Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Number vs
All of vs All Quantity
Either or ® Conditional
sentences
® Confusing words
Neither nor ® Either or / Neither
nor
® Even though / Even
I vs Me
if / Even so
® Lastly, Finally,
Eventually, In the
end , at last
Inasmuch as
Insofar as Causative verbs
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ALL vs ALL OF
ALL
All refers to three or more items.
I will buy all three shirts.
I will buy both shirts. (NOT I will buy all two shirts.)
We use ALL before normal nouns.
All children need love. (NOT All of children need love.)
All parents want the best for their children.
All can be put after personal pronouns used as objects.
She has sent her love to you all. (= She has sent her love to all of you.)
Mary has invited them all. (= Mary has invited all of them.)
All is used before uncountable and plural nouns.
All the water /All my children /All the milk /All the cake /All my friends
All with nouns.
All can also be used before some singular countable nouns like week,
family and way..
All my family live in different parts of India.
He ran all the way to the railway station.
We've been working all week.
Negative sentence structure : “Not all + noun + affirmative verb”.
Not all birds can sing. ( More natural than All birds cannot sing.)
Not all Americans like hamburgers.
(More natural than All Americans do not like Hamburgers.)
ALL OF
Before a personal pronoun we use all of.
Note that we use object form of the personal pronouns after all of.
All of us like reading. (NOT All of we like reading.)
I have invited all of them. (NOT I have invited all of they.)
ALL & ALL OF
Before a noun with a determiner (articles, possessives or demonstratives)
all and all of are both possible.
I have invited all my friends. OR I have invited all of my friends.
All my friends have been invited. OR All of my friends have been invited.
Thank you to all / all of the soldiers who have laid down their lives to defend
our freedom.
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ALL vs ALL OF
TEST
1. Do email us with ______ your questions.
TEST
1. The ______of work I got through in July was double the
amount that I did in June.
Assure , Ensure,
Insure , Secure.
Assure: to tell someone confidently that something is true,
so that they do not worry. Only people can feel anxious or
doubtful only they can be assured. Things cannot be assured.
Examples:
Tom assured Mike that he'd come to the party early.
She assured us (that) the car would be ready the next day.
Ensure : to guarantee an event or condition, to make
something certain to happen. People cannot be ensured.
Examples:
The role of the police is to ensure that the law is obeyed.
A good anti-virus will ensure that your PC remains virus-free.
These blankets ensure that you’ll be warm enough.
Insure : to guarantee or protect the monetary value of
something , usually with an insurance.
Places , people and things can be insured.
Examples:
The house is insured for two million euros.
Many companies won’t insure new or young drivers.
Secure : to keep from attack , harm or damage ,
to get something , sometimes with difficulty.
Examples:
The computer system is secure from intruders.
He secured a place for himself in law school.
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Assure , Ensure,
Insure , Secure. TEST
1. The car was ______________ for $1 000 000.
4. My parents ______ me that no matter what I do, they will love me.
Between vs Among
Between and among are both prepositions , and they are
usually followed by nouns .
Between
you can use the word “between” when you are talking about
distinct, individual items even if there are more than two of
them. It is usually followed by a singular noun.
Examples:
This contract is entered into between the Seller
and the Purchaser.
She chose between Harvard, Brown, and Yale.
The negotiations between the union and management
have broken down.
Among
you can use among” when you are talking about things that
aren't distinct items or individuals. Among should be used
where the entities are considered as a group, mass or
collectivity.
It is usually followed by a plural noun.
Examples:
She chose among the Ivy League schools
There is consensus among shareholders that
this approach be adopted.
He loves to spend time among his friends.
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CAUSATIVE VERBS
Causative verbs are used to show that the subject causes another thing or
person to do something or be something.
MAKE , GET, HAVE , LET, HELP
Make somebody do something : To force someone to do something.
Examples:
She made her children do her homework.
His mother made him apologize to the teacher.
Get somebody to do something :
To convince or persuade someone to do something.
