanism of Indian Monsoon 10 marks

Q. Explain the origin, mechanism and characteristics of summer monsoon

Q. Give a critical account of the recent theories of origin of Indian monsoon

Q. Give reasons as to why rainfall variability is a characteristic feature of

Q. Give a reasoned account of unusual pattern of distribution of monsoonal

Q. Explain the factors responsible for uneven distribution of rainfall of in

Q. Why is the Indian Monsoon erratic in nature? Explain 10 marks

Q. Explain the pattern of winter rainfall in India. 10 marks

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Q. Explain the causes, impacts and remedial measures of flood hazards in

Q. Give an account of the distribution of flood-prone areas of India and the

Q. Explain the causes, impact and remedial measures of flood hazards in

Q. Explain the criteria used in the identification of drought-prone areas in

Q. Comment on the criteria to identify Drought prone areas in India. 10

Q. Give a reasoned account of either flood hazards or drought hazards

Q. Discuss the role of spatial pattern of rainfall and temperature in the

Q. Evaluate the Koppen‟s scheme of climatic regionalisation of India. 15

Q. Discuss the role of spatial pattern of rainfall and temperature in the

Contact: +91 9972000318 https://t.me/GeographywithSandeepSir sandeepmahajana@gmail.com

Q. Discuss the role of spatial pattern of rainfall and temperature in the

Q. Describe the salient climatological characteristics of Rayalaseema region.

 Natural vegetation; Soil types and their distributions

Q. Explain the geographical factors responsible for the growth of mangrove

Q. Discuss the distribution and characteristics of the evergreen forest in

Q. Explain the sequence of vegetation zones of the Himalayas. 10 marks

Q. Discuss the spatial distribution of Natural Vegetation in India with the