Energy Reports 6 (2020) 2146–2152

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Energy Reports
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/egyr

Multi-objective configuration optimization method for a diesel-based

hybrid energy system✩
∗
Wang Rongjie
Marine Engineering Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Xiamen, 361021, China

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, a configuration optimization method for a diesel hybrid energy system has been pro-
Received 14 December 2019 posed. The method is based on a fuzzy artificial bee colony optimization mechanism that considers the
Received in revised form 2 July 2020 power supply characteristics of an isolated hybrid energy system. First, a mathematical model based on
Accepted 3 August 2020
a diesel hybrid energy system and a configuration optimization objective function that considers cost
Available online xxxx
and load shortages is constructed. Then, an objective function is optimized in combination with fuzzy
Keywords: rules and artificial swarming algorithms to obtain a system configuration that meets multiple objective
Fuzzy requirements. Finally, the system configurations of three hybrid modes of photovoltaic (PV)/energy
Artificial bee colony algorithm storage/diesel, wind power/energy storage/diesel, and PV/wind power/energy storage/diesel are com-
Diesel engine pared, and the pollutant emissions of the different systems are analyzed. Experimental results show
Hybrid energy system
that the new method exhibits good configuration optimization and performance, and it is a practical
Load power shortage
approach for solving the problem of microgrid system configuration.
© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

1. Introduction systems, and this group includes the deterministic algorithm in

Diesel engines generate electricity from oil, which is a mecha-
nism that consumes expensive fuel and increases pollutant emis-
sions. Parallel or grid-independent integrated renewable energy
systems and diesel hybrid energy supply systems are widely used
to improve the quality of the air and the environment (Mehdi
and Farhad, 2016; Yahiaoui et al., 2016; Aireza et al., 2016); solar
and wind energy are typical representatives of renewable clean
energy sources. Research studies have been conducted on the
configuration optimization of hybrid energy systems. A group of
methods with the goal of obtaining the minimum cost has been
widely used in the configuration optimization of hybrid energy
✩ This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation
of China under Grant Nos. 51879118 and 51779102, in part by the High-Level
Talent Training Project in The Transportation Industry, China under Grant No.
2019-014, in part by the Fujian Province Office of Science and Technology
Support for Army under Grant No. B19101, in part by the Foundation of Fujian
Education Committee of China for New Century Distinguished Scholars, China
under Grant No. B17159, in part by the Scientific Research Foundation of Key
Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture of the
People’s Republic of China under Grant Nos. 2016002 and 2018001, in part
by the Scientific Research Foundation of Artificial Intelligence Key Laboratory
of Sichuan Province, China under Grant No. 2017RYJ02, and in party by the
Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Power Transmission
& Distribution Equipment Technology, China under Grant No. 2017JSSPD01.
∗ Correspondence to: Marine Engineering Institute, Jimei
University, Xiamen, 361021, China
E-mail address: roger811207@163.com.
Belfkira et al. (2011), particle swarm algorithm in Carlos et al.
(2018a), artificial ant colony algorithm in Payal et al. (2016),
simulated annealing algorithm in Maleki (2018) and Peng et al.
(2018), harmony search algorithm in Maleki et al. (2016) and Du
et al. (2018), and tabu search algorithm in Zhang et al. (2019)
and Wu et al. (2018). In addition, the specific analysis and con-
struction of hybrid energy systems was performed using Hamer
software in Shezan and Das (2017), Shezan and Ping (2017)
and Shezan et al. (2016). However, solar and wind energy have
intermittent load fluctuations, and these methods do not consider
the possibility of a load power shortage or the energy availability
in a hybrid energy system. Hybrid energy systems should be con-
figured to minimize a system configuration’s costs and ensure an
adequate power supply. However, these aims conflict with each
other. Therefore, to realize the minimum cost and load power
shortage rate, we use a fuzzy artificial bee colony algorithm for
multi-objective configuration optimization of diesel-based hybrid
energy systems.
2. Description of the configuration optimization of a diesel-
based hybrid energy system
2.1. Description of a diesel-based hybrid energy system
A diesel-based hybrid energy system is shown in Fig. 1. AC and
DC represent the alternating current and direct current, respec-
tively. Solar and wind energy are the main energy sources, while

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.08.004
2352-4847/© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
 Wang R. / Energy Reports 6 (2020) 2146–2152 2147

electrical energy storage during the charging and discharging pro-

Fig. 1. Diesel-based hybrid energy system.
cess of the energy storage module. Usually, the rated maximum
max min
capacity of an energy storage module is EBatt , and EBatt = (1 −
max
DoD) × EBatt , where DoD is the maximum depth of discharge. The
charging energy storage and discharging energy storage of the
energy storage unit at time t are calculated by Eqs. (3) and (4),
respectively.
( )
E t ,L
Et ,Batt = Et −1,Batt + Et ,PV + Et ,WT − × ηBatt (3)
ηInv
where Et ,Batt and Et −1,Batt respectively represent the stored energy
of the energy storage unit at time t and t − 1; Et ,PV and Et ,WT are
the output power in the photovoltaic power generation module
and wind power generation module at time t, respectively; and
Et ,L is the load demand. ηInv and ηBatt are the inverter conversion
rate and battery pack charging efficiency, respectively.

