RIMARK R.

ZANORIA BSME-V

MATHEMATICS

1. A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane such that the difference of the

distances of each from two fixed points is a constant.

2. An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane such the sum of the distance of each

point from two fixed points is the same.

3. A parabola is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed

point and a fixed line.

4. If the constant terms are included on the right side of the coefficient matrix as

another column, the new matrix is called the augmented matrix.

5. The set of numbers of the form a + bi where a and b are real and i=√ −i is called

the set of complex numbers.

6. A significant figure is any one of the digits from 1 to 9 inclusive, and 0 except

when it is used to fix the decimal point or to fill the places of unknown or

discarded digits.

7. A number is said to be expressed in scientific notation when it is written as the

product of a number having the decimal point just after the leading digit, and a

power of 10.

8. The logarithm of a number to a given base is the exponent of the power to

which the base must be raised to yield the number.

9. The directed line segment representing the vector quantity is called vector.
10. A spherical triangles is that part of the surface of a sphere bounded by three

arcs of great circles.

11. An angle bisector divides an angle of the triangle into two congruent angles and

has endpoints on a vertex and the opposite side.

12. An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex lies on the circle and whose sides

are chords of the circle.

13. A polyhedron that contains triangular lateral faces with a common vertex and a

polygonal base is called a pyramid.

14. A cylindrical wedge is the solid formed by passing two cutting planes through a

right circular cylinder.

15. A zone is the portion of the surface of a sphere bounded by two parallel planes

passing through the sphere.

16. Problems concerned with the rotation of solid bodies involve the mathematical

dW
expression ∫ P2 g
, which is known as the moment of inertia of a body or

called the mass moment of inertia.

17. Annuity is series of uniform payments made at equal intervals of time.

18. If the payment is made at the beginning of each period starting from the first

period the annuity is called annuity due.

19. Break-even analysis is a method of determining when costs exactly equal

revenue.

20. A lune is a portion of the spherical surface bounded by two intersecting arcs of

great circles.
21. A parallelepiped is a prism whose bases and lateral faces are parallelograms.

22. Locus (plural loci) is a geometric figure for which all points satisfy a given

condition and it is the set of points and only those points that satisfy the

condition.

23. Acute Angle - The measure of an angle with a measure between 0° and 90° or

with less than 90° radians.

24. Composite Number - A composite number has at least one other factor aside

from its own. A composite number cannot be a prime number.

25. Asymptote A line (or curve) that a function approaches without actually

reaching the line as the domain either grows unbounded or approaches a limit.

26. Commutative Property of Addition- The property that states that when the

order of two addends is changed, the sum is the same.

27. Function- A relationship between two quantities in which one quantity depends

on the other.

28. Radius- A line segment with one endpoint at the center of a circle and the other

endpoint on the circle.

29. Coordinate plane- A plane formed by two intersecting and perpendicular

number lines called axes.

30. Prism- A solid figure that has two congruent, polygon-shaped bases and whose

other faces are all rectangles.

31. Hypotenuse- In a right triangle, the side opposite the right angle; the longest

side in a right triangle.

32. Diameter- A line segment that passes through the center of a circle and has its

endpoints on the circle.

33. Polygon- a closed plane figure formed by three or more line segments.

34. Line- A straight path in a plane, extending in both directions with no endpoints.

35. Regular polygon- A polygon in which all sides are congruent and all angles are

congruent.

36. Circle- A closed figure with all points on the figure the same distance from the

center point.

37. The amplitude is defined as the maximum displacement of any particle from its

equilibrium position.

38. Central angle- An angle formed by two radii of a circle that meet at its center.

39. Rotational symmetry- The property of a figure that, when rotated less than 360

degrees about a central point or a point of rotation, still matches the original

figure.

40. Chord- A line segment with endpoints on a circle.

41. Histogram- A bar graph that shows the number of times data occur within

intervals.

42. Point- An exact location in space, usually represented by a dot.

43. Ray- A part of line; it begins at one endpoint and extends forever in one direction.

44. Parallelogram- A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel and congruent.

45. Integers- The set of whole numbers and their opposites.

46. Scale- A series of numbers starting at zero and placed at fixed distances on a

graph to help label the graph.

