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(Tables) Fourier Representations1254 PDF
(Tables) Fourier Representations1254 PDF
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Synthesis Equations
∞
Trigonometric
form
x ( t ) = a0 + ∑ [ak cos (kω0 t) + bk sin (kω0 t)]
k =1
Complex
exponential x (t) = ∑∞
k =−∞ c̄k e
jω0 kt
form
Amplitude
Phase x ( t ) = a0 + ∑ ∞
k=1 Ak cos ( kω0 t + φk )
form
Analysis Equations
1 h x ( t ), 1i < T >
Z
a0 = x (t) dt =
T <T > ||1||2<T >
Trigonometric 2 h x (t) , cos (kω0 t)i<T >
Z
ak = x (t) cos (kω0 t) dt =
form T <T > || cos (kω0 t) ||2<T >
2 h x (t) , sin (kω0 t)i<T >
Z
bk = x (t) sin (kω0 ) tdt =
T <T > || sin (kω0 t) ||2<T >
Complex
Complex
Trigonometric Amplitude-Phase
exponential
form form
form
Im{c̄ }
ak − jbk = Ak ∠ tan−1 Re{c̄k } = 2c̄k
q k
a2k +bk2
2 ∠ − tan−1 bakk = Ak
2 ∠φk = |c̄k |∠θk
ak = 0 4
R − j2 R
Odd bk = T < T2 > x (t) sin (kω0 t) dt c̄k = T < T2 > x (t) sin (kω0 t) dt
c̄k imaginary
4
Z
a k = bk = 0 ak = x (t) cos (kω0 t) dt
x (t) e− jkω0 t dt
( R
2
T < T2 > T < T2 > k odd
Half-wave c̄k = 0 c̄k =
4
Z
(for k even) bk = x (t) sin (kω0 t) dt 0 k even
T < T2 >
( R
8
bk = 0 T < T > x ( t ) cos ( kω0 t ) dt k odd
( R
4
Half-wave ak = 4
T < T4 > x (t) cos (kω0 t) dt k odd
ak = c̄k = 0 0 k even c̄k =
and even 0 k even
(for k even)
bk = 0 for all k
ak =0 for all k
ak = 0 ( − j4 R
x (t) sin (kω0 t) dt k odd
Half-wave ( R
8 T < T4 >
bk = c̄k = 0 T < T4 > x (t) sin (kω0 t) dt k odd c̄k =
and odd bk = 0 k even
(for k even) 0 k even
Common Pairs of CT Fourier Series
x (t) = ∑∞
m=−∞ δ ( t − mT0 ) c̄k = 1
T
Properties of CT Fourier Series
ᾱk = ᾱ∗−k
Conjugate
Re {ᾱk } = Re {ᾱ−k }
symmetry
x (t) real Im {ᾱk } = −Im {ᾱ−k }
for real
|ᾱk | = |ᾱ−k |
signals
∠ᾱk = −∠ᾱ−k
Real and
x (t) real and even ᾱk real and even
even signals
Real and
x (t) real and odd ᾱk imaginary and odd
odd signals
Even-odd
decomposition xe → Re {ᾱk }
x (t) = xe (t) + xo (t)
for real xo → jIm {ᾱk }
signals
Common Pairs of DT Fourier Series
x [n] = ∑∞
m=−∞ δ [ n − mN ] c̄k = 1
N
Properties of DT Fourier Series
2π
x [n] = ∑ c̄k e jk N n
k=< N >
2π
c̄k = ∑ x [n] e− jk N n
n=< N >
Z ∞
X ( jω ) = F { x (t)} = x (t) e− jωt dt
−∞
Z ∞
1
x (t) = F −1 { X ( jω )} = X ( jω ) e jωt dω
2π −∞
e jω0 t 2πδ (ω − ω0 )
cos (ω0 t) π (δ (ω − ω0 ) + δ (ω + ω0 ))
sin (ω0 t) π
j (δ (ω − ω0 ) − δ (ω + ω0 ))
δ (t) 1
C 2πCδ (ω )
1
u (t) jω + πδ (ω )
(
1 − t0 ≤ t ≤ t0 2 sin(t0 ω )
u ( t + t0 ) − u ( t − t0 ) = ω
0 | t | > t0
2
sgn (t) = u (−t) + 2u (t) jω
e−at u (t) 1
a>0 jω + a
e at u (−t) 1
a>0 jω − a
Signal x (t) CTFT X ( jω )
e− a|t| 2a
a>0 ω 2 + a2
1 ω02
sin (ω0 t) u (t) π
+ 2j [δ (ω − ω0 ) − δ (ω + ω0 )]
2 ( jω )2 +ω02
jω
cos (ω0 t) u (t) + π
[δ (ω − ω0 ) + δ (ω + ω0 )]
( jω )2 +ω02 2
tn−1 − at
( n −1) !
