Formulário: Processamento de Sinal

1 Signals and Systems

Z +∞ +∞ Z +T
X 1
E∞ = |x(t)|2 dt E∞ = |x[n]|2 P∞ = lim |x(t)|2 dt
−∞ T →∞ 2T −T
n=−∞

+N
1 X
P∞ = lim |x[n]|2 x(t) = x(t + T ), T ∈ R x[n] = x[n + N ], N ∈ Z
N →∞ 2N + 1
n=−N

x(t) + x(−t) x(t) − x(−t)

x(t) = xp (t) + xi (t) xp (t) = xi (t) =
2 2
n
X
u[n] = δ[n] δ[n] = u[n] − u[n − 1] x(t − t0 )δ(t) = x(t0 )δ(t − t0 )
k=−∞

t N −1
1 − αN
Z
d X
u(t) = δ(τ )d τ δ(t) = u(t) αk =
−∞ dt 1−α
k=0
N
X N (N + 1)
k=
2
k=1

2 LIT Systems

+∞
X +∞
X Z +∞
x[n] = x[k]δ[n − k] y[n] = x[k]h[n − k] y(t) = x(τ )h(t − τ ) dτ
k=−∞ k=−∞ −∞

3 CFS  Continuous Fourier Series

+∞ Z
X 1
x(t) = ak ekω0 t ak = x(t)e−kω0 t dt
T T
k=−∞

CF S CF S
Ax(t) + By(t) −−−→ Aak + Bbk x(t − t0 ) −−−→ ak e−kω0 t0
CF S CF S
e−lω0 t x(t) −−−→ al−k x(−t) −−−→ a−k
CF S CF S
x∗ (t) −−−→ a∗−k x∗ (−t) −−−→ a∗k
+∞
CF S
X d CF S
x(t)y(t) −−−→ al bk−l x(t) −−−→ kω0 ak
dt
k=−∞

CF S CF S
xi (t) −−−→  imag{ak } xp (t) −−−→ real{ak }
CF S 1 CF S 1
real{x(t)} −−−→ akp = [ak + a∗−k ]  imag{x(t)} −−−→ aki = [ak − a∗−k ]
2 2
Z t Z +∞
CF S 1 1 X
x(t) dt −−−→ ak |x(t)|2 dt = |ak |2
−∞ kω0 T T k=−∞

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 Formulário: Processamento de Sinal

(
1 , |t| ≤ T1 CF S sin(kω0 T1 )
Sinal periódico: x(t) = x(t + T ) onde, x(t) = −−−→ ak =
0 , |t| > T1 kπ

4 DFS  Discrete Fourier Series

N −1 N −1
X 1 X
x[n] = ak ekΩ0 n ak = x[n]e−kΩ0 n
N n=0
k=0
DF S DF S
Ax[n] + By[n] −−−→ Aak + Bbk x[n − n0 ] −−−→ ak e−kΩ0 n0
DF S DF S
x[n]enΩ0 l −−−→ ak−l x∗ [n] −−−→ a∗−k
DF S DF S
X
x[−n] −−−→ a−k x[n]y[n] −−−→ al bl−k
l=<N >

DF S DF S
X
x[r]y[n − r] −−−→ N ak bk x[n] −−−→ (1 − e−kΩ0 )ak
r=<N >
n
X DF S 1 DF S 1
x[n] −−−→ ak real{x[n]} −−−→ akp = [ak + a∗−k ]
(1 − e−kΩ0 ) 2
k=−∞

DF S 1 DF S
 imag{x[n]} −−−→ aki = [ak − a∗−k ] xp [n] −−−→ real{ak }
2
DF S 1 X X
xi [n] −−−→  imag{ak } |x[n]|2 = |ak |2
N
n=<N > k=<N >

5 CTFT  Continuous-time Fourier Transform

Z +∞ Z +∞
1
x(t) = X(ω)e ωt
dω X(ω) = x(t)e−ωt dt
2π −∞ −∞
CT F T CT F T
Ax(t) + By(t) −−−−→ AX(ω) + BY (ω) x(t − t0 ) −−−−→ e−ωt0 X(ω)
CT F T CT F T
x∗ (t) −−−−→ X ∗ (−ω) x(t) ∈ R −−−−→ X(−ω) = X ∗ (ω)
CT F T CT F T
par{x(t)} −−−−→ real{X(ω)} impar{x(t)} −−−−→  imag{X(ω)}
Z t
d CT F T CT F T 1
x(t) −−−−→ ωX(ω) x(t) dt −−−−→ X(ω) + πX(0)δ(ω)
dt −∞ ω
CT F T 1 ω CT F T
x(αt) −−−−→ X( ) x(−t) −−−−→ X(−ω)
|α| α
CT F T CT F T d
X(t) −−−−→ 2πx(−ω) tx(t) −−−−→  X(ω)
dω
CT F T 1 CT F T
x(t)y(t) −−−−→ X(ω) ∗ Y (ω) x(t) ∗ y(t) −−−−→ X(ω)Y (ω)
2π

