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Safety Checking of RC Frames Using Reliability Analysis

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 Structural Engineering Convention (SEC-2014)
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi, INDIA. 22-24 December 2014

Safety Checking of RC Frames Using Reliability Analysis

Anadee M. Kulkarni1 and Dr. Debarati Datta2

1
Post Graduate Student, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road,
Nagpur, Maharashtra. 440010 (India)

2
Assistant Professor, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road,
Nagpur, Maharashtra. 440010 (India)

Abstract: Safety of a structure can be obtained in terms of reliability which can be interpreted
as equal to probability that the structure will not fail to perform its intended function. In other
words, reliability of a structure is its ability to satisfy its design purpose for specified design
lifetime. Among various methods of structural reliability analysis and safety checking, first
order second moment (FOSM) method is being used widely. In this method the structural
parameters are considered as random variables following a certain distribution type. An
equation is developed for a particular failure condition of the structure. This is known as failure
function which contains load and resistance variables. This function marks the boundary
between safe and failure status. The safety of the structure is measured in terms of reliability
index β. In this paper reliability analysis of two RC frames, one single storey and another multi-
storey, is presented which can be used for preliminary estimate of probability of failure. The
RC frames are designed as per the guidelines of IS 456-2000. The random variables are
identified as area of steel, characteristic strength of concrete, yield strength of steel, resisting
moment, inter-storey drift and roof displacement and then failure function is obtained. Minitab
software is used to get the failure function. Using mean and standard deviation values of the
random variables, reliability index β is obtained by FOSM method and probability of failure
are found out. To calculate β, Hasofer and Lind algorithm is used. Simultaneously, the
serviceability criteria are checked and studied. The study showed that even though some of the
elements were failing in serviceability criteria, their probability of failure was very less. Thus,
this can lead to the optimization in the design process and economy.

1. Introduction:

Engineering decisions must be made in the presence of uncertainties which are

invariably present in practice. In the presence of uncertainties in the various parameters
encountered in analysis and design, achievement of absolute safety is impossible. In structural
 Kulkarni A. M. and Datta D.

reliability, the probability of failure is taken as a quantitative measure of structural safety.

Probabilistic concepts are used in reliability analysis, and in the design of structures. Using
structural reliability theory, the performance of existing structures can be evaluated. It can also
be used for developing design criteria, that is, calibrating codes and developing partial safety
factors, the use of which will result in designs with an accepted level of reliability. Structural
reliability has been applied to many decision-making problems such as development of partial
safety factors, establishing inspection criteria, taking suitable decisions for improving the
capability of existing structures, etc., in the field of engineering.

The subject of structural reliability provides a logical framework within which the
uncertainties that invariably exist in dealing with problems of structural analysis and design
could be systematically addressed. Here, the uncertainties in structural and load characteristics
are quantified using the mathematical theories of probability, random variables, random
processes and statistics. The subject essentially aims to establish relationship between
probabilities of structural failure to the uncertainty parameters connected with the structural
and load characteristics. This, in turn, facilitates a rational basis for deciding upon optimal
structural configurations for a given set of loading conditions consistent with desired levels of
safety and affordable cost.

2. Hasofer and Lind method

Initially a failure function is identified in terms of variables.Write the limit state equation, g(x1,
x2, . . .,xn) = 0, in terms of the basic variables.The variables should be such that its mean and
standard deviation values should be available. After identifying such function with variables,
normalization of these basic variables is done. Normalize the basic variable using 𝑍𝑖 =
(𝑋𝑖 − µ𝑖 ) ÷ ϭ𝑖 where i = 1, 2. . . , n. Then as soon as normalization is done, the failure function
is written in terms of these normalized values.Write the (limit state) failure surface equation in
terms of normalized coordinate system, i.e.g1(z1,z2, . . ., zn) = 0.

At the design, point zi = αiβ. Using this, write g1 (z) in terms of β and αi..After that design points
are obtained, which are helpful in the initial assumption of start-up value of reliability
index.Select a value for β and the values for αi satisfying ∑ αi 2 = 1.In the initial assumption of
these design point, care should be taken such that the sum of the squares of these values should
be unity.
Structural Engineering Convention (SEC-2014)

After obtaining new reliability index, iteration are carried until the values of index converge to
recurring digits.Stop the procedure when the value of β obtained from two successive iterations
is within the acceptable error.

X2

Failure
g(x1, x2)< 0

Safe
g(x1, x2) = 0
g(x1, x2)> 0

X1
Figure 2.1. Concept of design space, failure surface and failure and safe region

3. Design Problem 1(Frame 1)

Consider a one-storey frame as shown in Figure.3.1. Reliability analysis is carried for the RCC
frame shown in figure . Particulars about the frame are:
Beams = 350x350 mm, Columns = 350x450, Slab Thickness = 150mm, Imposed Load =
4.5kN/m2, Floor Finish = 2 kN/m2, SMRF (Special RC moment resisting frame).

Figure 3.1 Plan and elevation of Frame 1

For variation of base shear, different zones with importance factors are taken as shown in the
Table 3.1 below
 Kulkarni A. M. and Datta D.

