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Optimal placement and capacity of capacitor bank in radial distribution system

Conference Paper · April 2016

DOI: 10.1109/ICEETS.2016.7583791

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Optimal Placement and Capacity of Capacitor
Bank in Radial Distribution System
Qasim Kamil Mohsin , Xiangning Lin, Firas F.M. Flaih, Samir M. Dawoud, Mohammed Kdair
State Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Engineering,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
Abstract— the Loads in distribution systems are mostly
inductive this coming from nature of system such as
transformer and transmission lines, and most devices used in
house is motors with reactive power consuming. For these
reasons and others it will cases to reduce the voltage profiles
and increases in power losses. The most distribution system is
radially connected, the high voltage distribution system 33kv
doesn’t severe from low voltage problems; this is coming from
nature of high voltage it is low voltage drop in transmission
line and also the almost the substation 33kv supplied with
capacitor banks. However The medium voltage distribution
system 11kv, and low voltage distribution system 0.4kv are
severe from low voltage problems at buses; this is coming
from nature of high current in low voltage systems will cause
high voltage drop in its wires, and these distribution systems
are radial connection without capacitor banks. In this paper
presented optimal capacitor placement and sizing to overcome
to the low voltage problem and total power loss reduction of
both these distribution systems. Simulation results are
investigated on realistic in realistic radial feeder 11kv of
alkaherat network 33kv which represent one of Karbala 33kv
distribution system networks, feeds rural area with 20-bus load
system of aburwaia region, after that apply to 0.4kv radial
distribution system with 26-bus load system of alzwaia region
one load of the feeder above. Results such as voltage support
and power losses are analyzed. Different simulation results to
optimal capacitor placement to voltage support, and minimizes
power losses are analyzed by using Genetic Algorithms (GA)
implemented in the ETAP software.
Index Terms—radial distribution system, OCP, load
compensation, ETAP
I. INTRODUCTION
Electrical power system networks typically, consist four main
parts are generation, transmission, distributions and loads.
Distributions are the final stage of electrical delivery from
transmission systems to consumers. Distributions systems are
large and complex; the reactive currents flows produce losses
and causing increased ratings of the distribution components.
The power wasted in form of losses at the distributions
systems it be around 13% of total power generated [1]. [2],[3]
Since reduction of the losses is more economical way to save
power generation from wasted however, the losses can be
reduced by connecting shunt capacitors to the system
978-1-4673-9925-8/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
1
considerable supply portion of the reactive power of the
consumers [1],[2]
The increase in power demand and high load density makes
the operation of power systems Congestions. Therefore, to
provide more capacity margin of the system to meet the load
demand, minimization of loss techniques are employed. The
effects of power loss are heat energy dissipated which increase
temperature of electric components and can result in insulation
failure. By reduction of the power losses acquires longer life
span and have greater reliability of the system [4]. The energy
losses of distribution systems can be minimized by
reconfiguration of, re-conducting, feeder load balancing, phase
balancing, transformer load balancing, and optimal capacitor
placement. The power loss in radial distributions systems can
be significantly reduced by reconfiguration of the distribution
system with optimal capacitor placement [3].
These power losses are mainly due to flow of reactive power
in the network. Capacitor rated 2/3 of total reactive demands
can be installed at a distance of 2/3 of the feeder length away
from the substation and it can be used only for uniformly
distributed load. However the most distribution systems
radially distributed and this request to optimal capacitor
placement[1].The installation of capacitor bank at non-optimal
places may result to increase of the total power losses of the
system and an increase in costs, therefore, having an opposite
effect to the desired. For this reason and others, different
optimization methods are used to capable to determine the
optimal capacitor placement for a given distribution systems
[2]. The advantages of addition of shunt capacitors banks
optimally are to improve voltage profile, the power factor,
power loss reduction. The extent of these advantages depends
to location, size, and number of the capacitors in the system
[1],[2]. The capacitor banks can either be fixed or switched
on/or off depending on load power levels.
There are many different optimization techniques have been
proposed to the optimal capacitor placement; these include
linear programming, nonlinear programming, dynamic
programming, graphical search, sensitivity factors, genetic
algorithms, Ant colony algorithm, particle swarm optimization
(PSO) and simulated annealing based on fuzzy logic. In
reference [5] the problem divided into three sub-problems
including sizing, switching on/off, and location, were solved
simultaneously, in [6] employed sensitive loss factors to
reduce the number of capacitor placement alternatives are
tested. In [7], [8] improved fixed load feeder models by use
switched capacitors with varying a non uniform loads and
feeders. in [9] voltage-dependent for capacitor placement on
distribution feeders are developed.
416
 2