47. Ordered pair- A pair of numbers used to locate a point on a grid; the first number

tells the left-right position, and the second number tells the up-down position

48. Exponent- A number that shows how many times the base is used as a factor.

49. Degree- A unit for measuring angles or temperature.

50. Associative Property Multiplication- The property that states that the way

factors are grouped does not change the product.

POWERPLANT

1. Absolute temperatures are temperatures measured on the Kelvin scale or

Rankine scale, and these temperatures vary between zero and infinity.

2. Adiabatic saturation temperature is the exit temperature that air attains in the

adiabatic saturation process.

3. Air conditioners are refrigerators whose refrigerated space is a room or a

building instead of the food compartment.

4. Autoignition is the premature ignition of the fuel that produces an audible noise,

which is called engine knock.

5. Absorptivity is the fraction of the radiation energy incident on a surface that is

absorbed by the surface.

6. Back pressure is the pressure applied at the nozzle discharge region.

7. Barometer is a device that measures the atmospheric pressure; thus, the

atmospheric pressure is often referred to as the barometric pressure.

8. Boiler is basically a large heat exchanger where the heat originating from

combustion gases, nuclear reactors, or other sources is transferred to the water

essentially at constant pressure.

9. Carnot cycle was first proposed in 1824 by French engineer Sadi Carnot. It is

composed of four reversible processes—two isothermal and two adiabatic, and

can be executed either in a closed or a steady-flow system.

10. Chemical energy is the internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a

molecule.

11. Cogeneration is the production of more than one useful form of energy (such as

process heat and electric power) from the same energy source.

12. Combustion is a chemical reaction during which a fuel is oxidized and a large

quantity of energy is released.

13. Compression ratio r of an engine is the ratio of the maximum volume formed in

the cylinder to the minimum (clearance) volume.

14. Compressor is a device that increases the pressure of a gas to very high

pressures (typical pressure ratios are greater than 3).

15. Condenser is a heat exchanger in which the working fluid condenses as it

rejects heat to the surroundings.

16. Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a

substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interaction between

particles.
17. Conservation of energy principle states that during an interaction, energy can

change from one form to another but the total amount of energy remains

constant.

18. Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the

adjacent fluid that is in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction

and fluid motion.

19. Critical point is defined as the point at which the saturated liquid and saturated

vapor states are identical.

20. Displacement volume is the volume displaced by the piston as it moves

between top dead center and bottom dead center.

21. Enthalpy H (from the Greek word enthalpien, which means to heat) is a property

and is defined as the sum of the internal energy U and the PV product.

22. Entropy (from a statistical thermodynamics point of view) can be viewed as a

measure of molecular disorder, or molecular randomness.

23. Environment refers to the region beyond the immediate surroundings whose

properties are not affected by the process at any point.

24. Evaporation is the phase change from liquid to vapor and occurs at the liquid–

vapor interface when the vapor pressure is less than the saturation pressure of

the liquid at a given temperature.

25. Flow work (flow energy) is work required to push mass into or out of control

volumes.
26. Four-stroke internal combustion engines are engines in which the piston

executes four complete strokes (two mechanical cycles) within the cylinder, and

the crankshaft complete two revolutions for each thermodynamic cycle.

27. Gas power cycles are cycles where the working fluid remains a gas throughout

the entire cycle.

28. Generator efficiency is defined as the ratio of the electrical power output to the

mechanical power input to a generator.

29. Heat exchangers are devices where two moving fluid streams exchange heat

without mixing.

30. Heat pump is a cyclic device which operates on the refrigeration cycle and

discharges energy to a heated space to maintain the heated space at a high

temperature.

31. Heat transfer (heat) is defined as the form of energy that is transferred between

two systems (or a system and its surroundings) by virtue of a temperature

difference.

32. Internal combustion engines are engines where the energy is provided by

burning a fuel within the system boundaries.