[ ]
E t ,L
Et ,Batt = Et −1,Batt + − (Et ,PV + Et ,WT ) × ηBatt (4)
ηInv

2.2. Description of the configuration optimization of the diesel-based

hybrid energy system

In this paper, the objective function CT of the optimal config-

uration of the diesel hybrid energy system is defined as Eq. (5).
Fig. 2. Management strategy for the diesel-based hybrid energy system.

CT = CC + CM + CF (5)
diesel is the backup energy source. When the main power source where CT is the annual use cost of the system. CC , CM and CF are
level is higher than the power required by the load, the power is the annual input cost, annual maintenance cost, and annual fuel
jointly supplied by photovoltaic and wind turbine power. When consumption cost, respectively. Here,
the power of the main power source is lower than the power i(1 + i)nWT i(1 + i)nPV
required by the load, the auxiliary power supply of the diesel CC = NWT CWT + NPV CPV
engine is engaged. (1 + i)nWT − 1 (1 + i)nPV − 1 (6)
i(1 + i)nBatt i(1 + i)nD
The power pt ,PV generated by a photovoltaic power generation + NBatt CBatt + CD
unit excited by solar radiation at time t is calculated by Eq. (1). (1 + i)nBatt − 1 (1 + i)nD − 1
where i is the annual depreciation rate of the equipment. nWT , nPV ,
pt ,PV = It × A × ηPV (1)
nBatt and nD are the service lives of the wind turbines, solar panels,
where, It is the amount of solar radiation at time t, A is the solar batteries, and diesel engines, respectively. Cl (l = WT, PV, Batt) is
panel area, and ηPV is the solar panel power conversion rate. If the the initial input cost for each unit of the equipment. CD is the
number of cells in the photovoltaic power generation module is initial input cost of a diesel engine.
NPV , the power generated by the photovoltaic power generation mtn mtn
CM = NWT CWT + NPV CPV + CDmtn (7)
system at time t is
mtn
where CWT is the annual maintenance cost of each wind turbine,
Pt ,PV = NPV × Pt ,PV . mtn
and CPV is the annual maintenance cost of a solar panel unit.
The output power pt ,WT of a wind turbine power generation CDmtn is the annual maintenance cost of a diesel engine, CDmtn =
8760 mtn
Pt ,D , PDmtn = . /
∑
unit at time t is described by Eq. (2). t =1 PD × 0 01258$ kWh.
The annual fuel consumption CF of the diesel engine is ob-
vt ≤ vcut_in or vt ≥ vcut_out
⎧
0
⎨ v −v
⎪ tained by Eq. (8).
t cut_in
pt ,WT = Pr vcut_in < vt < vr (2)
⎩ r
⎪ v − vcut_in
8760
∑
Pr vr < vt < vcut_out CF = CtF, D (8)
where vcut_in and vcut_out are the input cutoff speed and output t =1

cutoff speed of the wind turbine, respectively; vt is the wind CtF, D = PF × Ft ,D (9)
speed at time t; vr is the rated wind speed of the wind turbine; Ft ,D = BD × PN + AD × Pt ,D (10)
and Pr is the rated output power of the wind turbine. If the
F, D
number of units in the wind power generation module is NWT , where Ct is the fuel consumption cost of a diesel engine at time
the power generated by the wind power generation module at t, and PF is the unit price of the fuel. PN is the rated output power
time t is Pt ,WT = NWT × pt ,WT . of the diesel engine, AD = 0.246 (l/kW h), and BD = 0.0845 (l/kW
The working state of the energy storage module at any time h).
depends on the energy generated by the photovoltaic power The evaluation function for a hybrid energy system load power
generation module and wind power generation module at that shortage is defined as Eq. (11).
time. The energy control strategy of the system in Fig. 1 is shown ∑8760
min
in Fig. 2. Pt ,L is the power required by the load at time t; EBatt t =1 Pt ,L − Pt , Ren
max LPSP = ∑8760 (11)
and EBatt respectively reflect the upper and lower limits of the P t ,L
t =1
2148 Wang R. / Energy Reports 6 (2020) 2146–2152