in [10] used dynamic programming to obtain the optimal II. REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION OF
solution of the capacitor sizes. in [11] use quadratic DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
programming to find optimal capacitor sizing to reduce losses The power losses in the distribution systems are active power
and voltage improvements, in [12], [13] have been used loss and reactive power loss. The total active power loss
nonlinear mixed integer programming to determine the (PLT), and reactive power loss (QLT) in a balanced
optimal site and size of the shunt capacitors. In [14] used the distribution system consisting of branches (b) can be written
Artificial neural networks to achieve the same purpose, in as [24], [27]:
[15],[16] used fuzzy sets and fuzzy dynamic programming b
methods is used , in [17],[18] genetic algorithms are PLT =  I ik 2 Ri (1)
developed. Advanced techniques like particle swarm i =1
b
optimization (PSO), genetic algorithms (GA), fuzzy logic, and
QLT =  I ik X i (2)
neural networks are developed in [19-22] to overcome this i =1
problem. This paper employs Genetic Algorithm (GA) which
is implemented in ETAP to determine optimal location and Where: I is the branch current, R, and X is the resistance and
sizing of shunt capacitor banks, in order to improvement reactance of the ith branch of the network.
voltage profile and loss reduction in radial distributions N
systems which is applicable to radial distribution feeders with Pk = Vk  Vm (Gkm cos δ km + Bkm sin δ km ) (3)
laterals of the feeders, and load demands at feeder nodes. m =1

Interconnected distributions systems involve multiple paths to N

interconnection of all system buses which provide continuity Qk = Vk  Vm (Gkm sin δ km − Bkm cos δ km ) (4)
m =1
(reliability) of the service far beyond radial and loop systems. Where:
Interconnected distribution systems more expensive than Pk, Qk is active and reactive power at node k, Vk,δk is
radial distribution systems, so greatly used in intensive urban voltage magnitude and angle at node k,
applications, where as the load density very high. Gkm+jBkm is admittance matrix element.
Interconnected systems require conductor capacity little more The current in branch connecting bus i and bus k can be
than of the loop system in which its required "double capacity" calculated as:
everywhere to increased reliability of the system [23]. The
P − jQik
distribution system 33kv of Iraq almost interconnection I ik = ik (5)
networks in the urban and important places while as terminals Vi
networks in the rural areas. The substation 33kv almost Where: Pik, Qik is active and reactive power flow in branch
supplied with capacitor banks to improvement power factor, (i,k), Vi voltage at bus i
and voltage profile. The distribution system with Medium
Voltage 11kv or Low Voltage 0.4kv are supply to final loads, The voltage drop between two buses (i,k) interconnected by
their structures can be differ significantly according to transmission line with impedance Zik it can be calculated as:
locations of the loads. Cables with more number of side ∇Vik = Vi − Vk = Z ik I ik (6)
connections for alternative resources widespread used in urban
areas, while as Overhead lines with little interconnection
capabilities mostly used in rural areas Most Medium Voltage Z ik = Rl + X l (7)
and Low Voltage distribution systems using only one path
between each loads and main source(designed to be radial Subsisting (5), and (7) in (6)
distribution systems).Considered all the feeders 11KV radial
distribution are too long in rural area Even though many  P − jQik 
voltage regulation systems, the voltage at far end demand ∇Vik = ( Rl + jX l )  ik  (8)
loads at feeder are very low, Therefore needed to maintain it  Vi 
through this method [1]. Pik Rl + Qik X l Pik X l − Qik Rl
Optimal capacitor placement and sizing play a great role in ∇Vik = +j (9)
Vi Vi
minimizing the power-loss reduction and improving the
voltage profile and available capacity of feeders in the radial
distribution system [24],[25],[26]. The proposed method was ∇Vik = ∇VR + j∇VX
applied to rural feeder with 20-bus 11kv, and then applied to
load of one of buses with 26-bus 0.4kv radial distribution The voltage drop has two components ΔVR in phase with
systems derived from Karbala distribution system network. voltage of the bus i and ΔVX in quadratic with voltage of the
This paper organized, Reactive Power Compensation of bus i. The total reactive power flow in branch (i,k) Qik it can
Distribution System its explained with mathematical equations be decreased by interconnection shunt capacitor to bus by Qc
in section II. In section III, principle of optimal capacitor
placement of shunt capacitor placement and sizing it is Qik = Qik old − Qc (10)
illustrated. The case study it be illustrated in section IV.
Simulation results and discussion illustrated in section V. in
section VI conclusion based in simulation results.
417