Examples:
She got me to mow the lawn.
I'll get him to help you.
Have somebody do something : to ask somebody to do something /
to request somebody to do something.
Examples:
He had his secretary translate the letter.
I will have him call you when he comes back.
Let somebody do something : to give somebody permission to do
something.
Examples:
My dad let me go by myself.
She wanted to go but her parent wouldn’t let her.
Help somebody to do something :
to give somebody aid to do something.
Examples:
This book has helped me (to) improve my English.
Going to the Gym has helped me (to) lose weight.
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Close to vs Near
When used in the sense of ‘not far’ or ‘a short distance away’, the
adjectives near and close have the same meaning and are interchangeable.
Examples:
Don’t get too close to/near that dog , Susan.
As time gets closer to/nearer the exam, I feel more and
more nervous.
"I could see that Sam was close to/near tears.
The boxer looked near/close to exhaustion.
We can decide which route to take nearer / closer to
the time.
Close
We use close to talk about people’s relationships
with one another
They’re a close family.
My dad was closer to his brother than to his sister.
John and Mike are very close friends.
The news report said that the hikers had a ___ encounter
with a mountain lion.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
(IF CLAUSES)
Conditionals are used to describe the result of something that might
happen(in the present or future) or might have happened but didn't (in the past).
Conditional sentences are divided into 4 different types.
It’s not important which clause comes first
ZERO CONDITIONAL
We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are always true.
If you heat water, it boils.
When the sun goes down, it gets dark.
It lights up if you push that button.
Structure : If + Present ..... Present
FIRST CONDITIONAL
We use the first conditional when we talk about real and possible situations.
I’ll send her an invitation, if I find her address.
If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes.
If you play the lottery, you may become a millonaire someday.
If I study conditionals, I will speak better English
Structure : if + present simple ..... will/can/may/must + infinitive.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
We used the second conditional to talk about ‘unreal’ or very unlikely or
impossible things or situations.
If I found her address , I´d sent her an invitation.
Where would you live if you could live anywhere in the world?
If you studied harder , you might pass the test.
Structure : if + past simple .... would/could/might + infinitive.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and
to imagine the result of this situation.
If I had found her address , I would have sent her an invitation.
(but I didnt find it , so I couldn´t send it to her.)
If I hadn't been so busy, I could have helped you.
(but I was very busy , so I couldn´t help you.)
If we had taken a taxi, we might not have missed the plane.
Structure: if + past perfect, ...would/could + have + past participle.
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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
(IF CLAUSES) TEST
1. If it’s a nice day tomorrow we____ go to the beach.
CONFUSING WORDS
EVERY ONE vs EVERYONE
Everyone = Everybody (All the people) TODO EL MUNDO
Everyone was trying to find a place to park (= Everybody was...)
Every one = Every + the pronoun ONE CADA UNO
I have many friends. Every one is dear to me (= Every friend is...)
-t / -id / -d
t
“ed” endings are pronounced “ ” if the end of the word sounds like:
K, S, Ch, Sh, F, P, Th
Example: I helped my mom make cookies yesterday.
In this example, the end of the word “help” sounds like P.
So, the “ed” ending is pronounced “t”.
“ed” endings are pronounced “ id” if the end of the word sounds like:
T or D
Example: I wanted to go to the beach last weekend.
In this example, the end of the word “want” sounds like T. So, the “ed”
ending is pronounced “id”.
d
“ed” endings are pronounced “ ” for all other ending sounds:
A, B, E, G, H, I , J, L, M, N, O, Q, R, U, V, W, X, Y, Z
Example: I played soccer this afternoon.
• In this example, the end of the word “play” sounds like Y. So, the “ed”
ending is pronounced “d”
Exceptions.
Each of the following words do not follow the “ed” ending rules.
For these words, the “ed” ending is pronounced like “id”.
