Ee The base of natural loga- entrained water or gas to build up in front of
rithms. the orifice.
EABI Embedded Applica-
tion Binary Interface; estab-
lishes object code standards
for embedded applications
of software so as to allow
developers to easily migrate
and reuse code from processor to processor.
EAPROM Electrically alterable programma-
ble read-only memory; memory that can be
selectively altered using an electrical field
rather than ultraviolet (as with EPROMs);
sometimes the field can be controlled so as to
be selective, without erasing all the stored
data (as with EPROMs). See EPROM.
earing The formation of a scalloped edge
around a deep-drawn sheet metal part as a
result of directional properties in the blank
material.
earliest actuation (ACTN) point The value
that is closest to the normal operating point
of the process variable at which a bistable or
channel could be expected to actuate.
[ANSI/ISA-TR67.04.08-1996]
early trip contacts An independent set of
contacts in timing equipment. They will
switch at a set point that occurs before the
end of a timing or count cycle.
earphone An electrically driven acoustic
transducer that is intended to operate in the
audio frequency range and to be held against
the ear when used.
earth That electrical potential that is common
to Earth. The British term for the U.S. term
ground.
ebullition The act of boiling or bubbling.
EC European Community; group of Euro-
pean countries banded together for common
agricultural and economic policies: Belgium,
Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland,
Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portu-
gal, Spain, United Kingdom; not to be con-
fused with the EU.
ECC Error checking and correction; error cor-
recting code. Form of "self- correcting" mem-
ory.
eccentric Describing any rotating mecha-
nism whose center of rotation does not coin-
cide with the geometric center of the rotating
member.
eccentric orifice An orifice whose center does
not coincide with the centerline of the pipe or
tube. Usually, the eccentricity is toward the
bottom of a pipe that is carrying flowing gas
and toward the top of a pipe carrying liquid.
This tends to promote the passage of
entrained water or air rather than allowing
167
echo 1. A reflected wave that is returned with
sufficient amplitude and phase-shift delay to
be detected as a wave that is distinct from the
wave originally transmitted. 2. To reflect
received data to the sender. For example,
keys depressed on keyboard are usually ech-
oed as characters displayed on screen. As a
security check, the transmitted message is
repeated back to sender.
echo check A check of the accuracy of a
transmission in which the information that
was transmitted to an output device is
returned to the information source and com-
pared with the original information to ensure
the accuracy of the output.
echoplex A method for verifying transmitted
data by echoing the characters transmitted
back to the source device for the sake of com-
parison. See echo check.
echo ranging A form of active sonar. The
sonar equipment generates pulses of sound
and then determines distance to underwater
objects by precisely measuring the time it
takes for a pulse a narrow, focused sound
beam to reach an object, be reflected, and
return to a known location, usually one adja-
cent to the transmitter. The direction to the
object can also be found using this method.
echosonogram A graphic display, such as an
echocardiogram, that is determined by using
ultrasonic pulse-echo techniques.
echo sounding Determining the depth of
water below a vessel or platform by using
sonic or ultrasonic pulse-echo techniques.
economic lot size The number of items that
must be manufactured in each setup or pur-
chased on each order so as to minimize the
costs of manufacturing, purchasing, setup,
inspection, and warehousing over a certain
time, usually a year or longer.
economizers Heat exchangers that are used
to recover excess thermal energy from pro-
cess streams. Economizers are used for pre-
heating feed and as column reboilers. In
some systems, the reboiler for one column is
the condenser for another.
EDC Error detection and correction; form of
"self -correcting" memory.
eddy A whirlpool of fluid.
eddy current 1. A circulating current that is
induced in a conductive material by a chang-
ing electromagnetic field. 2. An electric cur-
rent that is set up in the near-surface region
of a metal part by the induction that results
from the electromagnetic field of an external
coil carrying an alternating current. Eddy
eddy current tachometer / effluent
currents are used to generate heat or electro-
magnetic fields for use in such applications
as induction heating, the electromagnetic
sorting and testing of materials, vibration
damping in spacecraft, and various types of
instrumentation.
eddy current tachometer A device for mea-
suring rotational speed that has been used
extensively in automotive speedometers. It
consists of a permanent magnet revolving in
close proximity to an aluminum disk, which
is pivoted to turn against a spring. As a mag-
net revolves, it induces eddy currents in the
disk, setting up torque that acts against the
spring. The amount of disk deflection is indi-
cated by a moving pointer that is directly
coupled to the disk.
EDG Electronic dot generation; method for
producing halftones electronically on scan-
ners.
edge filter An interference filter that abruptly
shifts from transmitting to reflecting over a
narrow range of wavelengths.
EDI Electronic data interchange; computer-
to- computer exchange of structured transac-
tional information between autonomous
computers.
edit 1. To rearrange data or information. Edit-
ing may involve deleting unwanted data
selecting pertinent data applying format
techniques inserting symbols such as page
numbers and typewriter characters applying
standard processes, such as zero suppression
and testing data for reasonableness and
proper range. Editing is sometimes further
distinguished between input editing (rear-
ranging source data) and output editing (pre-
paring table formats). [ISA-RP55.1-1975
(R1983)] 2. To organize data for subsequent
processing on a computer.
editor 1. A routine that performs editing
operations. 2. A system program for amend-
ing source code programs in high-level lan-
guage or assembly languages.
EDO Extended data out; high-performance
dynamic random access memory (DRAM).
eductor 1. A device that withdraws a fluid by
aspiration and mixes it with another fluid. 2.
Using water, steam, or air to induce the flow
of other fluids from a vessel. See injector.
EECS Electrical Equipment Certification Ser-
vice. British certification laboratory for test-
ing the equipment of different vendors to
some common standard.
EES Enterprise execution system; software
packages to help reconcile top-down busi-
ness planning with bottom-up production
execution requirements for such functions as
168
planning, production, and distribution
issues. See MES, DES (distribution execution
system).
EEx The designation for an explosion-pro-
tected electrical apparatus that complies with
harmonized CENELEC standards. [ANSI/
ISA-12.01.01-1999]
effect A change in output that is produced by
some outside phenomena, such as elevated
temperature, pressure, humidity, or radia-
tion. [ISA-RP67.04.02-2000]
effective address 1. A Modified address. 2.
