‘on a 400/400/125-MVA, ONAF-cooled transformer. It was shown, that the local het-spots in the windings, core and structural parts rise much faster at load increase than what an exponential funetion based on the time constant of top oll would predict, This paper an- alyzes these fast rises mare in detail for hot-spotsin windings, core, yoke clamps, and tie plates. An alternative mathematical model ‘of the winding hot-spot response is presented. Different cooling. ‘modes, like ONAF and OFAK, are deat with, Also, different modes ‘of ol circulation through the windings, in horizontal (zig-zag) or axial cooling ducts, are compared. The results are verified by fiber ‘optic installations and tests on several large power transformers in the range of 250-650 MVA. Hot-spot responses predicted by the IEEE Loading Guide, Annex G, are also compared to measured vases Index Termi—Rday losses, Yeakage flox, overloading, power transformer, winding hot-spot, | | Abstract —Comrhensive loadthermal ting was performed [NovaacLarurs 2 Overshoot factor (maximum of the function f(t). Ip ‘Time span from load stax to Bp, min filt) Normalized time variation of top-oil (in tank) rise, at load inerease, fet) Normalized time variation of hot-spot to-top-oil (in tank) gradient, at load increase, {s(¢) Normalized time variation of top cil (in tank) rise, at load decrease. f(t) Normatized time variation of hot-spot-to-top-oil (in tank) gradient, at load decrease. a Average winding-to-average oil in ank) gradient at rated current K(°C).. : H Hot-spot factor. K Load factor (load currenfrated curren’, R Ratio of load losses at rated current to no-load losses. ux ‘Thermal model constant. fay Thermal model constant. ky, Thermal model constant. t ‘Time variable, min. z ‘Topeol (in tank) exponent Y ‘Winding exponent, x —_Anibient temperature °C. @4(0) . Hotspot temperature °C. On; Hotspot to -top ol (in tank) grad, at start K°C). Manuscript oesitedAugst 8, 2002 HL Nocdiou and N. Rafiback ae with ABB Oy, Vaasa, FIN-65101,Piland (email: nasser fab com; aidlasafsback@fLabb com), > “D.Suse i with Hesink’ University of Technology, Helsink, FIN-02015, TKK, Faland (-mal: Dejan Suni Digital Object leaifer10.1109/TPWRD 2003.817516 + BSE AAs PER DELIVER OL NO. 4 OCTOBER 23 Temperature Responses to 0 Step ‘Changes i in the Load Current of Power Transformers Hasse Nordman, Niclas Rafsback, and Dejan Susa A@.; Topsoil (in tank) temperature rise at start K°C). AGy- Topol (in tank) temperature rise in steady state at rated losses (no-load losses + load losses) K°C). Gro Top oil temperature °C, Qy0 Bottom oil temperature °C. t Average oil (in tank) time constant, min. te ‘Winding time constant, min, m™ ‘Thermal model time constant, min, m2 ‘Thetmal model time constant, min, IL Iyteopucrion [HE results of load/thermal testing of a 400/400/125-MVA, ONAR-cooled (ransforiner were shown and discussed in (1). Itwas shown that the dynamic winding hot-spot calculation methods proposed in the Loading Guides [2 (3) yield signifi- cantly low values, especially in the case of a short-time emer- gency loading. The same conclusion is valid for hot-spots in core and structural parts, ifthe principles proposed in [2}, [3] tare applied on them, "The classical approach has been to consider the hot-spot tem- perature as the sum of the ambient temperature, the top-ol tem- perature riso in tank, and the hot-spot-to-top-oil (in tank) gra- dient. From a purely scientific point of view, the top oil inside the winding should be selected as the “reference” oil instead of the top oil in the tank. The disadvantage of such an approach is ‘that top-oil