0.

1
0.09 Wholly turbulent flow
0.08

0.07 0.05
0.04
0.06
0.03

0.05
0.02
0.015
0.04
0.01
0.008
0.006
f 0.03 __
∋
0.004 D
0.025
0.002

0.02 0.001
0.0008
Laminar 0.0006
flow
0.0004
0.015

Smooth 0.0002

Transition range 0.0001

0.00005
0.01
0.009

0.008 0.00001
2(103) 4 6 8 2(104) 4 6 8 2(105) 4 6 8 2(106) 4 6 8 2(107) 4 6 8

103 104 105 106 107

ρ VD
Re = _____
μ

■ FIGURE 8.20 Friction factor as a function of Reynolds number and relative roughness for round pipes—the Moody
chart. (Data from Ref. 7 with permission.)