Subsisting equation (10) in (9) in this case the voltage drop it
will be reduce depending to reactive power compensating Qc
and then it will be rise in voltage of buses.
And in subsisting equation (10) in (5) it will do to reduce the
current of branch (i,k) then it will be reduction of the total
power losses according to the equations (1),(2)
III. PRINCIPLE OF OPTIMAL CAPACITOR
PLACEMENT (OCP)
OCP seeks the optimal locations and sizes of capacitor banks
to be placed on a radial distribution feeder in order to
maximize the net economic savings resulting from reductions
in power loss and energy loss, less the investment and
installation costs of the capacitor banks. An OCP solution
must satisfy physical, engineering, and operating constraints to
be a feasible solution, and thus OCP is said be a constrained
optimization problem.
The equality constraints required the network be able to
supply the active and reactive power to the load demand, as
well as the power losses of the feeder segments. This
requirement is given in terms of the active and reactive power
flow equations at each node.
The inequality constraints prescribe that voltages along the
feeder must remain within lower and upper limitation from
nominal voltage of the feeder. The sites and sizes of the
capacitor banks are subject to financial and physical
constraints, which include the minimum number of capacitor
banks that can be placed at buses to achievement the required
options of the whole system [27].
The lagging current demanded by reactive load components
can be effectively canceled by the leading current provided by
the shunt capacitor. When the reactive load of distribution
systems canceled by a capacitor placed at the center of
reactive load, the entire power delivery system will be relieved
of KVAR, originally supplied from the power supplier's
generator. This makes the full capacity of the generators
available to serve active power loads. the connection of the
capacitor banks to distribution system either too far beyond or
too far ahead of inductive load center, the capacitor still
provides the loading with reactive power relative, but the
system will not obtained the full advantages of voltage
improvement and loss reductions which would be afforded by
proper capacitor placement [23], [26].
The installation of shunt capacitors bank have capital intensive
requirement, therefore the capacitors should be placed in away
that it results in minimum capital investment of installation,
maximum savings in power losses and better node voltage
profile. In this paper, the problem of optimal capacitor
placement is formulated in the minimum number, optimal
location and sizing of capacitors to be installed in the radial
distribution system are determined [3],[28].
A. Capacitor Sizing And Location
To obtain the maximum benefits in voltage improvement and
loss reduction on such medium voltage feeder, a capacitor
bank permanently connected (fixed) located at a distance
from the network is (0.5–0.7) of the total length of the feeder.
This method of location is accurately used as a "Rule of
3
Thumb" because few rural areas uniformly distributed loads.
Thus, the following method is better suited for locating
capacitors bank in uniform and non uniform loads of the radial
distribution system it can be achieved by Use computer
program to select the optimal locations and size of the
capacitors on the system to limitation of the minimum voltage.
Computer program calculate proper capacitor placement of
model by trying the smallest size capacitor uses in each
section (node) of feeder and calculating the total power losses
of the model. In this way, the computer selects the feeder
section with the lowest net losses and then places subsequent
additional capacitors in the same manner. Some nodes with
less than unity power factor, an additional capacitor bank
offers additional benefit of voltage improvement, but adding
more actually increases losses. In this paper it will be illustrate
the total power loss increased in some cases of optimal
location of the capacitor to increase minimum voltage [4].
B. Optimal Location and sizing of Capacitor Using Etap
Power flow calculation includes four quantities to be
determined: the voltage Magnitude, phase angle, and the
active and reactive power, and line power flows Associated
with each bus of a network [4]
Considered the ETAP software programming fully graphical
power systems analysis uses genetic algorithm optimization
technique for optimal capacitor placement.
Most power systems components operate at a lagging power
factor due from the loads and delivery apparatus (transmission
lines and transformers) are inductive in nature, which results
to reduced system capacity, decreased voltage, and increased
losses of the system [29]. Therefore, power systems require
additional capacitive VARs in the system.
To place shunt capacitors in power systems, there are two
important tasks required first; determine the bank size in
KVAR, and second determine the connection location.
The Minimizing cost required to achievement these two tasks
mathematically is an optimization problem. Therefore, should
utilize an optimization approaches. Optimal Capacitor
Placement (OCP) function of The ETAP module is a powerful
simulation tool; it is specifically designed for this applications.
The options of OCP of the system to place the shunt capacitors
for voltage support and power factor improvement while
minimizing total cost. The approach of precise calculation
automatically determines the optimal location and sizing of
the bank and allows viewing the results graphically and In
addition; to numerically reports of the optimal capacitor
locations in the buses, voltage of each bus, the branch
capacity, and power losses calculations on the branches. The
objective of optimal capacitor placement used in etap is to
minimize the total cost of the system, and in this paper to
improvement voltage of buses with reduce power losses. The
costs of capacitor installation and operation assumed same for
all sizing of the capacitors to select propriety of capacitor
sizing and locations [28].
(a) Calculation Method
ETAP currently employs the genetic algorithm to optimal
capacitor placement. The Genetic algorithm optimization
technique based on the natural selection theory, it is starts with
generation of the solutions with wide diversity in order to
418