The address that is actually considered as
being used in a particular execution of a
computer instruction.
effective bandwidth An operating character-
istic of a specific transmission system. It is
equal to the bandwidth of an ideal system
whose uniform pass-band transmission
equals the maximum transmission of the real
system. In addition, its transmitted power is
the same as the real system for equal input
signals that have a uniform distribution of
energy at all frequencies.
effective cutoff frequency A transducer
characteristic that is expressed as the fre-
quency at which the insertion loss between
two terminating impedances exceeds the loss
at some reference frequency in the transmis-
sion band by a specified value.
effective resistance Alternating current resis-
tance. It is measured as the power in watts
dissipated as heat divided by the current in
amperes squared. Effective resistance
includes resistance to direct current and
resistance caused by eddy currents, hystere-
sis, and skin effect.
effective value The root-mean-square value
of a cyclically varying quantity. It is deter-
mined by finding the average of the squares
of the values throughout one cycle and tak-
ing the square root of the average.
efficiency 1. The ratio of output to the energy
input. The efficiency of a boiler is the ratio of
heat absorbed by water and steam to the heat
equivalent of the fuel fired. [ISA-77.41-1992] 2.
In manufacturing, the average output of a
process or production line expressed as a per-
centage of its expected output under ideal
conditions. 3. The ratio of useful energy that is
supplied by a dynamic system to the energy
supplied to it over a given period of time. 4.
The ratio of the work done by a heat engine to
the heat energy absorbed by it, also known as
"thermal efficiency."
effluent Liquid waste that is discharged from
an industrial processing facility or waste
treatment plant.

effluvium Waste by-products of food or
chemical processing.
E format In FORTRAN, an exponential type
of data conversion that is denoted by Ew.d,
where w is the number of characters to be
converted as a floating-point number with d
spaces reserved for the digits to the right of
the decimal point. For example, E11.4 yields
000.5432E03 as input, 543.2 internally, and
0.5432E+03 as output.
EFT Electrical fast transient; burst surge
interference to electrical and digital signals.
EFTA European Free Trade Association; Aus-
tria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden,
Switzerland.
EGA Enhanced Graphics Adapter (or Array);
video standard (for IBM PC in 1984); allows
sixteen out of possible sixty-four colors to be
used; can emulate all modes of earlier CGA,
adding 320 x 200, 640 x 200, and 640 x 350
pixels with sixteen colors; see CGA, PGA,
SVGA, UXGA, VGA, XGA.
E-glass In the construction of glass-bulb-type
pH sensors, this term is used for the mem-
branes of electrodes for processes in which
measurements are to be made in acid media.
E-glass is suitable for use at higher process
temperatures. See G-, L-, and S-glass.
EIA 1393A A user-level format and protocol
(promulgated by the Electronics Industry
Association) for the bidirectional transfer of
digitally encoded information in a manufac-
turing environment.
EIA 485 A format and protocol of the Elec-
tronics Industry Association that specifies
the electrical characteristics of generators
and receivers to be used in balanced digital
multipoint systems.
EIA interface A serial word transfer in ASCII
characters with RS-232C logic levels, as, for
example, between the computer and a man-
ual operator.
EIA-SP 1907B An international building wir-
ing standard issued by the Electronics Indus-
try Association that formalizes cabling
practices, distances, installation practices,
and media types.
EIS Extended instruction set; enterprise infor-
mation system. Integrated computer data-
base for all aspects of corporate business
including process and materials manage-
ment functions across many plant locations.
ejection 1. The physical removal of an object
from a specific site—such as a cast or molded
product from a die cavity by hand, com-
pressed air, or mechanical means. 2. The
emergency expulsion of a passenger com-
partment from an aircraft or spacecraft. 3.
169
effluvium / elbow meter
The withdrawal of fluid from a chamber by
the action of a jet pump or eductor.
ejector A device that utilizes the kinetic
energy in a jet of water or other fluid to
remove a fluid or fluent material from tanks
or hoppers
ejector condenser A direct-contact condenser
in which vacuum is maintained by a jet of
high-velocity injection water. The condenser
simultaneously condenses the steam and dis-
charges water, condensate, and noncondens-
able gases into the atmosphere or into the
next stage ejector.
elastance The reciprocal of capacitance.
elastic chamber The portion of a pres-
sure-measuring system that is filled with the
medium whose pressure is being measured
and that expands and collapses elastically
with changes in pressure. Examples include
Bourdon tube, bellows, flat or corrugated
diaphragm, spring-loaded piston, or a com-
bination of two or more single elements,
which may be the same or different types.
elastic collision A collision between two or
more bodies in which their internal energy
remains constant and the kinetic energy of
translation for the combination of bodies is
conserved.
elastic scattering A collision between two
particles, or between a particle and a photon,
in which total kinetic energy and momentum
are conserved.
elastomer A material that can be stretched to
approximately twice its original length with
relatively low stress at room temperature.
When the stretching force is released, the
material returns forcibly to about its original
size and shape.
elastomeric energized liner A resilient elas-
tomeric ring under the main liner in a butter-
fly valve body is compressed by the disk
acting through the main liner. This generates
a resilient sealing action between the disk
and the main liner. [ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-
2000]
elastoresistance The change in the resistance
of a material when it is stressed within its
elastic limit. A concept used in the design of
some sensors.
elbow 1. A fitting that connects two pipes at
an angle. The angle is usually 90°, but it may
be any other angle less than 100°. 2. Any
sharp bend in a pipe.
elbow meter A pipe elbow that is used as a
flow measurement device. A pressure tap is
placed at both the inner and outer radius,
and the pressure differential caused by dif-
electrical apparatus category 'ia' / electrical pumping
ferences in flow velocity between the two
flow paths is measured.
electrical apparatus category 'ia' An electri-
cal apparatus that is incapable of causing
ignition in normal operation and when a sin-
gle fault and any combination of two faults is
applied. The safety factors are as follows:
1.5—in normal operation and with one fault;
1.0—with two faults.
electrical apparatus category 'ib' An electri-
cal apparatus that is incapable of causing
ignition in normal operation and when a sin-
gle fault applied, with the following safety
factors: 1.5—in normal operation and with
one fault; 1.0—with one fault, if the appara-
tus contains no unprotected switch contacts
in parts that are likely to be exposed to a
potentially explosive atmosphere and the
fault is self-revealing.
electrical apparatus An item that is applied
as a whole or in part to utilize electrical
energy. It includes, among others, equipment
for generating, transmitting, distributing,
storing, measuring, regulating, converting,
and consuming electrical energy. It also
includes items for telecommunication. [ISA-
12.01.01-1999]
electrical circuits low-voltage circuit A cir-
cuit that involves a potential of not more
than 30 volts. It is supplied by a primary bat-
tery or by a standard Class 2 transformer or
other suitable transforming device. It can
also be supplied by a suitable combination of
transformer and fixed impedance that hash
output characteristics that comply with Class
2 transformer requirements. A circuit that is
derived from a supply source classified as a
high-voltage circuit (by connecting resistance
in series with the supply circuit to limit the
voltage and current) is not considered a
low-voltage circuit.
electrical conductivity A material character-
istic that indicates the relative ease with
which electrons flow through the material.