inside the winding is not measured in a normal heat nua test. One the other hand, top oil in tank is always measured in a heat ran test In this investigation, it has been considered as an advantage ofthe suggested mathematical model that i is ted toas many measured parameters as possible. Thus, the top ol in the tank is selected as the reference cil forthe winding hot-spot. ‘The winding hot-spot temperature increase to a level corre sponding to @ load factor of Kis given by (1) below. Corre- spondingly, the winding hot-spot temperature deczease to level corresponding to a load factor of Kis given by (2) 0) = 00+ Atac+ {8 BAS | 2 sai} Tbk % fat) + AO: + {Hoe K® — AC} x folt) x K?)* 1s) ex [A oe + {te ade [PAREFET se + Hye KY + (Aba: — Hg-K} x fal). @ ‘The function f(t) deserides the relative increase of the topril temperate rise as per unit ofits steady state value (0885-3977703517.00 © 2003 IEEEel o @ the tue. an 0. 80 120180 20 “Tino (in) 300 860 420. 480 SL. Nonmatived tiie variation of hot-spot temperature cise above top-cil erate (a tack for ate lacease in oad cuenta = 0. FF ciesical wassormer erate, i is expresed a8 an one ponent fino, ‘The function fo(t) describes the relative increase of the Fe spoviotopoll gradient as por unt ofits steady slate Fyalue. It models the fact that it takes some time before the oil Mcalation has adapted its sped to conespond othe increased P load level ((1}, Figs. 6-8].-A principal course ofthe function shown in Big. 1. ‘The iaximum value of this function overshoot factor By) for different transformers, different Joadings, different il. circulation modes in the windings E (ig-zog and axial), and deren cooling modes willbe one of| he mtn issues in thts paper. Aso, examples of f(t) for yoke clamps, tie plates, and outer core packets will be shown, “The functions f(t) and fa(t) describe the relative decrease of the top-oil-to-ambient gradient and Of the hot-spot-to-ambient igradientof the total decreases. In fact, they can be modcled with the same equation, shown below. Finally, a calculation proce- dure for the winding hotspot temperature response at step load changes is proposed, Hot-spat temperature response obtained ‘with this mothod- wil be compared to ineasured response for some selected tfnsformers instrumented and tested. Linden Pierce ‘has made & thorough and excellent investi- gation of the therinal overshoot phenomenén demonstrated in Fig. 1, Bis rosults have- been organized to a parallel dynamic «hot-spot temperature calculation procedure in the [ESSE Loading Guide (3), Annex G}. Aso, hotspot responses predicted by this method il be compared tthe selected measwred case, ts IL TRANSFORMERS TeSTED AND ‘TsTS MADE Bolow isa shoit description of some latge power trans- former, of Which all: have’ beet equipped with fiber optic sensors in thé main windings, some of them also with thermo- couples in core and structural parts, and to which additional, nonstandardized load tests have been made. The details are described in Sections TH-A-III-E below. ‘A. Three-Phase 250/250/75-MVA ONAF-Cooled Transformer ‘Tho’ rated’voltages of the 250-MVA transformer were * 230 + 8 x 1.5%/118/21 KV. The windings were, seen from the limb side, 118-KV main winding, 230-kV main winding, regulating winding, and 21-KV tertiary winding. The connec tion was YNya0dl1, and the short-circuit impedance in the 250/250-MYVA main direction 12%, The cil flow through the ° —— ° om wm mo “Time (min) Fig, 2. Example of the function fo) st estes ol low ONAF vig. os eas re o om wD ‘Time (min) ig. 3. Example of he fanction fot) ot urestcted ol flow ONAF 2igza8, windings