represent characteristics of the whole searching space. By
mutation and crossover, good characteristics can be selected
and then carried to the next generation. The optimal solution
can be obtained through repeated first generations. The
installation and operating costs, which include maintenance,
depreciation, and loss reduction savings Cost, can be
represented mathematically as:
N N
O.F = Min( ( X i Coi + Qoi C1i + Bi C2iT ) + C2  T1 PL ) (11)
i =1 i =1
Where: N is number of buses candidates in system to capacitor
location,
1 − − − −capcitor _ installation
Xi =  (12)
0 − − − − − otherwise
Coi is installation cost, C1i is capacitor banks cost per kvar,
Qli is capacitor bank size in kvar, Bi number of capacitor
bank, C2i is operating cost of bank per year, T is planning
period in years, C2 is cost of each kwh loss in $/kwh, l is load
levels, Tl is time duration in hours of the load level, PL is total
power system loss at the load level.
(b) Constraints
There are two constraints to determined the optimal capacitor
placement are equality constraint to meet the power flow
equation (power generation = load + power losses), and
inequality constrains represent the voltage magnitude of each
bus should be within the upper and lower limitation or/and
Power Factor (PF) should be within the lower and upper
limitations.
The constraints can be represented mathematically as:
Vmin ≤ V ≥ Vmax (13)
PFmin ≤ PF ≥ PFmax (14)
The constraints it can be used equation (13) to correction of
the voltage of the load buses in whole system to be in
minimum and maximum limited, which determined the
optimal capacitor rating and location. While the constraints in
equation (14) to correction of the power factor for the load
buses in whole system to be minimum and maximum limited
in which the optimal capacitor rating and location can be
determined. From OPC to verify minimum voltage limitation
or power factor correction, and also it can be verify both
minimum voltage limitation and power factor correction; In
this paper it used to solve low voltage problems issue. The
cost issue in equation (11) in this paper it’s assume same for
all rating capacitor size to achievement best optimal solution
for capacitor rating and locations.
IV. CASE OF STUDY
Alkaherat distribution network previously supplied from
Karbala 132kv transmission network through one feeder 33kv
(thermal rating 30MVA), now days the feeder converted
4
Alhndia 132kv transmission network. Consider Alkaherat
33kv distribution network is the terminal network consists of
two transformers 33/11kv, 25MVA, and feeders 11 KV, feeds
residential areas nearby, most resident places supplied from
this network is rural distinct, in this case the loads taken from
feeders it will be across long distances to supply the last point
of the loads. Abu-roayah feeder is one of these feeders it take
distance around 10km to supply last load as shown in Fig1.In
this study assume feeder composed with 20- bus, the loads
supplied along all buses of the feeder equalizing and supply
through service transformer 11/0.4kv,250KVA each bus, the
distance between each transformer is shown in Fig1. The
feeder has small branch with 5 buses to supply the Abu-
auajela regions with 5 transformers to cover the loads there.
In this study take one of these loads of buses of this feeder and
assumed to be bus 10 to supply loads of feeds the loads of
alzwaia region across service transformer 11/0.4 kv, 250KVA,
the low voltage distribution system of this region is radially
distributed and composed 26- bus as shown in Fig.2. Assume
the load to be same for each house (bus) around 8kva with 0.8
power factor, and the distance of the loads (buses) from each
others and from main supply shown in Fig.2.
The loads far from main supply of the feeder suffer from low
voltage, and this leads many of devices not work in this level
of voltage its make the people to buy transformers to obtain
the voltage level required for them devices work, this will
cause to increase the reactive power losses. In this paper it
focus to solve the low voltage problem by optimal
interconnection the capacitors in two cases; one connected to
medium voltage system 11kv shown in Fig.1 and another
connect to the low voltage system 0.4kv shown in Fig2.
The system parameters of the interconnection are shown
below:
• Transmission line parameters: 11 kV, 5MVA, 50Hz,
158mm2 with R1=0.231Ω/km, X=0.294 Ω/km, tower
height 10m.
• Transmission line parameters: 0.4 kV, 250KVA, 50Hz,
124mm2 with R1=0.292 Ω/km, X=0.256, tower height
7.5m.
Different cases studies were conducted using etap12.6 to
select optimal placement and size of capacitors of feeders in
medium voltage 11kv, and low voltage 0.4kv, required to
enhancement voltage level and to reduce power losses. As
shown in section5.
419
 5