The usual units of conductivity are %IACS,
which relates the conductivity to that of
annealed pure copper. Electrical conductivity
is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.
electrical discharge machining A machining
method in which stock is removed by melt-
ing and vaporization under the action of
rapid, repetitive spark discharges through a
dielectric fluid flowing in the intervening
space between a shaped electrode and the
workpiece. It is often referred to by its abbre-
viation, EDM. Process variations include
electrical discharge grinding and electrical
discharge drilling. Also known as "electro-
170
erosive machining," "electron discharge
machining," and "electrospark machining."
electrical/electronic/programmable electronic
systems (E/E/PES) When used in this con-
text, electrical refers to logic functions that are
performed by electromechanical techniques
(e.g., electromechanical relay, motor-driven
timers, etc.). Electronic refers to logic func-
tions that are performed by electronic tech-
niques (e.g., solid-state logic, solid-state
relay, etc.). Programmable Electronic System
refers to logic that is performed by program-
mable or configurable devices (e.g., a pro-
grammable logic controller [PLC]), single-
loop digital controller [SLDC], etc.). Field
devices are not included in E/E/PES.
[ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996]
electrical engineering A branch of engineer-
ing that deals with the practical applications
of electricity, especially the generation, trans-
mission, and utilization of electric power by
means of current flow in conductors.
electrical insulation There are four types of
electrical insulation: 1. Basic—Insulation that
is applied to live parts to provide basic pro-
tection against electric shock. 2. Supplemen-
tary— Independent insulation that is applied
in addition to basic insulation to provide
protection against electric shock if basic insu-
lation fails. 3. Protective (double)—Insulation
that comprises both basic insulation and sup-
plementary insulation. 4. Reinforced—A sin-
gle insulation system that is applied to live
parts to protect them against electric shock (it
is equivalent to double insulation).
electrically alterable read-only memory
(EAROM) A type of computer memory
that is normally unchangeable. Its contents
can be changed only under special condi-
tions.
electrically erasable and programmable
read-only memory
(EEPROM) Nonvolatile memory that may
be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
electrically operated extensions Usually a
highly sensitive induction-type device for
signaling high or low flows or deviations
from any set flow. The device consists of a
sensing coil that is positioned around the
extension tube of the rotameter. Moving the
metering float into the field of the coil causes
a low-level signal change that is usually
amplified to a level suitable for performing
annunciator or control functions.
electrical pumping The deposition of energy
into a laser medium by passing either an
electrical current or discharge or a beam of
electrons through the material.
electrical resistivity / electric-resistance-type liquid-level detector
electrical resistivity A characteristic of mate-
rial that indicates that material's relative
resistance to the flow of electrons. The usual
units of resistivity are ohm-m (SI) or ohms
per circular-mil foot (U.S. customary). It is
the reciprocal of electrical conductivity.
electrical spacing There are three kinds of
electrical spacing. 1. Basic: Physical separa-
tion between conductive parts to provide
basic protection against electrical shock. 2.
Supplementary: Physical separation that is
used in addition to basic insulation to protect
against electric shock if the basic insulation
fails. 3. Protective: Increased physical separa-
tion between conductive parts to protect
against electric shock (equivalent to double
insulation).
electrical steel Low-carbon steel that con-
tains 0.5 percent to 5 percent Si or other
material. Electrical steel is produced specifi-
cally to have enhanced electromagnetic
properties, which are suitable for making the
cores of transformers, alternators, motors,
and other iron-core electric machines. Con-
trast with electric steel.
electrical terminals There are four types of
electrical terminals. 1. Field-wiring terminal:
Any terminal to which a supply circuit wire
is intended to be connected by an installer in
the field. 2. Measuring or testing terminal:
An external terminal or connector of the
equipment to which a connection is made to
serve the equipment's function. 3. Measuring
or testing grounded terminal: An external
terminal of a grounded measuring or testing
circuit that is internally connected to the
equipment's protective grounding system
and is intended to be connected to the
grounded side of the external circuit to
which it is attached. 4. Protective grounding
terminal: A terminal that is connected to the
equipment's protective grounding system
and is intended to be externally connected to
earth ground.
electrical tests There are two types of electri-
cal tests. 1. Routine test: A test that is per-
formed on each piece of equipment during
the production process. 2. Type test: A test
that is performed on one or more pieces of
equipment, which are representative of a
type, in order to determine whether the
design, construction, and manufacturing
methods comply with the requirements
according to standard
electric boiler A boiler in which electric heat-
ing means serve as the source of heat.
171
electric chart drive A clocklike mechanism
driven by an electric motor, which advances
a circular or strip chart at a preset rate.
electric contact Either of two opposing, elec-
trically conductive buttons or other shapes
that allow current to flow in a circuit when
they touch each other. They are usually
attached to a spring-loaded mechanism that
is mechanically or electromagnetically oper-
ated so as to control whether or not the con-
tacts touch.
electric controller An assembly of devices
and circuits that turns electric current to an
electrically driven system off and on in
response to a stimulus. In most instances, the
assembly also monitors and regulates one or
more characteristics of the electric supply—
voltage or amperage, for example.
electric/electronic extensions A system that
converts float position into a proportional
electric signal (either AC or DC). It may also
convert float position into a proportional
shift or unbalance in impedance, which is
balanced by a corresponding shift in imped-
ance in the receiving instrument.
electric field A condition within a medium
or evacuated space that imposes forces on
stationary or moving electrified bodies in
direct relation to their electric charges.
electric field strength The magnitude of an
electric field vector.
electric heating Any method for converting
electric energy into heat, but especially those
methods that involve resistance to the pas-
sage of electric current.
electric hygrometer An instrument that uses
an electrically powered sensing means to
determine the humidity of ambient atmo-
sphere.
electric instrument An indicating device for
measuring the electrical attributes of a sys-
tem or circuit. Contrast with electric meter.
electricity meter A device for indicating the
time integral of an electrical quantity.
electric meter A recording or totalizing
instrument that measures the amount of elec-
tric power that is generated or used as a
function of time. Contrast with electric instru-
ment.
electric-resistance-type liquid-level
detector A device for detecting the pres-
ence of liquid at a given point. It consists of
an electric probe that is insulated from the
side of a vessel and positioned so that the
end of the probe is at the desired liquid level.
