Critical Innovation for National Industrialization

Building local capacity for local development

Science to Society — Society to Science

Dr. Giovanni Tapang

Professor
National Institute of Physics
University of the Philippines Diliman

Far Eastern University

STS 2018
 Walkthrough

• Introduction

• Science and technology in the Philippines

• National industrial policy

• Critical innovation for national industrialization

State of science and technology
• Philippine science and technology

• Underdeveloped

• Stunted

• Reflected on statistics

• Education

• Industrial growth

• Reflected on livelihood

• Lack of industries

• Massive poverty
• 2012 data: Agri 12.3%, Industry 33.3 %, Services 54.4% (2011 est)
• Feb 2013 data: Agri 12.4 %, Industry 31.3%, Services 56.4 % (2012 est)

• “De-industrialization”
and shrinking manufacturing: As small as 1950s
Falling food production per capita, rising agricultural trade deficits
Overly reliant on cheap labor export (OFW), foreign capital and debt

SERVICE-DOMINATED, BACKWARD AGRARIAN, PRE-INDUSTRIAL

• 2012 data: Agri 12.3%, Industry 33.3 %, Services 54.4% (2011 est)
• Feb 2013 data: Agri 12.4 %, Industry 31.3%, Services 56.4 % (2012 est)

• “De-industrialization”
and shrinking manufacturing: As small as 1950s
Falling food production per capita, rising agricultural trade deficits
Overly reliant on cheap labor export (OFW), foreign capital and debt

SERVICE-DOMINATED, BACKWARD AGRARIAN, PRE-INDUSTRIAL

 Overseas Remittances,
1980-2009 (US$ million, % of GDP)
20,000 12

18,000 OFW remittances (US$ million)

As percentage of GDP (% ) 10
16,000

14,000
8

US$ million, current

12,000

% of GDP
10,000 6

8,000

4
6,000

4,000
2

2,000

0 0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year

• SWS surveys:
• (1Q 2013): 25.4%
unemployment
• (4Q 2013): 27.5 %
unemployment
• 47.2%-49 % in the 18-24 age
range, 30.2% -32.9 % for 25-34
(Dec 2012 SWS)
52.3 % in the 18-24 age
•
range (4Q 2013 SWS)
• Around 10.6 million unemployed
(IBON) + 5 million (due to
Yolanda)
 Weak Manufacturing
• Manufacturing industry has been weak, growth has been slow and
contribution to value added and employment has been limited.

• ..Industrial structure remained “hollow” or “missing” in middle and

medium enterprises... never seriously challenged the large
entrenched incumbents.

• Linkages between SMEs and large enterprises [remain] limited

• …Heavy concentration of Philippine exports on three major

products groups: electronics, garments and textiles and auto parts

• Within these major product groups, exports are highly concentrated

in low value added and labor-intensive products sectors.

Twenty Years after Philippine Trade Liberalization and Industrialization: What Has Happened and Where Do We Go from Here 

Rafaelita M. Aldaba, Philippine Institute for Development Studies 

DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2013-21
 Brain Drain Worsens
• In 1998, there were 9,877 outbound science workers. In
2009, the number has grown to 24,502 (2.5x)

• More than half of these are health professionals and nurses

while a fifth are engineers.

• 23 % of total science workers pool go abroad to seek

employment.

• Philippines ranked 96 out of 139 nations in terms of

availability of scientists and engineers in the 2010-2011
Global Competitiveness Report by the World Economic
Forum.

Emigration of Science and Technology Educated Filipinos (1998-2006) and 2011 DOST SEI studies
 Brain Drain Worsens
• The number of scientists and engineers currently
engaged in research and development (R&D)
activities across the Philippines is about 8,800.

• Allocation for DOST comes to only 0.085% of GDP 


(1/3 of Thailand's 0.26% and 1/8 of Malaysia's 0.69%) [2012]

• UNESCO Science Report 2010: researcher

population density of the Philippines is 1 per 12,345
population in 2009. 

Singapore (one per 164), Thailand (one per 3,215), Indonesia
(one per 6,172) and Vietnam (one per 8,695).

Emigration of Science and Technology Educated Filipinos (1998-2006) and 2011 DOST SEI studies
 Current situation
• Lack of basic industries

• No program for rural

industrialization,
agricultural modernization

• No genuine infrastructure
in energy, transportation,
communications,
information technology
and basic services
 National
Industrialization
 National industrialisation
• Maximum self-sufficiency in industrial Heavy industries
production of capital goods
 base metals, basic
chemicals, petrochemicals,
pharmaceuticals, machinery,
precision instruments,
electronics, and consumer
• Key to establishment of modern and durables.
LEADING FACTOR
diversified industrial economy
• Secure livelihood
• Satisfy basic needs Light industries
processing of grains, cereals,
• Ensure rapid and sustained economic growth
 fruits and vegetables,
beverages and dairy products,
meat and poultry; aquaculture
• Production primarily for domestic and fisheries, clothing-footwear,
textile and garment industries

consumption not exports and mass housing

• Generate and mobilize domestic capital BRIDGING FACTOR

• Generate and develop domestic market
• Create jobs with living wage Agriculture
• Raise purchasing power of peasantry (modernized and
mechanized)
BASE
 ...as opposed to...

