set 2 differential equations

MARTINEZ TEJEDA ELINDER YAEL

September 2021

1
1 8.1 solve the following equations:
1. x = t3 (1 − x) with x(0) = 3
dx
let dt = t3 (1 − x) then

dx
= t3 dt
1−x
integrating both sides we have
Z x(t) Z t
dx
= t3 dt
3 1−x 0

t4
−ln|1 − x(t)| + ln|2| =
4
multiply by e in both side

eln|2| t4
=e4
eln|1−x(t)|
|2| t4
=e4
|1 − x(t)|
t4
2 = e 4 (1 − x(t))
2
t4
= (1 − x(t)
e4
2
x(t) = 1 − t4
e4
2. y = (1 + y 2 )tanx with y(0) = 1
dy
let dx = (1 + y 2 ) with y(0)=1 then

dy
= tanxdx
1 − y2
integrating both sides we have
Z y(t) Z x
dy
= tanxdx
1 1 + y2 0
y
(arctany(t)) (t) = −ln|cosx|
1
π
arctany(t) − = −ln|cosx|
4
π
y(t) = tanx( − ln|cosx|)
4

2
3. x = t2 x (general solution)
dy
let dt = t2 x with x(t0 ) = x0 then

dx
= t2 dt
x
integrating both sides we have
Z x(t) Z t
dx
= t2 dt
x0 x t0

t3 t0 t3 − t0
ln|x(t)| − ln|x0 | = − =
3 3 3
multiplying by e
x(t) t3 −t0
=e 3
x0
t3 −t0
x(t) = e 3 x0

4. x = −x2 (general solution)

dy
let dt = −x2 with x(t0 ) = x0 then integrating both sides we have
Z x(t) Z t
dx
= dt
x0 −x2 t0

1 1
− = t − t0
x(t) x0
1 1
= t − t0 +
x(t) x0

which symplifies to

1
x(t) =
t − t0 + x−1
0

2
5. for dy
dt = e
−t 2
y give the solution in terms of an integral behaviour of the
solution in terms as
√
t → +∞ depending on the initial you may assume
R ∞ −s2 π
that 0 e ds = 2
dy 2
let dt = e−t y 2 with x(0) = x0 then integrating both sides we have
Z y(t) Z t
dy 2
= e−t dt
y0 y2 0

Z t
1 1 2
− + = e−t dt
y(t) y0 0

3
 we use what we assume then we have
√
1 1 π
− + =
y(t) y0 2
√
1 1 π
= −
y(t) y0 2
2
y(t) = √
y0−1 + π

2 8.2 solve the linear equation

dy
+ px = q
dx
by separation of variables
let dx
dy = q − px then

dx
= dy
q − px
integrating both side
Z x(y) Z y
dx
= dy
x0 q − px y0

ln| − px0 + q|
= p(y − y0 )
ln| − px(y) + q|
−px0 + q
= ep(y−y0 )
−px(y) + q
−px0 + q
x(t) = p(y−y ) − q
pe 0

3 8.3 Find the general solution of the equation

xy 0 = ky
that is valid for x > 0
let y(x0 ) = y0 we have
Z Z
1 dy dx
=
k y x
1
(ln|y| + c1 ) = ln|x| + c2
k
multiplying by e
ln|y| + c1 = kln|x| + c2
y = axk

4
4 8.4 find the general solution of the equation
dI
= p(t)I
dt
(your answer will involve an integral)
we have
dI
= p(t)dt
I
integrating both sides Z Z
DI
= P (t)dt
I
Z
ln|I| + c1 = P (t)dt

multypling by an exponential we have

Z
exp (t)dt = I + c1

5 8.5 use the metod of separation of variables

to show that the general solution of the linear
equation
dx
= λx
dt
is x(t) = Aeλt
let dx
dt = λx then

dx
= λdt
x
integrating both sides Z Z
dx
= λdt
x
ln|x| + c1 = λt + c2
multiplying both sides with an exp

x = Aeλt

5
6 8.6
n exercise 5.7 we showed, neglecting
q air resistance, that an apple falling from a
height h reaches the ground t = 2h g . if we include air Resistance then provided
that c < 0 the equation becomes
dv
m = −mg + kv 2 wherev(0) = 0
dt
with k > 0. show that
r r
mg gk
v(t) = − tanh( t)
k m

and hence that the apple now takes a time

r q
m kh 2kh
t∗ = ln(e m − e m − 1)
kg

to reach the ground.

q check that this coincides with the answer with no air
∗ 2h x
resistance (t = g as k → 0. Hint: for small x, e = 1 + x and ln(1 + x) = x
we have
dv dt
=
−mg + kv 2 m
dv dt
kv 2
=
−mg(1 − mg )
m
dv
√ = −gdt
kv 2
1 − ( √mg )
integrating both sides Z Z
dv
√ = −gdt
kv 2
1− ( √mg )
we have √ √
ln|1 + √ kv | ln|1 − √ kv |
mg mg
− = −gt
2 2
√
1+ √ kv
mg
√ = e−2gt
1− √ kv
mg
√ √
kv − kv −2gt
1+ √ = e 2gt − √ e
mg mg
√ √
kv k −2gt
v( √ +√ e ) = e−2gt − 1
mg mg

6
 e−2gt − 1
v= √ √
√ kv + √ k e−2gt
mg mg
√
mg p
v = √ tanh( 2gt)
k

7 8.7
dx
Show that for k 6= 0the solution of the differential equation dt = kx − x2 with
x(0) = x0 is
kekt x0
x(t) =
x0 (ekt − 1) + k
using this explicit solution the behaviur of x(t) as t → ∞ for k < 0 and k >
0.(Note that this is much easier to do using the phase diagram that using the
explicit fotm of the solution.) for k = 0 see part (iv) of exercise 8.1
dx
= dt
kx − x2
dx
= dt
kx(1 − xk )
integrating both sides
1 x x x(t)
(ln| | − ln|1 − )|x = t
k k k 0

ln| x(t)
k | ln| xk0 |
− = kt
ln|1 − x(t) ln|1 − xk0 |
k |

x(t) x0
ln| | − ln| | = ky
x(t) − k x0 − k
x(t)(x0 − k)
ln| | = kt
x0 (x(t) − k)
multiplying by an exp
x(t)(x0 k)
= ekt
x0 (x(t) − k)
x(t)(x0 − k) = ekt (x0 (x(t) − k))
x(t)(x0 − k) = ekt x0 x(t) − ekt x0 k
x(t)((x0 − k) − ekt x0 ) = −ekt x0 k
−ekt x0 k
x(t) =
x0 − k − ekt x0
ekt x0 k
x(t) =
k + x0 (ekt − 1)

7
 let k > 0 we have

ekt x0 k
lim =k
t→0 k + x0 (ekt − 1)

let k < 0 we have

ekt x0 k
lim =0
t→0 k + x0 (ekt − 1)

8 8.8 show the solution of the equation

dx
= −x(k 2 + x2 )
dt
with initial condition x(0) = x0 is
s
k2
± 2 −2 2k2 t
(1 + k x0 )e −1

where the ± is chosen according to the sign of the initial condition. deduce
that x(t) → 0 as t → ∞ as t decreases from zero the solution blows up as t
approaches a finite value t∗ < 0. where is this ”blow up time”?