was guided by oll guiding rings in a zig-zag pattern ‘The transformer was equipped with totaly 16 fiber optic sensors, eight in the 118-KV winding and eight inthe 230-kV winding according to the principles explained in {1}. Totally, 14 thermocouples were located in the te plates and outer core packets at the top level ofthe main windings of phase B, Tn addition othe normal delivery tess, including ONAN and ‘ONAF heat ron tests the following load tests were performed ‘on the unit at ONAF-cooling: + constant load current: 1.28 pa duration 13,5 hy + constant load current: 1.49 pus duration 15 b; + varying load current 1.00 p.u/3 h + 0.60 p.u./3 + 1.50 p.u./2h+0.30 pu./3 h-+2.10 pu /0.33 h, B. Three-Phase 400/400/125-MVA ONAF-Cooled Transformer ‘The 400/400/125-MVA, 410 + 6 x 1.339%/120/21 kV, “YNyn0dl I-connected transformer and its instrumentation have been in detail described in [1], and the description will not be repeated here. Its only repeated thatthe main windings were equipped with totally 16 fiber optic probes (eight in each one of them), the tie plates, outer core packets, and the yoke clamps ‘with totally 37 thermocouples, and thatthe additional load tests at ONAF-cooling were * constant load current: 1.00 pts; duration 12h; * constant load current: 1.29 p.v.; duration 10; + constant load current: 1,60 p.u, (max, available at the testing bay); duration 15 h (this test was part of the context); + varying load current: 1.00 p.u./6 h + 0.65 p-v./S + 1.60 p.u./3 b. ‘The oil flow through the windings was guided by oll guiding rings in a zig-zag. patter. The main windings in this trans- former are representative for the two basic cases “restricted~ Oa preengggignas on eves mv ou wee ae TABLE 1 [evr Dasa yom COMPUTER PancRAN 1 "he IEEE Loapavo Gumi (1995) Saece sae Eee “Transformer MVAT Winding kV aso/nie | 400/120 | ao0rnio | 6057 HV wabase | 250000 | ao0coo | 00000 | as 000 ° 1 ow 0 10 mo sm mm 420 ‘emp. base | 73 5 15 ss Time nia) rw | aurea | er i00 | o7i00 | 929800 1.4 Example ofthe frction fat) at etic ol flow OTAR. Perw | 29069 | s9778 | s9776_| 285000 i: a 4 wea [sn 000 [a00 000 [100 000 | 05 000 1 oan | a [a [aso | LO ee Ferree gacee Pete AOwanik | 58.6 se) 366 63 oa a Aeroark | 38a 380 iso [3a 0 = Aeroaik | 160 2a wa [me Ee: is wwe we we asi cl] Sere sas | ‘Tine (cin) en 3 a 55 1g 5." Fraihie ote fection fol) at uncestited cl Bow OFAR, as too | ose, | osm | oss 2 mol fr etx | 172200 | 215200 | r1s20 | 202977 il flow" (<2-mni radial spacers in the 120-kV winding) and ~ a ; Muncua | 39760 | 6722 | eran | eer “unrestrigted:oil flow” (3-mm radial spacers in the 410:kV = winding). Mrwona | 73887 |_91397 | oi3e7_| 78800 et eariiak : eure | 383 6 us {220 ©. Three-Phase.650-MVA ONAF-Cooled Transformer erien aaa m3 Ty oe “The: 650:MVA: transformer was 2 GSU vnit with the gp /e¢ | 38a 305 Sasi ean windings sedi fromthe limb side: Half of the EV-winding, the 1 so ee {IV-winding.and the other half of the LV-winding (Jouble-con- _®##0/°C e éentric). The two LV-windings were helical windings with axial __@xo/ 6] 284 354 Ea A cooling ducts (a0 oi! guiding rings) Also, the HV-winding was quipped, with axial cooling ducts. The top. tums of the inzer LLV-shell were equipped with a total of eight fiberoptic sensors. 