• Export of agricultural and

extractive raw materials
• Importation of surplus finished
goods, agricultural
commodities and capital,
• Re-export of reassembled or
repackaged imported
manufactures
 Is there economic basis for
national industrialization?

• Comprehensively rich natural

resource base
• Metals, minerals, energy,
biodiversity, marine resources

• Skilled forces of production

• Workers, peasants,
professionals (incl. scientists
and technologists)
 Some features of
a national industrialization policy
 Public sector control and
operation of vital industries
• Nationalization of vital and
strategic enterprises
• Main source of raw materials
• Main lines of distribution
• All public utilities
• Social services (housing, health,
education, social security)

• Dismantle and control big

monopoly commercial
operations
Active/biased support for Filipino firms

• Tariff protection Heavy industries

• chemicals, petrochemicals,
Cheap/subsidized credit
• Tax exemptions/credits
• Bias for Filipino firms in government
procurement
• Build state enterprises and/or public
control
base metals, basic
pharmaceuticals, machinery,
precision instruments,
electronics, and consumer
durables.
LEADING FACTOR
Light industries
processing of grains, cereals,
fruits and vegetables,
beverages and dairy products,
meat and poultry; aquaculture
and fisheries, clothing-footwear,
textile and garment industries
and mass housing
BRIDGING FACTOR

Agriculture
(modernized and
mechanized)
BASE
 Limited foreign corporations and
entities in manufacturing enterprises

• Foreign investments will be

allowed only in clearly
unreplicable advantages in terms
of technology transfer or access
to capital, products and markets
• Equity limits: may be allowed a
minority share (not more than
40%)
• Real technology transfer
• Local content and local labor
requirements
 Financing National Industries

• Public finance to maximize funds for the

realization of the strategic plan
• Eliminate bureaucratic, military and other
counterproductive expenditures (aka
pork barrel)
• Remove automatic appropriation for
foreign debt service
• Balance accumulation and consumption
Legislator → NGO
2007-2009
size of lines correspond to
amount of money transferred

Text

Network Visualization of
PDAF releases 2007-2009
nodes = Legislator and NGOs
thickness of lines = amount of money
Anong nawawala dahil sa pork?
Genuine national development
with a domestic industrial policy
 Agrarian Reform and Rural Development
• National industrialization is based on
agrarian reform and a dynamic rural Heavy industries
base metals, basic
chemicals, petrochemicals,
economy pharmaceuticals, machinery,
• precision instruments,
Land distribution electronics, and consumer
• durables.
Stronger agri-industry linkages
LEADING FACTOR

• Improved farming technologies

• Break agricultural cartels (ex. rice, corn) Light industries
processing of grains, cereals,
fruits and vegetables,
beverages and dairy products,
meat and poultry; aquaculture
and fisheries, clothing-footwear,
textile and garment industries
and mass housing
BRIDGING FACTOR

Agriculture
(modernized and
mechanized)
BASE
 Agriculture as base
Heavy industries
base metals, basic
chemicals, petrochemicals,
pharmaceuticals, machinery,
precision instruments,
• electronics, and consumer
Provide means of subsistence durables.
• Source of industrial raw materials LEADING FACTOR
• Vast market for industrial products;
• Main reservoir of labor power for Light industries
industry and other sectors of processing of grains, cereals,
fruits and vegetables,
beverages and dairy products,
economy meat and poultry; aquaculture
and fisheries, clothing-footwear,
• Important source of accumulation textile and garment industries
and mass housing
funds BRIDGING FACTOR
• Biotechnology, high yield farming,
low inputs, efficency, etc.
Agriculture
(modernized and
mechanized)
BASE
Heavy industry is leading factor
Heavy industries
base metals, basic
• Provide modern machinery, chemicals, petrochemicals,
pharmaceuticals, machinery,
motor power, chemical precision instruments,
electronics, and consumer
fertilizers, pesticides, and other durables.
means of production for LEADING FACTOR
agriculture
• Produces various light industrial
machines and light industrial Light industries
processing of grains, cereals,
fruits and vegetables,
raw materials
 beverages and dairy products,
meat and poultry; aquaculture
and fisheries, clothing-footwear,
textile and garment industries
and mass housing
• Provides necessary conditions BRIDGING FACTOR
for technical innovation and
development of the national
economy as a whole and Agriculture
(modernized and
guaranteeing independence mechanized)
BASE
Light industry as a bridging factor
Heavy industries
base metals, basic
chemicals, petrochemicals,
pharmaceuticals, machinery,
precision instruments,
electronics, and consumer
• Produces necessary consumer durables.