In operation, a small electric voltage is
impressed between the probe and the vessel.
If liquid exists at the probe level, current
electric steel / electrodeposition
flows in the circuit but does not flow if the
liquid is below probe level. Simple electrical
systems are used when the solution has a
resistivity of less than 20,000 ohm-cm, but
electronic systems can extend the range to
20-million ohm-cm. Two probes, widely sep-
arated, can be used to control the level
between high and low limits or to provide
high-level and low-level alarms.
electric steel Any steel that is melted in an
electric furnace, which allows close control of
composition. Also known as electric-furnace
steel. Contrast with electrical steel.
electric stroboscope A device that uses an
electric oscillator or similar element to pro-
duce precisely timed pulses of light. Oscilla-
tor frequency can be controlled over a wide
range so that the device can be used to deter-
mine the frequency of a mechanical oscilla-
tion (for instance, the rpm of a rotating shaft
or the frequency of a mechanical vibration)
by determining the light-pulse frequency at
which the object appears motionless.
electric tachometer An electrically powered
instrument for determining rotational speed,
usually in rpm.
electric telemeter An apparatus for remotely
detecting and measuring a quantity, includ-
ing the detector intermediate means, the
transmitter, the receiver, and the indicating
device. The transmitted signal is conducted
electrically into the remote indicating or
recording station.
electric thermometer An instrument that
uses electrical means to measure and indi-
cate temperature.
electric transducer A type of transducer in
which all input, output, and intermediate
signals are electric waves.
electroacoustic transducer A type of trans-
ducer in which the input signal is an electric
wave, and the output is a sound wave, or
vice versa.
electrochemical cell or battery An electro-
chemical system that is capable of storing in
chemical form the electric energy it receives
and can give it back by reconversion. [ISA-
12.16.01-1999 (IEC 79-7 Mod)]
electrochemical cleaning The process of
removing soil through the chemical action
that is induced by passing an electric current
through an electrolyte. Also known as "elec-
trolytic cleaning."
electrochemical coating A coating that forms
on the surface of a part because of the chemi-
cal action that is induced by passing an elec-
tric current through an electrolyte.
172
electrochemical corrosion 1. Corrosion of
metal that is caused by current flowing
through an electrolyte between anode and
cathode areas. [ISA-71.04-1985] 2. Corrosion
of a metal because of chemical action
induced by electric current flowing in an
electrolyte. Also known as "electrolytic cor-
rosion."
electrochemical machining (ECM) A
machining method in which stock is
removed by electrolytic dissolution when an
underelectric current flows through an elec-
trolyte flowing in the space between a tool
cathode and the workpiece. Also known as
"electrochemical milling" and "electrolytic
machining."
electrochemical recording A type of record-
ing system in which a signal-controlled elec-
tric current passes through a sensitized
recording medium, usually in sheet form.
This induces a chemical reaction in the
medium.
electrochemical transducer A device that
uses a chemical change to measure an input
parameter and produces an output electrical
signal that is proportional to the input
parameter.
Electrochemical Oxygen Sensor
electrode An electrically conductive member
that emits or collects electrons or ions or that
controls the movement of electrons or ions in
the interelectrode space by means of an elec-
tric field.
electrode characteristic The relation between
electrode voltage and electrode amperage for
a given electrode in a system, with the volt-
ages of all other electrodes in the system held
constant. The electrode characteristic is usu-
ally shown as a graph.
electrode force The force that tends to com-
press the electrodes against the workpiece in
electric-resistance spot, seam, or projection
welding. Also known as "welding force."
electrodeposition Any electrolytic process
that results in the deposition of a metal from
 electrode voltage / electromechanical transducer
a solution of its ions. It includes processes
such as electroplating and electroforming.
Also known as "electrolytic deposition."
electrode voltage The difference in electric
potential between a given electrode and the
system cathode or a specific point on the
cathode. The latter is especially applicable
when the cathode is a long wire or filament.
electrodynamic instrument An electrical
instrument having that has a fixed and a
moving coil, both of which carry all or part of
the current to be measured. If the coils are
connected in series, the interaction of the
fields induced by the coils produces a torque
that is proportional to the square of the cur-
rent (as in an AC voltmeter). If the coils are
connected in parallel, a torque is produced
that is proportional to the product of the two
coil currents (as in an AC ammeter). In both
cases, the indication is an effective (rms)
value.
electroemissive machining See electrical dis-
charge machining.
electroforming The process of shaping a
component of a thick metal plate on a con-
ductive pattern through electrodeposition.
The part may be used as formed or it may be
sprayed with molten metal or other material
on the back to increase its strength.
electrogalvanizing Coating a metal with
electrodeposited zinc.
electrograph 1. A tracing that is produced on
prepared sensitized paper or other material
by passing an electric current or electric
spark through the paper. 2. A plot or graph
that is produced by an electrically controlled
stylus or pen.
electrohydraulic actuator A device that con-
verts electrical energy into hydraulic pres-
sure and into motion. [ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-
2000]
electroless plating The deposition of a metal
from a solution of its ions by chemical reduc-
tion. The deposition is induced when the
basis metal is immersed in the solution, with-
out the use of impressed electric current.
electroluminescent displays (EL,
ELD) Devices that emit phosphorous glow
when they are excited with a small voltage.
Electroluminescent displays are the only
completely solid-state type of liquid crystal
displays (LCDs) and typically come in two
versions. Direct-current thick-film devices
are usually used as lamps behind LCDs, and
alternating-current thin-film ELs (ACTFEL)
devices are more suitable for high-perfor-
mance, high-information content displays.