1a adsition;to the normal heat run tests (ONAN and ONAF the following test-was made at ONAF-cooling: + constit load current: 1.20 pu; duration 15 h D: ‘Three-Phase 605-MVA OFAF.Cooled Transformer ‘Also, the 605-MVA transformer was a GSU unit. The wind ings were, seen from the limb side: Par of the HV-winding, the dlouble-shell LV vind, andthe main part of the HTV-winding “The ‘il creation through the windings was guided by oi aici ig in a 2ig-zag patter in such a way thatthe oil flow though the L.V-inding was resticted (<2-mm radial spacers) and though the HV-winding unresticted (@3-mm radial spacers). Th transformer was not a sealed OD (ie. the oil Circulation was not forced through the winding block) Totally, 24 fiber optic sensors were installed in the top discsftums of the outershell of the LV-winding and the outer part of the HY-winding. In adsition to the normal eat run tests, the following load tests were made at OFAF-cooling: + constant Yond current: 1.00 pans duration 12 hs + constant load current: 1.30 pus duration 1.2 hs + varging Toad current 1.00 p.u./5 h + 0.65 pau/5 b+ 80 pu. /0.83 b. E, Some Additional Data of the Transformers Tested This section is intended for those readers, who want to make an own verification of the curves in Section VIM, calculated ac- carding to Annex G of [3]. ‘Thus, input data for, the computer program in Annex G of [3] are given forthe transformers co0- sidered in Section VILL The main part ofthese data are collected in Table Tn order to make Table I reasonably short, he sym- bols used in Annex Gof [3] are used directly without a verbal ‘explanation (the seadets ace refered to Section G6 of (3). The tested parameters were obtained from 1.0-p.. steady state load as follows: + 400-MVA and 605-MYA units from the 1,00 pu/i2-h test; + 250-MVA unit: The tested parameters were deduced from {he 1.00 p.u/3-hstep ofthe varying load test and from the other thermal test; + 650-MVA init: The led 1.20 ps, was dealt with a 1.00 a. ip the calculations ‘The winding time constants deduced from the thermal ea- pacity of the material and the steady state average temperature rise above average oil temperature at 1.00 p.u. were Ie fiFo 250-MVA uniV/L18-kV winding:-6.0 min; (+ 400-MVA uni/120-kV winding: 5.3 min; P 400-MVA unit/410-KV winding: 8.2 min; + 605-MVA uniVHV-winding: 5.5 min; + 650-MVA uniVLV-winding: 5.8 min, “These winding time constants have been used for the 250-MVA, '400-MVA, and 605-MVA' units which are dealt with in Sec- Etion VIII below. ‘Other input data, common forall of the calculated units, were, + core loss: 100 W [in (1) and (2) above R= 1000 was used; + saled average winding temperature rise: 65°C; + winding conductor: 2 = copper; ‘ype fluid: 1 = oil; + overexcitation occurs: 0 = no; loading case: 2 (not cyclic loading); {ype of cooling’ unchanged during the tests. “The ainbient temperatures measured and used were as fol- lows: + 250-MYA unit The ambient temperature varied within the ranges 25.20 26.1°C during the test with varying load. A fixed value of 25.6°C was used in the calculations; + 400-MVA unit: The ambient temperature varied within, the ranges 23.7 to 25.9°C during the test with varying Joad, Fined values during the different loading steps were led as follows: 1.00 p.u./23.9°C + 0.65 p.u./24.5°C + 1,60 p.u-/25.0°G; + 605-MVA unit: The ambieat temperature increased from 229°C; to 29.0°C during the first load step (ic. during L00.p.u/5h, During the other load steps, the ambient tem- perature increased from 29.0 to 29.8°C. Tn the caleula- tions, a linear increase frorn 22.9 to 29.0°C was applied for the step 1.00 pau/5 h, A similar increase from 29.0 10 29.8°CS was applied forthe step 0.65 pauS h. A constant value of 29.8°C was psed for the step 13 p./083 h. A linear derease from 29.8 to 26.5°C was wed forthe last step after switeh-off, 650-MVA unit: The ambient temperature increased from 197°C to 25.5°C during the test 1.20 p15 h (from (05:00 in the morning to 20:00 inthe