33. Isochoric process (isometric process) is a process during which the specific

volume v remains constant.

34. Latent heat is the amount of energy absorbed or released during a phase-

change process.

35. Multistage compression refrigeration system is a cascade refrigeration

system where the fluid used throughout the cascade refrigeration system is the
 same, and the heat exchanger between the stages is replaced by a device that

has better heat-transfer characteristics, a mixing chamber (called a flash

chamber).

36. Nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the expense of

decreasing pressure.

37. Octane rating of a fuel is a measure of the engine knock resistance of a fuel.

38. Path of a process is the series of states through which a system passes during

a process.

39. Phase diagram is the P-T diagram of a pure substance and shows all three

phases separated from each other by the sublimation line, vaporization line, and

melting line.

40. Potential energy PE is the energy that a system possesses as a result of its

elevation in a gravitational field and is expressed as PE = mgz.

41. Pure substance is a substance that has a fixed chemical composition

throughout.

42. Quasi-static, or quasi-equilibrium, process is a process which proceeds in

such a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium

state at all times.

43. Radiation is the transfer of energy due to the emission of electromagnetic waves

(or photons).
44. Reheating is a technique used to increase the expansion work for the gas

turbine cycle.

45. Saturated air is air which can hold no more moisture at its state. Any moisture

introduced into saturated air will condense.

46. Thermal equilibrium means that the temperature is the same throughout the

entire system.

47. Unsteady-flow, or transient-flow, processes are processes that involve changes

within a control volume with time.

48. Vacuum pressure is the pressure below atmospheric pressure and is measured

by a vacuum gage that indicates the difference between the atmospheric

pressure and the absolute pressure.

49. Wet-bulb temperature is temperature measured by using a thermometer whose

bulb is covered with a cotton wick saturated with water and blowing air over the

wick.

50. Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are in thermal

equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

MACHINE DESIGN

1. Shaft is a rotating member, usually of circular cross section, used to transmit

power or motion.

2. Axle is a non-rotating member that carries no torque and is used to support

rotating wheels, pulleys, and the like.

3. Power screw is a device used in machinery to change angular motion into linear

motion, and, usually, to transmit power.

4. The heating and consequent welding that occur when an electric current is

passed through several parts that are pressed together is called resistance

welding.

5. Structural adhesives are relatively strong adhesives that are normally used well

below their glass transition temperature; common examples include epoxies and

certain acrylics.

6. Extension springs they carry tensile loading,it require some means of transferring

the load from the support to the body of the spring, and the spring body is wound

with an initial tension.

7. Torsion spring it is usually close-wound, as is a helical coil extension spring, but

with negligible initial tension.

8. Extension spring is made of slightly curved strip steel, not flat, so that the force

required to uncoil it remains constant

9. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHD) is the phenomenon that occurs when a

lubricant is introduced between surfaces that are in pure rolling contact.

10. Commercial seal is an assembly consisting of the rubbing element and,

generally,a spring backing, which are retained in a sheet-metal jacket.

11. Lubricant is any substance that, when inserted between the moving surfaces,

accomplishes these purposes.

12. Hydrodynamic lubrication means that the load-carrying surfaces of the bearing

are separated by a relatively thick film of lubricant, so as to prevent metal-to-

metal contact, and that the stability thus obtained can be explained by the laws of

fluid mechanics.
13. Hydrostatic lubrication is obtained by introducing the lubricant, which is

sometimes air or water, into the load-bearing area at a pressure high enough to

separate the surfaces with a relatively thick film of lubricant.

14. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is the phenomenon that occurs when a

lubricant is introduced between surfaces that are in rolling contact, such as

mating gears or rolling bearings.

15. Spur gears have teeth parallel to the axis of rotation and are used to transmit

motion from one shaft to another, parallel, shaft.

16. Bevel gears, have teeth formed on conical surfaces and are used mostly for

transmitting motion between intersecting shafts.

17. Circular pitch p is the distance, measured on the pitch circle, from a point on

one tooth to a corresponding point on an adjacent tooth.