A. Medium voltage radial distribution system

The simulation done for 11KV, 5MVA, 50HZ, three phases
overhead line Abu-roayah feeder radial distribution system
connected to al-kaherat main grid 11kv in one side and to the
loads in second side as shown in Fig1. Different cases of
simulation are done as shown below:
Simulation results showed in Table I show the total power loss
without capacitor it be 149.6KW, and 155.1KVAR in which
the minimum voltage is around 95% of the rated voltage.
The voltage can be enhancement from this range to reach
99% of the rated voltage.
(i) To enhancement voltage to 96% of rated voltage shown in
Fig.3 its required 4 capacitor bank 300kvar rated, with
optimal located in buses two in B10 and one for each
B15, and B17. Or 3 capacitor banks 500kvar rated, with
optimal location in buses B10, B13, and B16. The total
power losses in two cases of capacitors bank its reduction
as shown in Table I
(ii) To enhancement voltage to 97% of rated voltage shown in
Fig.4 its required 7 capacitor bank 300kvar rated, with
Fig.1 feeder abu-roayah11kv, 20-bus supply loads in different optimal located in buses B10, B13,B14, B17,and three in
locations B12. Or 5 capacitor banks 500kvar rated, with optimal
location in buses B7, B8, B19, and two in B14. The total
power losses in two cases of capacitors bank its reduction
as shown in Table 1 but less than in case (i).
(iii) To enhancement voltage to 98% of rated voltage shown in
Fig.5 its required 13 capacitor bank 300kvar rated, with
optimal located in buses B2, B8, B9, B10, B12, B17, B20,
two in B6, two in B13,and two in B15. Or 7 capacitor
banks 500kvar rated, with optimal location in buses B6,
B9, B14, B19, and three in B13. The total power losses in
two cases of capacitors bank its little increased from case
without capacitor as shown in Table I.
(iv) To enhancement voltage to 99% of rated voltage shown in
Fig.6 its required 17 capacitor bank 300kvar rated, with
optimal located in buses B4, B6, B8, B13,two in B5,two
in B7, two in B15, two in B19, three in B10,and three in
B14. Or 10 capacitor banks 500kvar rated, with optimal
location in buses B8, B15, B20, two in B14, two in B16,
and three in B11. The total power losses in two cases of
capacitors bank it becomes higher than without capacitor
as shown in Table I.

Fig.2 distribution system 0.4kv, 26-bus supply loads in

different locations

V. SIMULATION WITH RESULT AND DISCUSSION

There are two cases study tested done to determine the optimal
numbers, sizing and optimal placement of capacitors to
enhancement low voltage problem and power losses reduction
by using etap12.6 software programming.
The strategic choice of the minimum number of capacitor and
the optimal location of the capacitor in order to ensure
complete system voltage enhancement using the objective
function in (2) to determined minimum number and location
of the capacitor to obtain the minimum voltage of the whole
system.