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 Formulário: Processamento de Sinal

6 CTFT  Pares de Transformadas

+∞ +∞
CT F T CT F T
X X
ω0 t
ak e −−−−→ 2π ak δ(ω − kω0 ) eω0 t −−−−→ 2πδ(ω − ω0 )
k=−∞ k=−∞

CT F T CT F T π
cos(ω0 t) −−−−→ π[δ(ω − ω0 ) + δ(ω + ω0 )] sin(ω0 t) −−−−→ [δ(ω − ω0 ) − δ(ω + ω0 )]

CT F T CT F T
x(t) = 1 −−−−→ 2πδ(ω) δ(t) −−−−→ 1
+∞ +∞  
CT F T 1 X CT F T 2π X 2πk
u(t) −−−−→ + πδ(ω) δ(t − nT ) −−−−→ δ ω−
ω n=−∞
T T
k=−∞
(
sin(W t) CT F T 1 , |ω| ≤ W CT F T
−−−−→ X(ω) = δ(t − t0 ) −−−−→ e−ωt0
πt 0 , |ω| > W
CT F T 1
e−αt u(t), R{α} > 0 −−−−→
α + ω

CT F T 1
te−αt u(t), R{α} > 0 −−−−→
(α + ω)2
tn−1 −αt CT F T 1
e u(t), R{α} > 0 −−−−→
(n − 1)! (α + ω)n
( +∞
1 , |t| ≤ T1 CT F T
X 2 sin(kω0 T1 )
Sinal periódico: x(t) = x(t + T ) onde, x(t) = −−−−→ δ(ω − kω0 )
0 , |t| > T1 k
k=−∞
(
1 , |t| ≤ T1 CT F T 2 sin(ωT1 )
x(t) = −−−−→
0 , |t| > T1 ω
Z +∞ Z +∞
1
|x(t)|2 dt = |X(ω)|2 dω
−∞ 2π −∞

7 DTFT  Discrete-time Fourier Transform

Z +∞
1 X
x[n] = X(Ω)eΩn dΩ X(Ω) = x[n]e−Ωn
2π 2π n=−∞

DT F T DT F T
Ax[n] + By[n] −−−−→ AX(Ω) + BY (Ω) x[n − n0 ] −−−−→ e−Ωn0 X(Ω)
DT F T DT F T
x∗ [n] −−−−→ X ∗ (−Ω) x[−x] −−−−→ X(−Ω)
n +∞
DT F T
X DT F T 1 X
x[n] − x[n − 1] −−−−→ (1 − eΩ )X(Ω) x[k] −−−−→ X(ω) + πX(0) δ(Ω − 2πk)
1 − eΩ
k=−∞ k=−∞

DT F T d
nx[n] −−−−→  X(Ω)
dΩ
DT F T 1 DT F T
x[n]y[n] −−−−→ X(Ω) ∗ Y (Ω) x[n] ∗ y[n] −−−−→ X(Ω)Y (Ω)
2π

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8 DTFT  Pares de Transformadas

+∞
DT F T
X X
Ω0 n
x[n] = ak e −−−−→ X(Ω) = 2π ak δ(Ω − kΩ0 )
n=<N > k=−∞

+∞
DT F T
X
eΩ0 n −−−−→ 2πδ(Ω − Ω0 − 2πl)
l=−∞

+∞
DT F T
X
cos(Ω0 n) −−−−→ π[δ(Ω − Ω0 − 2πl) + δ(Ω + Ω0 − 2πl)]
l=−∞

+∞
DT F T
X π
sin(Ω0 n) −−−−→ [δ(Ω − Ω0 − 2πl) − δ(Ω + Ω0 − 2πl)]

l=−∞

+∞
DT F T
X
x[n] = 1 −−−−→ 2πδ(Ω − 2πl)
l=−∞

DT F T
δ[n] −−−−→ 1
+∞
DT F T 1 X
u[n] −−−−→ + πδ(Ω − 2πl)
1 − eΩ
l=−∞

+∞ +∞
X DT F T 2π X 2πk
δ[n − nN ] −−−−→ δ(Ω − )
n=−∞
N T
k=−∞
(
sin(W n) DT F T 1 , 0 ≤ |Ω| ≤ W
−−−−→ X(Ω) =
πn 0 , W < |Ω| ≤ π
DT F T
δ[n − n0 ] −−−−→ e−Ωn0
DT F T 1
αn u[n], |α| < 1 −−−−→
1 − αe−Ω
DT F T 1
(n + 1)αn u[n], |α| < 1 −−−−→
(1 − αe−Ω )2
(n + r − 1)! n DT F T 1
α u[n], |α| < 1 −−−−→
n!(r − 1)! (1 − αe−Ω )r

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