173
Most ELs that are used in control systems are
ACTFEL devices.
electrolytic cleaning See electrochemical clean-
ing.
electrolytic corrosion See electrochemical cor-
rosion.
electrolytic deposition See electrodeposition.
electrolytic etching The process of engraving
a pattern on a metal surface by electrolytic
dissolution.
electrolytic grinding A combined grinding
and electrochemical machining operation in
which an electrically conductive grinding
wheel is made the cathode and the work-
piece is made the cathode. An electric current
is impressed between them in the presence of
a chemical electrolyte.
electrolytic hygrometer An apparatus for
determining the water vapor content of a gas
by directing it at a known flow rate through a
Teflon™ or glass tube whose inside has been
coated with a thin film of P 2 O 5 (phosphorus
pentoxide), which absorbs water from the
flowing gas. The water is dissociated by a
DC voltage that is impressed on a winding
embedded in the hygroscopic film. The
resulting current represents the number of
molecules dissociated. A calculation based
on flow rate, current, and temperature yields
the water concentration in ppm.
electrolytic machining See electrochemical
machining.
electrolytic pickling Removing scale and
surface deposits by electrolytic action in a
chemically active solution.
electrolytic powder A metal powder that is
produced directly or indirectly by elec-
trodeposition.
electromagnet Any magnet assembly whose
magnetic field strength is determined by the
magnitude of an electric current passing
through some portion of the assembly.
electromagnetic 1. Pertaining to phenomena
in which electricity and magnetism are
related. 2. When used as a third Modifier per
standard ISA-37.1-1975 (R1982), electromag-
netic refers to the conversion of a change of
measurand into an output induced in a con-
ductor by a change in magnetic flux, in the
absence of excitation. [ISA-37.1-1975 (R1982)]
electromechanical actuator A device that
converts electrical energy into motion.
[ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000]
electromechanical transducer A type of
transducer in which the input signal is an
electric wave and the output signal is
mechanical oscillation, or vice versa.
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) / electronic engineering
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) An
agreement taking effect January 1, 1996, to
ensure that no electronic system sold in any
member country will generate a electromag-
netic field large enough to disturb nearby
systems. It also stipulated that all electronic
systems would have to be immune from the
electromagnetic fields generated by other
systems that comply with those same regula-
tions. The EMC directive covers frequencies
between 9 KHz and 1 GHz. It was initially
intended to control the electromagnetic sen-
sitivity of virtually all electric and electronic
industry products from any EU member or
countries included in the European Eco-
nomic Area (EEA), with the goal of reducing
nontariff barriers to trade. The EMC directive
does not mandate a single law for all coun-
tries but sets guidelines, which are conse-
quently open to interpretation.
electromagnetic field sensitivity The maxi-
mum output of a transducer in response to a
specified amplitude and frequency of a mag-
netic field. It is usually expressed in gauss,
equivalent to a stated fraction of 1 g. [ISA-
RP37.2-1982 (R1995)]
electromagnetic instrument Any instrument
in which the indicating or recording means is
positioned by mechanical motion that is con-
trolled by the strength of an induced electro-
magnetic field.
electromagnetic interference See interference,
electromagnetic.
electromagnetic pulse (emp) A type of dis-
turbance that leads to noise in radio-fre-
quency electric or electronic circuits.
electromagnetic radiation An all-inclusive
term for any wave that has both an electric
and a magnetic component. The spectrum of
electromagnetic waves includes—in order of
increasing photon energy, increasing fre-
quency, and decreasing wavelength—radio
waves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet,
x-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays.
electromechanics The technology that is
associated with mechanical devices and sys-
tems that are electromagnetically or electro-
statically actuated or controlled.
electromagnetic wave A wave in which both
the electric and magnetic fields vary periodi-
cally, usually at the same frequency.
electrometallurgy The technology that is
associated with the recovery and processing
of metals using electrolytic and electrical
methods.
electrometer An instrument for measuring
electric charge, usually by means of the
174
forces that are exerted on one or more
charged electrodes in an electric field.
electrometer tube A high-vacuum tube that
can measure extremely small DC voltages or
amperages because of its exceptionally low
conductance of its control electrode.
electromigration A phenomenon in solid-state
microcircuits in which atomic-scale hills and
valleys carrying electronic information grow
in the microcircuits' thin metal conductors.
This problem is more acute with smaller,
more densely packed chips.
electron An elementary subatomic particle
that has a rest mass of 9.107 x 10-28 g and a
negative charge of 4.802 x 10-10 statcoulomb.
Also known as a "negatron." A subatomic
particle of identical weight and positive
charge is termed a "positron."
electron beam A narrow, focused ray of elec-
trons that streams from a cathode or emitter
and can be used to cut, machine, melt, heat-
treat, or weld metals.
electron-beam instrument Any instrument
whose operation depends on the use of vari-
able electric or magnetic fields, or both, in
order to deflect a beam of electrons. The elec-
tron beam may be of constant intensity or it
may vary in intensity according to a control
signal.
electron-beam tube Any of several types of
electron tubes whose performance depends
on the formation and control of one or more
electron beams.
electron device Any device whose operation
depends on conduction by the flow of elec-
trons through a vacuum, gas-filled space or
semiconductor material.
electron emission The ejection of free elec-
trons from the surface of an electrode into the
adjacent space.
electron gun An electron-tube subassembly
that generates a beam of electrons and may
additionally accelerate, control, focus, or
deflect the beam.
electronic commerce (EC) A business envi-
ronment that integrates electronic transfer
and automated business systems.
electronic data interchange (EDI) A com-
puter-to- computer exchange of structured
transactional information between autono-
mous computers.
electronic data processing (EDP) Data pro-
cessing that is largely performed by elec-
tronic equipment.
electronic engineering A branch of engineer-
ing that deals chiefly with the design, fabri-
cation, and operation of electron-tube or
transistorized equipment. Such equipment is
 electronic heating / electrostatic lens
used to generate, transmit, analyze, and con-
trol radio-frequency electromagnetic waves
or similar electrical signals.
electronic heating Producing heat by using
radio-frequency current generated and con-
trolled by an electron-tube oscillator or simi-
lar power source. Also known as
"high-frequency heating" and "radio-fre-
quency heating."
electronic mail The use of a large centralized
computer to store messages for users of the
electronic mail network.
electronic measuring equipment Equipment
that uses electronic devices to measure or to
observe quantities or to supply electrical
quantities for measuring purposes. Elec-
tronic devices are parts or assemblies of parts
that use electron or hole conduction in semi-
conductors, gases, or a vacuum. [ISA-82.03-
1988]
electronic photometer See photoelectric pho-
tometer.