• aged • bles sed • crooked • dogged • learned • naked • ragged • wicked
So we say:
an aged man /Id/ a blessed nuisance /Id/ a dogged persistence /Id/
But when used as real verbs (past simple and past participle), the normal
rules apply and we say:
he aged quickly /d/ he blessed me /t/ they dogged him /d/
EITHER/OR - NEITHER/NOR
EITHER /OR used when referring to a choice between
two possibilities.
Examples :
We can either eat now or after the show.
Either Tom or Henry has lost the book.
________________________________________________________
NEITHER /NOR used when referring to the fact that two
or more things are not true.
Examples:
She speaks neither English nor French.
Chris wasn’t at the meeting and neither was her assistant.
Neither Chris nor her assistant was at the meeting.
Singular or Plural?
Singular
If both subjects are singular , the verb is singular too.
Examples:
Either the father or the mother has to attend the meeting.
(Father and mother are singular so the verb “has” is singular too.)
Neither Sally nor Nancy is going to write the report.
(Sally and Nancy are singular , so the verb “is” is singular too.)
Plural
If one subject is plural , the verb is plural too.
Examples:
Either Sue or the girls are going to prepare dinner tonight.
(The girls is plural , so the verb ”are” is plural too.)
Neither the teacher nor the students were in the classroom.
(The students is plural , so the verb “were” is plural too.)
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EITHER/OR - NEITHER/NOR
TEST - SINGULAR vs PLURAL
1. Neither Jeremy nor Sam ______in the shop.
If you want to check your answers to this test , please refer to:
http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/either--or---either-nor.php
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EVEN THOUGH
EVEN IF
EVEN SO
EVEN THOUGH (AUNQUE/ A PESAR DE QUE)
Even though describes a real situation and is a more emphatic version of though
and although.
She told him even though I asked her not to.
Even though I've cleaned it and polished it, it still doesn't look new.
Even though he lost his job as Arts Minister, he continued to serve in the
government.
Even if I had two hours to spare for shopping, I wouldn't go out and buy a suit.
Even if you take a taxi, you´ll still miss your train.
Even if I knew it, I wouldn´t tell you.
I know her English isn't very good, but even so I can understand her.
The evidence was only circumstantial. Even so, he was convicted and spent ten
years in prison for a crime that he perhaps did not commit.
I had a terrible headache , but even so I went to the concert.
EVEN THOUGH
EVEN IF
EVEN SO
TEST
1. Even_____ we won the war, we would probably suffer
tremendous destruction.
6. Even ____I win the lottery I will still work doing something
constructive and helpful to the economy.
EVER
idioms and set phrases
ALL SOMEBODY EVER DOES IS.... lo único que hace es
used to emphasize that somebody does the same thing very
often, usually in an annoying way
All he ever does is grumble about things.
DID YOU EVER (…)! ¡pero bueno, habráse visto!
(old-fashioned, informal) used to show that you are surprised or
shocked : Did you ever hear anything like it?
EVER SINCE (…) desde que / desde entonces
continuously since the time mentioned
He's had a car ever since he was 18. I was bitten by a dog once
and I've been afraid of them ever since.
EVER SO/EVER SUCH A tan
(informal, especially British English) very; really.
He looks ever so smart. She's ever such a nice woman.
IF EVER THERE WAS (ONE) como ninguno
(informal) used to emphasize that something is certainly true.
That was a disaster if ever there was one!
WAS/IS/DOES, etc. SOMEBODY EVER! ¡Vaya!
(informal, especially North American English) used to
emphasize something you are talking about.
‘You must have been upset by that.’ ‘Was I ever!’
sometimes used at the end of an informal letter, before you
write your name : yours ever/ever yours Siempre tuyo
EVER THE + adjective , noun (caballeroso) como siempre
And when we use ever before a noun to indicate that a person
has particular qualities, ever is used to mean always:
Let me open the door for you. ~ Ever the gentleman!
I always wear loose-fitting clothes like this ~ Ever the hippie!
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EVER
idioms and set phrases
TEST
1. All he _____ does is cry.
6. _______ funny guy, Mr. Man suggested that I play the song
backwards.
