B.

Noun Phrase Modifiers: Prepositional Phrase and Adjective Clause

 Noun Phrase Modifiers are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that describe a noun,
pronoun, or noun phrase.(‘Noun Phrase Modifiers’ didifinisikan sebagai kata, frase dan anak
kalimat (klausa) yang menjelaskan kata benda, kata ganti benda atau frase benda)

 There are five grammatical forms which can perform the grammatical function of noun phrase
modifiers. They are: (Ada lima bentuk ketatabahasaan yang bisa membentuk fungsi
ketatabahasaan dari “noun phrase modifiers”)
1) Noun phrase, for example: My bathroom door is broken.
(Frase kata benda, contoh: Pintu kamar mandi saya rusak)
2) Adjective phrase, for example: The beautiful girl bought a pink bag.
(Frase kata Sifat, contoh: Gadis cantik itu membeli tas warna merah muda)
3) Verb phrase, for example: The girl singing loudly is my classmate.
(Frase kata kerja, contoh: Gadis yang sedang menyanyi dengan keras itu teman saya
sekelas)
4) Prepositional phrase, for example: The man in red coat is my uncle.
(Frase kata depan, contoh: Laki-laki yang pakai jas mantel merah adalah paman
saya)
5) Adjective clauses, for example: I met the boy who cried in the park yesterday.
(Klausa kata sifat, contoh, Saya menemui laki-laki yang menangis di taman kemarin)

Post – Modifier in the form of Prepositional Phrase and Adjective Clause.

1. Prepositional Phrase (determiner + head + prepositional phrase).

 A prepositional phrase is the preposition and the object of the preposition together.
(Frase kata depan adalah: kata depan dan objek dari kata depan secara bersama-sama)
 It includes: direction, place, time, cause, manner, and amount.
(Meliputi: arah, waktu, sebab, sikap, dan jumlah)
Examples:
a) The bag under the chair is mine.
 The = determiner, bag= head (inti), under the chair = prepositional phrase
(Tas di bawah kursi punya saya)
b) The plant on the window gets a lot of sunlight.
 The = determiner, plant= head (inti), on the window= prepositional phrase
(Tanaman di jendela mendapat banyak sinar matahari)
c) The old house between the shops belongs to Mr. Hasan.
 The = determiner, old = adjective, house= head, between the shops = prepositional
phrase
(Rumah tua diantara toko milik tuan Hasan)
d) The meeting at three o’clock was cancelled.
 The = determiner, meeting = head, at three o’clock = prepositional phrase
(Pertemuan pada pukul tiga, dibatalkan)
2. Adjective Clause (determiner + head + adjective clause).
 An adjective clause is also called a relative clause.
(‘An adjective clause’ juga disebut ‘a relative clause’).
 A clause is a group of words that has a subject and predicate.
(Klausa adalah sekelompok kata yang memiliki subjek dan predikat)
 There are two kinds of adjective clause:
(Ada dua jenis ‘adjective clause’):
a. Finite Adjective Clause
b. Non - Finite Adjective Clause

a. Finite Adjective Clause:

 Finite Clause may stand alone as a complete sentence.
(‘Finite Clause’ bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai sebuah kalimat yang sempurna)
 It usually uses subordinating conjunctions, such as: who, when, what, how, that, since, etc.
(‘Finite Clause’ biasanya menggunakan kata sambung, seperti: who, when, what, how, that,
since, dsb.nya)
Examples:
o The boy who is crying is Arya’s brother.
(Laki-laki yang sedang menangis saudaranya Arya)
o A book that you ordered is now available.
(Buku yang anda pesan sudah tersedia sekarang)
o The map that I found is expensive.
(Peta yang saya temukan mahal)
o The shoes which you bought are similar to mine.
(Sepatu yang kamu beli sama dengan punya saya)
o The man whom I met yesterday is my father.
(Laki-laki yang saya jumpai kemarin adalah ayah saya)
o The girl whose car is parked in the lobby is Mrs. Ratna.
(Perempuan yang mobilnya diparkir di lobi adalah Nyonya Ratna)

b. Non - Finite Adjective Clause:

 A non - finite clause cannot stand on its own.
(‘A non - finite clause’ tidak bisa berdiri sendiri)
 Modifiers in the form of participle phrase and to infinitive belong to non - finite adjective
clause.(‘Modifiers’ dalam bentuk ‘participle phrase’ dan ‘to infinitive’ termasuk ‘ non - finite
adjective clause’).

1) Present Participle Phrase (ing - clauses):

Examples:
 The girl dancing on the stage is beautiful.
(Gadis yang sedang menari di atas panggung cantik)
  The bird flying into the garden is Mr. Lukman’s.
(Burung yang sedang terbang ke kebun punya Tuan Lukman)

2) Past Participle Phrase (ed - clauses):

Examples:
 The car parked in the field is new
(Mobil yang diparkir di lapangan baru)
 The pen found by Andy belongs to Anis.
(Pulpen yang ditemukan Andy milik Anis)

3) To infinitive (to – clauses):

Examples:
 I don’t have a book to read.
(Saya tidak punya sebuah buku untuk dibaca)
 I have something to tell you.
(Saya punya sesuatu untuk diceritakan kepada anda)

The following is another way to use clause and phrase as a modifier

Clauses Phrases

Fruit that are grown organically are expensive
(Buah yang ditanam secara organis sangat mahal)
The bag which is under the table is not mine
(Tas yang di bawah meja bukan punya saya).
The cars that run electricity save gas.
(Mobil-mobil yang menggunakan tenaga listrik
menghemat bahan bakar gas).
Fruit grown organically are expensive
(Buah yang ditanam secara organis sangat
mahal)
The bag under the table is not mine
(Tas yang di bawah meja bukan punya saya).
The cars running electricity save gas.
(Mobil-mobil yang menggunakan tenaga
listrik menghemat bahan bakar gas).

The boy who is standing beside the car is my
cousin.
(Laki-laki yang berdiri di sebelah mobil adalah
saudara sepupu saya)
The novels which contain pornography are
prohibited in the library.
(Novel yang berisi bacaan cabul dilarang di
perpustakaan)
The boy standing beside the car is my cousin.
(Laki-laki yang berdiri di sebelah mobil
adalah saudara sepupu saya)
The novels containing pornography are
prohibited in the library.
(Novel yang berisi bacaan cabul dilarang di
perpustakaan)