goods for rural and urban LEADING FACTOR

areas
• Indispensable in raising living Light industries
standards processing of grains, cereals,
fruits and vegetables,
beverages and dairy products,
• Requires smaller investments meat and poultry; aquaculture
and fisheries, clothing-footwear,
but provides quick returns textile and garment industries
and mass housing
• Accumulation fund for BRIDGING FACTOR
expansion of heavy industry
Agriculture
(modernized and
mechanized)
BASE
Prospects?
Prospects?
 Science and technology for the people
• Committed to people’s interests

• Science for people’s requirements and needs

• Responsive and constantly plans

• Development and management

• Science, technology and natural resources

• Consciously linked on people’s needs

Greatest and continuing challenge is to make science and

technology and progress serve the benefit of the majority
Addressing a Crucial Need for Philippine Math and Science Education
• STEM education (science, technology, engineering
and math) as anchor of any competitive society

• Need to develop educational modernization

strategies that are high impact yet cost effective
“Students who engaged in hands-on activities every day or once a
week scored significantly higher on a standardized test of
science achievement than students who engaged in hands-on
activities once a month, less than once a month, or never.”
P.M. Stohr-Hunt, “An analysis of frequency of hands-on experience and science achievement”,
Journal of Research in Science Teaching 33, 101-109 (1996).

Hands-on learning is the best teacher

 modern science education to all
interdisciplinary project funded by DOST and UP OVPAA EIDR
sync.bio.optics.comp at least 100 ready-to- experimental modules in physics, chemistry,
biology, environmental science and engineering.
collaborative program to address the critical need for science
laboratories in the Philippines

This project is funded by the DOST GIA and the UP OVPAA EIDR physical computing
sensing and controlling the physical world with computers
sensors and actuators

Arduino Raspberry Pi sensors

sensor networks nrf24L01+ Zigbee
internet of things
Bluetooth LE Beaglebone pervasive networks of computers
metrology biology environmental highly available web of sensors and actuators
science engineering chemistry Intel low power transmission and reception
Galileo Arduino Leonardo load
sensors calibration MEMS

sync.bio.optics.comp
 Free/Open-
source hardware
! No patents but an open
source license on design
! DIY, modify, share, copy,
distribute, sell the
products freely
! Can be applied to any
hardware design (radio,
washing machine,
computer chip, tractor,
etc.)
! examples: Freeduino,
RepRap, Monome etc.
 Making things move
! Low cost, open source hardware
! Free, open source software editing tools
! Large library of open source contributed code for
sensors, storage, communications, etc
! Large community of hobbyists, academics, etc
! Connections to other open source projects:
Wiring, Processing, 1-Wire, Fatlib, etc
! Vendors selling open source add-ons (shields) to
basic board
 Beyond electronics
• Replicating objects

• 3D printers

• CNC machines

• laser cutters
 Beyond electronics
• Replicating objects

• 3D printers

• CNC machines

• laser cutters
 Beyond electronics
• Replicating objects

• 3D printers

• CNC machines

• laser cutters
 Beyond electronics
• Bio-mimesis

• Wetware

• Moistware
Microfluidics chamber and pump
 VISSER
collaborative work

A low-cost microcontroller-based underwater camera was Various gas sensors (left) interfaced with the VISSER handheld
developed to monitor sea cucumber activities (Dr. Annette for analysis of residual gas combustion products inside a wind
Menez, MSI) tunnel (right). (Dr. Mylene Cayetano, IESM)
 VISSER
collaborative work

Chemistry students from Tarlac State University (TSU) using the VISSER and Vernier handheld devices.
 VISSER
collaborative work

Fabricated CO2 Incubator for human cancer High vacuum system for ionic liquids (Dr. Imee Su-Martinez)
cell exposure study (Dr. Sonia Jacinto)
synchronization bio-optics and networks pervasive
and signals
astronomical
computing
instruments

sync.bio.optics
sync.bio.optics.comp
Man can find meaning in
life, short and perilous as
it is, only through devoting
himself to society.

Excerpts “Why Socialism?”, 1949, Monthly Review, A

 Changing the world
● Collaboration of social scientists,
physical scientists and data scientists,
engineers and ordinary people!
● Making science and technology serve
the interest of the people





Giovanni Tapang

sync.bio.optics.comp

gtapang@nip.upd.edu.ph