18. Diametral pitch P is the ratio of the number of teeth on the gear to the pitch

diameter.

19. Addendum a is the radial distance between the top land and the pitch circle.

20. Dedendum b is the radial distance from the bottom land to the pitch circle.

21. Clearance circle is a circle that is tangent to the addendum circle of the mating

gear.

22. Clearance c is the amount by which the dedendum in a given gear exceeds the

addendum of its mating gear.

23. Backlash is the amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the

thickness of the engaging tooth measured on the pitch circles.

24. Zerol bevel gear is a patented gear having curved teeth but with a zero spiral

angle.

25. Timing belt is made of a rubberized fabric coated with a nylon fabric, and has

steel wire within to take the tension load.

26. Lang-lay ropes have the wires in the strand and the strands in the rope twisted

in the same direction, and hence the outer wires run diagonally across the axis of

the rope.

27. Modulus of toughness ut of a material is defined as the energy absorbed per

unit volume without fracture, which is equal to the total area under the stress-

strain curve up to the fracture point.

28. Capacity of a material to absorb energy within its elastic range is called

resilience.

29. Cold working is the process of plastic straining below the recrystallization

temperature in the plastic region of the stress-strain diagram.

30. Brinell hardness is another test in very general use. In testing, the indenting tool

through which force is applied is a ball and the hardness number HB is found as

a number equal to the applied load divided by the spherical surface area of the

indentation.

31. Sand casting is a basic low-cost process, and it lends itself to economical

production in large quantities with practically no limit to the size, shape, or

complexity of the part produced.

32. Shell-molding process employs a heated metal pattern, usually made of cast

iron, aluminum, or brass, which is placed in a shell-molding machine containing a

mixture of dry sand and thermosetting resin.

33. Hot working are meant such processes as rolling, forging, hot extrusion, and hot

pressing, in which the metal is heated above its recrystallization temperature.

34. Hot rolling is usually used to create a bar of material of a particular shape and

dimension.

35. Extrusion is the process by which great pressure is applied to a heated metal

billet or blank, causing it to flow through a restricted orifice.

36. Forging is the hot working of metal by hammers, presses, or forging machines.

37. Heading is a cold-working process in which the metal is gathered, or upset. This

operation is commonly used to make screw and rivet heads and is capable of

producing a wide variety of shapes.

38. Case hardening is to produce a hard outer surface on a specimen of low-carbon

steel while at the same time retaining the ductility and toughness in the core.

39. Alloy steel is applied when one or more elements other than carbon are

introduced in sufficient quantities to modify its properties substantially.

40. Manganese is added to all steels as a deoxidizing and desulfurizing agent, but if

the sulfur content is low and the manganese content is over 1 percent.

41. Silicon is added to all steels as a deoxidizing agent. When added to very-low-

carbon steels, it produces a brittle material with a low hysteresis loss and a high

magnetic permeability.
42. Tungsten is widely used in tool steels because the tool will maintain its hardness

even at red heat.

43. Iron-base alloys containing at least 12 percent chromium are called stainless

steels.

44. Ductile cast iron, or nodular cast iron, as it is sometimes called, is essentially

the same as malleable cast iron, because both contain graphite in the form of

spheroids.

45. If all the carbon in cast iron is in the form of cementite and pearlite, with no

graphite present, the resulting structure is white and is known as white cast

iron.

46. Constant erosion or abrasion removes this film and allows corrosion to take

place. An extra-heavy oxide film may be produced by the process called

anodizing.

47. Magnesium is about 1800 kg/m3 (0.065 lb/in3), which is two-thirds that of

aluminum and one-fourth that of steel.

48. Silicon bronze, containing 3 percent silicon and 1 percent manganese in

addition to the copper, has mechanical properties equal to those of mild steel, as

well as good corrosion resistance.

49. Thermoset is a plastic for which the polymerization process is finished in a hot

molding press where the plastic is liquefied under pressure.

50. Moment vector that is collinear with an axis of a mechanical part is called a

torque vector, because the moment causes the part to be twisted about that

axis. A bar subjected to such a moment is said to be in torsion.