FAST vs QUICK
QUICK is usually used to refer to something happening
in a short time, or a shorter than expected time:
Examples:
We stopped for a quick snack. Not: … a fast snack.
I just need a quick answer. Not: … a fast answer.
Let me ask you a quick question. Not : ... a fast question.
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FAST vs QUICK
TEST
1. Slow down! You're driving too ______.
DETERMINERS
This , That, These, Those, Which, Whose...
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
After , although , as , as if , as long as , as though , because , before ,even if , even though ,
even if , if , if only , in order that , now that , once , rather than , since , so that , than ,that ,
though , till , unless , until , when , whenever , where ,whereas ,wherever ,while
PRONOUMS
I, me, she, he, we, they, her, his, him, our, theirs, their, my, mine, hers, themselves , ourselves,
himself, herself, it, its, itself, myself...
AUXILIARY VERBS
Would, should, have, must, been, was ,seen, shall, will , do ,did, has, need,
CONTRAST LINKS
In spite of , despite (the fact that) , although, even though, even so, however, nevertheless , but,
yet , whereas, while, but, notwithstanding..on the one hand...on the other hand...as opposed to,
rather than, on the contrary...
PURPOSE LINKS
In order to , for, to , so as to, so that, in order that..
REASON LINKS
Due to , owing to , because of, on acccount of, since , in case (of) , therefore, so , consequently,
seeing that, seeing as..
ADDITION LINKS
Too, also, as well , as well as , not only ...but also, besides, in addition to , moreover,
furthermore, what´s more, such as , for example, for instance , apart from , except for..
CONDITIONAL LINKS
Provided (that) , unless , as long as, if , whether ..(or) , either...or, neither...nor, until, even if...
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HARDLY , SCARCELY,
BARELY, NO SOONER
APENAS
Hardly, scarcely and barely can all be used to say that something
is only just true or possible. They are used with words like any and
ever, with adjectives and verbs, and are often placed between can,
could, have, be, etc. and the main part of the verb:
They have sold scarcely any copies of the book.
They were so young they had hardly any experience.
His words were barely audible.
I can hardly believe it. ✓I hardly can believe it. X WRONG
Hardly, scarcely and barely are negative words and should not be
used with not or other negatives:
I can hardly believe it. ✓ I can’t hardly believe it. X WRONG
And are followed by “when /before” in order to say that one
thing happens immediately after another:
No sooner is used in the same way, but is always used with than:
No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang.
Hardly and scarcely can be used to mean ‘almost never’, but barely
is not used in this way:
She hardly (ever) sees her parents these days. ✓
She barely sees her parents these days. X WRONG
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HARDLY , SCARCELY,
BARELY, NO SOONER
TEST
1. I could _____ hear her at the back.
I vs ME – TEST
1. Janet asked him and ___ to do the job.
10. For all the work my family and ___ have put into this
industry, we've gotten a lot back.
If you want to check your answers to this test , please refer to:
http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/i-vs-me.php
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TO, FOR, IN ORDER TO, SO AS TO, SO THAT,
IN ORDER THAT, IN ORDER FOR
TO - We use "to" :
When there is some kind of transfer happening or something ,
being moved from one place to another. "To" expresses direction.
To say why we do something. 'to + verb'
I'm going to Ireland to visit my family.
I went to the post office to buy some stamps.
FOR- We use "for" :
When something is being done to benefit something or someone else.
When you express purpose or the reason that something is happening
Examples : "I bought this gift for you."
"Bring this tea upstairs for your grandmother."
FOR vs TO
"I made a quick phone call to my mom."
(I called with the intention of speaking with my mom)
"I made a quick phone call for my mom."
(My mom wasn't able to make the call so I made the call for her)
IN ORDER TO & SO AS TO = with the aim of achieving something.
(USUALLY BEFORE INFINITIVE)
We use in order to / so as to with an infinitive form of a verb to express the
purpose of something.
I asked him out in order to/ so as to know whether he had any interest in me.