420
 6

TABLE I 11KV optimal capacitor placement and rating

Vmin C Optimal C. Total power
pu rating capacitor no losses
kvar placement PL QL
(KW) (kvar)
0.94 _____ ________ __ 149.6 155.1
_
0.96 300 B10–(2),B15, 4 132.1 136.4 Fig.6 Buses Voltage in percent at Vmin99%
B17
500 B10, B13,B16 3 130.4 134.6 From the analysis above of simulation result to obtain suitable
0.97 300 B10, B12–(3), 7 134.7 139.2 case to enhancement voltage profile and total power losses
B13,B14,B17
reduction it be in case (ii) with 5 capacitor banks with rated
500 B7,B8, B14–(2), 5 133.1 137.4
B19 500kvar with optimal location in buses B7, B8, B19, and two
0.98 300 B2, B6–(2), 13 151.4 156.8 in B14.
B8,B9,B10,B12,
B13–(2),B15–
(2),B17,B20 B. Low voltage radial distribution system
500 B6,B9,B13– 7 155.7 161.4
(3),B14,B19 The simulation done for 0.4KV, 250KVA, 50HZ, three phases
0.99 300 B4,B5–(2) B6, 17 199.7 208 overhead line al-zwaia feeder radial distribution system
B7–(2),B8,B10– connected to main feeder 11kv by service transformer
(3), B11, B14– 11/0.4KV with rated 250KVA in one side and to the resident
(3), B15–
(2),B19–(2)
loads in second side as shown in Fig.2. The load it be assume
500 B8, B11–(3), 10 203.9 212.6 same for all houses and it be 8KVAwith 0.8 power factor.
B14–(2), B15, Different cases of simulation done as shown below:
B16–(2),B20 Simulation results showed in Table II shows the total power
loss without capacitor it be 22KW, and 26.9 KVAR in which
the minimum voltage is around 86% of the rated voltage.
The voltage can be enhancement from this range to reach
98% of the rated voltage.
(i) To enhancement voltage to 90% of rated voltage shown in
Fig.7 its required 6 capacitor bank 20kvar rated, with
optimal located in buses B21, B24, two in B8, and two in
B11. Or 6 capacitor banks 25kvar rated, with optimal
location in buses B12, B15, B18, B26, and two in B6. Or
5 capacitor banks 30kvar rated, with optimal location in
Fig.3 Buses Voltage in percent at Vmin96% buses B3, B9, B11, B18, and B26. The total power losses
in two cases of capacitors bank its reduction from case
without capacitor as shown in Table II.
(ii) To enhancement voltage to 93% of rated voltage as
shown in Fig.8 its required 14 capacitor bank 20kvar
rated, with optimal located in buses B5,
B7,B9,B11,B12,B15,B16,B17,B19, two in B23, and three
in B4. Or 8 capacitor banks 25kvar rated, with optimal
location in buses B4, B7, two in B8, two in B13, and two
Fig.4 Buses Voltage in percent at Vmin97% in B23. Or 6 capacitor banks 30kvar rated, with optimal
location in buses B7, B13, B15, B25, two in B4, and two
in B5. The total power losses in three cases of capacitors
bank its reduction from case without capacitor but less
than case (i) as shown in Table II.
(iii) To enhancement voltage to 95% of rated voltage as
shown in Fig.9 its required 17 capacitor bank 20kvar
rated, with optimal located in buses B4, B16,B18,B25,two
in B7, two in B8, two in B10, two in B19, two in B21,
Fig.5 Buses Voltage in percent at Vmin98% and three in B11. Or 14 capacitor banks 25kvar rated,
with optimal location in buses B5, B6, B13, B15, B18,
B20, B24, two in B2, two in B8, and three in B11. Or 13
capacitor banks 30kvar rated, with optimal location in
buses B5, B7, B9, B15, B19, B22, B23, B25, two in B13,
and three in B2. The total power losses in three cases of