electronic printing Any technology that
reproduces pages without the use of tradi-
tional ink, water, or chemistry.
electronic switch A circuit element that
causes a start-and-stop or a switching action
electronically, usually at high speeds.
electronic transition A transition in which
the electron in an atom or molecule moves
from one energy level to another.
electron metallography The use of an elec-
tron microscope to study the structure of
metals and alloys.
electronmicroprobe analysis A technique for
determining the concentration and distribu-
tion of chemical elements over a microscopic
area of a specimen by bombarding it with
high-energy electrons in an evacuated cham-
ber. X-ray fluorescent analysis is then per-
formed of the secondary X-radiation emitted
by the specimen.
electron microscope Any of several designs
of apparatus that use diffracted electron
beams to make enlarged images of tiny
objects.
electron multiplier tube A type of electron
tube that uses cascaded secondary emission
to amplify small amperages.
electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
(ESCA) An analysis method that measures
the energies of X-ray-induced photoelectrons
emitted from a sample.
electron tube Any device whose operation
depends on conduction by the flow of elec-
trons through a vacuum- or gas-filled space
within a gastight envelope.
175
electro-optic effect A change in the refractive
index of a material under the influence of an
electric field. Kerr and Pockels effects are,
respectively, quadratic and linear in electric
field strength.
electron volt Abbreviated eV (preferred) or
EV. A unit of energy that is equal to the work
done in accelerating one electron through an
electric potential difference of one volt.
electropainting The electrodeposition of a
thin layer of paint on metal parts that are
made anodic. Also known as "electro-
phoretic painting."
electrophonic effect An auditory sensation
that results when AC electric current of a cer-
tain amplitude and frequency passes
through an animal's tissues.
electrophotography The image transfer sys-
tems used in copiers to produce images
using electrostatic forces.
electroplating The electrodeposition of a thin
layer of metal on the surface of a part that is
in contact with a solution or an electrolyte
that contains ions of the deposited metal. In
most electroplating processes, the part to be
plated is the cathode. The concentration of
metal ions in the solution is maintained by
placing a sacrificial anode of the deposited
metal in the electrolyte.
electropneumatic controller An electrically
powered controller in which pneumatic
devices perform some or all of its basic func-
tions.
electropolishing Smoothing and polishing a
metal surface by closely controlled electro-
chemical action much as in electrochemical
machining or electrolytic pickling.
electroscope An instrument for detecting an
electric charge by observing the effects of the
mechanical force that is exerted between two
or more electrically charged bodies.
electrospark machining See electrical dis-
charge machining.
electrostatic field interference A form of
interference that is induced in the circuits of
a device because of the presence of an elec-
trostatic field. It may appear as com-
mon-Mode or normal-Mode interference in
the measuring circuits. [ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979
(R1993)]
electrostatic instrument Any instrument
whose operation depends on the forces of
electrostatic attraction or repulsion between
charged bodies.
electrostatic lens A set of electrodes arranged
so that their composite electric field acts to
focus a beam of electrons or other charged
particles.
electrostatic memory / elevation
electrostatic memory A memory device that
retains information by means of electrostatic
charge, usually involving a special type of
cathode ray tube and its associated circuits.
electrostatic microphone An electroacoustic
transducer for converting sound into an elec-
trical signal by means of the variation in the
electrostatic capacitance of the active trans-
ducer element.
electrostatic painting A spray-painting pro-
cess in which the paint particles are charged
by spraying them through a grid of wires
that is held at a DC potential of about 100 kV.
The parts being painted are connected to the
opposite terminal of the high-voltage circuit
so they attract the charged paint particles.
The process yields more uniform coverage
than conventional spray painting, especially
at corners, edges, recesses, and oblique sur-
faces.
electrostatic precipitator A device for remov-
ing dust and other finely divided matter
from a flowing gas stream by electrostatically
charging them and then passing the gas
stream over charged collector plates, which
attract and hold the particles.
electrostatic voltmeter An instrument for
measuring electrical potential by means of
the electrostatic forces between elements in
the instrument.
electrostriction transducer A device that con-
sists of a crystalline material that produces
elastic strain when subjected to an electric
field or that produces an electric field when
strained elastically. Also known as "piezo-
electric transducer."
electrothermal process Any process that pro-
duces heat by means of an electric current—
using an electric arc, induction, or resistance
method—especially when the process
requires temperatures higher than those
obtained by burning a fuel.
electrothermal recording A form of electro-
chemical recording in which chemical
change is induced by thermal effects associ-
ated with the passage of electrical current.
electrothermic instrument Any instrument
whose operation depends on the heating
effect associated with the passage of electric
current.
element [Comp] 1. A component of a device
or system. [ANSI/1SA-51.1-1979 (R1993)] 2.
In data processing, one of the items in an
array. [Sci] 3. In science, a substance that can-
not be decomposed by chemical means into
simpler substances.
element, final controlling The forward con-
trolling element that directly changes the
176
value of the manipulated variable. [ANSI/
ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)]
element, primary The system element that
quantitatively converts the measured vari-
able energy into a form suitable for measure-
ment. Note: For transmitters that are not
used with external primary elements, the
sensing portion is the primary element.
[ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)]
element, reference input The portion of the
controlling system that changes the refer-
ence-input signal in response to the set point.
[ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)]
element, sensing The element that is directly
responsive to the value of the measured vari-
able. It may include the case that protects the
sensitive portion. [ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979
(R1993)]
elementary In object-oriented programming
(OOP), something that consists of a single
object, not a compound.
elements of measurement and control
systems Functional units or integrated
combinations of functional units that ensure
the transducing, transmitting, or processing
of measured values, control quantities or
variables, and reference variables. A valve
actuator together with a current-to-pressure
transducer, valve positioner, or a booster
relay is considered an element that receives
the standard pneumatic transmission signal
or standard electric current transmission sig-
nal. [ANSI/ISA-7.0.01-1996]
elements of process control systems
Elements that ensure the transducing, trans-
mitting, and processing of measured values,
control quantities, controlled variables, and
reference variables (transmitters, indicators,
controllers, recorders, computers, actuators,
signal conditioners). [ANI/ISA-50.1-1982
(R1992)]
elements, feedback Those elements in the
controlling system that act to change the
feedback signal in response to the directly
controlled variable. [ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979
(R1993)]
elements, forward controlling Those ele-
ments in the controlling system that act to
change a variable in response to the actuat-
ing error signal. [ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979
(R1993)]
elevated range See range, suppressed-zero.
elevated span See range, suppressed-zero.
elevated-zero range See range, elevated-zero.
elevation Vertical distance above a reference
level, or datum, such as sea level. See range,
suppressed-zero.
 elevation error / emission characteristic
elevation error A type of error in tempera-
ture-measuring or pressure-measuring sys-
tems that incorporate capillary tubes partly
filled with liquid. The error is introduced
when the liquid-filled portion of the system
is at a different level than the instrument
case. The amount of error varies with the dis-
tance of elevation or depression.