I talked to him so as to/on order to have a better understanding of the situation.
Their negatives are : in order not to / so as not to
Before a negative infinitive, we usually prefer in order to/ so as to rather than “to”
In order not / So as not to oversleep, I set the alarm for seven o’clock.
(More natural than ‘Not to oversleep , I set the alarm for seven o’clock”)
SO THAT & IN ORDER THAT (USUALLY BEFORE PRONOUN)
We use so that and in order that to talk about purpose.
So that is far more common than in order that, and in order that is more formal:
I’ll go by car so that I can take more luggage.
We left a message with his neighbour so that he would know we’d called.
In order that you can sign the form, please print it out and mail it to this address.
IN ORDER FOR = so that someone can do sth or something can happen
(USUALLY BEFORE PRONOUN)
In order for us to win, we’ll all have to try a little harder.
He left early in order for Mary to make the presentation.
It is important that your proficiency in English is good in order for you to
study successfully at the University of Aberdeen.
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TEST
1. I'm studying very hard at the moment____ pass my exams
next month.
4. I have to get up early. I set the alarm for five o'clock ____
oversleep.
10. Jenny is a very nice person. She is always prompt ____ help
her friends.
Inasmuch as vs Insofar as
Inasmuch as (conjunction formal)
Inasmuch as vs Insofar as
TEST
LITTLE vs FEW
LESS vs FEWER
LITTLE is used with uncountable nouns (money , water , time ...)
Little can express either a satisfactory or an unsatisfactory amount.
Satisfactory : A little. UN POCO
I have a little water. (Tengo un poco de agua)
I ´ve got a little money. (Tengo un poco de dinero)
I want a little salt on my potatoes. ( Quiero un poco de sal en mis patatas)
Unsatisfactory : Little. POCO/A
I have little water. (Tengo poca agua)
I´ve got very little time ( Tengo muy poco tiempo)
LESS is used with uncountable nouns (money , water , time...) MENOS
I hope less snow falls this year / I have less computer savvy than you.
You should spend less of your time complaining.
This bottle contains less water than that one.
LITTLE vs FEW
LESS vs FEWER
TEST
1. ____ people know as much about art as he does.
MIXED CONDITIONALS
(IF CLAUSES)
Mixed conditionals are those unreal conditional sentences whose time in the if-
clause is different than the time in the main-clause. Let's first have a look at
unreal conditional sentences:
If she were shorter, she would be more attractive.
I am busy next week. If I had time, I would come to your party.
If they hadn't trained hard, they wouldn't have won.
As you can see, they refer to the same time: the present, the future
or the past. If we mix the sentences, we get mixed conditionals.
PAST & PRESENT
If my father hadn't lost his keys, we wouldn't have to wait until he finds them.
But my father lost his keys and therefore we have to wait until he finds them.
If I had installed an anti-virus, my computer wouldn't be so slow now.
But I didn't install an anti-virus and therefore my computer is so slow now.
Structure : If + Past perfect ..... would (Present)
PAST & FUTURE
If our house had been broken into, we would call the police.
But our house wasn't broken into and we are not going to call police.
If we had won the lottery last week, we would buy a new sofa today.
But we didn't win the lottery and we are not going to buy a new sofa today.
Structure : if + past perfect ..... will/can/may/must.
PRESENT & PAST
If I weren’t intelligent , I wouldn’t have graduated from Stanford.
But I am intelligent and therefore I did graduate from Stanford.
If Mary weren't a snob, she wouldn't have had so many parties this year.
But Mary is a snob and therefore she had so many parties this year.
Structure : if + past simple .... would/could/might + infinitive.
PRESENT & FUTURE
If you were more eloquent, you would become a politician.
But I am not more eloquent and I won't become a politician.
If you had more time, I would go to the cinema with you.
But you don't have more time and I won't go to the cinema with you.
Structure: if + past perfect, ...would/could..