Table 3.1 Data for Frame 1

Zone II I=1 I=1.5
Zone III I=1 I=1.5
Zone IV I=1 I=1.5
Zone V I=1 I=1.5

Solution:

Seismic weight calculation

Table 3.2 Seismic weight calculation for Frame 1

Self Wt. of Slab 135 kN
Floor Finish 72 kN
Beam Weight 73.5 kN
Column Weight 31.5 kN
Imposed Load 0 kN (Since roof)
Total seismic Weight (W) 312 kN

Time Period
T = 0.075h0.75= 0.2121 sec (As per IS 1893 Cl. 7.6.1)
For this time period (Sa/g) = 2.5 (for hard, medium and soft soil)
Calculation of Ahand VBfor different zones
Ah= (Z/2) x (I/R) x (Sa/g) (3.1)
VB= W x Ah (3.2)
Response Reduction Factor, R = 5
Table 3.3 Calculation of Ah and VB for Frame 1
Zone I=1 I = 1.5
Ah VB(kN) Ah VB(kN)
Zone II (Z=0.1) 0.025 7.8 0.0375 11.7
Zone III(Z=0.16) 0.04 12.48 0.06 18.72
Zone IV(Z=0.24) 0.06 18.72 0.09 28.08
Zone V(Z=0.36) 0.09 28.08 0.135 42.12

Reliability Analysis
Structural Engineering Convention (SEC-2014)

For reliability analysis of the frame we are considering section A-A since the frame is
symmetric. But while calculating the moments at the joints the complete frame will be analyzed
and the base shear will be applied at the Centre of mass. (Ranganathan, 1990).We assume that
the hinges will be developed at the locations shown in Figure 3.2.At these hinge locations, for
different values of VB we get different values of moments (Table 3.4). From these values we
find out the mean value (μ) and standard deviation (ϭ) values.

Figure 3.2 Hinge locations for Frame 1

At these hinge locations, for different values of VB we get different values of moments (Table

3.4). From these values we find out the mean value (μ) and standard deviation (ϭ) values.

Table 3.4 Calculations of Moments for Frame 1

 Kulkarni A. M. and Datta D.

Now in this analysis, only major failure mechanisms are taken into account and itsprobability
of failure is calculated and is shown in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5 Calculation of β for Frame 1

4. Design Problem 2 (Frame 2)

Consider a two-storey frame as shown in Figure 4.1. Reliability analysis is carried for the
givenRCC frame.

Figure.4.1 Plan and elevation of Frame 2

Beams = 350x350 mm, Columns = 350x450, Slab Thickness = 150mm, Imposed Load = 4.5
kN/m2, Floor Finish = 2 kN/m2, SMRF (Special RC moment resisting frame).For variation of
base shear, different zones with importance factors are taken as following.
Structural Engineering Convention (SEC-2014)

Table 4.1Data for Frame 2

Zone II I=1 I=1.5
Zone III I=1 I=1.5
Zone IV I=1 I=1.5
Zone V I=1 I=1.5
Solution:

Seismic weight calculation

Table 4.2 Seismic Weight calculations for Frame 2

Floor 2 Floor 1
Slab Self 135 kN 135 kN
Floor Finish 72 kN 72 kN
Beam Weight 73.5 kN 73.5 kN
Column Weight 31.5 kN 63 kN
Imposed Load 0 kN (Since roof) 81 kN
Total Floor Weight (W) 312 kN 424.5 kN
Total seismic weight (W) = 736.5 kN
Time Period
T = 0.075h0.75 = 0.356 sec (As per IS 1893 Cl. 7.6.1)
For this time period (Sa/g) = 2.5 (for hard, medium and soft soil)
Calculation of Ah and VB for different zones and lateral load distribution by Equivalent
Static Analysis (ESA). (Response Reduction Factor, R = 5)

Table 4.3 Calculation of Q1 and Q2 for Frame 2

 Kulkarni A. M. and Datta D.

Ah= (Z/2) x (I/R) x (Sa/g) (4.1)

VB = W x Ah (4.2)

Reliability Analysis
For reliability analysis of the frame we are considering section A-A since the frame
issymmetric. But while calculating the moments at the joints the complete frame will
beanalyzed and the lateral loads will be applied at the Centre of mass.We assume that the hinges
will be developed at the locations shown in Figure 4.2.At these hinge locations, for different
values of Q1 and Q2 we get different values of moments. From these values we find out the
mean value (μ) and standard deviation (ϭ) values are shown in Table A1 of Appendix. Now in
this analysis, major and minor failure mechanisms are taken into account and its probability of
failure is calculated and is shown in Table A2 of Appendix.

Figure. 4.2 Hinge Location for Frame 2

Bounds on system probability of failure:

Simple Bound 0.48803<= pf<= 1.1485; Simple Bounds indicate that all failure modes (Zi) are
perfectly correlated. (Ranganathan, 1991).
5. Discussion and Concluding Remarks
Structural Engineering Convention (SEC-2014)

From the Table 3.5 it can be concluded that for panel mechanism 1,2,3,4 the probability
of failure is quite high (17.36%). This is major mechanisms only; other minor mechanisms can
also be checked.
From Table A2, it can be concluded that for fourth mechanism the probability of failure
is high (48.80 %) as compared with other mechanisms. But this does not give any clear idea
that it will fail in this mechanism as each mechanism is inter-related to one another. So further,
the interrelation of these β values is to be found out and regeneration of the mechanisms is to
be done. After regeneration, the change in failure probability is to be observed. This will give
a clear idea about the failure mechanism of the system. For the lack of data we took the mean
and standard deviation of base shears which are for various zones and different importance
factors. This is unrealistic; ideally we should use mean and standard deviation of base shear
where all the factors (Z and I) are same. In future base shear data (which should follow normal
distribution) can be simulated for each zone factor and importance factor and the results can be
compared with the present work.
 Kulkarni A. M. and Datta D.

APPENDIX

Table A1Calculations of Moments for Frame 2

Structural Engineering Convention (SEC-2014)

Table A2Calculation of β for Frame 2

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