ELF Extremely low frequency radiation in
CRT- based video monitors; see VLF.
elinvar An iron-nickel-chromium alloy that
also contains varying amounts of manganese
and tungsten, has low thermal expansion,
and has almost invariable Modulus of elas-
ticity. Its chief uses are for chronometer bal-
ances, watch balance springs, instrument
springs, and other gauge parts.
ellipsometer An optical instrument that mea-
sures the constants of elliptically polarized
light. It is most often used in thin-film mea-
surements.
elliptically polarized light Light in which
the polarization vector rotates periodically,
changing in magnitude with a period of 360
so it describes an ellipse. The result of two
plane polarized beams of light (each approxi-
mately a sine wave) being perpendicular to
each other and having a constant phase dif-
ference. The resultant planes' polarized wave
in the direction of the common beams will
describe an ellipse. A special case called "cir-
cular polarization" occurs when the ampli-
tudes of the two planes' polarized waves are
equal, and the phase difference is an odd
multiple of _ / 2 .
elliptically polarized wave Any electromag-
netic wave whose electric or magnetic field
vector, or both, at a given point describes an
ellipse.
elongation Axial plastic strain. It is usually
expressed as a percentage of the original
gauge length in a uniaxial tension test to
fracture.
ELSI Extra large-scale integration. Integrated
circuits that contain more than one million
components on a chip.
elute To wash out or remove by dissolving.
elutriation The separation of fine, light parti-
cles from coarser, heavier ones by passing a
slow stream of fluid upward through a mix-
ture so the finer particles are carried along
with it.
E-mail Electronic mail; a method for trans-
mitting text messages and files digitally over
communication links, such as the phone sys-
tem.
embedded software Software that is part of
the system supplied by the vendor and that
177
the end user cannot access to Modify.
Embedded software is also referred to as
"firmware" or "system software." [ANSI/
ISA-84.01-1996]
embedding 1. The process of completely
encasing any electrical device by pouring a
compound over it in a mold. The enclosed
device is then removed from the mold after
the compound solidifies. [ISA-12.23.01-1998
(IEC 79-18 Mod)] 2. In OLE (Object Linking
and Embedding), embedding means storing
an object of one type file in a file of another
type and optionally maintaining linkage
from the second file to the file that originally
contained the object. An example is an Excel
spreadsheet embedded in a WordPerfect
document.
embrittlement cracking A form of metal fail-
ure that occurs in steam boilers at riveted
joints and at tube ends. The cracking is pre-
dominantly intercrystalline.
EMD Equilibrium mode distribution; steady
modal state of multimode optical fiber in
which the relative power distribution among
modes is independent of fiber length.
emergency maintenance An urgent need for
repair or upkeep that was unpredicted or not
previously planned work. See corrective main-
tenance.
emergency shutdown system (ESS) Instru-
mentation and controls that are installed for
the purpose of taking the process, or specific
equipment in the process, to a safe state. This
does not include instrumentation and con-
trols that are installed for nonemergency
shutdowns or routine operations. Emergency
shutdown systems may include electrical,
electronic, pneumatic, mechanical, and
hydraulic systems (including those systems
that are programmable). Other common
terms used for emergency shutdown systems
include "safety instrumented system" (SIS),
"safety shutdown systems" (SSD), "protec-
tive instrument systems," and "safety inter-
lock systems." [ANSI/ISA-91.01-1995]
emery An abrasive material composed of
pulverized, impure corundum. It is used in
various forms, including cloth or paper, and
combines an adhesive-bonded layer of
emery grains and compacted, emery-binder
mixtures that are shaped into cakes, sticks,
stones, grinding wheels, and other imple-
ments.
emission characteristic The relation between
the rate of electron emission and some con-
trolling factor—the temperature, voltage, or
current of a filament or heater, for instance—
emissivity / enclosure
for a specific element of a system, all other
factors being held constant.
emissivity 1. A material characteristic that is
determined as follows. The ratio of radi-
ant-energy emission rate that is solely a
result of temperature for an opaque, polished
surface of a material is divided by the emis-
sion rate for an equal area of a blackbody at
the same temperature. 2. The rate at which
electrons are emitted from a solid or liquid
surface when additional energy is imparted
to the system by radiant energy, such as heat
or light, or by energetic particles, such as a
beam of electrons.
EMI susceptibility The level or degree to
which a device is vulnerable to electromag-
netic interference.
emittance An alternative term for emissivity.
emulate To imitate one system with another
such that the imitating system accepts the
same data, executes the same programs, and
achieves the same results as the imitated sys-
tem.
emulator 1. A device or program that emu-
lates, usually by microprogramming the imi-
tating system. Contrast with simulate. 2. A
computer that behaves very much like
another computer by means of suitable hard-
ware and software.
emulsifier A substance that can be mixed
with two immiscible liquids to form an
emulsion. Also known as "disperser" and
"dispersing agent."
emulsion characteristic curve A graph of the
relative transmittance of a developed photo-
graphic or radiographic emulsion versus
exposure. Alternatively, a graph of a function
of transmittance versus a function of expo-
sure.
enable 1. To restore a computer system to
ordinary operating conditions. 2. To "arm" a
software or hardware element to receive and
respond to a stimulus. 3. To allow the pro-
cessing of an established interrupt. 4. To
remove a blocking device, that is, a switch, to
permit operation. Contrast with disable. See
also arm.
enamel 1. A type of oil paint that contains a
finely ground resin and that dries to a harder,
smoother, glossier finish than other types of
paint. 2. Any relatively glossy coating, but
especially a vitreous coating on metal or
ceramic, which is obtained by covering it
with a slurry of glass frit and firing the object
in a kiln to fuse the coating. Also known as
"glaze" and "porcelain enamel."