421
 7

capacitors bank it’s increased from case without capacitor

as shown in Table II.
(iv) To enhancement voltage to 98% of rated voltage as
shown in Fig.10 its required 26 capacitor bank 20kvar
rated, with optimal located in buses B1, B17, B19, B22,
B24, two in B9, two in B10, two in B20, two in B23,
three in B3, three in B16, and four in B13. Or 21
capacitor banks 25kvar rated, with optimal location in
buses B3, B10, B21, B22, B23, B24, two in B5, two in Fig.7 buses voltages in percent of rated voltage at Vmin90%
B6, two in B9, two in B14, two in B16,and three in B19.
Or 20 capacitor banks 30kvar rated, with optimal location
in buses B2, B3, B6, B7, B9, B18, B21, B25, two in B4,
two in B11, two in B12, two in B15, and two in B23. The
total power losses in three cases of capacitors bank it’s
more increased from case without capacitor as shown in
Table II.
TABLE II 0.4KV optimal capacitor placement and rating
Vmin C Optimal capacitor C. Total power losses
Fig.8 buses voltages in percent of rated voltage at Vmin93%
pu rating placement no PL QL
kvar (KW) (kvar)
0.84 ____ ________ __ 22 26.9

0.90 20 B8–(2), B11–(2) , B21, 6 18.3 22.3

B24
25 B6–(2), B12, B15, 6 18.1 22
B18, B26
30 B3,B9,B11,B18,B26 5 18.2 22.2
0.93 20 B4–(3), B5, B7, B9, 14 19.5 23.8
B11, B12, B15, B16,
B17,B19, B23–(2), Fig.9 buses voltages in percent of rated voltage at Vmin95%
25 B4,B7, B8–(2), B13– 8 19.7 23.8
(2), B23–(2)
30 B4–(2), B5–(2), 8 20.2 24.4
B7,B13,B15,B25
0.95 20 B4, B7–(2), B8–(2), 17 23.9 28.9
B10–(2), B11–(3),
B16,B18,B19–(2),
B21–(2), B25
25 B2–(2),B5,B6, B8 – 14 24.5 29.6
(2), B11–(3), B13,
B15, B18, B20, B24
30 B2–(3),B5,B7,B9, 13 24.0 29.5 Fig.10 buses voltages in percent of rated voltage at Vmin98%
B13–(2), B15, B19,
B22,B23, B25 From the analysis above of simulation result to obtain suitable
0.98 20 B1, B3–(3),B8–(3), 26 38.4 47 case to enhancement voltage profile and total power losses
B9–(2), B10–(2), B13–
(4), B16–(3), B17, reduction it be in case (ii) with 8 capacitor banks with rated
B19, B20–(2), B22, 25kvar with optimal location in buses B4, B7, two in B8, two
B23–(2),B24 in B13 and two in B23.
25 B3, B5–(2), B6–(2), 21 33.8 41.1
B9–(2), B10, B14 –
(2), B16–(2), B19 – VI. CONCLUSIONS
(3), B21, B22, B23, Iraq medium voltage distribution system 11kv, and low
B24
voltage distribution system 0.4kv generally is radial
30 B2,B3, B4–(2), B6, 20 39.9 49
B7,B9, B11–(2), B12 – distribution system, the voltage of the buses of the radial
(2), B15–(2), B18, distribution system decreased proportional with distance from
B21, B23–(2), B25 main supply. Specially when The feeder supply the rural
region, the loads it be with long distance between buses and
from the main supply which causes to reduce in the voltage at
the bus load far way places. the optimal capacitor placement
on radial distribution systems in rural area using ETAP is
presented in this paper it can be Computational results
obtained showed minimum voltage limitation affects the
optimal capacitor placement, and total power losses in whole
system configuration, When all loads were assumed to be
422

linear, radial distribution system configuration. The power
losses at different load levels are determined after the
placement of optimal capacitors to perform cost-benefit
analysis for the reactive power compensation. The simulation
results shows the low voltage problem in distribution system
can be reduced to reach 99% of the rated voltage but this
request more numbers of capacitor banks and the total power
losses will be increased. Therefore lowest power losses and
suitable operating voltage conditions with minimum number
of the capacitor banks are considered the suitable optimum
solution for optimal capacitor placement. Simulation results
proved an efficient and effective of genetic algorithm method
implemented in ETAP to determining the optimal number,
sizing and location of shunt capacitors in radial distribution
systems.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank everyone at the
HUST/department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering who
participated in this research for many stimulating discussions.
Also special thanks Ministry of electricity of Iraq / Energy
Transmission of Euphrates Middle region
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