3.2. Multi-objective configuration optimization method for a hybrid

energy system based on the fuzzy artificial bee colony algorithm

If the solution to be optimized in the artificial bee colony

algorithm is denoted as θ , then θ = [NWT , NPV , NBatt ]. For the
multi-objective configuration optimization of the hybrid energy
system in this paper, θ(l) dominates θ(j), which is denoted as
θ(l) ≺ θ(j). They must satisfy both Equations (14) and (15).
∀i ∈ {1, 2}: Fi (l) ≤ Fi (j) (14)

at least ∃k ∈ {1, 2}: Fk (l) < Fk (j) (15)

In Eqs. (14) and (15), F1 (l) and F2 (l) represent CT in Eq. (5) and
Fig. 3. Optimization mechanism of the ABC algorithm.
LPSP in Eq. (11), respectively. The 2 objective functions, CT and
LPSP, are contradictory, so we use fuzzy logic rules to quantify the
relationship between them; the fuzzy logic rules are described by
where Pt , Ren = Pt , PV + Pt , WT + Pt , Batt ; Pt , Batt is the output power of Eqs. (16)–(17).
the energy storage module. The smaller the loss of power supply ⎧
probability (LPSP) is, the better the system load power shortage ⎪
⎪ 0 Fk (l) ≤ Fkmin
performance. Fkmin
⎪
Fk (l) −
⎨
The configuration optimization of the diesel-based hybrid en- ϕlk = max
Fkmax ≥ Fk (l) ≥ Fkmin (16)
ergy system in this paper is used to determine the best values
⎪
⎪ F k − Fkmin
⎪
Fkmax ≤ Fk (l)
⎩
of NPV , NWT , and NBatt and to simultaneously minimize the 2 1
objective functions, CT and LPSP. ∑Nobj
=1 ϕl
k
φl = ∑ k∑ (17)
3. Multi-objective configuration optimization method for a NF N
k=1 ϕl
obj k
l=1
hybrid energy system based on the fuzzy-artificial bee colony
algorithm Here, k = 1, 2, . . . , Nobj , where Nobj is the number of objective
functions.
3.1. Artificial bee colony optimization algorithm The process of using the artificial bee colony algorithm to
optimize the configuration of the diesel hybrid energy system
The artificial bee colony (ABC) is a group intelligent optimiza- is as follows: the minimum function, Eq. (17), is used as the
tion algorithm developed by Karaboga in 2005 to simulate the objective function, and then the combination of the ABC and
process of a bee searching for nectar (Karaboga, 2005; Wang, multi-objective dominance solution is used to optimize the global
2016). According to the labor division in the process of collecting minimum of the function in Eq. (17), and the best optimal so-
nectar, the bee colony is divided into employed bee (EB), onlooker lution for the quantitative relationship between CT and LPSP is
bee (OB), and scout bee (SB) segments. The ABC algorithm is obtained. In addition, the array of parameters corresponding to
a cluster intelligent algorithm that simulates the mechanism of the optimal solution is shown in Eq. (18).
the labor division of a bee colony to find nectar to solve the
multidimensional optimization problem. The ABC optimization θ (l, d) = θmin (d) + r [θmax (d) − θmin (d)] (18)
mechanism is shown in Fig. 3. If the parameter to be optimized
is regarded as the nectar source, then 1 optimization iteration for where θmax (d) and θmin (d) are the maximum and minimum values
the parameter to be solved needs to complete 3 stages: in the of the optimized solution d-dimension, respectively, which are
EB stage, it is looking for the next new solution in the proximity limited by Eqs. (19)–(22).
of the solution obtained from the last optimization process (the max
0 ≤ NWT ≤ NWT (19)
iterative equation is Eq. (12)); in the OB stage, a new solution is
max
generated based on the solution generated by the EB stage, and 0 ≤ NPV ≤ NPV (20)
the optimization is performed (the iterative equation is Eq. (13)); 0 ≤ NBatt ≤ max
NBatt (21)
and in the SB stage, the solution that is not updated during several
min max
consecutive iterations is abandoned and a new solution is gener- EBatt ≤ Et , Batt ≤ EBatt (22)
ated. Compared with group optimization algorithms such as the
For ease of analysis, the implementation steps are summarized
differential evolution in Wang et al. (2015b), genetic algorithm in
Wang et al. (2016), and particle swarm algorithm in Wang et al. in Fig. 4.
(2015a), the ABC algorithm provides a better optimization mech-
anism and convergence performance, which is why we chose the 4. Simulation analysis
ABC algorithm.
To verify the effectiveness and rationality of the multi-
θEB (l, d) = θ (l, d) + rld [θ (l, d) − θ (lr , d)] (12) objective configuration optimization method for the diesel-based
where l = 1, 2, . . . , NF . NF is the size of the bee colony; d = hybrid energy system in Section 3.B, different methods were
1, 2, . . . , D.D is the dimension of the optimization solution. used to optimize the configurations of the 3 modes of the hy-
V (l, d) and θ (l, d) are the original and new optimization solutions. brid energy system (PV/energy storage/diesel, wind/energy stor-
rld is a random number between 0 and 1; lr is a random integer age/diesel, and PV/wind/energy storage/diesel) in an edge region
between 1 and NF , and lr ̸ = l. located in Idaho, USA. The choice of Idaho in the United States was
based on data availability. The load power consumption in the
θOB (l, ds ) = θ (l, ds ) + rld [θ (ls , ds ) − θ (lr , ds )] (13)
region from January 2014 to December 2014 is shown in Fig. 5.
where ds is a random integer between 1 and D, ls is a random The wind speed and solar radiation collected by a weather station
integer between 1 and NF , and ls ̸ = lr ̸ = l. are shown in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively. The data come from
 Wang R. / Energy Reports 6 (2020) 2146–2152 2149