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CONDITIONALS
(IF CLAUSES) TEST
1. If I had enough money, I ___ ____ ____ with him.
c) I made that story up. c) I was trying to speak, but he cut me off.
a) The thieves broke in at around midnight. a) Pass out ( = distribute) these forms!
a) Are you going to come back later? a) We took after breakfast off.
Need to
We use this form when we want to talk about something that's necessary for
someone to do. We usually mention who is going to do it.
Example:
"I need to go to the dentist" means "It's necessary for me to visit the dentist".
Structure : subject + need or needs to (don´t need /doesn´t need to) + verb
Ellie needs to practise.
Alice doesn´t need to wear a uniform.
They need to go shopping.
We don´t need to post the letters.
_______________________________________________________________
Need -ing
We can use this form when we want to talk about something that is necessary
for someone to do. We don't have to say who is going to do it.
Example:
“The house need cleaning” means “the house needs to be cleaned”
by someone that we don´t mention.
This is a passive structure where the usual subject + verb + object form
changes to object + need + verb+ing.
The war caused not only destruction and death but also generations of hatred
between the two communities.
The car not only is economical but also feels good to drive.
This investigation is not only one that is continuing and worldwide but also
one that we expect to continue for quite some time.
Inversion:
To add emphasis, we can use not only at the beginning of a clause.
When we do this, we invert the subject and the verb:
Not only was it raining all day at the wedding but also the band was late.
Not only will they paint the outside of the house but also the inside.
When there is no auxiliary verb or main verb be, we use do, does, did:
Not only did she forget my birthday, but she also didn’t even apologise
for forgetting it.
Not only do I enjoy watching plays but I also like acting in them.
Inversion structure :
Not only + verb or Auxiliary or Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object
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INVERSION
Elder/Eldest vs Older/Oldest
Elder and eldest mean the same as older and oldest only they are used as a
more polite way of saying the same thing. But there are some other
important differences in meaning that we need to be aware of.
Older/Oldest
We use older/oldest as the regular comparative and superlative forms to
describe people and things and for absolutes.
Examples :
My car is older than yours. .
He is the oldest man alive
Elder/Eldest
We only use the adjectives elder and eldest before a noun (as attributive
adjectives), and usually when talking about relationships within a family.
We NEVER USE elder/eldest as a comparative followed by THAN
Examples: My sister is older than me ✓
My sister is elder than me ×
We only use elder/eldest to talk about people NEVER to talk about things.
Examples:
The Washington Monument is the oldest monument in the US capital.✓
Not : The Washington Monument is the eldest monument in the US capital. ×
Elder
We use ELDER when we speak about two family members such as
brothers , sisters, cousins, etc.
Examples :
My elder son, his elder daughter.
The elder of the two sons / The elder of the two.
Eldest
We use eldest when we speak about three or more family members.
Examples:
His eldest brother is five years older than he is.
I’m the eldest of three children.
Her eldest child is nearly 10.
.
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Elder/Eldest vs Older/Oldest
TEST
1. He is the ———— man in the village.
POSITION OF ADVERBS
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or clauses.
She sings beautifully. (beautifully modifies the verb “sing”)
He runs very fast. (very modifies the adjective “fast”)
He plays very well. (very modifies the adverb “well”)
The position of adverbs in the sentence depends on what type of adverb it is.
Do not place an adverb between a verb and its object.
1. Adverbs of Manner (e.g.: slowly, carefully, awfully….)
These adverbs are put after the subject or behind the verb or direct object.
I carefully painted the house. = Correct /I painted the house carefully. = Correct
I painted carefully the house. = Incorrect
* Adverbs of manner not ending in -ly (like well, hard, and fast) can only
appear in the end position: They dance well. / She runs fast / I hit very hard
2. Adverbs of Place (e.g.: here, there, behind, above, outside , nearby…)
Usually go in end-position or mid-position immediately after the verb:
The children are playing outside. / He walked towards the police station.
The glass shattered and the pieces flew everywhere.
3. Adverbs of Time & frequecy (e.g.: every day, daily , weekly, last year…)
Front-position or end-position (more common).