evening). “The ambient temperature was measured with heat sinks (oil filled cups with thermometers inserted) of a time constant of about 2.h. The sensors were loeated around the tesformers according to IECITBRE practice. TIL. NoRMALIZED Tims VARIATION OF WINDING Hor-SPOr "TeMPRATURE RISE AT LOAD INCREASE ‘Examples of the function f(t), illustrated in Fig. 1, will be shiown for diffecent cooling modes in this section, Since it is not practical to show the graph derived from measurement results for each cae, some of the graphs will be illustrated by their By and ,-values (see Fig. 1). A. Restricted/Unrestricted Oil Flow at ONAF Zig-Zag Cooling ‘The radial spacers in the 120-KV winding of the 400-MVA unit were 2 mm (Le. the oil flow through the winding was restricted). The horizontal cooling ducts in the 410-KV winding ‘OF POWER TRANSFORMERS ms ARLE TL > Ccrannerenumics on f(t) FoR Writs Wr RESTRICTED AND ‘UneestRICTED OW, LOW, ONAF, 10-240 Transt, | Tox Lvovingig V-windion, wa |p ® | tmia | | tymin too | as | x8 | tae | 90 4 [aa [20 | a | ia | a vo [an | mt | ia | a too fra] 76 | tas | 7 aso [ae [tae | 3s | tae [3a we | [30 | va | 2 154 - — i ~ AO os —— — 6 120 ‘Time (min) Fig. 6. Example of the fonction fa() foe pats. of the transformer allowed a full oil-circulation. ‘The corre sponding fs(®)-graphs for the load current 1.29 px. are shown, in Figs. 2 and 3. The B- and Ty-values obtained on the 250- and 400-MVA units are colleeted in Table UL Concerning the values in Table I it should be noted that + the By-values 1.75;2.01;2.11 were obtained on awinding with restricted ol flow. The other values were obtained on windings with unrestricted oil flow. + tho first load test on the 250-MIVA unit was the 1.28-pa test. ‘The test started when the oil was completely stag- nant Thus, the hot-spot overshoot factor was higher than it would have been in a transformer in service with acer- tain initial oi flow. From the values in Table II and the additional remarks Cov- coming the valucs, it seems reasonable fo model the hot-spot ‘overshoot phenomenon as follows: + the overshoot factor By is 2.0 for zig-zag cooled windings with restricted oil flow (= radial spacers < 2 mm), and 1.5 for 2ig-2ag cooled windings with uaresiricted oil flow dial apacers > 3 mm); + the overshoot time 7 is about 30 min in case of restricted oil flow, and about 40 min. in case of unrestricted oil flow. B. ONAF, Axial Cooling Ducts ‘The innermost LV-winding of the. 650-MVA GSU unit, 3 axialtegen : ACTIONS ON POW DBLIVERY, VOL 18,NO. 4 OCTORER 2003 TABLE ‘Caanactnassics oF f(t) Fon Ti PLATES, UTR CORE PACKETS, AND Toe “Yors: Clans oF tie 400-MVA TRANSFORMER Tie (ain) Pig’? Bxaipte af the fanction f(t) for omer core packets 0. eo 20.180, 240 900 ‘Time (min) Tig. 8, Beample of the function Ja( for top yoke clamps. a] DBO. 800 180, B00 foi) Tape min) singe in on) mos oe las ‘Thié,it-was oncluded that the hot-spot overshoot phenom: enon is basically. the same for-windings with 2ig-zag cooling and windinigs with axial cooling ducts. ©. Resiricted/Unrestricted Oil Flow at OFAF Zig-Zag Cooling ‘As in the 120-KV winding of the 400-MVA unit, the oil flow jn the LV-winding of the 605-MVA traisformer was restricted. ‘Thie‘oil low ithe HIV-windidig was wrirésticted. ‘The corre- poling f(t) -griphis forthe Load 1.00 piu: are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Also, inthis case; hot-spot overshoot phenomenon can be observed, although less pronounced than in case of ONAE- cooling'Tt seems reisonable to model the overshoot phentom- enon. by:Bp-= 13-for restricted oil flow and B, = 1.2 for unyesteiced oil flow ‘ Te | Tieplater ‘Outer core | Top yoke clamps packets w | timin. | _®% | tomina] > | Tymin too puso] | us | 9 | 200] 38 va fia] 2 [ize] 2 [onl 2 veo [se] te | wo | 3 fis] 25 TV, NORMALIZED Tie VARIATION oF HoT-SPor RISE IN ‘OUTER CORE PACKETS AND STRUCTURAL PARIS From the lead step 1.00 p..