Fig. 5. Hourly load profile.

⎧
⎪
⎪ Pr = 1 kW
⎪
vcut_in = 2.5 m/s
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨vcut_out = 13 m/s
⎪
⎪
⎪

⎪ vr = 13 m/s (24)
⎪
CWT = 3200$
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
mtn
⎪
⎪ WT = 100$
C
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
nWT = 20 years
⎧
⎪
⎪
max
EBatt = 1.35 kWh
⎪
⎨ηBatt = 85%
⎪
⎪
⎪
CBatt = 130$ (25)
⎪
DoD = 0.8
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
nBatt = 5 years
⎧
⎪
⎪ PN = 1.9 kW
⎪
⎨CD = 1717.15$
⎪
⎪
⎪
Fig. 4. Implementation of multi-objective configuration optimization method for
a hybrid energy system based on the fuzzy artificial bee colony algorithm. CDmtn = 0.2$/h (26)
⎪
PF = 1.24$/l
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
nD = 5 years
existing literature (Anon, 2016). In the simulation experiment,
The comparison results from Tables 1–3 show that the multi-
the relevant parameters of the photovoltaic power generation objective configuration optimization method for the diesel-based
module, wind power generation module, and energy storage hybrid energy system using the fuzzy artificial bee colony algo-
rithm can obtain configuration schemes that consider both CT
module were assigned as shown in Eqs. (23)–(26); these data and LPSP. The configuration method targeting CT can obtain the
optimal configuration scheme in terms of the equipment cost, but
are available in Payam et al. (2014) and Carlos et al. (2018b). at the cost of a high load power shortage. The LPSP cannot meet
In addition, the inverter conversion rate ηInv is 95%, and the the requirement of less than 10% among the 3 different modes
of the hybrid energy system. The configuration method targeting
annual depreciation rate of all equipment i = 5%. The results LPSP is characterized by a sufficient energy supply in the case of
a load power shortage, but at the expense of equipment costs.
of optimizing the configurations of the 3 modes using different
NWT , NPV , and NBatt are close to the extreme values, especially for
methods are shown in Tables 1–3. the PV/energy storage/diesel hybrid energy system. This is not an
optimal solution from the perspective of optimization algorithms.
⎧ There is weak solar radiation in certain areas of Idaho, which
⎪
⎪ Pr = 120 W resulted in a high LPSP after the 3 methods were used to configure
the PV/energy storage/diesel hybrid energy system. However, the
⎪
A = 1.07 m2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ multi-objective configuration optimization method based on the
CPV = 614$ fuzzy artificial bee colony algorithm shows a greater rationality
⎨
(23)
⎪C mtn = 0$ and effectiveness than the other 2 methods.
⎪ PV
⎪
⎪ Table 4 lists the pollutant emissions and management costs of
η PV = 12%
⎪
energy systems in different hybrid modes to help better analyze
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
npv = 20 years the performance of the hybrid energy system configured using
2150 Wang R. / Energy Reports 6 (2020) 2146–2152

Table 1
Configuration result comparison of the optimal sizing for the PV/energy storage/diesel hybrid system.
System configuration Configuration method
Targeting CT Targeting LPSP Targeting CT and LPSP
NPV 200 200 196
NBatt 23 200 33
CT ($) 6.8559 × 104 7.3519 × 104 6.8770 × 104
LPSP 0.7903 0.7839 0.7888