I study English every day. / Every day, I study English.
We went to Australia last year. / Last year we went to Australia.
The single-word adverbs of frequency cannot go in the front-position:
Take the tablets twice daily. Daily take the tablets twice = Incorrect.
4. Indefinite frequency: Ex) often, usually, frequently, occasionally...
Always and never go in the mid-position, before the verb:
I always wake up early. / We never imagined this would be so hard.
The others can go in various positions:
Soon you’ll be finished with school./ You’ll soon be finished with school.
You’ll be finished with school soon.
After auxiliary verbs (be, do & have) and modal verbs (will, would, can...)
He is only five years old. / I can sometimes play this game very well.
We’ve already eaten dinner. He has apparently passed the exam.
5. Adverbs of certainty (e.g.: definitely, certainly, clearly, maybe..)
Maybe and perhaps usually go in the front-position:
Maybe we’ll go out to eat tonight / Perhaps I should explain further.
Other adverbs of certainty usually go in the mid-position:
He clearly made a mistake. That’s certainly not the case
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POSITION OF ADVERBS
TEST
1. ..... dancing : I often go / I go often / often I go
SAXON GENITIVE
Possessive Case
The possessive case is used to show ownership.
In general there is some preference for the possessive pattern when a person,
rather than a thing, is being described. Thus, we would have:
'My uncle's return was delayed.' but
'The contents of the drawer were strewn all over the floor.'
However, person might be extended to include animals or groups of human
beings, so we would have:
the donkey's tail
the audience's reaction
the government's majority
The possessive form is also usual when the relationship of possession is described,
so we would say:
'My grandmother's furniture was mostly Victorian.'
Rules for correct use of the apostrophe to indicate possession.
Singular nouns.
An apostrophe (') is added at the end of the noun to show possession.
The meeting's agenda / St. Michael's College / The company´s new project.
Nouns ending in “s” but singular in meaning.
There are conflicting policies and theories about how to show possession when
writing such nouns. Add either just an apostrophe (') or an apostrophe + s ('s) .
The boss's wife / The bus 's schedule / Mr. Jones' photo / Carlos' car.
NOTE:
Multiple nouns that refer to one person/thing – add an ('s) to the last noun.
Peter and John's mother is a teacher.
Multiple nouns that refer to more persons/things – add ('s) to both nouns.
Susan's and Steve's bags are black.
Plural nouns.
Add the apostrophe (') to regular plural forms:
The girls' room is very nice / The Smiths' car is black / two actresses' roles.
Add ('s) to irregular plural forms:
The children's books / Men's clothes / the teeth's roots
Double possessive
A picture of my father" (in which we see the old man) and "a picture of my
father's" (which he owns)
Natasha is a friend of Joan's and a client of Marlowe's.
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SAXON GENITIVE
TEST
1. He is a friend of ____ (She).
2. He is a friend of ____(He).
See
When we say 'see' we are normally talking about things we can't avoid.
We open our eyes and things are just there. It may not be intentional.
Examples:
I can see a cloud in the sky.
When I lifted my eyes, I suddenly saw a bull with two
big horns standing in front of me.
Have you seen my glasses? I can't find them anywhere!
Look (at)
When we look, we try to see. We make a special effort.
We concentrate our eyes on something.
Examples:
Oh, look! There’s a rainbow!
Look at this picture! Isn't it beautiful?
Don't look at The Sun! It will hurt your eyes.
Watch
When we watch something, we are more active.
We look at something intensely, usually because it's moving.
Examples:
I watched him get into a taxi.
I sat by the window watching people walk past.
Have you watched the movie Iron Man 3?
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THAT vs WHICH
In many cases both words are equally correct.
√ She held out the hand which was hurt.
√ She held out the hand that was hurt.
In these sentences, that and which are introducing what’s known as an
essential clause.
Essential clauses are necessary to identify the person or thing that is
being described. They are essential to understanding the sentence.