e u (t) 1
a>0 ( jω + a)n
∑∞
n=−∞ δ ( t − nT0 )
ω0 ∑ ∞
n=−∞ δ ( ω − nω0 )
ω0 = 2π T0
Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Signal CTFT
x (t) X ( jω ) = F { x (t)}
Property x1 ( t ) X1 ( jω ) = F { x1 (t)}
x2 ( t ) X2 ( jω ) = F { x2 (t)}
Linearity α1 x1 ( t ) + α2 x2 ( t ) α1 X1 ( jω ) + α2 X2 ( jω )
Time
x ( t − t0 ) X ( jω ) e− jωt0
shifting
Time x ( at) 1
jω
X
scaling a ∈ R, a 6= 0 | a| a
Time
x (−t) X (− jω )
reversal
Frequency
x (t) e± jω0 t X [ j (ω ∓ ω0 )]
shifting
1
cos (ω0 t) x (t) 2 ( X [ j (ω + ω0 )] + X [ j (ω − ω0 )])
Modulation j
sin (ω0 t) x (t) 2 ( X [ j (ω + ω0 )] − X [ j (ω − ω0 )])
d
Time dt [ x (t)] ( jω ) X ( jω )
derivative dn
dtn [ x (t)] ( jω )n X ( jω )
Running Rt X ( jω )
−∞ x (τ ) dτ jω + πX (0) δ (ω )
integral
Time
convolution x1 ( t ) ∗ x2 ( t ) X1 ( jω ) X2 ( jω )
Multiplication
in time 1
x1 ( t ) x2 ( t ) 2π X1 ( jω ) ∗ X2 ( jω )
(convolution in
frequency)
d
− jtx (t) dω [ X ( jω )]
Frequency
derivative dn
(− jt)n x (t) dω n [ X ( jω )]
Conjugation x ∗ (t) X ∗ ( jω )
x (t)+ x (−t)
Even part xe (t) = 2 Re { X ( jω )}
x (t)− x (−t)
Odd part xo (t) = 2 jIm { X ( jω )}
R∞
Parseval’s k x (t)k22 = Ex = −∞ | x (t)|2 dt R∞
1
2π −∞ | X ( jω )|2 dω
Relation x (t) real-valued
Transform of
Periodic
Signals x (t) ∑∞
k=−∞ 2π c̄k δ ( ω − kω0 )
CTFS
x (t) ←→ c̄k
Common Pairs of DT Fourier Transform
∞
X (Ω) = F { x [n]} = ∑ x [n] e− jΩn
n=−∞
1
Z
−1
x [n] = F { X (Ω)} = X (Ω) e jΩn dΩ
2π <2π >
e jΩ0 n 2π ∑∞
k=−∞ δ ( Ω − Ω0 − 2πk )
cos [Ω0 n] π ∑∞
k=−∞ [ δ ( Ω − Ω0 − 2πk ) + δ ( Ω + Ω0 − 2πk )]
sin [Ω0 n] π
j ∑∞
k=−∞ [ δ ( Ω − Ω0 − 2πk ) − δ ( Ω + Ω0 − 2πk )]
C 2πC ∑∞
k =−∞ δ ( Ω − 2πk )
δ [n] 1
1
1−e− jΩ
+ π ∑∞k=−∞ δ ( Ω − 2πk )
u [n]
= e jΩe −1 + π ∑∞
jΩ
k=−∞ δ ( Ω − 2πk )
sin(k Ω2 ) − j( 2 )Ω
k −1
u [n] − u [n − k] e
sin( Ω
2)
(
1 − N1 ≤ n ≤ N1 sin(Ω( N1 + 12 ))
x [n] =
0 |n| > N1 sin( Ω
2)
an u [n] 1 e jΩ
1− ae− jΩ
= e jΩ − a
| a| < 1
a|n| 1− a2
| a| < 1 a2 −2a cos(Ω)+1
sin[Ωc n]
πn ∑∞
m=−∞ u ( Ω + Ωc − 2πm ) − u ( Ω − Ωc − 2πm )
Ωc < π
Properties of DT Fourier Transform
Signal DTFT
x [n] X (Ω) = F { x [n]}
Property x1 [ n ] X1 (Ω) = F { x1 [n]}
x2 [ n ] X2 (Ω) = F { x2 [n]}
Linearity α1 x1 [ n ] + α2 x2 [ n ] α 1 X1 ( Ω ) + α 2 X2 ( Ω )
Convolution x1 [ n ] ∗ x2 [ n ] X1 ( Ω ) X2 ( Ω )
First
1 − e− jΩ X (Ω)
difference x [ n ] − x [ n − 1]
Running
1
X (Ω)
sum ∑nk=−∞ x [k] 1−e jΩ
∞
+πX (0) ∑k=−∞ δ (Ω − 2πk)
− jnx [n] d
dΩ [ X (Ω)]
Frequency
derivative dk
(− jn)k x [n] dΩk
[ X (Ω)]
Multiplication
in time
R2π X1 (Ω) ⊗ X2 (Ω)
1
(circular x1 [ n ] x2 [ n ]
<2π > X1 ( θ ) X2 ( Ω − θ ) dθ
1
= 2π
convolution in
frequency)
x [n]+ x [−n]
Even part xe [n] = 2 Re { X (Ω)}
x [n]− x [−n]
Odd part xo [n] = 2 jIm { X (Ω)}
Parseval’s
Ex = ∑ ∞ 2 1
| X (Ω)|2 dΩ
R
Relation k =−∞ | x [ k ]| Ex = 2π <2π >
Transform of
∑kN=−01 2π c̄k ∑∞
m=−∞ δ Ω − k N − 2πm
2π
Periodic
Signals or
x [n]
DTFS ∑∞ m=−∞ X̄ (Ω − 2πm)
x [n] ←→ c̄k
X̄ (Ω) = ∑kN=−01 2π c̄k δ Ω − k 2π
N
Period N