encapsulated body All surfaces of the body
are covered by a continuous surface layer of
178
a different material, usually an elastomeric or
polymeric material. [ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-
2000]
encapsulated body liner In a butterfly valve
body, all the surfaces of the body are covered
by a continuous surface layer of a different
material, usually an elastomeric or plastic
material. A soft elastomer behind a harder
encapsulating material may be used to pro-
vide interference for disk and stem sealing
areas. [ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000]
encapsulation [Safe] 1. In safety contexts, an
international term that describes a type of pro-
tection in which the parts that could ignite an
explosive atmosphere by either sparking or
heating are enclosed in an encapsulant so this
ignition cannot occur. CENELEC refers to this
type of protection as "Ex m" in draft standard
EN50028. Note: Encapsulation is the potting
or casting of electrical components with
epoxy, elastomer, silicone, asphaltic, or similar
compounds for the purpose of excluding
moisture or vapors. Encapsulated compo-
nents are not necessarily hermetically sealed.
[ANSI/ISA-12.00.01-1999 (IEC 60079-0 Mod)]
2. The process of applying the compound to
enclose any electrical device(s) by suitable
means such as embedding or potting. [ANSI/
ISA-12.23.01-1998 (IEC 79-18 Mod)] 3. In
object-oriented programming (OOP), the
inclusion of data structures and procedures
in a single entity and the isolating (or hiding)
of those workings. This leaves interfaces
clean and defined for Modularity. 4. A pro-
cess of transmitting network traffic that
encloses one protocol within another.
encapsulation "m" A type of protection in
which the parts that could ignite an explo-
sive atmosphere by either sparking or heat-
ing are enclosed in a compound in such a
way that this explosive atmosphere cannot
be ignited. [ANSI/ISA-12.23.01-1998 (IEC 79-
18 Mod); ANSI/ISA-12.01.01-1999]
encipher See encode.
enclosure 1. A part that protects equipment
against certain external influences and, in
any direction, protection against direct con-
tact. It may also provide protection against
the spread of fire. [ANSI/ISA-82.02.01-1999
(IEC 1010-1 Mod)] 2. All the walls that sur-
round the live parts of electrical apparatuses,
including doors, covers, cable entries, rods,
spindles, and shafts. These enclosures ensure
the degree of protection that is provided by
the enclosure of the electrical apparatus.
Note 1: This definition differs from that of
IEC 60079 ISA-12.00.01 (IEC 60079-0 Mod)
because it recognizes that an intrinsically

enclosure type / endothermic reaction
safe apparatus may not be in a single enclo-
sure and that it is not dependent on its enclo-
sure for primary protection. Note 2: The
enclosure may not be physically the same for
protecting an apparatus from live parts ver-
sus protecting it from the ingress of solid for-
eign bodies and liquids. Note 3: Designating
the surfaces that form the boundaries of the
enclosure is the responsibility of the manu-
facturer. [ISA-12.02.01-1999; ISA-12.00.01-
1999 (IEC 60079-0 Mod)] 3. A framework or
shell, or a combination of these, that pro-
vides the environment for containing the
control equipment and instrumentation that
constitute a control center.
enclosure type A North American system of
rating the standard levels of protection pro-
vided to electrical apparatus by enclosures.
The levels of protection by these enclosure
types are to (1) persons against contact with
live or moving parts inside the enclosure,
(2) the apparatus against the ingress of solids
and/or liquids, (3) the apparatus against the
deleterious effects of corrosion, and (4) the
apparatus against the damage caused by the
formation of external ice. This enclosure type
is in addition to (and not an alternative to)
the types of protection needed to safeguard
against ignition in hazardous (classified)
locations. Definitions of these enclosure
types are found in UL 50 or NEMA 250. See
also degree of protection. [ISA-12.01.01-1999]
encode 1. To apply a code, frequently one
that consists of binary numbers, to represent
individual characters or groups of characters
in a message. Synonymous with "encipher."
2. To represent computer data in digital form.
3. To substitute letters, numbers, or charac-
ters for other numbers, letters, or characters,
usually in order to intentionally hide the
meaning of the message except to certain
individuals who know the enciphering
scheme.
encoder 1. A device that is capable of trans-
lating from one method of expression to
another method of expression. For example,
an encoder might translate a verbal message,
"add the contents of A to the contents of B,"
into a series of binary digits. Contrast with
decoder. 2. A device that transforms a linear or
rotary displacement into a proportional digi-
tal code. 3. A hardware device that converts
analog data into digital representations.
encoding/decoding The process of organiz-
ing information into a format suitable for
transmission and then reconverting it after
the transmission.
179
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encrustation The buildup of slag, corrosion
products, and biological organisms such as
barnacles or other solids on a structure or
exposed surface.
encryption The process of converting data
into codes that cannot be read without a key
or password.
end In computer programming, a word that
indicates the completion of a program struc-
ture.
end around carry A carry from the most-sig-
nificant digit place to the least-significant
digit place.
end connection The configuration that is pro-
vided in order to make a connection with the
pipe. [ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000]
end connections, flanged End connections
that incorporate flanges that mate with the
corresponding flanges on the piping.
end connections, split-clamp End connec-
tions of various proprietary designs that use
split clamps in order to apply gasket or mat-
ing surface loading.
end connections, threaded End connections
that incorporate threads, either male or
female.
end connections, welded End connections
that have been prepared so they can be
welded to the line pipe or other fittings. Such
connections may be butt weld (BW) or socket
weld (SW).
end device The last device in a chain of
devices that performs a measurement func-
tion. The end device is the one that performs
the final conversion of a measured value into
an indication, record, or control-system input
signal. See transducer.
ENDEC Encoder/decoder; term used in the
disk industry for digital circuitry that per-
forms manipulations similar to those a video
codec does for video signals, in bits going to
and from disk drive. See codec.
end element In process control, a device that
causes a change in a process, such as a valve,
motor drive unit, silicon-controlled rectifier
(SCR), and the like. Also final device,finalcon-
trol device.
end instrument See end device and transducer.
end-of-file (EOF) A magnetic marker on a
reel of magnetic tape that signifies where a
data file ends.
end of tape (EOT) A unique reflective
marker near the end of a reel of magnetic
tape to warn the computer that the end is
approaching.
endothermic reaction A reaction that occurs
with the absorption of heat.