They restrict the meaning to that specific person/thing.
The box that is in the foreground of the picture is a sample box.
(There are other boxes in the picture) Essential clause
Essential clauses can be introduced by that, which , whose, who, or whom.
THAT vs WHICH
TEST
1. Carlos gave Maria a study guide for material ________
was going to be on the test.
VERBS FOLLOWED
BY A THAT-CLAUSE
SOME verbs do not follow the usual pattern of object + infinitive
( I want you to do something). They are followed by a that-clause with should +
infinitive or with past, present or subjunctive form verbs.
Examples :
advise, agree, demand, insist, prefer, propose,
recommend, request, suggest, urge , etc.
The subjunctive mood. This is the mood that's used to express wishes,
proposals, suggestions, or imagined situations.
Structure
I insisted (that) he left early (insisted = past tense hence verb in the past tense )
I insisted (that) he leave early. (verb in the infinitive tense) slightly more formal
I insisted (that) he should leave early. (should + infinitive tense)
Examples :
I suggest that he accepts your invitation.
Jill proposed that they went to the sauna.
I recommended that he go by train.
It was desirable (that) she should go to a school where Italian was taught.
It was desirable (that) she go to a school where Italian was taught.
It was desirable (that) she went to a school where Italian was taught.
VERBS FOLLOWED
BY A THAT-CLAUSE
TEST
1. Geoffrey insisted that I ___ ___ the new Opel. (try)
2. They are advising that children ___ ___ at home. (be + keep)
VIEW vs SIGHT
View : what you can see from a particular place
or position, especially beautiful natural scenery.
Examples:
The cottage had a delightful sea view.
We had a spectacular view of the mountains
from our room.
From the balcony we enjoyed/ admired the wonderful
view of the city.
The view from the top of the mountain is breathtaking.
_______________________________________________
Sight : a thing that you see or can see, especially
something that is impressive or unusual.
Examples:
It's a spectacular sight as the flamingos lift into the air.
I faint at the sight of blood.
The sight of vegetables on the table makes my child cry.
Exotic animals are a rare sight in Iceland.
5. The ____ from the windows is good and we can see the sea.
If you want to check your answers to this test , please refer to:
http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/resources/view%20vs%
20sight%20TEST%20ANSWERS.doc_001.jpg
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WHAT vs WHICH
What and which are often interchangeable with little or no difference
in meaning. Often what and which are used for the sake of variety.
Which / What would you say are the most polluted cities in the world
and which / what are the cleanest?
Do you know which / what sort of plants grow best in a shady garden?
I've no idea which / what road to take to Jimmy's place.
WHAT vs WHICH
TEST
1. ______ are you doing?
NOUNS TO ADJECTIVES
The most frequently recurring conversions involve adding:-
-al -ful -ous -ic -less
addition to additional /delight to delightful / anxiety to anxious
economy to economic / coast to coastal / doubt to doubtful /
danger to dangerous / energy to energetic /industry to industrial
harm to harmless / poison to poisonous /science to scientific
ADJECTIVES TO ADVERBS
These are easy to form.
regular to regularly / punctual to punctually / easy to easily /
increase to increasingly / Quick to quickly / typical to typically
VERB TO ADJECTIVE
The most frequently recurring conversions are:-
comfort to comfortable / impress to impressive / rely to reliable
satisfy to satisfying / convince to convincing / dispute to disputable
INTERNAL CHANGE
Common example conversions are:-
choose to choice / fly to flight / hot to heat / long to length
strong to strength /receive to reception / wide to width
WORD FORMATION
75 MOST DIFFICULT WORDS
WORK vs JOB
WORK (Noun & verb) - Uncountable
1- Activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a result:
I’m busy – I have a lot of work. / I've been working in the garden all day.
3. A responsibility or duty:
It’s our job to find things out./ Let me do my job!
4. A difficult task:
We thought you’d have a job getting there.
WORK vs JOB
TEST
1. She is very happy because she starts her new _____ today.
FOR
ONLY
€8