Table 2
Comparison of the wind/energy storage/diesel hybrid energy system configuration results.
System configuration Configuration method
Targeting CT Targeting LPSP Targeting CT and LPSP
NWT 79 195 103
NBatt 120 199 174
CT ($) 4.3376 × 104 7.7434 × 104 4.6119 × 104
LPSP 0.1380 0.0020 0.0337

Table 3
Comparison of the PV/wind/energy storage/diesel hybrid energy system configuration results.
System configuration Configuration method
Targeting CT Targeting LPSP Targeting CT and LPSP
NPV 1 200 110
NWT 79 197 79
NBatt 119 199 130
CT ($) 4.3375 × 104 8.9677×104 4.4665 × 104
LPSP 0.1377 2.3819×10−4 0.0759

Table 4
Comparison of pollutant emissions from different modes of hybrid energy systems.
Pollutant Hybrid energy system
PV /energy storage/ diesel Wind/energy storage/diesel PV/wind/energy storage/diesel Diesel alone
Emissions (lb) 3.0037e × 103 165.9273 287.5977 3.6005 × 103
NOx
Management cost ($) 1.2615e × 104 696.8945 1.2079 × 103 1.5122 × 104
Emissions (lb) 62.5532 3.4555 5.9894 74.9836
SO2
Management cost ($) 61.9277 3.4210 5.9295 74.2338
Emissions (lb) 197.3045 10.8994 18.7334 236.5123
CO2
Management cost ($) 2.7623 0.1526 0.2623 3.3112

Fig. 6. Hourly insolation profile.

Fig. 7. Hourly wind speed profile.

the method of this paper. The calculation basis can be found in

Faisal and Heikki (2010) and Zhang et al. (2011). Fig. 8 depicts a
plot of the energy storage capacity of energy systems in different
hybrid modes. To create a better visual description, we calculated
the corresponding daily averages.
Table 4 shows that after the environmental pollutant dis-
charge is configured by the method given in Section 3.B, the
hybrid energy system is superior to the diesel engine’s indepen-
dent power supply mode, further illustrating the feasibility of our
method. The change in the energy storage capacity during the
working process in the PV/energy storage battery/diesel hybrid
energy system is shown in Fig. 8(a). The change in the energy
storage capacity during the work process in the wind/energy
storage battery/diesel hybrid energy system is shown in Fig. 8(b).
The change in the energy storage capacity during the working
 Wang R. / Energy Reports 6 (2020) 2146–2152
Fig. 8. Energy storage capacities of different modes of the hybrid energy system:
(a) hybrid PV/Battery/Diesel energy system, (b) hybrid Wind/Battery/Diesel
energy system, (c) hybrid PV/Wind/Battery/Diesel energy system.
2151
process in the PV/wind/energy storage battery/diesel hybrid en-
ergy system is shown in Fig. 8(c). In this paper, 50 iterations of the
optimization test were performed, and a consistently stable opti-
mal solution was obtained. Fig. 8 shows that the hybrid energy
system configured by the method given in this paper can en-
sure sufficient energy storage regardless of the intermittent load
fluctuations of solar and wind energy or during an emergency.
5. Conclusion
We proposed a fuzzy artificial bee colony algorithm to op-
timize the configuration of a diesel hybrid energy system. The
system considered the configuration of an isolated hybrid energy
system, the cost and the load power supply. The main conclusions
are as follows:
First, we constructed a mathematical model of a diesel-based
hybrid energy system and a configuration optimization objective
function that considered both the cost and load power shortage.
Then, the concept of using a fuzzy artificial bee colony algorithm
to optimize the dual objective function to obtain the optimal con-
figuration for a diesel-based hybrid energy system was proposed,
and the implementation steps were given. Finally, the simula-
tion results of the energy system configuration of the PV/energy
storage/diesel, wind/energy storage/diesel, and PV/wind/energy
storage/diesel hybrid modes were discussed. Adequate compar-
ative experiments were conducted. The experimental results of
the configuration optimization verified the effectiveness of our
proposed method.
In addition, our method exhibits better performance than a
method that only targets the cost or the load power shortage.
Our method can also be extended to other forms of hybrid energy
supply systems.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Rongjie Wang received a Ph.D. in Electrical & Elec-
tronic Engineering from Sun Yat-sen University, China,
in 2012. He is now a professor and supervisor of
Ph.D. students at the Marine Engineering Institute,
Jimei University, China. His research interests include
intelligent information processing and fault diagnosis
of power electronics circuits.