{[], Figs. 7,8}, tis obvious that the stray loss heating o the top yoke clamp, te plates, and outer core packes show a similar hot-spot overshoot phonomenon as the winding hotspots. Fig. 9 in [I], howeves, shows that this ‘was not valid for the bottom yoke clamp of the 400-MVA unit. Example curves from the 1.00-pa. test ofthe 400-MVA wnitare shown in Fig. 69. As explained in (1), the average of average oi and top olin tank (.e., 0.75 x Oro + 0.25 x Oyo) is used ‘as reference oil for tie plates and outer core packets. Reference for the yoke clamps ae top and botiom olin the tank. The overshoot factors obtained in he different tests om the 400-MVA unit ae shown in ‘Table TL ‘The bottom yoke clamp didnot show any hot-spot overshoot phenomenon in any ofthe tests onthe 400-MVA unit. “Te results in this section sow that the dynamic behavior of hot spots in te plates, outer core packets, and top yoke clamps shouldbe dealt witha load increase in the same way as winding, hotspots Y, NoRMALIZED Time VARIATION OF Hor-SPor ‘TuMPaRATURE RISE AT LOAD DECREASE An example of the hotspot decrease at load current switch-off is shown in Fig. 10. The cooling funetion was similar for winding hot-pets, for top oil in tank, for outer core packets, and for siuctrsl parts. Thus, the same function fall) = fa(®) could be used for the tp oil torm and the ino-spot- to op oil in tank term in (2) above 'A typical feature of the function fs(#) was that it shows sch sharper decrease than predicted by the oil ime constant. Tteould with good accuracy be modeled as follows ). ® ‘The time constant 735 varied within the ranges 100-400 min, ‘and 732 within the ranges 10-40 min, depending on the case idered, falt) =05x (140%) 05x (1-e ‘VI. PROPOSED CALCULATION PROCEDURE FOR WINDING Hor-Spor TEMPERATURE VARIATION AT VARYING LOAD Several calculation procedures for the winding teniperature response to step changes in the load current were developed from the test results obtained on the transformers described in an 7geusecouestegged Fy. 10. AOD-MVA tansfornes Time visistion of Rot spot wipes in We 1.60. test on the 8 Fig. 1 Puoetion f(t) generted by the honnalchaaceistics shown in “ble IV and defi forested oll ow, wien f(t) obtains the maximon ‘als 20 at ON an 13 at OF Section I. Bspecally, the function f(t) was based on the r= sulls shown in Setion TV, Except onthe transformers described in Section I, the methods were sted on the following tcans- formers equipped with fiberoptic sensors: * an ONAN-cooled single-phase 80-MVA GSU unit; + an ONAN/ONAF-cooled three-phase 600/1000-MVA su- toconaected nit, One ofthe procedures developed was based on transformer spe- cific data asthe winding and average ol time constants, This method has been proposed as the method for a revised IEC Loading Goide, and itis described below. “The femperature increase to a level corresponding to a Toad factor of K is given by (1), where 109» (1- <0) 7 fi) ho x (1 = eh ze ) ; “The tank top oll exponent x, the winding exponent y, the av- cexage ol time constant 7, tho Winding time constant ry, and ~ (ha - 1) x (-« % ins (0 1 1m no x0 30 eH 0 3D GD 79 7H 68) ED 30 “Te ig, 12, Hotspot température response of the 12044V winding. of the 4O.MVA ONAP cooled nit tthe load 1.00 pa./6 h-+- 0.85 pau./S b+ 160 p.n,/5 cove deeeweiagsas 0 © 2 m 0m wo a 30. @ TD ™ sD. HD ‘soi Fig. 13, Hotspot temperause response of ibe 410%V minting of the S0.MVA ONAP-cooled nit tthe oad 1.00 pu./5 h + 0.85 pau/S b+ 41.80 pa. 3 the constants kas, Kea, and kag are given in Table TV below. The values for the oil exponent 2 and the winding exponent y are parily based on own test results, and partly on [4] ‘The temperature decrease to a level corresponding to a load factor of K is given by (2), where fs(t) =e © fale) =0. o In several ONAN- and ONAF-load tests, the top ol (in tank) time constant deduced from the rising pat of the temperate curve was about half of the simultaneously deduced average ol in tank) time constant. Ths, it was desided thatthe mul- tiolying factor ky, ~ 0.5 shouldbe introduced. Additionally, it ‘vas obvious tha the factor fy, = 0.5 improved on an average the match between calculated and measured hot-spot responses at step changes inthe load current cooxpaced to kin = 1.0) for ONAN- and ONAF-cooled transformers. Ta winding of an ON- or OF-cooled trnsformer is zig-zag cooled, the smallestradial spacer thickness <2mm, feasible due to voltage stress reasons, might cause higher maximum values ‘of the function fo(t) than obtained by the values in Table FV.For such cass, the following values are recommended kat =.0 for ON, and kas = 148:f0r OF. The function fo( 0) wenezatedTABLE TV «sa eaSnecIONs ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL 18, NO. 4, OCTORER 2003 ST i rans v seconde Pt CeARACTERSTS ‘roman TE oF 2A Set ONAN [ ONAF | OFAF Wats [Anw | Tadeo [_Ravpaiimp re cues mara tua ean, | emp | tine/ min. [eee Teo | aes pe eoate ate matted | drat | sured Windingexponenty {ata | 1a | 13 come spe m0 | iaerae | ma [ ais | wos wan csr 0s | 369 2 Constant ky; 2.0 2.0 13 ) Sas woniva [asa [| seo | ara 10a [its Constant hn 20 | 20 | 10 onae [ase] _seo7 | ant | vag | ane Tine constant Gain)” [210 | 150 | 90 sty ind coat ty(nin) | 10 | 7 [7 m4 | sa0/a5e | tas [a | Tes, sow [ans assrees | ssa | 0 | sis ree Et 400MVA | 25.8 | 160/782 i240 | i344 | 127.2. Ft ona’ [asa] 1607 | iso | asna | vat ip seat & ip Ho | utosise | 769 | wa | ma iB: uaw [ass [owns [sa] oun [oe 2 ssomva [ass | 130/500 | uso | tara | usa i. ONAF | 253 | 0.30/ 710 528 394 | 498 £2 sa | 210/735 | wre | war | 107 3 av [a0 | iao/son | sta | ona | oes SELLE cosseva [Gea [ oasre0e | ea [oan | ono Dts es a aa aT Eee | | vocal coeff a ‘Tani Fig. 14° Hotpor compernue response of the L182V winding of the 250-MVA ONAF-cooled unt atthe lod 1.00 pa. /3 h + 0.60 pu /3 8 + 1S0pu/2 840.30 pu./S b> 210 pn f0.83h-+ 0.00 p.a ‘expec 60) oeeeseessss Bip! 15. Hoe spit tempecire response of the HV-winting of the GIS-MVA OFARcooled unit atte load 1.00 pu /5 b+ 0.65 pa./s b+ T30pu/0s3h+0.00p.u by the values in ‘Table 1V and the values specified for restricted cil flow ave shown in Fig. 11. Jt should be kept in mind that the purpose of this paper is to presenta calculation procedure representing a compromise be tween simplicity and accuracy. It is the intention to point out ‘inetiod demanding only genérally known transformer data (Gating plate data, temperature rises data) and yielding reason- able good accuracy. Especially, an effort has been seen to obtain ‘reasonable accuracy at increasing load steps, and therefore, (4) and (5) have been introduced, The accuracy at decreasing load steps has been considered (o be of ess importance. Thus, the ‘miore accurate (3) has been replaced by the simpler (6) and (7), ‘VIL. Compantson BETWEEN CALCULATED AND MEASURED ‘WINDING Hor-SPor TeMPHRATURE RESPONSES Winding hot-spot temperature responses obtained by the method explained in Section VII above (called IEC-draf), in Annex G of [3] (called IEEE method) and by measurement will be shown for some of the step load cascs described in Section IML. The eases chosen for the comparison are the two rain windings of the 400-MYA unit, and the hottest one of the to main windings of the 250- and 605-MYA units, Because it is difficult to distinguish between the curves in Fig. 12-15, the temperatures al the end of cach loading step are shown, in Table ¥. Additionally, the hot-spot temperatures in the 400-MYVA unit at steady state aro shown, “The proposed TEC method seems to yield values either on the safe side or with @ reasonable accuracy, especially at load increase, whereas the IEEE method shows a good accuracy in ‘general for ONAF-cooled units. This is especially valid for the 1.60-p.u, overload step ofthe 120-kV winding of the 400-MVA. unit (see Fig. 12), were the change of the oil viscosity played ‘an important role due to restricted ol flow. VII. Concvusions + the thermal overshoot effect at lond inerease is expressed in terms of a normalized time variation function f(t) for winding hot-spot rise above top oil in tank,Foxtmples of the function f(t) for: diferent oil flow modes through the windings (esvited zig-zag flow, un- restricted zig-zag flow, axial flow) and different cooling modes (ONAR, OFAF) are given. It is shown that f(t) ‘an obtain Yalues up to about 2.0 for ONAF and 1.3 for OFAF; «+ examples ofthe fanftion f(t) for hotspots in outer core packets and structural pars are shown; aye procedure for winding hot-spot temperature nse fo step changes in load current is proposed, The atthe proposed IFKC method yields values either on the «ative side or with aeasonable accuracy at load increasc. shown thatthe IEEE method yields a good accuracy, 2 psn ne mio epally. IEEE tan, Poet Delivery v.38 10-112 fn 20. a for O-impered Power Ronsfomer, [IEEE Cue for Lading Minere:DicinmersedTroiormes, SEB fes7SLi85 Fi) secant proce fr pone anos lec x0 129, pp. 1A, May 198, Has Norman at ladon i 0S sce PD {hee Mah tao Abo Ase Utes Tk, Pan, ‘Sn Slice 194k the ae of te lta ABB RAD ati "Lond Lanes sod Teroa Peano” bet Aes Power Pantone 19700 iota, be was with ABD Cay Reseach, Vans Connerly Stomber Re ‘each Cone, nring o amet eed pesomess (any, apes, Sie loc) leiepover eaipaea Fem 1H 198 be wat ‘te Development Eger Deparment Power Taalame Di ono ABB, Yau, Foland Ds Novaan sins’ of CLORE He eh can of Banish Na soa Commies iste over handormer Thal Commies (TC), ste comensof he Maltnsse eam NI: Revo of 354 Lowdng gee or asia pve astra, [Niclas Rafsback vas bon in Napes, Finland in 1976. He received tha B.S. ogee in seca] enginceing fom ih Swedith Polytechnic, Voss, Finland, i001 ‘Caren, he i¢ an Bloc ad Mechanica Designer with ful project espoasibity from offer to ode o final insallaion atthe Disutbaton Tans {ormer Division of ABB, Vaasa. His bachelor's tais Was devoted io hot spo! tempers respoose at tep changes in load een, and he mode a thorough analysis of he hotspot enpeatres in windings ore and stetwal pat ia the 250,400, and 605-MVA uansfomners presented in is pape. Dejan Sasa was bom in Split, Croatia, on May 22, 1972. He resied the Diploma Bigincer deyee in elecuical engineering fom ihe Universiy of [Nis etrical Ergneering faulty, Yugoslavia, in 2000. He received the MS. degree from Helsnk! University of Tecnology. Fintan, ia 2002. He Js corey pursiag the PAD. dogico in the Depactnent of Slectical Eegocerng at Helik! University of Technology Cute, hes doing research work (wansfonmec shot time ovedoning cm pally) atthe Helsinki Univesity of Technology, Power Systems Laboratory.